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CSN I Report No. 65
COMPARISON REPORT
ON OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM No.2:
"Water Line Rupture
in a Branched C.ompartment Chain II
by
D.L. Nguyen
W. Winkler
Gesellschaft fur Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH
Garching near Munich, F~R. Germany
May 1982
Submission to
OECD-CSNI Working Group on Reactor Containment Safety
.'
Acknowledgements
This report is made. with the finClncial support
of the Federal Ministry for Research and Tech-
nology (8MFT) under Contract No .. RS 470.
Special thanks are .due to Mrs.U. Fahnroth
and Mr. Soeiarto for their valuable assistance
in preparing this report.
•
June 24, 1982
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Arising from the result of discussions during the Workshop on OECD-
CSN I Containment Standard Problem (SP) No.2:.
IIWaterline Rupture in a Branched Compartment Chain"
the following was agreed. upon:
Ingeneral, best-estimate "open" calculations of this more complicated test
are quite satisfactory.
Reasons for deviations from experimental results are due to. .
possible effects of uncertainties of measured input data (e.g. boundary
conditions, coating thickness),
code handling (e.g. choice of. options, input parameters, nOdalization),
simplified models including unfavourably defined input parameters.
Conclusions:
On the average, calculational bandwidths of lIopen'l results are equal to
those of IIblindli results for this and the 1st Containment SP and are of
the same order of magnitude. as experimental margins of uncertainty.
Nevertheless. a few systematic. de~iations between experimental and the
average of calculated data can be observed.
Relations between choice of input parameter values and quality of cal-
culated results are difficult to be detected (hard!y separable and .part-
1'/ compensating effects).
Two Containment SP performed on basis of the same facility do not yet
ailow to draw quantitative conclusions vvith respect to the application of
codes en full size piants. Future use of these experiments should take
note ofa leakage of the facility of unknown magnitude.
Recommendations
improvement of measuring technique (e.g. for break mass- and ent-halpy-flow, water transport, heat transfer mechanism) to reduce futuremargins of interpretation of experimental results.
Extended quantification of the sensitivity of codes to uncertainties Of
measured input data.
A finer nodalization of the system for long term calculations is neces-sary to predict temperature stratification (e. g. in. dome compartment).
Improvement. of some physical models as for heat transfer, two-phaseflow I water transport and thermal non.,.equilibrium between phases isdesirable. Some. basic laboratory experiments may be required toaccomplish this.
Fwrther, a I/blindl/ Containment SP based on a water':blowdown test,preferrabl'l in a large-scaled facility is recommended to perform animportant step for extrapolation of findings towards full size facilities.
The results of the numerical Benchmark activitiy on heat soakage prob-lems is addressed in specific to improve treatment of these processes
.within containment codes.
CONTENTS.
1
55
101113232326
<> 323239
4344
4446
47536'1
6165
110124132133
135'135138150164
167References
c:oundary conditions
Comparison of important characteristic variables
Abstract and Conclusions
Introduction
Variables to be calculated
Time interval 0 to 50 s
Short description of the problem
Test facility
Initial conditions
of the codesllsed
Suppiementary information of individual participants
Comparison of seiected variables
Listing of important characteristic quantities
Time interval 0 to 2.5 s
Time interval 0 to 50 s
Time interval 0 to 1000 s
Boundary conditions
!nstrumentation
Consideration of errors
Special events in the experiment
Measuring errors and geometric deviations
Effects of deviations from nominal values
Time interval 0 to 2.5s
3.4
3.5.4
4
3.6' Comparison of remaining specified variables
3. 7 Measured resuits of non-specified variabies
3.8 Comparison \~ith the results of OECD-CSN I Containment
Standard Problem No. 1
Compartment scheme and flow paths
3.5.2.
3
3.8.3
3.5.3.
3.1
2
2.1
2.2
1
3.8.2
3.5
2.32.42.52.5.1
2.5.22.5.32.5.3.1
.2.5.3.22.6 .
Presentation of results
Comments on the experimental results and deductions
for the comparison
3.2 Selec.tion of important variables
.3.3 Listing of important features and input parameters
Appendix 1 (Results of "Blind" Predictions)
i.\ppendix 2 (Additional Information of Pai'tic:pants)
FIGURES
Model containment in experiment D16/CASP2 6
Scheme of the containment and flow paths 7
Positions of measuring points, compartment R4 17
Positions of measuring points, compartment R5 18
Positions of measuring points, compartment R7 19
Positions of measuring points, compartment R8 20
Positions of measuring points, compartment R9. 21
Positions of measuring points, compartment R6 22
Gap between compartments R4 and R9. after partial
failure of a sealing 24o
Break mass flow m with error band (experiment
D16/CASP2) 28
Fig. 1 :
Fig. 2:
Fig. 3:Fig. 4:c' 5:,Ig.
Fig. 6:r-' 7:rig.
Fig. 8:
Fig. 9:
Fig. 10:
Fig. 11 :
Fig. p-
oBreak mass flow m With error band (experiment.
D16/CASP2)
Specific enthalpy h of the escaping fluid with error
band (experiment DI6/CASP2)
29
30Fig. 13:
Fig. Il.j...,..
C' 15:, .Ig.
Fig. 16:
Fig. 17.I.
Fig. 10•u.
Fig, 19:
Fig, 20:
Specific enthalpy h of the escaping fluid with error
band (experiment DI6/CASP2) 31
Model calculatios on the influence of gap R4/R9 on
pressure bui It-up 33
Pressure history in compartment R4 36
History of pressure difference R4':'R9 37
Pressure history in compa~tment R9 38
Pressure histori in compartment R9 42
. Pressure history in compartments R4, R5, R7, R9 45
The. heat transfer coeffiCients in different compartments
Fig _ 21:
(CASP2, "open" problem), Finland
Energy flow and heat transfer coefficients! Italy
(eN EN/Pisa)
56
58
Time interval 0 to 2.5 5
Fig. 22:"",: .Pressure history in compartment R4 70Fig. 228: Pressure. history in compartment R4 71Fi,g. 23A: Pressure history in compartment R5 72Fig. 238: . Pressure history in compartment R5 73Fig. 24A.: Pressure history in compartment R9 74Fig. 248: Pressure history in compartment R9 75
Fig. 2SA: History of pressure difference R4-R9 78Fig. 25B: History of pressure difference R4-R9 79Fig. 26A: History of pressure difference R4-RS 80Fig. 26B: History of pressure difference R4-RS 81Fig. 27A: History of pressure difference RS-R7 82Fig. 27B: History of pressure difference RS-R7 83Fig. 28A: History of pressure difference RS-R9 84Fig. 28B: History of pressure difference RS-R9 8SFig. 29A: History of pressure difference R7-R8 86Fig. 29B: History of pressure difference R7-R8 87Fig; 30A: Temperature history in compartment R4 90Fig. 30B: Temperature history in compartment R4 "" 91Fig. 31A: Temperature history in compartment R4 92Fig. 31B: Temperature history in compartment R4 93Fig. 32A: Temperature history in compartment R5 94C::' 32B: Temperature history in compartment RS 9S.Ig.
Fig. 33A: Temperature history in compartment R5 96Fig .. 33B: Temperature history in compartment RS 97Fig. 34A: Temperature history in compartment R7 98Fig. 34B: Temperature history in compartment R7 99FIg. 35A: Temperature history in compartment R7 100Fig. 3':.8: Temperature history in compartment R7 101Fig. 36A: Temperature history in compartment R8 102Fig. 363: Temperature history in compartment R8 103Fig. 37A: Temperature history in compartment R8 104~. 37B: temperature history in compartment R8 105.19.
Fig. 38A: Temperature history in compartment R9 106Fig. 38B: Temperature history in compartment R9 107Fig. .39A: Temperature history in compartment R6 108Fig. 39B: Temoerature history in compartment R6 109
Time interval 0 to 50 s
F!g. 40A: Pressure history in compartment R4 112Fig. 40B: Pressure history in compartment R4 113Fig. 41A: Pressure history in compartment R9 114Fig. 41 B: Pressure history in compartment R9 115Fig. 42A: Temperature history in compartment R4 116Fig. ~:~B: Temperature history in compartment R4 117
Fig. 43A: Temperature history in compartment R8 118
Fig. 43B: Temperature history in c.ompartment R8 119
Fig. 44A: Temperature history in compartment R9 120Fig. 44B: Temperature history in compartment R9 121Fig. 45A: Temperature history in compartment R6 122
Fig. 458: Temperature history in compartment R6 123
Time intervai 0 to 1000 s
Fig. 46A: Pressure history in containment 126Fig. 468: Pressure history in containment 127
Fig. 47A: Temperature history in containment 128
Fig. 478: Temperature history in containment 129Fig. 48A: History of water mass in containment 1.30Fig. 488: History of water mass in containment 131
Fig. 49A: Scheme of the compartment chain and associated flow
paths (015 ) 136(::' 49B: Scheme of the containment and flow paths ( CASP2) 137, .ig.
0
Fig. 50A: Break mass flow m with error band (DI5/0-2.5s) 1400
r-! g . 50B: Break mass flow m with error band (C,u,SP2jO-2s) 1410
Fig. 51A: Break mass flow m with error band (015/0- 70s) 1420
Fig. 518 : Break mass flow m with error band (CASP2/0-50s) 1431=' 52.4: Specific enthalpy h of the escaping fluid with error. !g.
band (015/0-2.55) 144Fig. 528: Specific enthalpy h of the escaping fluid with error
band (CASP2/0-2s) 145Fig. 53A: Specific enthalpy h of the escaping fiuid with error
band (015/0-705) 146Fig. S38 : Specific enthal py h of the escaping fluid with error
band (CASP2/0-50s) 147Fig. 54: Total enthalpy flown in (0 to 2.5 s) 148Fig. 55: Total enthalpy flown in (0 to 70 s) 149c' 5SA: Pressure history in compartment R6 152, Ig.
Fig. 558: P.ressure history in compartment R4 .'5.3 ..
Fig. 57.D., : Pressure history in compartment R9 154c;,.., 578: Pressure history in compartment R9 155I I ...~ ¥
Fig. 58A: History of pressure difference R6"""R9 156Fig. 588: History of pressure difference R4-R9 157Fig. 59A: History of pressure difference R6-R8 158Fig. 59B: History of pressure difference R4- R5 159Fig. 60A: Pressure history in compartment R9 162Fig. 608: Pressure history in compartment R9 163
TABLES
3
63
Mean values, bandwidths and deviations of important
characteristic variables
Participants and codes
Dimensions of containment compartments and vents in
experiment CASP2 8
Coating of the containment concrete walls 9
Break mass flow and specific enthalpy 12
Designation of measuring points .14
Measuring errors at the test Cf...SP2 26
Important features and input parameters of codes 48.
Important characterisitic. variables 62
Table 3:
Tabie ,i ~"".Table 5:
Table h.u.
Table 7:Table 8:Tabl~ 9:
Table 1:
Table 2:
NOMENCLATURE
abs.
acc.
add.
atm
A
Acond
AUAAEC
AEeL-Ee
AEEW
AWBMFT
BWRccwAcalc.
e wc
CDeEA/EDFCNEN
eSNI
deer.D
DGD~,J1S
E
EXP.
f
r-w
FDFRG
absolute
according
additional
atmosphere
surface area
condensation area
vent area
.A.ustralian Atomic Energy Commission
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited-Engineering Company
Atomic Energy Establishment Winfrith
wall area
Federal Ministry for Research and Technology
Soi iing Water Reactor
spec. heat
water separation factor
calculation
water carry-over fraction == water flow quality
homogeneous upstream node quality
discharge coefficient
Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique/Electricite de France
Comitato Nazionaie per IIEnergia ,NLicieare
Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations
decreasing
diameter
density
strain gauge transducer
energy content
kinetic energy
Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland
experiment( al)
relative atmospheric rwmiditywater mass flowtocal mass flow
force on drag body
Federal Republic of Germany
GRS Gesellschaft fUr Reaktorsicherheit
h spec. enthalpy; htc
h maximum htcmaxhT t htc for concrete acc. to Tagarni,concre ehT fstf,e7d htc for steel acc. to Tagami
hU htc. acc. to Uchida
ham. homogeneous
htcH
HDR
incr.
JAER!
lin.
liq.
L
mo
m
max.min.
M
MOD.
n
NEA
NIRA
NW
o.d.
OECD
pn
PD
PLpp
PS
P\VR
heat transfer coeffiCient
total enthalpy; htc
He! Bdampfreaktor
increasing
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
!inear(ly)
liquid
length
mass
mass flow rate
air mass
vaoour mass
maximum
minimum
distribution box for transducer cabies
modified
number of orifices
Nuclear Energy Agency.
Nucieare Italiana Reattori Avanzati
nominal width
outer diameter
Organization for. Economic Cooperation and Development
pressure, with index
pressure difference
static pressure (slow)
dynamic pressure.
static pressure (fast)
Pressurized Water Reactor
R
Rnsspec.
SP
t
UnUKAEA
v
V
VTT
WM nwsx
(Jw
o~p
6T'\v
radius
compartment, with no.
coating thickness
specific
Standard Problem
time
time up to end of blowdown
temperature, with index
temperature (slow)
temperature (fast)
temperature (slow)
vent, with no.
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
specific volume
volume
Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus
water mass! with index
water ievel
total vapour massLotal air mass
htc
wall htc
coating thickness
pressure difference
temperature ,difference
water in mixture flow
~,le
t\,v'p
pressure loss coefficient
thermai conductivity
water cat'ry-over factor
density
transportable= --~--- mass of W:::ite: intotai
- 1 -
1 INTRODUCTION
In September 1979, at the workshop on the results of. OECD-CSNI* Con-
tainment Standard Problem (SP) NO.1 the Federal Republic of Germany
(F. R. Germany) offered experiment CASP2 to be the basis for OECD-
CSN I Cor,tainment SP NO.2. Specifications /1, 2/ taken from "blind"
German SP No.3. (2nd Containment SP), based on the same experiment,
were distributed. The workshop participants agreed to propose toCSN J
this SP, but as an 1I0pen" calculation. On its November 1979 full meeting
CSNI approved this proposal and Gesellschaft fUr Reaktorsicherheit (GRS)
agreed to act as the lead organization ..
. . 'As well as experimentD15 (basis for OECD-CSN I Containment SP NO.1)
experiment CASP2 was performed (September 21, 1979) in the model con-
tainment of Battelle-Institut, Frankfurt, FRG,and sponsored by the. Fe-
. deral Ministry. for Research and Technology (BMFT) within the frame of
the German Reactor Safety Research Program (RS 50: Pressure Distribu-
tion in Containment). With letter of December 19,1979 /3/ the measured
initial and boundary conditions /4/, mid of April 1980 after deadline of
the "biind" problem the experimental results /5, 6/ and mid of July 1980
some additional information /7, 8/ were communicated to 16 organizations
from 13 countries wt;,o originally wished to participate.
Incontrast to the 1st Containment SP (steam-blcwdcwn, simple chain of
compartments) the 2nd Containment SP is based on a pressurized water-
blowdown experiment to further go to acci,dent conditions more closely
approximating thos.e to be assumed for design of full-pressure contain-
ments. in addition, locating the rupture within.a relatively small compart-
ment and arranging the compartments in a branched chain with asymmet-
rical fi.::lW paths means that water transport will more heavily influence
the resuits.
The technical purpose of the problem is to compare experimental results
of history of pressure, pressure difference, temperature, and water mass
\/':ith the corresponding results of best-estimate posttest-calculations from
computer codes for three different time intervals.
;"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - Committee on
the Safety of Nuclear instailations
-2 -
At the first meeting of the CSN I Working Group on Water Reactor Con-
tainment Safety (May 1980) the original deadline for submitting calculated
results of August 1980 was shifted to November 1, 1980.. Finally, in the
comparison took part 12 organizations representing 11 countries and using
12 different computer codes and, partly, several versions (see table 1).
Except one (June/August 1980) "open" contributions arrived at GRS main-
ly between October 30 and November 14, 1980, further two and one re-
vised in mid of December 1980 ..
6 international organizations felt it beneficial to IIblindli participate in this
SP. These results /9/ were discussed aLan informal meeting held at GRS,
Garching, in January 1981 after the workshop on the results of German
SP No. 3 and are included here in Appendix 1. A short note /39/ sum-
marizes these discussions.
The workshop on the results of the Standard Problem was held 'at GRS,
Garching, FRG on May 25/26, 1981. Comparison results and the results of
the individual participants were presented and discussed in detail (see
/41,42/).
Supplementary information to and comments on the draft comparison report
/40/ C3me from Belgium, Canada, France, Italy (CNEN/Pisa), Italy (NIRA)
and Sweden and are far extendingiy considered in the present final report.
Special suppiementary information on submitted' results -' as requested at'
,the workshop - and results of parametric studies (Belgium, France, Italy
(CNEN/Pisa), Sweden) are content of Appendix 2.
The scaies used in the comparative plots of this report equal with minor
inevitaDie exceptions those used in the compa,ison report on OECD-CSN I
Containment SP NO.1 /10/. By this a direct comparison of experimental.
and calculational results and bandwidths between' both SP is possible.
-3-
0.0 - 2.50.0 500.0 1000 I,0.0 - 2.5 I•0.0 50 I
0.0 1000 I.0.0 2.5* I0.0 50 * I'0.0 1000 * 1~0.0 2.50.0 500.0 - 10000.0 2.50.0 - 500.0 "- 1000
I II
o. a - 2.5* iI. o. a - 50 I10.0 -1000 . II 0.0 2.5 i
0.0 - 50O.a - 1000
COFLOW
.CONDRUARIANNA-O
I CONTn1PT -LT-26 I
I II II P.ACOI
i
IRELAP4/fviOD5
IZOCO-V/MOD. I
I
I!
COPTA-6
ChiantoreMonti.Pennese
J . E. Mar k 1un d
J.P.A. van denBogaard
A. Woudstra
II ~:A.
K. Namatame ..I. TakeshitaY. Kukita
I ". Erdmann1M. Ti ltmannI!
iiR. Romanacci/ IUniv. F. Cassano . ,
A.M. Gorlandi! M. MarchiI M. Mazzini! F. Oriola
United K~ngdomI
W.H.L. Porter I CLAPTRAP II(UK.AEA, JI,EEW )
I 'r ICLAPTRAP I . I, 1
(EeN)Netherlands
S\'ieden(Studsvik)
Japan.(JfJ.ERI)
Ita ly(CNEN/Pisa
Country Contributor Computer Code Time Interval(Organization)Australia P.G. Holland ZOCO V 0.0 - 2.5(AAEC) J. Marshall 0.0 - 50
j 0.0 - 1000 IBelgium E.J. Stubbe TRAP-SCO 0.0 - 2.5(Tractionel) 0.0 - 50
I TRAP-CON 0.0 - 1000 .Canada vi .~. Collins PRESCON-2 0.0 - 2.5(AECL-EC) 0.0 - 50
0.0 - 1000Finland E. Pekkarinen RELAP4/~10D6 I 0.0 - 2.5(VTT ) CONTEMPT -LT/026** I o. a - 1000France I A.
Sonnet GRUYER 0.0 - 2.5(CEA/EDF) .A. Mattei/ 0.0 - 50 *F. Herber I ,0.0 - 1000*
ItalyI (NIRl\),Ii!
iI!
IIII!!
II'
I
I F:R. Germany(GRS)
I
I
II
I
* "bl ind" calculation ** (VTT version) .Table 1: Participants and Codes
-4-
5 -
2 SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM
More detaiis can be found 1 among others, in the specification /1, 2/, the
report on the initial and boundary conditions /4/ and on the experimentalresults /5, 6/.
2.'1 Test Facility
The'test facility essentially consists of a high pressure system, and a
model containment. The high pressure system is installed mainly outside
the containment and consists of a pressure vessel, a pipeline. with a
length of approx. 26 m, and a recirculation system. The pipeline is con-
nected to the pressure vessel and leads through the containment to thebreak compartment. '
Before rupture, the heated water in the pressure vessel and in the piping
is kept at an approximately homogeneous temperature by the recirculation
system. The model containment consists of 6 compartments arranged accor-
ding to figs. 1 and 2. The location of the rupture (baffle plate at a di-
stance of 5 D) is approximately in the middle of the smailest compartment
R4. The fluid branches at the upper part of compartment R4. One portion
flows into compartment R5 via vent 045 (orifice) and from there, over a
short fLow path, through the ceiling of the compartment (vent 059B, ori-
fice) into the dome of the big compartment R9.The other portion flows
through vent 047 (orifice) into compartment R7 and from there, after flo-
wing longitudinally through R7, via' vent 078B (orifice) at the floor into
compartment R8. Compartment R8 as weil as compar'tment R6, which is
symmetrical to it, are open to compartment R9 by several holes in the
\,valls. During the, experiment a smail additional gap formed between rup-
ture compartment R4 and dome compartment R9.
The most important containment dimensions are given in table 2.
The steel surfaces are not coated; 'the concrete surfaces are provided with
coating (see table 3).
.:..:E.!~£..~
ImI
32S'
cross section B-BC)~
--+i
i..El 0
pressure vessAl '1I ~,)m' I
"'easures in mm
:"f'''''~''--;:'""'' ~~-- dW't-'-,'::":.k~,'"0 0, :1''---', ~ '~".I':.,"; <, r.. ,;,,~~:\'.' ,'" .-r-o'
J'~tEJ~'~.0 _~ -;r't::_:\<:;i~-'-:J,':}'::Ji"\;\':"1 t[ZJ: ....._=-==~:l~-; ,~-E
• '~c~ '::- 000- j'---'" HB" ,. ' .'"'' _L7 ~,':: ...<: . .~..r: ~
U vent, ....ith no.
- r.1ain flow direction
(;;I ~ closed Vent
;9000
•• 000 •.
• 1000
.6000
.\,"I,Lt.C •
.4010 I. !.- ..~o
I-o~
- cr.':)ss :jf'('lJon 11-D(eTc\;'~lTO-'l+....~6.i(i)
0'
19[,0
'"
\~.~).,
l:rr'~' ".,'cllc>n (>C" Ij } ;. '.~'~-li'Z,;l'~'-;'-~;Cl~!5)
crosr. !:'Jct.iDn F-F";1cv-ati'o'~-'+--2(0)'
_oj
<:-.1
m
;Q
/
rnr
-~.-~
;.OJ
rj'l
<
--(
.>
'7T
(-
--~
~
;.-/'
;;r;
'7
:;.
Vi <c. 1 m~del Con tainmen t in EX'per irnen t b lG;CASP2
-7-
containment nressurevessel
R5
US9B
I Ue9
~_R_9~
I "'71 r;;:1["'7 ----I K I
~~---I U 78B
R8 .,ff -R-5- - - -~ -~.-... I. O.42m3
I \1 U96! ..
\ rupture D=100 mm with baffle plate
rupture cornnartment : R4vents : U45! U47, U59B, UiSB
U89, U96
sharn-edoed orificeswall holes
flow pathsRS
R7
U 598-----i:=D-~ R 9
I~.. ~ R8U 78 B
Fig. 2 Scheme of the Containment and Flow Paths
B 1\ T TEL L E - I '.; 5 TIT L) T LV. F R :\ N K FUR TAM ."1:\ i N
Table 2
-8-
Dimensions of containment compartments and ventsin experiment CASP2
Surface areaCompartment No. Volume Concrete Metal
(niJ) (m2) (m2)
RIl (rupture) 13.66 J8.6J 8.8JR5 41.05 76.08 ..17~23R6 41. 26 90.12 9.58R7 40.40 76.6J 15.41R8 40.53 92.00 6.17R9 465.00 645.82 57.30 ~
Sum of all canoartments 641.90 1019.28 114.52 -
Compartments Vent shape Vent VentVent No. connected diameter area(mm) (geometrical)
. (m2 ).
U 45 n4/R5 sharp-edged 750 0.442orifice
U 47 R4/R7 sharp-edged 750 0.442orificeTT 598 R5/R9 sharp-edged 550 0.2J8v orifice
U 78B R7/H8 sharp-edged .550 0.2J8orifice
RS/R9 ] several holes 1.933in the walls
R9/n6 2.109n'!/R9 gap* max. 0.0292
* see £io. 9
Table 3: Coating of the containment concrete walls
v.:>
To prevent water excl)angc b~tw~en the containment atmosphe~e and the concrete walls, the concretesurfaces ~f the TIS 50 model containment are covered with a coating which consists of the following
-ilayers:-iri,.,-'r-r'p
;,'~I F1ate oa t (fi1/~ (EP-Betonspach("
;,: I J3anding agent(2K-I1aftvermit
I\DI
, " " * ) Densi ty ,' ,
Thickness Spec. heat c Thermal conductivity(mm)
,~ (kg/m3) (kJ/kgK) ,~ (W/mK)
el) ~O - - -ous spots variable 1,900 1.4 0.3tel)
ler) 0.5-1 ,1,900 1.l1 0.3tel)
tIer) :::::0 - - -ter PC- ~O. 1 1,100 . 0.95 0.2
::::::.2x 0.05 1,100 0.72 0.2
',-- _.
Layer(material)
Sealer(EP-Ti efEmsi eg
Filler for par(EP-Betonspach
]\Iaincoa t(faserverstarkAnstrich)
Top cbat (2x)(PC-Ahstrich)
z
- ..I
rn
j..,
U'
/:
,J>
;1.;
{...'
,-" '
*) The thickness of the individual layers varies. Systematic measurements of the thickness hasnot been possible, because a suitable non-destructive measuring method is not available.The thickness values indicated have been estimated on th~ basis of samples taken at varioussites.
-10-
2.2 Initial Conditions
Initial Conditions Prior to Blowdown
Pressure vessel and Pi~in~:
D. L 0 1~1.0 bar
initial fluid mass
, d' -0 *)plpe, la. 1j ITLll
pressure vessel(mean temperature:
IfI
J
(level ?)
(level 3),
(le'v'e1 C)(level 0)(level .::)
(level ?)
2'::5.3°C
29:2.SoC
2G6.1°C23B.l°C (circ~lating PUQp)290.8°c (rupture sitE)286.6°C (near gate valve)
315 kg (pipe)3995 kg (press~r2 vessel)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Con.t2in~e~t:
1.0 bar
(relative atmospheric humidity)
R4 to R9, volumetricaverdge for wholecontainment: TC = 27.6°co .
mean valuesof compartments
)(annulus)(centre and dome)
26.0°C
100. 'Ii
D =~ C 0
TR41"'-RS
.TR6TR7TE8TR9 =
T..,o",........... -' '-"-
f =~
*) T~~~2 ~a~ues were obtained with two gauges of the plantins~r~~entation locates at the two pipe ends. Valuesmeasured with the standard experimental instrumentation,ho~ever, indicate an in~osogeneous te~perature distributionin =~e p~pe within the temperature range from 255 to 2900C.
-11 -
2.3 Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions for the containment are the measured mass flow
rates at the measuring point II (at a distance of about 2.7 m from the
rupture) with the associated specific enthalpy as a function of time (ta-
ble 4).
These mass flow values are determined from the signals of a gamma-den-
sitometer and from the mean value of the measured curves of two drag
bodies.
The mass flow values measured for the short-term period up to 1.2 s
have been taken without any correction. The measured mass flow values
for the long-term period after 4 s have been cprrected by a factor of
about 1.2, so that the time integral for mass .flow rate up to 50 s is.equai
to the discharged mass predicted from an integral mass balance . For the
intermediate period from 1.2 to. 4 s an interpolation is done.
The sDecific enthalpy of the fluid is determined by the measurement for
density and temperature (for single-phase flow) respectively pressure(for two-phase flow).
Table 4
-12-
Grcak mass f16w and specific enthalpy
D16jc.-\SF:?
Tirne : 1-""15 S £' 101v Temperature Density Spec. enthalpy( S ) (krrjs) (oC) (k,:,:/m.5) (kJ /k ~)
0 0 260 795 1134O.OO!i ~') 260 7,Sli 1135:;J~
0.005 145 260 "7 (Vi 11350.0:3 200 260 784 11350.0)0 200 260 784 11350.oG7 340 260 784. IlJ50.086 335 260 784 113.50.105 405 260 784 11350.200 368 260 -0'-'- 1135(.u .'
0.350 270 283 715 12551
O.fWO 210 282 6liO 1260I 0.500 205 281 600 1260I 0.750 300 272 76l.l: 1195ii 0.850 324 272 76li 1195
I 0.<)20 374 273 763 1201
I 1. 20 230 281 580 126)
I 2.00 200 2130 530 12672.50 180 279 500 1267
I4.00 165 275 430 1261
10.00 lli5 268.5 310 1'266I
I 16.33 1)0 261 300 1225I
I
1195i 2J .50 115 252.5 255I 24.30 78 250 .')- 1323I .L-:;J
JO.OO 25 207 20 1737'1i 'to .00 J 156 3 2--'"I
(:' ,;..,I 50. (Vi 0 152 2. 7 2748I
i
irl~c~r~l iTIQ53 out.flo\~ +4075k.g -.55 kg
; -.- -. \.; '. ~ ... l '.
- 13 -
2.4 'ristrumentation
Table 5 shows the designation scheme for the measuring points which also
gives information on object of measurement, measured variable and type of
sensor, positions of the measuring points I and the kind of installation.
Figs. 3 to 8 show the, partly redundant, measuring point positions in each
compartment of the containment.
The individual values are measured in the following way:
PS static pressure by piezoelectric transducer directly installed at the
measuring point (fast) ~
PL ... statitpressure by strain gauge transducer installed outside the con-
tainment (measuring point connected to transdu.cer by pressure lines)
or piezoresistive transducer installed inside some containment com-
partments (measuring channels 113, 128 and 130) (slow).
PD pressure difference by piezoresistive transducer or DMS-basis direct-
ly installed at the measuring point position.
is temperature by Ni/CrNi sheathed thermocouple (0.25 mm o.d., fast,
response time in water 15 to 20 illS).
TL. temperature by Ni/CrNi sheathed thermocouple (1 ~5 mm c.d., slow).
TV.'; temperature by miniature resistance thermometer (slow).
INS water level by capazitive transducer installed outside.
Out of 3 total of 117 measuring points in the containment about 10 failed
totai Iy c.nd 3 partly.
Table 5
-14-
Designatibn of measuring points
for instance 9 p s 3 1 8 A 0 5 1'-1
or B T S 1 0 0 2 G 2
1 2 3 4: 5 6 7 8 9 10
-'H Q) I
+' 0 o..a:l~ H ?-.r-i
(;..{ Q) "Ci 0 Ul b/) +'r-i0 E 'd i=: (1J ~ ~ ill
Q) Q) It >:: o 0,-1 r-i+'+' H H OJ 0,-1 H Ul ell UlU ~ ~ OJ Ul +' ::l+' 0,-1 i=:OJ Ul CIl ... OM Ul ~ U OM ~.-'
0'J (tj a:l r-i'H Ul ell 0,-1 Q) 0,0 Q) Q) Cii 0 0 Q) 0 0.. 'H 0,-10 E ;s ::- 0.. E 0.. U) O+'
OJ(""\ .0.. ""+ >, I 0
...-4 C\l +' -:t' .,..,
DiJz:i t 1:..4 to 9
B
R
Object of measurement
Containment compartment number R40 to R9
Pressure ve:ssel.
High-pressure pipeline
D-.i..t~its.2 to 1.-' . Measured value and type of sensor
DG
FD
PD
pp
Density (gamma-ray absorption system)
Force on drag body (strain gauges)
Pressure differential (piezoresistive transducer
Static pressure, slow (strain gauge transduceror piezoresistive transducer)
Dynamic pressure (piezoresistive. transducer)
Table
PSTLTS
TWWS
-15-
5 (continued)
Static pressure, fast (piezoelectric transducer)Temperature, slow (thermocouple 1 or 1.5 mm 0.0.)Temperature, fast (thermocouple 0.25 rom O.D.)Temperature (ohmic thermometer)Water level (capacitive transducer)
Di,l2:its4: to 9: Positiomof measuring points
I. Designations for pressure vessels (digit 1: "B"):
Digits 4: to 7:Digi ts 8 + 9:
Height in em, measured from the vessel floorA1 to A4 l..
Horizontal nozzles
Gl to G2 IJ
H- Upper vertical nozzleU- Lower vertical nozzle
Other
II. Designations for containment and pipeline
Digits 4 to 6:~'4" to. "9" or "R"
000 to 36~ polar. angle, in angular degrees,from manhole (= 00) in clockwise direction
Digit 7: 4to 9 In.wall to compartment R4 to R9A On/in outer wallF
IT'<.J
In intermediate flangeOn/in inner "".allOn/in overflow openingIn heat transfer measuring blOCK or disc
S j., T TeL L E - I ~ 5 TIT UTE. V. F R- ..\ .~ K F U R'T :\ ,'VI ,'vi!\!;'J
Table 5 (continued)
-16-
Digits 8 ..,.9:
Digit 10:
Height in dm above bottom of the containmentcompartment in question (in compartments R4,R6 and R8 above s~~p floor, and in the case ofpipelines above the sumr floor of compartmentR6)
Special type of installation
M In spray protection tube
L At end of pressure measurement line
~ In d~ad-water area
\-1 In wall
Other
B .-\ T TEL L E - I ~ S T r T U T t. V. F R .--\ ~ K F lj R T ,; \,"\ ,\.1 ,-=\ I ~
-17--
Fig. 3 Positions of measuring points Compartment 4
2122232526272829
167168
105
1041661651611163162161
channelDesignation of~easurin oirrts
4 PS 000 A 50 MIt TS 000 M 55It TS 000 A .....'J
...:.V
4 TS 006 A 134 TS 000 I 1)
~ it TS 011 I 02I. 4 TL 011 I 00...... Alpha-Block:
It TL 000 W 1)TL 001 W 13TL 002 W I).. TL 004 W 1) ..TL 005 W 1<./ .TL 006 W 13TL 007 W 13
008 w 1) .
006 A 1) M
[A1Pha- Disk~ TS 356 W 279c TS 357 Vi 27
Ir PL 354 A 46 L 116
.4 PL 008 A 25 L 114
. ,. 4: PO 000 9 21 W II! 9I~- ...-
I-7 PO 010 i[ 16 W 11iS I
- i ..____5 PO 350 Ii 16 W 147 III
III
4 PL 000 A 27 113 II
150 II ,- 1 4 PO 354 9 46 w• "t, "oJ I •
I4 WS 203
L BATTELLE.INSTITUI E. V. ' FRM~KFURT AM MA:NiI,
-18-
Fig. 4 Positions of measuring pointsCompartment 5
Designation ofmeasurin oints channel
1210 I5 ws I '
II
II i
I
II
J
152
I
5 PS 215 A 12 W 107<: TS 214 A 12 170/
5 TL 252 A 00 171PL 255 A 17 L 127PL 271 A 11 128
t; TS 269 A 12 172-'
5 TS 270 I 12 173
PD 270 5 40 157
PS 312 .A 11 W 108TS )1) A 11 174
I,I
5 PD 1[\0 7 1,9
8AiTElLE-INSTITUT E. V.. FRANKFURT AM MAIN
IIIIi
II.
-19-
Fig. 5 Positions of measuring pointsCompartmen t 7 .
Designation ofmeasurin oints channel
110175
PS ]8 A 11 \'1"TS JG .. A 12
7 TL 095 A 00 1797 TS 090 A 12 177
.7 TS 089 I 12 17G9 PD 090 7 40 1587 PL 090 A 11 1)07 PL 0.47A 16 L 129
7 PS 14] A 12 W 1117 TS 144 A 12. 180
iAIPha_DiSk7 TS 150 \'1" 12 1817 TS 151 \'1". 12 1827 TS 150 I 12 18]
7 WS 212
BATTELLE-INSTITUT E. V•. FRANKFURT AM MAIN
Fig. 6
-20-
Positions of measuring pointsCompartment 8
Designation of.measuring points channe
8 TL '090 M 00 IB9
8 PS 153 A 21 W 1128 TS 158 A 21 190
8 TS 090 I 21 1888.PL. 053 A 25 L 1)1
8 TS 042 A 21 1861
III
8 WS 213
BATTELLE INSTiTUT E V. cRANKFtJRT At" MAIN
-21-
Fig. 7 Positions of measuring pointsCompartment 9
Designation of channel:measurin oints
9 TW 180 M 75 579 T\{ 180 A 52 71
~..,.S,2 m 9 TW 180 M 52 569 TS 180 M 52 1911. 9 TW 180 A 29 66
, 9 T\{ 180 1'1 29 55.",r. 9 TW 180 A 06 610
c 9 TW 180 M 06 5'!"" 9 TW 180 M-9 5J
,0
PL 207 A 16 L 135TL 235 A 00 195TL 115 A 00 19J
PL 10J M 39 L 132TL 000 M -14 191TW 270 A 52 72
9 TW 270 A 29 679 TW 270 A 06 62 .9 TW'090 A 52 709 TW 090 A 29 659 TW 090 A 06 60
I9 TW 000 A 52 69~~
T\{ 000 A 29 64TW 005 A 06 59
9 TL 355 A 00 198
9. rrs 0')0 , 29 192"
BATTELL=:-!NSTlfUT
Alphablock:r9 TL 0)0 W 40 JO9 TL oJ 1 \{ 40 J19 TL OJ2 W 40 ~....
)<-
.9 TL ()J 3 w 40 JJ9 TL OJ4 W 40 J49 TL 035 W 40 359 TL 036 W 40 ~~ I'9 TL OJ7 W 40 Il~TL 038 \{ /10 J8
TL OJO I liO J9 I3 ws 209
19 WS 21'i
I
IFRANKF U RT AH '-'I":-:!J
Fig. 8
-22-
Positions of measuring pointsCompartment 6 '
'Designation of.measuring points channel
6 TL 270 1'1 00
6 TS 270 1'1 216 PS 270 N 21 1'1
6 ws
184
185.
109
211
Ddum:BA~!:'-LE !NSTITUT E, 'I. FRANKFURT AM MAIN
-. 23 -
2.5 Consideration of Errors
2.5 ..1 Special events in the experirflent
Gap:
As explained in /4/, during the test a relatively small additional vent
(cross section area = 236 cm2 = blown out sealing + lasting, plastical
deformation of the plate ~ 2.7 % of the cross section areas of both speci-
fied orifices in compartment R4). has formed between compartment R4
and the dome compartment R9, caused by the overpressure in rupture
compartment R4 at the upper cover (steel plate).
Originally, this gap should not be considered for the calculations (see
arguments in /3/).
In May 1980 at the first meeting of the OECD-CSNI \Vorking Group on
Water Reactor Containmellt Safety. the i.nfluerlCe of gap on the .re5ults
of SP-calcuiations was discussed with the heip of some preliminary com-
parison plots with the results of ublind" predictions from international
participants. The participants of the working group agreed that for
the uopen" caicuiations this additional gap (see fig. 9) should be ac-
counted for. Therefore the experimentator suggested after examining
the measu red results, as a rough approximation a time function of the
gap size as follows /7/:
1.5 to 5s
O. -:5 to 1.5 s
o to 0.15 s linear increase of gap size from 0 to 292 cm2
constant gap size of 292 cm2
linear decrease of gap size from 292 cm2 to 236 cm2
constant gap size of 236 cm2.
Hovvever, it results from a relation taken from HLltte I /11/ (vaulting.
of a rectangular plate under surface load: plate clamped at the back,
supported at the sides, unfixed at the front) that a plate's maximum
vault of 12 mm can be aiready caused by a differential pressure of
0.04 bar between R4 and R9. The experimentai history of the differen-
tia! pressure indicates that the maximum gap size of 292 cm2. (immedia- .
tely b!avm out seaiing + maximum vault of the plate). might be already
reached at 0.01 sand sustaineduntH approximately 16 s.
o
p ~)s i. t i ()n .
IN
"'"I
,o
"C'
c
p
R 'i
1400
scale 1. : 10.
(vi.ew :from A)~~~
!)
Gap between compartrnen~s R4 and R9 after partialfailure of a sealing (measu~es in rnm)
25 mm (292cm2) maximum gap (load 30~kN)
'9
~) 19 mm (236 cm2) without load acting on ceiling of R4
f) • '."r~:1
I)
,1o
ry
~
A -::..-- -;.: ~-~ p to I_l __9
10 tel: 1 p 1[l t e2 9 2 C OJ 2" ) (c e i 1 in g 0 f H If )
._~~,. -~--
C,] ') C'J .:t' i .0Q MT I ~T 0
~ ~ ~ 0
9Fig.o
p
t;) 0
oo
..
o
&
o 0
.~"t.C) I}
p r -0()Q
" ., I()0
E-o
-.:%1-.d~j
o
o
~
oc
.. Q -.-o
" R l.r: 410. 0 0 ~
- , 11._~~
7'lJ:"U -~ -- ~.-- I[Xl' ",O-:l.~
. gn p
\ ",.~,,"",-''''rl:~ ..;30!''.n .-[~~~~[~.~:;::.. j:'. .
-.0, ~Qg--r"'j(.) '.:c.".
.. 450+ 3 _:;£lEt~o
4 0 O:~Olo
o 0
o 0~ <!l sc.10 50------
-I
)"..
-.1
_.,
"
,/
To
/
;--
.>',",
:.;"
scale 1 :50
- 25 -
Non-insU,ation of high':'pressure pipe:
Especially the part of the piping inside the containment (appr. 9.5 m;
NW 150) leading to the rupture was riot insulated during the test CASP2.
This caused an increase of the containment initial temperatures. The
lowestihighest measured resuits in the individual compartments amountedto:
T R4 = 18.6 / 26.2 Or\...
T R5 = 21.6 / 27.8 °cT R7 = ;:>1 ~ / 24.2 °c_ .. 0
T R8 = 22.0 °cT R9 = 25.2 / 32.9 °ci
T = 18.2 / 29.7 °cR9aT R6 = .26.6 °c
Compared to the mean values given in Chapter 2.2 the temperature in
the individual compartments can deviate up to appr. :t5 K. The question
remains open of how much the structures were heated by it ..
Leakage in the high-pressure system:
Probably (o\l'er. a longer period of time before the experiment) a sma! I
leak occurred in the high-pressure system inside. the containment
(centre of R9). This caused an increase in the. relative humidity of
the containment atmosphere to 100 % and probably also a slight con-
densation at the containment wails. in combination with the heat re-
lease from the high-pressure pipe the leak may also have contributed
to the above-mentioned increase in initial temperatures of the compart-ments, and eventuaily of the walls.
Reduced circuiCJtion:
j t is to be assumed that shortly before the biowdown the circulation
in tile higil-;Jressure pipe has been reduced considerabiy. In combina-
tion with the non-insulation this led to a relatively inhomogeneous dis-
tribution of initiai temperature along the pipe (differences up to 35K)
and probably to a verticai stratification of temperature, too (at mea-
suring point I ilT ~ 30K). Therein is certainly caused the appearance
of .3 distinct. 2nd maximum in the history cf mass flow at 0.92 Sf which
was indicated in relatively good agreement between both drag bodies
at measw'ing. point II. Up to approximately 1 s the mass flow history
depends very sensitiveiy on the distribution of initial temperatureaiong tile pipe.
-: 26 -
2.5.2 Measuring errors and geometric deviations
Tabie 6 shows the error bands of the initial conditions. in the contain-
ment and the measured values in it, as well as the geometric deviations
/6/, which were essentially estimated by Battelle-l nstitut.
Table 6: Measuring errors at the test CASP2
IMeasurand I absolute error relative error
(range) of measured value JP :t 0.005 bar :t 0.5 0 ICo u !
I
T R4-T RQ s. chap. 2.5.1 iIa .. 0 ~a I
PL ( 1 4 bar) :t 0.025 bar I- f
IPD (0.5 bar) :t 0.018 bar I
PD (1 . ,:t 0.02 baroar)
.,..~ -2.5 +1.4KI~
TVY :t -1.2K
WS (7 20 em) :! 0.5 em
L:WM + 345 kg.Isump
\Vfv1. ~ ' :to 57 kg 1.4 o.
Iin legraJ - '0
V :t ., ~ %I .•::> IA :t 5 0
Icond. -0
A .. + 0.5 o.U \)
IiI
! n addition to the errors given in table 6 and the uncertainty concerning
the thi.::kness of the coating of the concrete wails (see table 3) there are
other parameters to the containment calcuiations which are still uncertain:
thickness of the heat absorbing or heat releasing metal structures,
density, thermal conductivity! and specific heat capacity of. the con-
- 27 -
crete coating (acc. to manufacturer: :t 10 %),
densitv! thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity of the con-
crete (taKen from the Ifterature for pure, dry gravelly concrete:
p = 2200 kg/m3, A = 1.28 W/(mK), c = 879 J/(kgf<.); because of steel
reinforcement described in /1, 2/: p = 2200 kg/rn3, r, = 1.73 iN/(mK),
;: = 960 J/( kg 1<); steel reinforcement beginning 20 to 30 rnm off the
surface) f
density! thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity or the metal
structures!
. temoerature and other dependencies of transport properties.
ingenerai, errors of variables measured in containment are smal! and most
of the time within the ascii !atory margins of the measured variables. There-
fore, in the comparative piots they are not shown as errorbands but only
as bars according to scale to improve comparability of experimental errors
For pure containment probiems the uncertainty in calculating mass flc"v
rate 2nd specific enthalpy at the break ill the primary system with. b!m\'-
down cedes is atypical. To reduce this, both variables are determined
from measurements. For reasons of uniformity. in the boundary conditions,
it '.v2S suggested /3/ basing the SP-ccllcuiations on their nominai values.
As fe'd" as the [:2rticipants cornmunisated on this, these vaLues were usea.
in figs. 10, 11; 12 and 13. these values are depicted along with their
ert'cr bandwidths estimated by 83ttelle-institut. The etTOrs. are lower
than the ones of the test first Containment-S? ,was
based. HoweJer; within certain. time intet'vals theyar'e to be described
as r'c!c;tiveiv' high, especially' in regards to SP A
kg/5
o -t I f I I Iii --.:--r- I I I ., I I I - I 1.- 1 I
0_ OJ5 _ 11J5 _ 2 5
,-1'0OJI
.-.-I-.
<1l-.
~,nUl'I....,n
uj'
- .___-I===t-..
.-..N
g-!..o.....
.-..
"Ul..,'•
~~....
~..
% of measured valueI
.........,'+
lL;-.
;~ % of f~1 // ull scale (400'- • "" . kg/5)
or. ;--.. • ~() 01
::.[;+ ~.N N~ _:""''1':jl~¥'(',j1 ~ -..=~ ~ ..
+ •
en_rJ;:;/:::-i u:rI....
0"
+
-"-~-' -
-/- /.;~.- ...,
C::J"- .-.
/100 .
300 -
100 -
_500
200
-I
r-'",-.
'8~0
-I~
~.... tIl
Ul/ et1
::<:
:-1~:--,
---.-'
---,/_-
Time
Fi.s_._~ I3reak mass flo'~ In with error band (experiment D16/CASP2)
kq/s
SOO -
I'
400-
IIV\.DI
% of full scale (400 kg/s).I......
u>,
. .-~ :;- ;-l~'l' ::<;, :J . ~. ~\ \::1="".0. -------3~--------=i-------., ."-.._.-----------=1-- _ - ~ . ~• -- .~. M
- ------. -~ at _ ,' •• ~. 0 ,_
~ ~ ~ ~ '" ~ '-.. 0 .. .~~,~_
' ~ N M' M • .. -._-.-._= ...."C=••.••_ ,- . . .. ..~ ~~---==~ .._.~~..'..I..- 50N MM., ... ,- ~,=_____ _ S~ ~;; ". / - r I,D'\ I.
----r-- !30 :;-..... ~
----, . ~red value "\ ..% 01 mea.:c:.__ , 20 "
I .. •---,-- 10 Time
o -o
100 ....i
"'1 .r:
. 1 ~ 300 .o ...I rl
4-;
U)., UJ,") rJ>~ 200.
.'
Dreak mass :flo\\" ril wi th error band (experiment D16/CASP2)
-.i
,.:
.. ,
.--
1500 ..
~<J/ kg
1000 -
,...-,c..
'"""m..c+J~a>
uCJ.0-
(f)-
500 -
---------.'--/l::-'::~F--==-------- __--:--.-:::::::::::f------ --.------.-- ----- ~==--==----.-----.----
~
/ / //--- ~-----I----::b -~~-:--~-- - - ------~::-=-.:..~--:.:..-== - - "-:-~-=-=.t----- //~~'~, ...~---=--. =~=----- ~,------------------_.~----.-=- / -:':::," ~,~ ;",:: ~,~ :::, -; ';' cj ';' .1• _ ........ I
N. ltl --~.. ('"/ ~ ~~... .en.
% of measured value
Iwo,
/ Fig. 12 Specific enthalpy 11 of the escaping fluidHi th error band (experiment D 1(;;CASP:2)
'---1 I I r i I r I I Io -1-
DI IT I - I - 0 5
J
I 1------'
Time
1JS 2 5
-31-
3000
C/" of meosured value-
kJ /kg
i
50540
/1I / j/ . I,/ II,
/ / //I
/I1/
/
20,
10
\
:.--N0
"" NN
2500 jI1
2000 J
~ I.~ 1500-f"'I
'I
1t !~==-- ~~===IiI! ~~1 ::
10001jIjI
500 l'j
'~
~I
io !
oTime
Fig.13: Specific enthalpy h of the escaping.fluidwith error band (~xperiment D16jCASP2)
" ",'" ~'.; \ '-.; " ~.\ : .....
- 32 -
2.5.3 Effects of deviations from nominal values
With few exceptions the SP participants based the calculations on the
nominal values listed in chapters 2.1 to 2.3. In this chapter the effects
of the deviations described in chapters 2.5.1 and 2.5.2 on the calcula-
tional results shal! be considered somewh~t more closely. Results concern-
ing these effects are mainly supported by estimates and parameter studies
as far as. given by the experimentator (see /6/) and participants of the
SP (Australia, Belgium, F.R. Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom).
These are supposed to better safeguard and interprete the results; Re-
garding the most important deviations, mostly quantitative stcftements
could be found. However, the investigations carried out here are to be
more understood as a starting point, in respect to a more systematic ana-
lysis of other important values.
2.5.3.1 Tm e nterva. o to 2.55
For the time interval 0 to 2.5 s parameter studies are available:
on the influence of the gap (see also chapt. 2.5.1):
With the aid of code ZOCO VI, Battelle-lnstitut determined (see fig. 14
from. /6/) that for a gap size of 236 cm2 = canst (t) the calculational
results without gap for the foilowing variables are higher in percentage
than. the calculational results with gap (reiated to pressure built-up,
r-espectively pressure difference of calculational results with gap):
ce:lculated variable 1st maxim.um 2nd maximum
PR4 3.4 % 6.8 o.-0
P;;e. 2.2 9- 6 %R7 0,\o.J!
6.P . 3.9 0 8.3 %. R4- R9 -0
.\ i..... . 0 3.8 %i,..t'!:)4_RJ:; R4-R71\ Vf
.'p . 2_7 0 8.8 0~ Qc;-~9 R7-R8 IS -0i\. ..... K I
,wWI
.......
I l1.5 s 2.0
R5 resp,R7
R4
. .· -=-~.-= ... -a...... T'-:-:-.
--------"---
_ 'Nith gap I~4/R9(236cm2since t=O)
.-..,..-without gap E4/R9••••• Experiment with gap
L1.0
clidnnel
0.5
calculation with ZOC06/;corr6Sp-OllclIn-g t.o mects1]1: ingr combination 89/91 .Po = 1bar J To=20 °C
~w= 0.1 for all UCo= 0.7
4 3Uw=lO (R4),10 (R5JR7),
102 (RBJR9JR6) W/m2K
...
/,.-- ....,//-- .....-
////
/./1' •
........ "",.'. ... '" .. ","". ",.- .",."" .' ' ~•• _"'~-:._._ :A •• ,0' .. r .." ·........ ~ .... ...,-".41" .........~ .
....... ---' ~.. ~ ...~;, ..-./ __~",,,,.-oJ R 8, R9 R 6
. ~ '
~
.--,;"":,~ .... ,,,...--...1
l>~ ••• ' •••••••
IlL "L""-_~~---"-'o __ I
2,-
1.21~
2.2
bar
ClJ~ 1.8'-::JUJUJOJ~c..~ l.fj.-c
E.~o15 1.4(J
/
;..
<
z
z
C7.l-,;..
Vl
-4
.,<
;>'J
;.."/To
-~C-4
co).~-4
rnr-rm
,n
Time
Fig. 14 Model calculations 6n the influence Of gap R4/R9 on pressure b0ild-up
- 34 -
The maximum pressure differences calculated by the computer program
COPT A (Sweden) /34/, neglecting the gap formed between R4 and R9,increased with 0.01 to 0.05 bar and the pressure in compartment R4 at2.5 s with approximately 0.02 bar.
The calculational results of the SP participants not considering the gap
(F. R. Germany, Netherlands) would have to be systematically decrea-
sed. Different computer codes (differing simplifications) and similar
computer codes (differing input assumptions) would very Iikely result.
in differing outcomes. In comparison to the influence of other errors
(for example the boundary conditions, see below) this systematic in~
fluence, approximately determined in size, is nonetheless to be des-cribed as of minor importance.
on the influence of the error bandwidths of the boundary conditions:
On the basis of the information in figs. 10 and 12 the experimentator
also. computed the influence of the boundary conditions'. error band-
widths for the lower limit of errors /6/. Hereby receiving the following
deviations in. percentage (related to pressure built-up or pressure dif-
ference of the calculation without gap and nominal values. according totable 4):
I calculated variableI
1st maximum
-9.5 %-8.9 %
.
2nd maximum
-12.6 %-14.1%
The results of a caiculation with code COFLOW(see /12/). (also for the
Im\'e I' limit of errors without consideration of gap) fat' the 2nd maximum
concur favourably with the e)(perimentator's results. For the 1st maxi-
mum the results. are somewhat higher than the ones in. the computationof 8atte!le-1 nstitut:.
3:;.-- -'
calculated variable 1st maximum 2nd maximum
PR4 ;.12.3 0 -14.4 g,-0 o .
,0,PR4-R9 -12.5 0 -16.0 0-0 -0
PRQ(2.5 s) -12.2 %,..,
A corresponding COFLOW-calcu!ation for the upper limit of error in-
dicates for the 1st maximum higher deviations . than for the lower limit
of error! caused by the higher upper limits of error of the spec. ent-
halpy and of the mass flow at the rupture site between 0 and 0.2 s.
For the 2nd maximum the values are in approximate agreement:
II .. caict:..dated variable
I
PR4
LiPR4- R9
1st maximum
+23.0 %+23.6 %
I
I.2nd maximum
+15.0 %+15.3 %
i,.., (~... '~R9 L.:J 5) .
I. I
+15.7 %I
in figs. 15, 16 and "17 taken from /12/ the influence of the boundary
conditionsl.upper and lower limits of error, as it was computed by
COFLOW, is shown for the history of seiected quantities.
Unc;Jer the assumption' that the measured curves correspond to the
nominal vaiues of the boundary conditions and that the effects of devia-
tions from nominal values on the experiment (\tJith gap). are identical
percemagewise with those of an assumed' COFLOW-caiculation (with gap)!
in addition arrows related to experiment are drawn to scale. They indi-
cate in. the order of magnitude at selected points in time, how mLlch
higher/ lower the experimental results could have been, if not the no-
minal ener'gy but the upper or lower limits of it had flown in the containment.
2ND CONTAINMENT STr-11\Jf]r-=IF~~OF)~\OEjLEI/l( CASP 2)
'J
_._._ ..._._.------_._--.----_._---- ._----_.. --' --_._--~
(')
(\J
1\1
I EXP. ERRor~ 1!:25mbarlo EJI' . (': r~\, (J (I i)i'V / )IJ PRECAL(.i/I-'IHi''1X+ PRECAlC ,i'l+1-I111j6 C.ITI_OlJ- PRECALC
,'..--1::
IW01I
__ - -[J-'--
, ,.-\J- - --"-- - ._ --n- .. __//
/
ol\I
",,-1
,/'- 1 -.0' ~~ // ~ ~ -- - ,lc\,'\ ,.'i I '; "J I / I' I .. 11.;/(\1 ",1,
(
~. / ,/ ',' '1//"'1' I.,.
W
"' / . ,I ,-" "i,,"'\,1 'I\AI' I ', _ r' ~ I A \ '1'''. 1\ -/f 1",.... . . - ,., ", 1\1',,",~' ' "0:: ._ /
1
1
1
'/\'\")/\(\ ~!_), "_~~~.! ",1\ (~,' '------I \' ,,1\,1" I "\fI\i~-.'nJI,Nv"'),,Id~V,V~\\V'I,~\AA.'J\I\i""\AJ1r'1,,"V'i"~ 1/ //., "~,u,""'\I,ll,i,,1 "t.,' ,. \ ' '(/)... \ / 'j' f'-' . ......... /' '
(J) 'r, ,/ //J' -c- - ..-.o-
IlJ 11/ ;,'II0:::: ~.. ,IIf0.. .- y)!{
__I j 11~/rhl\I li/JIl9i.-I,IIII'~
.- l'iJi Vi:.!k:;. '.':"1'\- ';\I,~!\1,
C..) [',j
([-LL.
>I.tf) U! ..
Io
•
,- r----l----l--~-I'"--- ..l'-.-'-..T-.-----r----r.-'----I-r-T-- '~r""....."\~....-..-r--.--r~-.-T---~~-r...-_:_r--r-'----r-~--I--I-_____r-T-. --I() .0 0 .2 0 . '1 0 .6 0 ,8 1 .0 1 ,2 1 ,4 1 .6 1 .8 2 ,0 2 .2 Z .~
TIME (S lFIG. 15: PRE S SUR E r.i 1ST0 R=. I N C 0 H PA R T MEN T . R 4 '
•
2 NO CO NTAINME NT r-)'n=jI\JlJnr~D r:)F~OBI_.Ervl (CASP 2)'n __ '. ,_ ••. ... •• •. __ •. _ ... •• _ •• _. .._ ..••. - - -- ••• ---.----- --- •• ---~-.------._---
('J
(J\
o
I EXP.ERI~OR.(:!:20mbarlo [:{f' . ('1I\CJ3519.1CiI~ I
.Ll PRECALC'M.I"-H1''1X+ PREC.,ll,Le;-'~1;,I+MII~& cor':LOI.J ... FRECALC
IW--JI
.L- .. .._..... • • .. .__ .. ---.-----~---------------_.-------- ------ ..------/
<D
o
~- . /.~)::.:':,,,: ... ~- ... <.c '. ....I "ii' IIV'I""'!.;'\r 1"', \ . ~_ .. ., .. ,,"',. -" . _c.,. '. ".-' .//'1"'4 ..:"'i" "V,l' 1\ ,;;. ". .. . "--. . '~'_ . "". . . .... ,. . ""'" '_ ", . . "
. I' ,,IldJ, i<I, . ---- ," 'ft'... ,- ,. "', "1'''',1 ""i,IN1 '", •.-Ii: ';, ,liT: , .11, , " Ii, ., , ,nI" ;11.1. )~(:!';!1tlkr'l'~'l 1111:\1' 1
'1
,10,\ :j -.- ...----1 \ IIJI': "'. '1\"II"III'i'iMiililtll:ll\l"lllr;IIIIIi'';iJltli\llli~ll/~~1~\il::'i\IIAI,:/I!.'11JIi!\\,\\,h"il
/:\1,,11,1
\ ",n:II!.!II'i,kl't)'i\\i\,:\\,1I!\il'~:I:r),\/i"\~iil,'1'\';I!)I)J~!I':'. 'j!'11 ':>':"',-- , ~ -" "i'I'.\J\,;i'!!'IAJ,f!l,,\IJI'\'J' . . ','" "il'I':1111 1lil,iL""I'J'i'ili\!I!ill\~i"l.r 11"-',--,,1,':' 'I" _"_1. r!II\I(. .J ... '" -- +.~ . ','" , , I IrI" - .. ,,:.;.' . . '. .'1- I .':/'
1.._ III ,'/Lf~: ~~.. I' 1\ dill ;\1
I I" ,'! 1\1c....... 'Iiti\'l)-../ -II;,,~I(!i'iJ;I
III
lJ.J ~.h-----.CC9:'Jtf)tf)
l.iJ encr:.Q 0- ,
lO
C1!
0)
oI. -L-,-- ..I--r--I--I- ..--,-~-.-r_-I----r-.-.--r--..c... ..y--T-.-.--r--l- ..~I~
o . 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 . f3 I .0 I .2 t ,4 . I .5
TIME (S)
FIG, 16: HIS TOR Y 0 F PRE S SUR E 0 IFF ERE NeE R 4 - R 9
-r---r--i--r-'---'r--'--T"--'-r--I.B 2.0 2.2 2."1
2 ~mCO NTAIN MENT STf~lt\IDr='IF~Dr-::f~LJr::3LEJ1 (C AS P 2.)_ ...•~-_._._._..-.•.- ...- .._ ...__ ..-------_. __ ._-_.----_ ....__ .._-_ .•...... - .. _._-_.-. __ .._.--: .._ ..-.._ ....._._----_._--.--_._-------_ .._.. -------_.
'I'
1\1
(\)
rJ
I EXP. Er~ROf~ l:!:25mborl(1 f)iP, (9H.l OJ,'IYLl[] PRECAL(.r1~fH,'n>('f- PR EC A LC .11~1-H11 r~~\ COI-=-LCJ+ P F-( E CA L C.
uI\J
([rf;f'In CJ?I ~,
(j ..-~ -------
~.--A' IWcoI
, I IIF! G17: P R F S <; II R F • HI STORI
('0
-O'-~ ~._.6'-
.------" .~ ~.. ~~--_ ..-----------.----.------- --~... -!j--"-"- ----- ..,-------
.-8............- ......--.,..~....-:-~ ----- .. -_.- \ h'./"Y/"'fw'\
~
_ f- ! I .VI,',....r'JI.1i- .,'--- '. -~ I .~'I '). \A, ", ..---. --- .....,....-- )'I? vy.t'..lIi" 'f' ('
.r"'/ -,--- -.---' ' I I '\!J\h ','..-' ._A"--- +.-~J';MuM'1/l,IJ'h'i{l \,
./,' .__/ _,--- - II \ ''fI vuV' ...• --- _--.------.,. ,:::!\//"IiJII'V\ {
. __ .-/ , ,"\~(rTf'll'" e I
.0 ....-----j,'<f'r/~i"'" ,Ir.r'" __...---"~ ~\J~t,?"I"N~'
/ ......- ....~,' '.'\ltif.i,:}-"!".~I '''f\')'/
/' ",..-r~-,""';";'.i,~): IJ, •__...........~.__~'i\'l\i....I,,;.J. ..:/{-"
. "-S;r,:J\J1IA'~:f{'i ..-G-J,jrJ!',Jl.N/' . .
. "'J,:;;.Ii.1V:H11\'~!(;'lrl
o ~ t I '0-\..J:~f~~Jl:j::t,CIi"~ 1
, \ "'1\,,11,,1 ,,\~.D' ,.'.\)~J"' I r.~.,-- ..r.--'"T---T--I.-~I-_r-,---T----r-_r---__r--r--I---T-I:--.-r--r--r--r II I T'-- I r'--YL1.0 0 .2 a . '1 0 .6 a .B l . () l .2 l .4 l.5 , l .0 2.0 2,2 2 ,'1
TIME:(S)!I\ICC)HPARTMFNT R 9
illa: 1(; ....::=J .~In<.I)llJa::0.. 'I'
39 -
Nonetheless one has to add that by the approach applied above syste-
matic errors are treated like accidental errors. The share of systematic
ert'ors more or less eludes analysis. Therefore, the most certainly,
smaller effects on the calculations resulting from accidental errors can-
not be quantitatively considered.
on the influence of geometric deviations and of uncertainty concerninginitial temperature of walls:
In a further computation with the boundary conditionsl upper limit of
error additional changes were made in light of a high pressure built-
up in R4 respectively, a high pressure di.fference between R4 and R9:
the volumes (-1.5 % in R4, +1.5 % in R9), the structural surfaces (-1 %in R4, +1 % in R9), orifice cross-sections (-0.5 % in U45, U47 and U59B,
[j788), _and the initial temperatures of walls (+3K in R4, -3K in R9).
The effects of the additional changes on the parameters shown in figs.
15" 16 and 17 differ hardly from .those resulting from the calculation
with the upper limits of error of boundary conditions (see /12/).
The influence of the uncertainty in the concrete coating's thickness is to
be regarded as minor in this time interval (see chapter 2.5.3.2, fig. 18
at 4 s). On the some'Nhat uncertain parameters given in chapter 2.5.2 the
following might have a not at al! neg!igIble influence on containment vari-
abies.in this time interval; namely the thiCkness -of metal structures, the
transport >properties of the concrete coating, and a higher error in con-densation surface areas.
I
2.5.3.2 T m e n t e r val 0 t a 50s
For 4-f ..... pLII:_ time interval 0 to 50 s parameter studies are available:
on the influence of the boundary conditionsl error bandwidths, inciu-
ding geometric deviations and uncertainty in the structuresl initial tem-perature: -
The history orcontairirTient pressure (after appro :16 s pressure com-
pensation in the whole containment) mainly depends on the total ent-
ha!py flown in and the heat transfer to the structures (high surface
- 40 -
area! volume ratio of ~ 1.8 .in model containment, ;;::0.4 in an operatingreactor). Compared to a postcalcuiation with nominal values .and a meancoating thickness of concrete of 5 =0.95 mm (= reference calculation),another postcalculation was realized with increasing the break mass flowof +1.4 %, with an associated specific enthalpy according to the upperlimit (on the average;;:: +4.5. b), and the initial temperature of thestruc-tures of +3K. Simi!arly the structural surfaces. were decreased -1 % aswel! as the containment volumes -1.5 %. These systematic changes wereto be expected. to cause a hioh containment pressure. The result can
.be seen in fig. 18 from /12/. Maximum containment pressure is appr.0.39 bar or related to the pressure built,-up of the reference calcula-tion appro 12.2 % higher.
on the influence of a deviation i.n the initial temperature of the struc-tures:
)n /12a/ among others two pcstcalculations can be found only differingin initial temperatures (23 °C and 12°C). Maximum containment pres-sure is appro 0.1 bar higher-in the calculation with higher temperature.This result is in accordance with a parameter study on steam-blo\rvdown
experiments 010 and D15 /13/ (t.T;;:: 11K -7 6:P ;;::0.1 bar). With amaxpossible deviation of :t5K at the maximum, resp. of :t4K on the averageduring experiment CASP2 (see chapter 2.5.1) one can anticipate thatonly from this the maximum containment pressure can deviate by appr.:to.05 bar resp~ appro :to.04 bar .. Since the heat penetration of thestructures is probably less than maximum, the deviation will more like-ly be close to the lower limit.
on the influence of uncertainty in the thickness of coating:
Fig. 18 also shows the results of COFLOvl-postcalcuiations consideringthe uncertainty in the thickness of concrete coating (see table 3). The3pplic2tion of the lower resp. upper limit (s :: 0.7 mm resp. s = 1.2 mm)as supplied by Battelle-institut results in well perceptible deviationsfrom the reference calculation in the amount of -0.15 bar! resp. +0.08
. bar (concerning the maximum pressure) or related to the pressure built-up in the reference calculation -4.7 %, resp. +2.4 %.
In fig. 18 the above-mentioned influences on the maximum pressure in thecontainment (with the. exception of initial temperature) are drawn as ar-
- 41 -
rows to scale under the assumption that the computed deviations are valid
percentagewise for the experimental resuits. Parameter studies concerning
the influence of coating thickness have also been conducted by Australiai
by reducing the coating thickness of 1.2 mm by 25 % the maximum pres-
sure of the dome compartment R9 was reduced by 1.3 %. The gap certain-
iy does not play an important role in the overall pressure bui It-up. Ad-ditional cases worth examining in this time interval may be:
corresponding maximum lower limit for containment pressure;
a higher deviation in structural surfaces I
separate consideration of the boundary conditions' error ban,9widthsand geometric deviations I
deviations in the transport properties of the concrete coating,
deviations in the transport properties of concrete,
deviations in the thickness of metai structu res.
ConCerning. the manner of maximum error consideration the statements for
time interval 0 to 2.5 s should also be pointed to in this time interval(0 to 50 s).
2 NO CO NTl:.,IN M E t\lT S'rFll\jDr:=1I~D 1~-.JF:\O[]l__Erv1' ( CAS P 2)
.~----------------.---~....-~~
I~t'0I
I I I --r---r---T-.-40,0 Lj~.O 48.0
I EXP: ERROR '(!:25mbarlo EX P, 19PI_l 03M391~ Io POSTCALCs'-'O ,g51'l1+ POSTCALCs= 1 .2 MMl::. POSTCALC.S=O.7 MM)( POSTCALc.s = 0.95 M M;> H ,H, T;-V, AW
5 = coating thickness
I I36.0
~.. _-.f.-------.~
/
. /' ..---- B-~-.------.-.~-'-/_~ --~// //' .,...----.....------_-k~-- _ - ~r-
///'/~ - -
/ /' / ---"~--"'--'-' -'b--- ---------=---/
/// ~ - . -'"-' /./ ./~:fJ;;/-/ _Q_~~~~ .
/ff / ~"'e,::;:/ -
/~/ /~//111//l!/ ...:;1/,5
. ;f/I/:1 1/Ill./
/'l
~'-I--;--r--I-r---r--l I I I I4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0
. TIME (S)~ ,r; 18: P R r~S S t'l R F . HIS Tn ~!Jr~ 'i'! r n H PA, R T M F i'] T R q
oN ...,._
0.0
'f
'I'
o'I'
'f
N
'f
m
W r,)
0''': I,i-:JUi _U)L..JJrr:: (~_O-N
([ --
LL.;\'
10 l(~_
I rr1
C'l
temperatures each in compartments R4, R5, R7
temperatures each in compartments R8; R9
temperatu re in compartment R6
- 43 -
2.6 Variables to be Calculated
As stated in /2/,' corresponding to distinct measuring point positions,
each SP participant. should best-estimate post-calculate the following
variabies as function of time;
for time interval 0 to 2.5 s:
1 pressure in each compartment
7 pressure differences between different compartments
3
2
1
for time interval 0 to 50 5:
,. pressure each in compartments R4, R5, R7, R9
1 temperature each in compartments R4, R5, R7, R8, R6
2 temperatures in' compartment R9
for time intervai 0 to 1000 s:
pressure in compartment R9
. 2 temperatures in compartment R9
water mass in the whole containment.
- 44 -
3 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
3.1 Comments on the Experimental Results and Deductions for theComparison
III /8/ some explanations are given with regard to minor changes with some
specified measuring points and to measuring errors for a few specified
parameters. Also the measured results are - as far as possible -depicted
in the scaies used here and in the comparison report to the fi rst Contain-
ment-SP. Thereby a direct comparison between both Containment-SP is
possi bie on what concerns error bandwidths of measurements and! especial-
ly, bandwidths of calculations. In chapter 3.8 this will be treated ?n some-what more. detail.
The pressures measured in ail compartments for time interval 0 to 50 s
are jointly shown in fig. 19 for the purpose of visualizing extensive pres-
sure equaiization in the containment after about 5 s. The diagram also de-
monstrates that in view of total pressure built-up in the containment iden-
tical seaiesfor both Containment SP can be used without any loss of in-
formation even jf the pressure range 1.0 to 2.0 bar (corresponding to 0to about 5 5) is omitted.
-45-
mrl
UJ0:::
!"~~i,-1,. ........1
U ),~~i-L
'rrJ~0i-Z1 I:'-'-'
Li--,.~---!'-
(L( .....1, ,
'"L-CJL)
InVI 7
c---<
LJJL- "---/
(.....1r- 0
i
(.Jr)--...:-:
i--'--
W'''-',--'
L-- .J
U),I'I' I-' "
~..-v-; ,'-'-t-' Ii-...!...-
~-~: 'I
!i.,
(..
0' I9' I
H 00+<1
----p., "- '- '- '-:x: "LrJ f' enIi:) 0:: IT: IT: rr
I I
O'p. r-'E:
(8d* s- [J
Ig';,.
L0:::
c)rYCL
Cf)'-
L-I
ZLJ;>7
([
II
(\Jj~i(f) ICLICJ I
I
~i(f) i'U iWi~I
I(\JI
• jOr71"""- I-,'-
- 46 -
3.2 Selection of Important Variables
As stated in the specification a number of variables was t.o be calculated.
For assessment of the results it seems necessary only to. consider impor-
tant variables. All variables additionally wanted become important, espec-
ially when deviations are to be analyse(j more exactly and more individu-
ally. In the following a brief argumentation for selection made (mostly in
parentheses) is given. Fluid temperatures instead of wall temperatures
not measured in this test, give an approximate indication .on the tempera- .ture loads the wails are exposed to.
Time interval 0 to 2.5 s:
Pressure: 1 pressure each (pressure differences within a compartment arenegl igibiy small)
in .rupture compartment R4 (compartment with the highest pressurebuilt-up)
in first foilow-up compartment R5 (highest but one pressure built-up;
after flowing from R4 through orifice U45)
in dome compartment R9 (energy sink with slowest and time-delayedpressure built-up)
Pressui'e difference:
behveerl R4 and R9 (highest pressure difference).
between R4 and R5 (outflow from rupture compartment R4)
between R5 and R7 (information about influence of different heat trans- .
ler and different water .carry-over on .pressure built-up at differentoutflow conditions)
betvveen. qJ:; and R9 ( outflow upwards after short flow path)
between R7 and R8 (outflow downwards after long flow pa.th)
.Temperature: Because of differences expected inside. the compartments
2 t8mperatur'es in rupture compartment R4 (highest temperature load)
2. temperatures in compartment RS (highest but oneternperature, long.dead end)
.2 temperatures in compartment R7 (short dead end)
- 47 -
2 temperatures in compartment R8 (half a dead end)
1 temperature each in compartments R6 and R9 (slowest, approx. the
same temperature built-up)
Time interval 0 to 50 s:
Pressure: Within this interval the maximum pressure in the whole contain-
ment and pressure equalization between all compartments occur, The follo-
wing pressures are selected as the most important variables:
in rupture compartment R4 and
in dome compartment R9.
Temperature: Within this interval the maximum temperatures and exten-
sive temperature equalization occur in each compartment .except in R9.
The fellowing temperatures are selected as the most important variables:
in rupture compartment R4 (similar in R5, H7)
in compartment R8
in dead end compartment R6
2 temperatures in dome compartment R9 (beginning of the temperature
stratification)
Time intervai 0 to 1000 5:
According to specification pressure-, temperature- (represented by R9),
and water mass history in the whoie containment during the cooling-downphase.
3.3 Listing of Imoortant Features and Input Parameters of the Codes Used
Tabie 7 combines for various time intervals important features and assump-
tions of computer programs used by individuai participants. This was pos-
sible as far as they could be taken from short reports and letters (12 par-
ticipants) and suppiementary information after the workshop.
Calculation resuits for all 3 specified time intervals were .subrnitted by
ail participants except Finiand (not fer 0 - 50 s).
_T_a.~_l_~_T_~lmpnl'tilnt features :,n,J input pill'c1meter's of codes
I~coI
c = ;'iltr:,:_!_~o-"'.3!~~.!_ity'"C nO"10geneous ups t,'eam
node qua 1i ty
_ water mass flow- totaTlilass-noi:j= wate0 in mixture flow
tempera ture di rfe,~encewater separation factor
= initiol t.en ..pL't~atun~
fiT
clt/AToF Iv
'\'1:lldSS of\"61:01' inlIode
t ,-a n S PI) " t '\b 1c-.-.t'(lfi\l------
volumepn.:ssul'[, di ffel'er,cepreSSl"'e loss cOEfficiEntIvat.er carry-over factor .•
!,
[;I.J
v6f'
i\ = surfdce "rea m{, = air mass
Co =.: dlschar<jC: coefficient n1V = VJI)()IJr rnass
I: ' = I ",<,Lie (}Il(;"gy n = number of orifices
II = total tnUlillpy R = CC;lIpill'tmen th t c = I....,,>! (1-"nS fer coeffici l'nt t = timE
-- r--Time -----_. -Computer Number ofl,la tel' __ O,-ifice f 1Oltl lIeat T,-ansfer to structures Compute,' Compu-
Country Code In tel'va 1 correlation accYI
to ...... coating U".. Other Remarks._.J2L Nodes Transport C t Coefficients (!ltC:I'JLi.y'K'1 thickness rilile (s \.. ______ oncep
/lustralia ZOCO V 0-2.5_ Henderson and Marchello conc,- . 70.26 t, =0 compressible floltl CD = 1 fi J 1er
0-50 VI =1 mm -UQL0-1000 4(R4,R5,R7:1 C04-5 4_tO.I)'!
surface IflH 370/ 15109 gaps i ze.=264 cm2coating= 3031
---R6+R8+R9=1) C05-9 '7 _8=0.6 =0.2 mm
-- -------- ---~--Gel ()iLlin TR/IP-SCO 0-2.5 6 C de- Fauske subcrit.floltl (,4-5,4-7=1.5 no
I'IC pend s lIIoael (i .e.: 1sentr.ex- C =1. 0 (spec. enthalpy 34.5on tillle pansion f.the va~our gapsize= 292 cm2(see chapt phase,inco;]I[Jr. f 01'1 05 -9,7 -8, input reduced by 18/.1 370/__-12..l f.the liq. phase) 8-9,6'-9,4 -9 o to 7.5'1:) 3031
-0-50 break flol'l 0.2 mill condensation filmTRAP-CON f-'-'-- 1 flashing .- -----0-1000 - Tagami"Uchida thickness" Imm
... 25.5
Canada PllESCON-2 0-2.5 t: ::0.5 one dimensional mo- COC CYflER 12 gaps i ze = 292 cn/6 \./1j-5 4-7 mentum equa t ion, r, = 2.il5--- <1 -9' ,
f .\-E5 t5',' =1 hol'll. flo'.', 1300 0.2 mm 170 200-50 model 175 '--0-1000 _._-- -- o - 50 s : 1300 1.71 -- ~iO- 1000s: Uchida
.-"finland r(lL~.P4/I-IGD5 0-2.5 ~~ =D compres. single 1,4_7,4_5:2.8: 40 xOittus-[l~lter gapsize = F(t) (see
'Iv s trealn fl OIY Ivi th (liquid forced convec- EK I 0 chapt. 3.5)7-3,5-99(1l4,R5,R7:2; momentum flux (,8 _9=2.17
tion) ser, fig, 20 COC CYflER 90 complete separation1<6,Rfl,R9: 1) 170 of ahases 1n each con-
1,9_6=2.81 t,-ol volullle(lJoth phaseslave sallie t~llllJera tut-es \
all stn,ctures; 0.7 millcorn [l-IPT-L T/ 0-1000 1 pool t'ogion and
0('60-2.55 :1in. incl'. I BI.l 370/ 264 gaseous' region
from 45.4-,10000 168 may have eli ffe,'e'nt(1.1DO. ) -- - ,_._-
2.5 -50s : 1000050-1000s: IJch ida
t~llIpera tUI'~S
-- --_ ..
0-2.5 5(iifl ,R5,R7 ,Rfl[,1'1=1
steady state adiaba- CI)=f(IIl,ss ga, gapsize =F(t): 1 ; R6+R9 : 1 ) tic flolY;isentropic quality»1 IBf1 168 80 EK = 0
, =0 expansion;no frittio~CD'1-5CD4-7 =1 . 2
ECOTRA (see App.2) . EK=OFnnce', GRUYER 0-37 4(R4,R5.R7:l; '1.'/4-5,4-7 . hOIli. frozen ~odel .R6+I<S+ll9: 1 ) ~ '05-9 COfl_9=1. j . "hl ind'" ca 1CLl]ation-'1'15-900.25
i'\'17-9~0. 75 0.7 11\1\\ 181130-33
(HOOD 1 - '- - t<~;Os: 139,0: 1>50s:hlc=[\=0.6(t)
. Tu = 2,1DC .=1.5( ,H) ,/.3 f. \':anller W/(rIlK)j. nlv
11 "blind" calculation'IIa l1s; 11. 3+454 (--)nlA
>-- _0 ____ - • - and Uchida f. colder; I'la 11s ~-
T,:,I, I to ;' (COlic iHued)
-~-'il-'-'----r-,;.. \ I ,( - I ~ L .... •LuFU'l:-, 0-2,J !3,/n,lb,Rl:]f(B : 2:1{6 ,f{,) : 1)
Gl:1T1011'/
COIWRU
0-50
0-1000
- ------_._----I'etlt/een I'oollls:quasl- P R4(1500),RS(1500,2XIOO),stc1ti~nuy cOIl\~r.ori. C .( )( f(.L R7(1500,2X100),t. rest
flli = 0 iJflCC tlO\I(hullI.,lllthout IJ OII,CI.I'I ) (100);f.stl°el alld COllcrete~,IIiJ) . ocollsl(L):f.Jtlll(10)( I '1III"n rll"lll.n,,~- dl- I Jubson) -'-_. __. _
,(III I", 1'7 Il IIA = II 11f!IlSIOlldl,lllstat.lll- l =0 D'5 ["gJIII'j-Uchida""", "0)"1'1 It I UIIl[/,' Ill.' It)1'l)II(dli~';.I: :' \; nil 1 . Oil \, 1 .:. _' l.Cconcl'~t." " 1 Csteel
11'lCtlOfi (lIlLl-lnenll\ lite = 1200_~~:..:2L. .. ... ~!:!2.?_!.lli.L_ lIIilX
0-345 : Tnga,lIi X 634 S - 1000s : lIchi dah Leilia x =8QOO ( s teec 1)h tclllaX =3200 (eoncre te)
0.95 mill/lJ~[)MIL
47UV(5
0.70 nllil
-------I'li tilout gap "b1 ind"ca 1cul . f .Gennan SP 3
140t=0 T =20DCII, • 0
.- .
630 EK = 0
T =120C(solid)20°C(ail'o-'--Go=2!lOC(S'Jl id:'Z50C(air;260 I~-34 5: thennodyn.
nonequilibriull\34-1000 s:thermodyn.equilibrium
It" 1y(C:OI/
P isa)
P.RIANi'Jt~-0~-2. 5 I~(R~ ,R5 ,R7: 1:--1R6\RG+ll9: l)0-50
-' --"mrnUIPT "LT ( , /2 (R4IR5+1\7 : 1;
026 ' 0 -l 000 1\6+R8+R9: 1 )
r = 0~w
Sltl = 0
Moody -~lod e 1
ideal gas ol'ificefl 0\'1 mod'el
CD=0.6 see fig.21
'as above up to 40 s thenI ili.decr. to 20 at t=1000s
0.25111111(\=0.32 /18H 370/W(IIlK) 158
204 -.-J .~--- Iga~slze = F(t)25602460
1 t) I Y(~II [;!\)
PACO, 0-2,5
0-501----'"
0- JOOO
6
6
=0.71-1,1-5,4-7
;1-15-9 =~~21 isentropic flO\v I CD = 1.0
',,,7-8,8-9------_._---
lin.incr. ~o ,10000 f.R4,R5; R7, R8
Uchida f. R6, R9
2510 up to 50s thenUchida
IBr~ 370(168
1-.2mm(~ \)
170gapsize = 292 cm'
750
54
I,l::>
'0I
witilout gap"bl ind" calculati'onEK = 0
ga~size = 240 cm2cOlllplete phase se-paration i~ assumed
"blind" calculation
gapsize = F(t)
flash eoeff'F -2T = 27°C esh-o725
16.89
70.50
205.29
292
2627
2~92124
FAcor~~1-200
CYBER-175
CYBEH 172CDC
1.2 mm
0.95 111m
2000
1700
f.R4,R5,R7,R8:0-50s:10000'50-70 s: 1 in.decr. to 1590L>70 s:Uchida; f.R6,R9:o ~ 50s: 3)( Uchida50 ' JOOO's : Uchida
Henderson alld Marchell °
L-.:_r '
---~
~ = 2.85
CD = i.o
CD = 1
CD= 0.88steady state compr.orifice flow
one dimensional~teady state incomprflow
RELAP4(i'10D5
S'!leuen
\JiliJi\n 0-2.5 6~-_._._---0-50 2(R4+R5+R7:1_____ R6tRE+R9: 1 )
0 .. 1000
I;~,nerlandslzoco V(HOD.) T'-;;~~~~-l(R4:3-:-I",\,!(R4'~)~,0F5,R7,R3.2; f. rest.:
0-50 1~6, R9_~ i;VI = 0.5
0-1000 ICOPTA-6 I ~---6-.--";
_____ .._.. "'14-5,4-7,0-50 ~(Rl ,R5,R7: I; Ij-9,7-8
R5+R8+R9:1) =1.
CLAP.!~0!_I] 0-II)OU_[~ __. L__-
IJ" i,t.~JKingdolll
'CI.,II'T'U,f' I!
0-1000
n-2.5~ 6 --.J[~~~- ---r --I '\'1=0,030'00 D
homogen~ous, ~lip,'adiabatic flow
O. 251-I~tc J28'E (LIP. A), 0.4: =0,8-0.2F n n \F!15D \'I '
but;,500 :a'dd. cOlllponent f.R4IltC=5.48Xl0~7 (~ ~fi.) 1.62
____ ] 00 - 50,0
0.8 mill 4-70
136
gapsize = 236 cm2EK f. 0
- 50 -
, , '
The participants nodaiized in many different ways:
In time interval 0 to 2.5 s the containment was simulated by 4 to 13
zpnes . In relation to measured pressure in the ,compartments and
pressure differences between the compartments a subdivision of the con-
tainment into 5 to 6 zones (8 participants) seems to be sufficient. A
more detailed subdivision into 9 to 13 zones appears to be more suit-
able fer better describing energetic conditions, processes of water
transport and also their influence on pressure distribution: 14 tempe-
ratures with widely differing measuring resultshav,e to be calculated,
iongitudinal and short flow paths, dead ends, outflows upwards, down-
wards and sideways (Germany: 13 nodes, Netherlands: 11 nodes, Fin-land: '9 nodes).
III time interval 0 to 50 s the model containment was subdivided into1 to 11 zones.
One participant (Belgium) simUlated the whole containment by one zone.
This procedUre appears to be acceptablE: in view of the pressure built-
up, after about 5 s' when an almost complete pressure, equalization has
taken place. However, the zone temperature shou Id strictly simulate
the, average temperature in the' dome compartment R9 and the results
from other participants and the experimental results demonstrate even
in this relatively long' timeinterva!: that the temperature histories vary
strongly in the different compartments, so that a different influence, of
individual compartments on total pressure' built-up is to be expected.
Ther"erore a more 'detailed subdivision of the containment also in this
time inter"v"al is recommendable (4 ,to 6 zones: 8 pal"ticipants, 11 zones:
1 participant). In this respect it appears suitable on the one hand to
simuiate compartment R9 with 3 zones (because of the developing tem-
perature stratification), but on the other hand it is also possibie to
partly lump together compartments liedr the rupture site (because of
their extensive temperature equalization).
in tirn2 interval 0 to 1000 s most of the participants modelled the con-
tainrnentas a single node, except Australia (4 nodes), Italy/CNEN-Pisa
and Jaoah (2 nbdes).
Especiaiiy, in view of the temperature str'atificationmeasured in dome
compartment. R9 it is to question, whether the cooling process in the
containrnent - so essential for this time interval - couid be better des-
-51 -
cribed in the calculations. This could be done by a subdivision into
several zones (e.g.: compartments near rupture-site, dome of com-
partmentR9, centre and annulus of R9 + compartment R6 vertically),
though thus certainly the costs of computation would increase.
Processes of water transport have a decisive influence on conditions in
the short-term. interval. They are generally described in an very simpli-
fied way., i. e. water carry-over factor ~ is input under the assumption. w .of a slip free flow. This parameter, mostly constant in time, often valid
for. ail rooms, is between 0 and 1.
According to definition (see nomenclature) for example ~ = 0.5 = const(t). win conjunction ;,vith the homogeneous model means that with increasing time
and a correspondingly rising portion of water in. the rupture compartment
a steadily increasing amount of water is transported oft the rupture com-
partment. Ho\'/ever, this amount. will increase as well as decrease on the
basis of existent flow conditions according to the course of the pressure
differences to the neighbouring compartments (two maxima) . The inclusion
of a time-function for water carry-over factor into the calculati::ms, which
.. would be necessary as a matter of principle, can certainly be regarded as .
a solution. It is very wel! possible. to obtain such a time-function from
post-calculations for one facility under the particular flow conditions of
one test. However', it seems to be very difficult to find a function in so
general terms of physics that it could be transferred to conditions at
another facility or the reactor. A. first step towards an improvement cer-
tainly is a definition of the portion of water !l . in the mixture flow, and of.w
3 ~vater separation ractor cwA (see nomenciature). These parameters couid
nCive a cn;:;nce of being described in more general terms, if experiments
with a suitable measuring technique have been performed (density measure-
ment at orifice vents). Supposedly, and as it has to some extent been used
in a calculation with a time-function for ~w (see chapter 6.3.4 in /6/), '\"\viil be substantially more independent on time than s\/. In a further step
:r,it wiil "Ol be possibie to avoid the inclusion of slip into the considera-
tions. Hopefully, thesecompiicated processes will then stil! be described
in a simplified but essentiaiiy physicai manner. A certain indication for
'1'/ater transoort conditions during this experiment are the sump tempera-
tures and sump water masses measured in the individual comoartments(see chspter 3.7).
- 52. -
Orifice flow is mostly described in a simplified manner .. E.g. most of the
participants apply one-dim.ensional, quasi-steady, compressible flow with-
out slip and discharge coefficients between 0.6 and 1.2. As far as can be
drawn from the participantsl information the high portion of two-phase
acceleration losses(= momentum losses) within pressure differences is not
accounted for or very indirectly (correction for mass flow).
Heat transfer to structures. is treated very differently: with various dif-
fering relations respectively with input data, constant or some function oftime:
time interval 0 to 2.5 s:
The heat transfer coefficients of the participants are within 1300 and
15000 W/(m2K) for the rupture compartment, in part reduced for near
break, flown through compartments [within 1300 and 14000 W/(m2K)J
and dead ends as well as off break compartments [partly abou.t 100 W/
(m2K)]. Assuming an isenthalpic expansion. of the fluiddiscrlarging at
the rupture-site, e.g .. near zero time, vapour quality is between 0.3
and 0.4, which is equivalent toa void fraction of larger than 0.99 under
existing pressure conditions. Therefore, it can be supposed that for
the short time interval heat transfer conditions near the rupture-site
are existent in a water-blowdown test, as in a steam-biowdown .. From.1.
this high heat transfer coefficients in an order of 10' W/(m2K) for more
or less droplet condensation s.eem to be closer to reality. On a reduced
level these consideratioris are also valid for compartment parts near the
rupture and flown through by the fluid, while in the rest of compart-
rr.ents and dead ends with a high portion of inert gas (air)j heat trans-
fer is substantially lower.
in time intervals 0 to 50 sand 0 to 1000 s the highly empirical Tagami/
Uchida correlation, well-known from licensing, is applied most frequent-:
Iv I partly with multipiiers between 3 and 6. As far as found the maxi-
mum htc values in these time intervals are INithin (500) 1200 and 10000(22000) W/(m2f\).
With Three exceptions [Beigium f Canada: 0 .2mm, Itaiy (eN EN/Pisa): .
0.25 rnm] vclues for the thickness of concrete coating are used which are
within the possible limits of 0.7 mm and 1.2 mm from table 3. Quantitative
information on different assumptions can be found in chapters 2.5.3.1 and2.5.3.2.
- 53 -
In general! computation times are short. Kinetic energy is considered bytwo participants.
3.4 Supplementary. Information of Individual Participants
! n this chapter information beyond the scope of table 7 is given from the
brief reports of the participants. In particular I reference to the pertinent
'literature on the programs used and essential characteristics of modifica-
tions are to be briefly described.
Austr2iia /15/: Code lOCO V /16/ was used for all three time intervals;
In addition, a calculation with code lOCO VI /17/ for time interval 0 to
1GOO:; was submitted. The results agree iess closely with the measure-
;-nents. But this code has the merit of operating considerably faster than.zocc v.
Mass .. flCl\v betvveen compartments is calculated in codes lOCO V and
ZOCO. VI by. an analytical/empirical method involving the expression
where P; is the pressure in the source compartmentI
fluid specific volume for .compartment i ..and v. is the mean
!
The effect of the water carry-over factor on . ehe calculated pressures is
studied by taking a constant value of 0.65 for all compartments. The
maximum pressure in dome compartment increases with ZOCOV by 3.7 (Jo,
cOfiloared to the reference calculatlon (~w= 0).
Belcium /18/: The essentials cf the computer codesTRAP-SCO and TRA.P-
.CC'N~an be found in /19/.
'ven c path simulation:
For' the flow paths close to the rupture compartment .:idditionai fric-
tion and inertia have been introduced; for the other vent paths, a
discharge coefficient or ui-dtyv"as used (see table 7).
- 54 ..
The Water carry-over fraction is defined as:
c = \vat.er flow qualitv .. we homogeneous upstream node quality
With help of a common multiplier the water carry-over fraction can varyas a function of time:
o to 0.3 s: CwC4 ~-::J,
= 1; C = 0.54-7, 4-9 wc 5-9, 7-8, 8-9, 6-9
. 0 . 3 to 1. 2 s:
1.2 to 2.5 s:
C linear. decrease from 1 to 0.5wc4_5, 4-7, 4-9C linear decrease from 0.5 to 0.25we . 7-8, 8-9, 6-95-Q~,
C = 0.5wc4_5, 4-7, 4-9,.... = 0.25......WCt;_O 7-8, 8-9, 6.-9~ oJ,
Heat transfer coefficient:
The Tagami -Uchida. correlation was used:
T . It' h h \'t/t.. )0.5 [lA/1m.20C]3gaml corre!a IOn: T! steel = max'. p H,
h = 0 -'7 (1=/\'.1" \0.6. I _, v ~ Imax P.
wherein: v = 642 m3:
t = 23.5 s:pE = 10 GJ:
h-,- r = 0.4 hT t Ii ,concre~e .. ,s ee
total containment volume
end of water blowdown
about twice energy content liber'ated in
the containment
Uchida correlation:
CeaEing:
hU = 5.678 (2+50x) [W/m2°C]
1" ~ I. .X = ~OLa, vacour mass, total air mass
The fiiler for porous spots and the flat coat (filier) have been igncred
and only the main coat and the top coat have been accounted for and
simuiated by a singie coat jayer with the thickness 0.2 mm.
- 55 -
Sensitivitv studies:
Fer the short term, parametric studies were performed to test the sen-
sibil ity of such parameters as:
1. Water entrainment: This influenced the pressure difference from
comeoartments R4 and R7 to the other compartments. The sign of
the pressure difference R7-R5 is influenced by the options chosen.
2. Energy reduction of break flow: This lowers the absolute pressure
profiles of all compartments after 0.5 s but does ,not influence so
much the differential pressures.
FOt' the long term, the influence of other parameters is illustrated as
follows 'bV varying only one parameter from the reference case:
Reference calcuiation:
Total paint thickness:
(8 = 1 mm; A ;:: 0.2727 W/m, °C)
Evaiuation models for integrity:
(E=5 GJ, <5 = 1 mm)
D = 4.032 bar (+2.8 %),max
p = 4.245 bar (+"10 %)max
P max - 4.325 bar (+12.7 %)
Canada /20/: The used program PRESCON-2 /20/ is based on the assump-
tion of a thermodyhamic equilibrium mixture bf air and two phase water
(i. e. common temperature). The mixture ishomogeneous!y distributed
throuahout, the node. The eauilibrium temDerature is eau~1 to the satur'a--- ". . . l '.', .
tion temperature corresponding t6 the' partial pressure of the steam.
Finland /21/: Codes REL.AP4/MODG for time interval 0 to 2.5 sand
COf\JTE:\1?T-L T /026 (VTT version) for time ,interval 0 to 1000 s are applied.
The heat trzmsfer coefficients in different compartments are given in fig. 20
(fr':::m 40 x Dittus-Bolter correlation).
,The aoproximation of thetirne function of the gap size IS as follows:
G to 0 _r 5 s:(' ..,:-J. j:J to 1 . .s .....
linear increase in gap size from ,0 to 292 cm2
constant gap size of 292 cm2
linear decrease in gap size from 292 Crr'l2 to 236 cm2.
:c:"C,l));)/'i
... . .__'fH~.F~,.- ?:._~J<F..\ ,'~C-.~.(J2{~p.,~L}~~.~l:<:~.tJ!~?l'.1..9~.!-~:U'_~_!~IJ:NI~~~r~__1 ',_'.,f~ll t)n~,C T / 0 .Qr~0 l-!-?_~.?~__~.f~.c.I~-~)..0- 5. ,....".vP/) r-(I.: 01
u r Figure 20: Cl\SP '2, "open" problcni. The heat transfer coefficients in different compartments(40 x Di Lt us -13c)l t e r cor reI a t .i.0n) 0
( [] = Control vol urnenumber . ill the RELf\.l) - mode~ R = COITI!Jartrnent nun1ber. )
~.=
,V1CJ\I
III .--.-...---:--------
,----...~-- . -~.---:----..~_ ....------ R 4 .'-91
Inu
--"""-----_~~----------'--'--- .. -.--.- ..-.---.-----.L.--~~ _r . .'-...:<"b.....(I)f ....
~ II_~ _=-.__ :_j~2!JI{____ f5, CD------". -_._-~/ _-----r----.--------.-- .....-- -..
--_ ...---..-""'~-
"".-. 'I V .".-ILl ' I/:t:.; fl' . II; "-'"-~ I -/. ,E: rlll-- -'-'''\ . '//"" __""'"
I~ / ...'......"n .,' /"_' '\,
~- \ // '------,'.-- --,..~\J--._-_..-------.-.--L~:' [~--- .._---------'- ----() ., .. I" . '(- "n_
j II ,./--"-'-'~.- .. ' \ / /115, [~ _.-- ....---.---------------'--------
I // (-.---.- ..---.-.,..- ....-----.-\ ....-r-.-.--- .. --.~ ...--.7.-//---:~~------.-.----~~-~,J' --,- ... ," .__ .nj .. ""_ ...• ._ .......~ H6, f7l_:. ... _. _.- -- _. - -_.,...... - -- - --
~
~~'J 0,1) 0.2 O. !; O.G 0.8 1 . fl 1.2 1,4
T 111 F- SEe
..,,,.._._.__...~.L ... .._. __1.... ._.J. . L _
1.6 l.B 2,0 2.7, 2,4 2.6
- 57 -
France /22, 22a (for "blind" results 0 to 50 sand 0 to 1000 s)/:
The homogeneous frozen model in co.de GRUYER /22/ is chosen. The as-.
sumptions specific to this model are as follows:
No transfer of mass from one phase to another.
No heat trarlsfer between the iiquid and the gaseous phase.
Average veiocity of the different phases is the same.
The air and the steam are at the same temperature and are an ideal
mix~ure of perfect gases undergoing an isentr"opic expansion.
The kinetic energy of the emulsion comes entirely from the expansionof the gaseous phase.
The g2p between compartments R4 and R9 is considered and the time-func-tion or the gap size is as fo!lows:
0 to 0.15 s: 0.0292 x t/O ~15 (m2)
. 0.15 to 1.5 s: 0.0292 (m2)
1.5 to 2.5 s: 0.0292 - (0.0056 (t-1.5))/3.5 (rn2 )
Germany /23/: The COFLOW pt'ogram /24/ enables the user to compute
short time as well as long time relations with the regard to stream fates
as \Nell as the heat transfer to solid structw'es and the heat conduction
',",rithin them. The main featur'E:s of the computer mode! are given belowin key-words:
The thermodynamic conditions within each node are either the stateof saturation or superheated steam.
The energy and continuity equationinc!ude the components 31 r! steam
and depending on the thermodynamic conditions; aiso v.'ater.
\h;Joci ty terms in the mcmentumeqI.J2~:on can be considered.
The V'later transport bet~tveen the nodes can be taken into account.
The he.:::t transfer to soiid structures can be considered as ,Neil as theheat conduction within them.
The COf\JDRU code /23/ is used for calculating long term pressure and
temperature hi 5 tories in tui I pressure containments (2-zones-modei). Either
thermodynamic equilibrium Or' noneqt..:ilibrium can be assumed.
_._--_.-~--------------
:S SCXIL-
3CX"X)
Ileat tr:ll1sfer coefficient in1<4, RS, IG COfllP(] r tmen t s ;I~at transfer coefficient in(R6+R8+R9) compartment;
sex) .. 1
5,--..Lfl0I
w.~0. 4..~
\
. IIf)
J1
---... ::0
~I
'-'
'='-0 3~
Ir-L,
E3p::.
~ 2
44 48THfE (5)
--I _.__ ~
- - - - - - 1310\'; dO\m energy flO\.;.
.~~=-:- - -- - -=_1:-. . I . --40I .I . 368 322
-"
- --
1-_'. L16 20 ~
- '--
- --- ---.
-- -- -- ---
-- .----------------
10 . _/ +- _.-r - L_-c-_/ ---.-----~. ._.-.-12....-= . . 8
Cl 4
lOCO
E.~-"1"
~~
~i:J l>-<(.J ~/--< .. ) . ~p... 2CXX\ .. 1\IJ.•Ij~ I
8 \'1~ . IIIY) lSCX) ..~ \~s I \F. \
\.......... -.;.. --
;..::;o
('IG
:;: 2S0C1t-,-'
.Fig. 21 : I~ergy flow a1r1-heat transfer coefficients (,brief and medi'um term calculations).T'P,l\LY '(CNEN/Pj=-- ) ....
- 59 -
, ,
Italy (CNEN/Pisa) /25/: For the short and the medium term calculation
codes ARiANNA-O /26/ is used which is based on COMPARE code. Ther-
modynamic equilibrium and a stagnant homogeneous mixture of steam, air
and water are assumed in each node. The heat transfer coefficients in
different compartments are given in fig. 21 (for details see App. 2).
For the long term calculation code CONTEMPT-L T 25 /27/ is applied.'
Itaiy (1'J IRA) /23/: Code PACO /29/ is used. For the short and medium
term calculations the liquid \'\'ater is assumed at equijibrium conditions in
Elil compartments. ! n the long term calculation the liquid water is assumed
at equilibrium until the end of blowdcwn; then separation from the air
, steam mixture is assumed.
A medium term calculation' has been performed using constant htc
(10 kW/m20C)in all compartments until the end of'blav/down:,
Reference calculation
Constant hic = 10 kW/m2QC
p = 4.4 barmax
p = 4.04 bar.rnax
Two ,ong term caiculations have, also been perfor'med using constant hte("!{\K "\V,;'m,2°(-'\ -'''-;0' a<:;<:;'umoln' g'\.LV .f. ' • ....:.,.) C1li I' .•
a) , ail the liquid water at equiiibrium condition? throughout the transient
0) no equilibrium of the liquid water thr~ughout the transient.
The results are as follows:
Reference calculation :
Cansta"t h = 10 kW/m20tp = 4.28 barmax
a) P = 4.03 barmaxb) p = 4.36 bar.max
,)20an /30/: The anaLysis, is performed bV the use of RELAP4/MOD5 /31/.Code modification is not made except the constant value of fluid/struc-
ture heat transfer coefficient IS ,given to the code instead of seiecting the
Duiit:"in heat transfer correlations.
- 60 -
Netheriands /32/: Modified ZOCO-V code /33/ is used .. 't is assumed that
water, steam and air are in homogeneous thermal hydraulic equilibrium
with each other.
Sweden /34/: COPT A-6 code /35/ ai lows choice between seven different
models. In the most elaborate models each room is assumed to consist of
a liquid phase and a gas phase (or atmosphere). The liquid phase, which
may cor::a!n bubbles of air and steam, resides all the compartment floor
(sump). The atmosphere consists of. a homogeneous mixture of air and
steam and possibly aiso water droplets. The liquid phase and the atmos-
phere may have different temperatures.
The Iiquid phase and the atmosphere interact in two ways:
mass exchange by water drops falling down, steam boiling off and air
r'ising (normally only BWR-poo!).
heat exchange through surface heat transfer.
in the simoler models thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed throughoutthe ',)m.
in::he CASP2 runs, for the ,biowdown pericd (0-50 s),104 W/mf:'K) has
been used for the heat transfer coefficient a in the high-flow compart- .
. rnents (R4, RS; R7 and R8). This value corresponds to the order of hlag-
ni tude used by most participants in CASP1. For the low-f!ow compart-
ments (R6 and R9) a parameter study was conducted, using Uchida vai-
ues times some factor. For the medium-time case computer runs wi1;h a
equal to Uchida values times 1, 2, and 3 were made. Using factor 2 gave
::; signincantly better fit to the experimental data while the increased
in,p;'o\/ement for factor 3 was Fairly smail. Therefore it was considered
r:c,t worthwniie to step up further with the factor. The value a=3'Uchida
was then chosen fot~ the low-flow compartments (R6 and R9) in the short-
and medium-time cases. The results are as follows:
Reference calculations: P = 4.26 barmaxhte :: ) ;( Uchida: P = 4.34 bar'- maxhtc _. Uchida: P = 4.51 bar.max
- pressure difference between R4 and R9
- pressure difference between R4 and R5
- maximum pressure in containment.
- 61 -
United Kingdom /36/: The calculations are done with CLAPTRAP I /37/ for
time interval 0 to 1000 s 'andCLAPTRAP II /38/ for time intervals 0 to
2.5 sand 0 te 50 s.
3.5 Comparison of Selected Variables
The ca!cuiated data used for comparison in chapters 3.5 and 3.6 were.tak-
en from the tapes (9 participants) and punched carts (3 participants) sub-
.mitted. They are identical to the participants. plot data. Most of the par-
ticipants used the recommended. formats,. scales and dimensions for plots,
tapes (cards) and lists, which facilitated the preparation and checking of
comparative plots.
Differences are cet'tainly to. be noted comparing the results of the partici-
pClnts. These differences may ar;se from handling the programs' or from
the quality of the models used in the programs .. However, in the following. .
no eV21uation as to. a ranking shail be made. The following sections com-
prise a selection of important quantities characteristic of the processes
taking pLace in the containment.
3.5. 1 Listing of important characteristic quantities
. . . ". '. ,." ".,
In this and the foliowingsections some observations made in the course
of this evaluation shall be pointed out during discussion of the individ-
ual variables. Prior to consideration of the individual comparative plots,
a short outline on the resuits of the Standard Problem is given by nu-
. meric3i!y comparing some important characteristic quantities from the ev-
periment and the participantsi c2\culations in table S. The following sym-
P R4 - pressure in rupture compartment R4
p 29 - pressure in dome compartment R9,\p..... R4- R9
Country
__ _.__. ;. _ __.,__ _. ._._.._..~ __..__ ._._e_ _.__ ,_ .._ .~__ .._._ _.~ -_._ .._._-_ __ --_ ..__ _-- ---J Time IntervalTime Interva']. 0 - 2.5 s 0 - 50 s----...---r-~-4---.------ -PR
9-------Xp-~~;~'~-;-------..-----.-I----~P~~~R-5---.---I-..---p.;:-x -
Computer (ude lIst Max. 2n~1 ~"1~~--. L:c2.Ss --.;-;;--;~~~-T--2-~~~~~~~--j-1s-t-~~-~-.----;~--;~;~~--f)-(-~)-~~:) ~_t.-; ~~-~~r! ~~;( ~) P (b~1~')\~)(-I;~r!.~_~(<~,-P-(-b-~;"!-.~~-(_~_)J p]-~~-~i:-~~_;)r(bar) :--~(-~.) I P( bar) -t( s)
I01NI
38.5
33.5*
35.5
35.0
36.5
36.035.5
33.237.0
37.5
4.00.34.0
4.004.14
4.29
O. 95l f4j610.900.95
0.95
0.95
O. 19.* 0.95
1[L"@*
O. 19 0.9 S- 4 . 020.19 0.95 3.95
0.10[Q'~02]
0.10 0.14
o. 20ll1L~_llO.lS 0.17
0.i60.14
0.32
0.21
0.49 1.05
0.40 1.00
[Q_~z~J.1. 00
0.581.01.1
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.50 0.3010.55 1.00 0.22 0.15
n.55* 0.3&-10.63* 1.00*O.25~0.15k
0.52 0.35 0.58 0.95' 0.24 0.15
1.6810.56 0.3010.63 1.00 10.240.15 10.28
1.631'~)-9] 0.30 lQ.j~l 1.00 @.121 0.15 0.11 0.95/4.16
1.68 0.61 0.30 0.53 0.95 I~~~I0.15 0.23 0.95- .. 14.03
1. 64 I O. 49 0 . ~0 I 0.51 1. 00 10. 2D O. 15 j O. 18 O. 95 4 . 041.6110.49 0.35 0.55 1.00 0.22 0.15 0.18 0.95, ..
(4.29) (40.0)
1.66
IL_2~t1.66
1.61 0.44
].63 0.41
; 1. 61 ! Q-: f;~-II [L~~1 0.47
I\~~O. 351\1._~i] 1.101.67 0.35 1.81 0.95
ZOCO V
(I TR/\P-SCO~ TI(AP-CO~l
PRESCON-2 /1.57 0.3511.80 1.05
{I RELAP4iMODb 1.% O.J~ 1.8C! LOSCON1H1PT-
. LT/026 (VTT)
GRUYER 1.58 O.3~ 1.83 1.05.
COFLOI'1 1.61 * O-.35j 1.90* 1.10*
ARIANNA-O. 1.59 0.31 1.84 I.O~
PACO 11.63 0.3511.91 l.OO
RELAP~jr~ODS 11.50 0.35/1.76 1.15
ZOCO V(t~OD.) '1.52 0.35 1.7~ 1.10
COr)TA-6 11'.69] 0 .35 'I~9-~.11. 00
. CLAPTRAP II 1.53 0.35 1.83 1.D5UnitedKingdom
SVJeden
,JapanNetherlands*
AustraliaBelgium
CanadaFin'land
Ft"ance
Gei'Tilany
Italy(CNEN/Pisa)Ita 1yUl I f<A)
3.95 33.0
to.025
------_ ...__._---_..1 __._._._._----_._--------1 ...----_.--.-Experiment D16jCASP2 1.63 0.3511.81 D.97 1.55J 0.59 0.30
! Error . ~0.025 1~0.025 to.025 to.02
Influence of Gap* -0.03-0.061 -f-0.01 -0.02_____________ . . .__ 1 . .._._.l. __ ._. __ ...•. _ -_.-.-.
Tab 1_~_Q.: Important characteri s tic vari a9+~~
----- I -----------
0.62 1.0 0.33 0.lI70.23 1.02!0.02 to.018 to.Ola
-0.036 -0.0 -0.007_..:..__ .__ ._ ..__ ___. ._ J .__._.._. J
CJ Extreme* "blind" calculation
......... - ....._. ., ..•. --- - .-- --- -- .. --- --- .. --- -.. -- ...--- .._.--- '-1' --. -._-.-~ --' -_.. __ ..- - -- - -. ---- -- -- -. ---- -- .-- -- --.----.- ..-- _ .... ---- --.- - .-._- ... _ ..--III Time I ntcl'.'a! 0 -. 2. S s
lia ri all 1 (~S PRII P 1~9 . 'p. 9L\ R,~-.R 6PR4-I1S
Time Intervalo - 50 s'
pmax1st Max.12nd Max. t=2.5s 1st ~~ax.j . 2nd~1ax.llst HClx.12nd Hax.
_.~ __ . __ ,_ ••• _._. ••• • _. _." '._ .•• •••• ,_. A .... _._ ••. _ •. __ •••• __ •• ~. _
~1ean value. (an participants) in bar
Spread bandwidth I ./ in barround mean value .---(all particiPants)! -, .... related to
mean value.---'~---'---------"--_._-_.__ .------"- -_._-~----_._--
1. 58
-I: 0.11~.0.12-I- 19~:- 21%
1.82 1. 64 .0;51. I 0.55 0.22 0.18 4.10'-I- 0.17 -I- () J) 5 -I- a.1i -I- 0.13 -I- 0.36-I- 0.14 .-I- 0.21- 0.18 - 0.08 - 0.12 - 0.20 - 0.10 - 0.16 - 0.29-I- 21?~ -I- 3% -I- 27% -I- 38% -I- 50% -I- 72% -I- 12.10- 22% - 13% - 24% - 36% - 45% - 89% - 9%.------ ...-----.--t ..:----- -- ----,,~ .
..---_.__ .._---------_ .._---_.--_.- ..__ ._.__ .__ .._.- _ ...-----_._ ....-----.---- •.•..
~.1t:an value (all participants} in barwithout extreme)
Spread bandwidth ~ _in barround mean va 1ue ( .---../'(all participants ( ....,----. related towithout extreme) ). 'mean value
1. 58
-I- 0.09- 0.08+ 16%- 145{
1.82 1. 64 0.50 0.55 0.22 0.19
-I- 0.09 + 0.04 -I- 0.11 + 0.08 -I- 0.10 + 0.09.:.0.08 - 0.03 --0.09 - 0.15 ..f).08 - 0.08-I- 11% -I- 65~ -I- 22% I- 15% I- 45~£ -I- 47%- 10% ..~i% - 1B% - 27% 1- 36% - 42%.~,.. _._,~_. ___ .u_._ .._
4.09-I- 0.20- 0.14
+ 6%_ (-01
... -? /~ ..- -._---
ImwI
.. __ • .4 •••__ ••• __ .. ~._~ __ ... _ .• 1,•• _ ..•• __ •• ~ ••• <i__ •• _,_ - ••• -~-.~-
3.95+ 0.03i 1%
+ 0.15
+ 5%- 0.05
- 22%,,_..... •__._n ._ ....__~ _
- 11% I ~ 33%
- 0.07 1- 0.11_. 0.09
- 15%-I- 16%+ 0.09
.._-._--_._-.......-._--_._._--_...._--_._---.-------~--_. ---_.+.-------_ ...----_._------
I- 1%+ 0.01
- 8%
- 0.05
1.63 1.81 1. 55 0.59 . 0.62 0.33 0.23i 0.03 .~ 0.03 -to.03 i: C1. 02 t 0.02 ~ 0.02 ! 0.02'-t 5% -k4% ~ 5% -I- 30; -t 3% -t 6% ~ 9%..... 10
Experiment in bar
b "d 'd h _in barExp. error an \;11 t ::::-.:- related to" .- .expennl .-~_..._--------_._---':-'-.-:--_. __ ..~---_..,---_.
Deviation mean value f} in barcalculation result (all :-~participants) toexp .. ' ...., related
to expo-"'"--_.:. __ ._._------_._-_._-------~'-_ ...~_.._-_._--_._-.'
18%
0.54
110%
0.23
74%
0.230.29
48%
0.22
39%33%
0.17
.., ......_~-~...... -.- ..._------_ ........_-----_.--------""'"-'._-, ..~-----_......,,---,,_.__.~---_..
0.21
27%33%
0.20[,to. A. a b S. de v i a t ion f. \ . bacalculation result (all; ..... In . rparticipants) to expo ,"'" relatect to- exp. error )' exp."
exp. error' ....__ ..•.~._.•__._ .. __ __ _.._ __ •..__ __.L.•. . --'._ -~." .
Tab'le 9: Mean values. banditlidths ancl deviations of imporL ..d,t characteristic variables
- 64 -
Reference values are the pressure buiit-up values since 0 s (1.0 bar) for
pressur'es and the values ef differential pressures themselves. The results
of the "blind" calculations of Germany (COFLOW) and the. Netherlands,
not considering the gap, might be reduced/increased ..by the influence of
gap. in table 8 the approximate small amount of it (see chapter 2.5.3.1)
is added but not considered in table 9.
in time inter'val 0 to 2.5 s, for example; not only the initial maxima of
pressw'e in the rupture compartment R4 but also the differences in pres-
sure between the compartments occur i which are important for safety-
related design of thickness of inner. wal,s. The calculation results ob-
tained by Australia with the computer code ZOCO V more frequently are
t:,e lower bound, 'il/hile the results computed by COPT A-6 (Sweden) more
frequently are the upper bound of the field of. calculations and with a
. certain distance off the results .of the other participants. The participants
predicted the time for the first and second maximum, with any exception,closely to the experimental. data.
in time interv.ai 0 to 50 s, the maximum pressure occurs, which is impor-
tant for the structural design of the shell of a containment. The resu!+-s
calc;J ected with computer program PACO (Italy, N IRA) and to a some~vhdI
minor degree the results of COPTA-6 (Sweden) and CONTEMPT-L T/ 026
(Finland; however, taken from a run submitted fer the time interval 0 to
-1000 s) are to a higher amount distant from the experimental result and
the results of the other participants. Disregarding tt-lese exceptions the ..
maximum pressure in containment [3.81 to 4.16 bar; expo result: (3.95:t
0.03) bar} and also the moment of its occurrence (33.2 to 37.5 s; expo
result: 33 s) are quite well post-calculated.
In TCiCle 9 some mean values and spread bandwidths of the calculational
results are cornpared to the experimental results and their error band-
'::laths as wel i as deviations bet'vveen calculatiOnal and experimentai re-Si...!!tS.
;vlean "falues of results of ail partic4pants and those of all participants
without extremes hardly diff€;r.
Spread bandwidths of calcu!ational results diminish considerably whenthe e:<:tremes are het included.
- 65 -
Compared to experimental values, the mean values of the computation
results are systematically below (by -0.05 to -0.11 bar or by -8 to
-33 %) in the case of the 1st maximum more than in the case of the2nd maximum.
The systematic over-calculation of pressure in compartment R9 at 2.5 s
(+16 %) is to be rated higher than deviations in other compartments,
since R9 is the largest compartment of the containment (465 m3 of all-
together 640 m3 in voiume,. resp. 700 m2 of altogether 1130 m2 in struc-tural surface area).
iVlean values for the computed maximum pressure in the containment are
about 0.09 resp. 0.15 bar higher than the experimental result (exp.
error: :to. 03 bar) which indicates that the participants have tried to
ilCJnservativelyl/ approach the experimental result.
:\1aximurn absolute deviations' of computation results (all participants)
for maximum pressure (0.54 bar, resp. 18 %) and especially for selec-
ted parameters in the interval 0 to 2.5 s (0.17 to 0.29 bar, resp. 27+- l10 90) are reiativeiy high.
With these considerations, hOl,vever, it has to be noted in accordance
with chapter 2.5.3, that deviations from nominal values can considera-
bl\irifluence. computation results.
3.5.2 Time interval 0 to 2:5 s
Because of the high number of SP participants, fer each variable two com-
parative piots (A and 8) have been made. Throughout, in each of the twoplots! .. the resuits of the indiviaual oarticipants and the. exoeriment 3r'e'
. 1 .' • •
shown 'Nith the same symbol and the same type of line to facilitate their
fi;,ding out in the different variables: plets. in the case of a lower nodaii-
sation tilan Ulat corresponding, e.g. to the number of temperature measu-
ring points to be calculated, these values were taken which the partici-
pantsN!shed to see assigrled to. themeasut'ing point. This way mean
values are in part compared to. local measurem,::nts.
it seems justified to look upon
With the same program ZOCO V
in the. mean smaller deviations
- 66 -
Not only individual characteristic quantities at specified times are impor-
tant for evaluating the results but also the history of these and other
variables. Therefore, in this and the foljowing two sections the selected
variables and their behaviour within the different time intervals, are to
be investigated in some\i/hat more detail.
In view of the problem being more realistic compared to the first Contain-
ment-SP one may very well call the participants' predictions for this SP
as quite "I've!! in comparison to the ex.periment. As has been analysed for
some quantities in table 8 aiso histories of the results of Australia (com-
puter code ZOCO V ) and of Sweden (computer code COPT A -6) show some-
what higher deviations for some Values during certain time. periods ,com-
pared to those of most of the participants.
but modified ECN (Netherlands) co.mputed
. from the experiment. But on the whole!
the results of. all participants as lying within a statistical scatter field.
Now .a -rew. remarks shall be made on the diffe:~ent variables in the orderof chei r selection.
P;=ssure in rupture compartment R4 (figs. 22A, 228):
The experimental history is basical!y similar to that of the break mass
now and both its maxima. It shows the expected rapid pressure rise in
the small compartment and a type of plateau after the second maximum
because of the increasing influence of previous e:ventsand the smaii
dee.ease of the break mass flow.
incite compaf"ison it is to be noted that only Belgium (with a water
carry-over factor dependent on time) predicted the first and second
maximum quite well while the difference between the first and second
maxi.-num in the results of ail other participants except Australia 15
higher' in the experiment (calculational results: from 0.22 to
0.3 bar with a. mean value of 0.25 bar; experimental result: 0.18 bar) .
.Thi~ difference is mainiy caused by using a constant independent on
time fer the water carry-over factor in the calcuiations (see chapter3.3) .
- 37 -
For illustration the following table is given:
CodeI CountryIIiIiI!
IiA,ust:~21 ia
Fmland '
I F.R. Germany
I: taiy (CNENjD' \'I' ' Isa)
JapanI
i Netherlandsi
I United KingdomiII "i Canacaj!~-_.~ii Ita j 'y (N I Rp', )
1\ Computer
II
II ZOCO V
I RELAP4jiViOD6
I COFLOWJ
I ARIANNA-OI ,
I RELAP/MOD5
I ZOCO V (MOD.)! .I CLAPTR,u,P I!! ."
, r PRESCON-2II
!iI
IPACO
Water Transport Difference in
Short Term
Pressure Maximal
(bar)II
iI
!
(0III 0.18I Ii ! I
III 0 I 0.24,
I
! I I
0 0.29 .. Ii
I. III
<-)
Sw= -<;I
II 0 I 0.25
II ii ? 0.26i ! fI 0.01 I 0.22 II J
I! II !I o 0.~ 0.30I i .u~ I
I '-- i
if; = 0.5 0.23."w I!!
<- 0.7 0.28';w=
0.14
i '! ,0 0.25i~V',/ "'! -1 .0. 0.30, I
L
France
3e!giuni
I
IGRUYER
I COPTA-b, iI ii II TR.AP-Sea i ewc = 1.0
I : (0 -:-0.3 5)
I !I e = 1\0.5\ i we ,~
L----------------L l_~~~~~~~:~~ ~:------------------------------------_._----------------,------------------j'Ii;
EXDerirnent D ISjCA.SP2 ? 0.18
it is recognizable that there is no indication of a distinct value for the
water carrv-over factor t = const. between 0 and 'J.O which results in• .JV'.,'
better an agreement of caiculationai with experiment21 values.
- 63 -
A further reason for the difference between analytical and experimental
maxima difference is that the nominal values given for mass flow and spe-
cific enthalpy at the break within 0.1 s, i.e. that the decisive energy in-
put within this period of time,. might be too low (see the sharp pressure
rise with a crack at approx. 0.03 s, followed by an approximation to the
calculationa: results,. which are relatively close together for '0.1 s). A
higher enthalpy supply (corresponding to about the area of the triangle
between the experimental and the calculational course) has more influence
on the first maximum than on the second one and thereafter: the initial
excess of pressure is increasingly equalized by an increased flow from
compar'trnent R4, i. e. it is more and more distributed throughout the
other compartments of the containment. It is to be assumed (see chapter
2.5.1) that the temperature of a short portion of the pipe behind the rup-
ture site was initially above 260°C (used for determining the specific ent-
halpy; see aiso fig. 6.1 in /6/). FurthermOre~ the mass flow at the break
cannot be exactly measured at measuring point II - which .is located at a
distance of 2.6 m off the break- within approx. the first 0.17 s. An addi-.
tional' indication of the. above is provided by the difference between mea-
suring pointsll and ! within this time period. There is a further uncer-
tainty due to the fact that one thermocouple of me.:,suring point II was not
WGr"K::g and the measurements of the other can be relatively inaccurate
(short instal iation from design reasons, .insulation towards pipe wall?,
measurement at the non-insulated bottom part. of . the pipe). Another
reason for the differences between calculations and measured results could
be the oblique flow towards vents U45qnd U47 . In the experiment falsi-
fied meaSUt'ements from the bent Pitot-tubes in the orifices were noted,
since the maximum permissible flow ang"ie of 15° was obviously exceeded
(see p2ge 112 in /5/). This means not only a reduction in cross section
but also a decrease of e.g. the discharge coefficient by increased con-tr'actior; .
By this the systematic underestimation around the fii~st pressL;re maximum
(except t~vo participants) may also be explained.
The predicted pressure obtained by Australia, is lower than the measured. .
data UD to about 2 s (caused e.g. by neglecting water transport); but
the pressure history approaches .experimental. results more and more. Arter"
abouli s the results of Germany, Sweden and also Italy (N IRA) are rela-
tive!y higher than the experimentai t''25ults.
- 63 -
No definite connection is ascertainabie between values for input' para-
meters and the qLlaiity of the results; this is due to the fact that the rele-
vant input parameters cannot be separated and may have a' compensating
effect on the results (for example, for low Dressure in the rupture com-
Partment ~ -'. ate t). A more detai led investigation is left to the SP....\-v t w'D ~participants in which certainly also differential pressures and tempera-tures '?nou!d be taken into account.
PressLlre in first follow-up compartment R5 (figs. 23A;23B):
The experimental. pressure history is in good agreement with the one
of R7 in the other sequence of compartments. in comparison to the
pressure history in R4 this one is somewhat leveled and delayed in
time: aueto flowing to and away from the orifices.
What has already been said concerning the maxima for compartment R4
is alsc ti'ue. The considerations fa, the initial phase in. R4 are not
\/alid h.€re. The resLJlts of most participants. concur fa~'ourabiy wit.h the
experiment and the spread range of the computation results is almost
identical with. the one in compartment R4.
Pressure in dome compartment R9 U!!;:)s. 24A, 248):
in the largest compartment of the containment, pressure rises slowly
and time-deiayed similar to compartments R6 and R8.
Neariy over the whole time interval all. participants except United King-
dom tena to' overestimate the pressure built-up. On' the. one hand this
could. be due to the fact that the energy input into the compartment is .
teo high (discharge coefficients may be too high) or that heat release
~:rQm the compartment is too low (low heat transfer coefficients).
(i[=:.C.....[] ".-(-.c:~\1I ('(jl\Jl"c,=- I I'\J\'1[ 'l\jl- c;'~' ]\][)F:Jf.:JD PR- OE"LE'M ~JO '/ ( IT.- -'T C(:-'lSP".)}., .,.'. _/~.)I, _,.".. 1 I I I I ~ I H _ l \ , \ _5_ ,I".c:... C.:::; _...Tl L_-- - ----_ ..-_._--- - --- _.__ ._ ..-_._--_. -- -_._ .._-_ .._._-------_._--' -----_ ..•_._----_._---_. -_._.------------- .-._-_ .._--_._---- .._--------;----------_. __ ._._------
'I'•....[.J
['d
l\J
T CXP.ERROR (+25 mbar)() u:ro• ("lPLOOOi'1211o AUSTF,A_I A+ BELGIL.I!'1/) CA~i1:C;!JA)( F II'iU'1l'lO<) FRmJCEo GERr1At ..:Y
I-..JoI
IJ
I--r--- ..--T-:-~I-.'- ..- ..r--r--r.-l----r-~-----r--~-I1.(': 1.4 1.6 .l.B 2,0 2.2 2.4
T I fv)[ (S)PF\I ;SUF-~[ H I ~)TDF<Y I ~,j COI"'--:'::',RT[V1ENT RLtI~:'IC; ',. 2 2 A
1...0 /' --- -- ----------
/ !i1~ '~r'-'~-- --~0--._-./ ,,,.!~JiJ'9\'t%;;.,,I._. -- - -- ~ - --'- ~ ------/' ' 'f" W"l'~ "'I'tiJfjI'~:V--'
A~,\\;.;A;,;0,~/~,;A1~~r:.\~~\,,,~:<[-~-:j;,;;#1.' '. ~... '!'j.iii!5ii!!if¥~~~~t:J;:ifKri$;;;:,~-
jl ./--::.._" < ,.,~ '"\III. ,I,. I"'" ,..... .. ......... ..' .1':' .Ur
;/
" " "";"" .-"~.. 1 .. .. ..
"J'/" "",:(r_._. __~'.-J -';I " ",-_.-- .',r::!Q/ -
/t" ,....0 .... - .1\ /1: -'.
I" !f
-, I(/(/f{( "l~.:(\J r If!:-: .}r if
'~'r,i[\1,."fl"
~_J~I. ----'-r------r-.-i-.- ..- -.-'- -,--.--U.o 0.2' , I r r----I--------_ 0 . "'1 0 .(-) ():B -T-----.-IO------rI.
_ .... C"j
LiJcr lO=J ~:-(j)(f)lLi[(fl. \_
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OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CASP2)-r --".-_ ...-.-....--.-- ...---- ...-...-----...---.--.--.--..-.-.-...-----..-----,------ ..- ..------- -..----.-: ..---..-..-----------.----. _."1'.-.N
N[IJ .
I EXP.ERROR (~25 mbarlo f)<FJ. (9F'Ll ()3f'-1J~JL Io F~JSTFlAl_ I Ft+ UEl_G [ lJI'1t:.CRt--JADf4x F r I\JLRI\lC.l(> FRAt.JCE<81 G'ERt'HJY
.~ 0a~['j-o~(.
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r-'-r--i2.0 2.2
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--~~.:1!.~:.~;;;'~:::~'.~'-----~• _ •• ~. -;:';r<'E'j . _.- - ---- .J '" ,,;,N..JA1V'~- - ~:,:;::-"".r- I.k IV" '{'P .
_---~~ ..--'_---- . '''''if-f!trww'. ~~.. - ,,..,QW\rrvfiV"rl._.,'-J;:;''''~- _----- ---.,-:w"JJI!lvf111).r</,' \' 1 ..
. ..; -- - - ~> @""'" . _ .--' - ~~! rl;,JIut'l.N'''J'W'W'''' ._ .' _;.:;.:'~ _._' ....-;;MH.'IJJ"/,.'0__ ~___ _ .... ~ lCl
_ •~ --- _ -to --ANt.;/Vi~ . . ._-";'~"'.~~/'J'~r{I .-';1'--_-..- '(...;-..,i:rI':'-..-.,- .....,.°wtJvl\ j
~-e?~' .-<Q,~:ftblil(1'V~:-/"". - XfrJ1"-q¥f'N .._.~H'<J .,.•. ::-,.,,-?'1'\-(
~"~'~ ,.. ilJ~-' ~i'1. _-,,,'1""~,,.A,v 1i1I\J\..-:::.:::~;;.r>ftJ\i(lw'V''' . .
. "'-::"f~'i,'r'fJ.\).\ . .. ;...,.---iOlf:(r~~'Jtf"'\11
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iLOO.2 O.LI 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6T I fvlE (S)
FIG. '2/ ..A. PRE-:;URE HI STOR'( IN COf1f=-JRTI'1E::~NTR9
Lt.1[(lO=-J .~-enenLJ.Jrr[L '\_
"
[)F=-C]] --CS[\I I CUf\fI}:j r ~,.H'v1Er\IT~;Tr-1NDARD.F)f~OEJl_.EI'''1 NO.2 (TEST C(~SP2}'
J---.--..-----.------.-.-..------ --.--- - - -.-----.. . --.-.-.---.-'---"-'--".-.---.------
"to .,_. .
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. 0 I TAL. Y I n.IEII /!:I I SiOlI+ ITF'lUI {N IF¥Hb S'U:'Ii-NK NETHEr~l.Al-,DSo SW[OE~.Io UN I TED K I i'ICnO/1
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(r C\i"CL-t
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..-<~...;-;.;.;....:;=::';.;-:""~--" -{IF-P0 ;'-----:.~;:.:.~...;;""_=:~~~;.,,-~~t(P1~
r ..... ,x- ~-~ .. ~..N..~"UI"'rV"-""~..".:.;.<.~~--;ft1..,;::.J.lt.1IrP ......"
__"--:-.<'.' ~;- .....AIA.\!.r.L'I-'~.--:';:'-;~'-~"'I' 'W-,\}":f!t'J':-.]""
~ -;;:::: •.••• ...-:c. -::~A;P{\IfI',t frlI'--~;;.:-~?:-:d ~.J~f~)!-' -
.. __~'."" ~1iPI'J-'fU~S.;"~....~,d--' I.\"V ....-.~--__ .. ;: ~-:'7.-:-." l;'r'.Ti't'i!Ji1i ._---.... ;; .,.:.... 11.).,-.'11" ~
.. _::::,:-;",", nJ'..iJ,r' ' .. 0"-:;';"'[.A_'("1 . -__'" ..;:':;::l.JI:i\~H,J..'t" --__..~! 'f.hr.,h _.",----
_""'11'r~'.J~IJ' _., ..- I._.:-'\\-t/~.!I ..,l;,f:,o'J~" .-'--
o _:'''!''~I\,,1!~["~~tsJ~~~~r~--r---r-i.----.l-----T----r--T--l---r-----r---r--l-----r--T---r---r----l--r---ro . (1 0 .2 () •.1 C1. 6 0 •E:l 1 ,() 1 ,2 I •4 1 ,6 1 ,8 ;';J , 0 2 ,2 2 .4
T If'.1E (S)I:=)RESSURC=- ~I I STOr~y r N COf"1PARTMENT R9
lJJLL LO~~J...:(nenLdfT0._ '1:_
- 76 -
Pressure difference between compartments R4 and R9 (figs. 25A, 258):
What is said for the pr'essure history in R4 applies correspondingly to
this experimental c6urs~; The effect of mass flow maxima can be more
clearly seen in comparison. The maximum pressure difference within
the containment is 0.62 bar. Austt"alia and Netherlands underpredicted,
while Sweden overpredicted this variable. The other participants! rE:'-
Sl! its at'e much closer to the measured data and are - except around
the First maximum - within in a narrow band partly within the mea-
sur'ed error range. Italy (N IRA.), Italy (eN EN/Pisa) and Germany cal-
culated the whole course best (although they overpr_edicted the pres-
SL: re in compartments R4and .R9), Belgium up to the 2nd maximum.
Pressut'e difference between compartments R4 and R5 (figs. 26A, 268):
The experimental behaviour of the pressure difference over the vent of
compartment R4 is the same as for the pressure difference R4-:-R9, butsomewhat iess pronounced.
The scatter range of the resiJits obtained by the parTicipants' is rela-
tiveiy small, except around the 1st maximum. The results of Japan
deviate from the experiment consideralby, i.e. they are surprisinglylow.
Pressure difference between compartments R5 and R7 (figs. 27A, 278):
This pressure difference between both the first folloW-Up compartments
exp"'esses differences in flow conditions (R5/R7):. short/long flow path
. upward/downward outflow
iong/snort dead end space .
..,..-' . t i . It I O. ~ ~h - <-'i ne experlmen a resu s are near y up 10 appr .. : s, L.;e; i Liley are
son::',vnat positive. Obviously the effects due to different heat' release
en R7 ;. in R5 by earlier air-washing) and differ'ent "vater transport
(from R7 > from R5) compensated for each other. The sma!1 difference
frcm 1 s on could' be explained by overflovv of the sump \.vater from R7IO R8.
i\'lost of the computer codes predict slightly high~r pressures in com-
pcttmenl R7 than in R5, while the experimentai results show an oppo-
site trend. However, the agreement between the calculations and the
'.
- 77 -
measured data may be regarded as quite good (see also exp. error).
Also considerably differing heat transfer coefficients (see e.g. Finland
and Germany in table 7) and orifice flow coefficients have only a minoreffect on the resu its.
Pressure difference between compartments R5 and R9 respectively com-
partments R7 and R8 (figs. 28A, 28.8 and 29A, 29B):
In spite of different conditions of outflow - upwards and downwards
-visible differences only occur. after 1 s, the pressure difference be-
tween R5 and R9 being somewhat higher than between R7 and R8.
In both cases the results obtained by the participants show a similar
spt'ead range around the experimental results.
(Jr~'C'I'-)'.._"'(::'I\j I,...L....._' ._. l--t ...,.) I . ._._-_._._--_ .._.- ..__ ._-~.__ ._-_.__ ._..
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l
., IJ~J... I--J1.~!1t~~,".. -,) 1... - -- .1'i'~i~'1!-1 Ih J l''''''''"f,il'~ , '_, '. ',_". . ,_ ..".1I 0 .:I - "-"=~"" ""i'\'I\"I,' '\\'"n"e.' ", _'" . "" "."" """. +__l,[: ';it;;~~~.~~.::c-~:!:cC:.~~~ .....El'" ' ...•........•.... "'" ' .. ,....-:~: ~+:~':"::::_------~"',£CF'" C" __ , __ " __ " _~) nil) ,Ji(:{./'" "-'''"-.,, _ _ __C '.- l 'll\~ff _~ CJ I;i/
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('l[CfJ--C:;~,jI CONTAINMENT ST~~DARO PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CASP2l•• __ •••. __ ..... _--_.:_---_ •• _--_ ••• _ .. _ .•• _.~-_ •• _ .• - .-._-_._-_._ .... _---_. __ ._-,"-;_ •••• __ .__ •• _ ••• __ +
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mbar)I EXP.ERROR (~20o E><P. I '1PD3549'161-J Io lTALf IO'JEN/P [SA I+ 1TAL Y ( 1\1 I RA It, ,jAPA~i-R I'--JETI-ERLA\bS
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OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBl_EM NO.2 (TEST CASP2)._------- _--"- . ----_._~-----_.-_._-_._._------_._--_._ .._---~-------',------------------------------------
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mbar)I EXP.ERROR (+10o ExP. (5PD3504161:J1o AUSTRAL In+ tJELGIU~1t> CAi'JAOA>( Fli'LANOo FRfl\lCEo GER~'lAI\JY
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r -i----T----r----T-----T----T-----T-----T---,--r--r----I-~----r-----r----T---I---,----T--:--I.---,--I----I"------r-----r----i---r-r-0.0 0.2 0.'1 0.6 0.8 1.0 - 1.2 l."1 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
T] ~-iE (S)I~-r (-:; • '26 A ' H J :-:~j='1tJI'lYO[=-- F~r\[~SSUr-lE [) Ir=-r-=L_RF-]\JC[~ r~A - RS
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'f.:, . JAPAN)( NETI-ERLf'J\DSo SWEDEN~ UNITED KINGDOM
I I I 1 I I I 1 " I . I I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 r---, .1 I
0.2 . 0.4 0.6 O.B l.b 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 . 2.0' 2.2
TIME (S)FIG, 26 BH I STORY OF pr~[SSrJRF n I FFFREf\JCF R.1.....ns
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rtr~¥~-k~~~~~'d;;ftJf!flf!'2~~~:;;:;",~~~~~'-'~~"k~~=~_~~'~/~JV~l$--~,
ICD-NI
I EXP.ERROR (+18 mbar)o E)(P. ISP0180719To AUSTRALIA-t BELGI UM4:J CAI'jf'Dlx F [('LA('IDo FRHr\lCEo C[H1Ai\lY
nIFF~~ENCF R~-R7
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OECD~CSNI CONTAINMENT STRNDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CRSP2l
-- --..:.......----~~ . . -----~ .- ---- '. <&-"---
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>( FlbLAI'Do FRANCEo GEJlrv1(.:jNY
ICXJ~I
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I EXP.ERROR (+18 mbar)o EXP. IBPDl <\87291o AUSTllAL I A+ EJELG I U'1l; CANADA
• >( F [~LAr-.1Oo FllRNCE@ GEr~rv'ANY
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TIME (5j ,FIG •.29 A HI S-- .RY OF PRI-.SS1-IRF n ll=-F--=<Ef\JCF R7--RR
,OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD .PROBLEM NO.2 .. (TEST CASP2)
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I EXP.ERROR (+18 mbar)o. EXP. I 8PD148729 1o ITAI_ Y I CNE::NIP I SA l+ I TAL Y (N r RF11l> JAPPiN>( NETHERLFNDSo S~.IEDE~~@ UNITED KINGDOM
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.'1
TIME (S)F r G ~2gB H J STORY. OF f:)HI=-SSIIRF rlll=-FFRF~!rF R7 - RR
.- 88 .,
Temperatures in rupture compartment R4 (figs. 30A, 308 and 31A, 318):
At the bottom as well' as in the middle of the compartment temperature
breaks can be observed, which indicate the passage of large air bates.
what cannot be described by the programs. The steep rise to satura-
tion temperature in the lower region (= rapid propagation of the steam-
water-mixture) is calculated within a relatively small bandwidth dis-regarding 2 respectively 1 exception.
The calculational results of Germany are considerably lower than the
experimental data, although compartment R4 is simulated by 3 nodes
(hindered washing-out of air?). Results of Sweden correspond to thehigher pressure calculated for R4.
Temperatures in compartment RS (figs. 32A, 328 and 33A, 338):
The nearer the measuring point to vent U45, the sooner it is reached
by the steam front (sharp rise delayed by 0.1 s). The. rear part. of
the .compartment not directly flown through, is reached later by the
steam front (0.3 s). This temperature behi3Viour shows that there is a
large portion of air which is not washed out (slow rise with breaks).
The results of participants who do not subdivide the compartment are
approximately in the middle between both experimental curves. Parti-
cipants using a finernodalisation (F'inland, Germany, Netherlands) cal-
culate the temperature behaviour near the vent very well, however,. .
thei r resu Its for the rear part of the compartment fall considerably be":
low the experimental results (percentage. of air too high?). It is ob-
vious that no program describes the propagation of the. steam frontcorrectly.
Temperatures in compartment R7 (figs. 34A, 348 and 35A, 358):
In compartment R7 in which the flow is mainly longitudinal, the deadend effect is less pronounced.
Except in the initial phase (steam front) there is a good agreement be-.tween calculationai and experimental results.
- 89 -
Temperatures in compartment R8 (figs. 36A, 36B and 37 A, 37B):
The arrival of a steam front can hardly be detected. Temperature rises
slowly near the vent of R7, but faster than in the rest of the dead
end space (additional temperature breaks caused by air bales).
The results obtained .by the participants differ widel y especially with
respect to the dead end space and fall mainly above the experimentalresults.
Temperature in dome compartment R9 (figs. 38A, 38B):
The measuring point located within the' inner cylinder at appro the
level of vent U59B shows the washing of air bales containing little
steam quality after a slight temperature rise until 0.7 s due to com-pression.
The calculational results of the participants with one node for R9 show
a,good agreement with the experi"mental results, while the other parti-cipants overpredicted this temperature.
Temperature in compartment R6 (figs. 39A, 39B):
The air in compartment R6 is obviously only compressed.
The participants, except United Kingdom, predicted the temperature in
compartment R6 higher than the expe.riinental one. The results remain
in a wide spreadband. The results of Austral ia, Canada, Italy (N IRA) ,.
Japan and United Kingdom are close to the experiment (all with 6-nodesimulation of the whole containment, i.e. 1.node for R6).
OECO~CSNI 'CONTAINMENT.STANDARDPROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CRSP2lo('1[\J'f
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TIME (S)r-=-I G . 31 B TEMPERRTURF H 1ST(JF~Y T f\1 Cniv1PRRTMFi',IT RLt
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OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD 'PROBLEM NO.2' (TEST CnSP2}o(TI
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TIME (S)F- I G . 3.2 A ,TEMF l-HRTURE H I STORY I N C[[[IPRRTMENT F~5
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EXP.ERROR (-2.5/+1.4 K)EXP . (5TS31 3A I 1 )AUSTRALIABELGIUMCAf\IAfJRF[I'LA~IDFRAJ\JCEGEm1AI\lY
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FIG.328 TEMPERRTURE HISTORY IN COMPRRTMENT R5
OECD-CSN I CO~JTAI NMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2- (TEST CASP2)a(1)
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TIME (S)FIG. 33 A TEMr====<ATURE H I STOr~y IN CI=- =IPARTMENT --R5
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T I ME (S).FIG. 34 A . TEMP=-=~RTURE HISTORY I N tC=PRRTMENT R7
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OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST~CASP2) I
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<> FRANCE0' GERf'IIFIf'-JY
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OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CASP2l i
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- 110 -
3.5.3 Time interval 0 to 50 5
The calculated results for this time interva.l relatively good agree with the
experimental results except 1 or 3 higher overestimations. of the important
total pressure behaviour. Because of the 1-zone simulation of the contain-
ment already in this time interval the results of Belgium are only compared
with the experimental results of big dome compartment R9, which approach
mean values for the whole containment still at best. In the comparative
plots for pressure and temperature in compartment R9 (figs. 41A and 44A)
the results of Finland (l-zone simulation) are .included,although they areobtained for time interval 0 to 1000 s ..
In the following selected vari.ables are considered in more detail:
Pressure in rupture compartment R4 (figs. 40A, 40B) and in dome com-partment R9 (figs. 41A, 41B):
After more or less pressure equalization . in the containment. after
approx. 4 s the experimental pressure behaviour in the individual com-
partments differs only slightly. At 33 s a maximum pressure occurs(3.95 bar) which is relevant to containment design.
As explained in chapter 3.1, the same scales as in the comparison re-
port for the 1st Containment-SP are applied for the purpose of directly
comparing within this report. With regard to total pressure history,
which is to be considered here, it should hardly be disadvantageous toomit pressure range 1.0 to 2.0 bar.
The results of the majority of participants are within a spread band,
which can be regarded as relatively narrow compared to the influence
of several possible deviations from nominal values (see chapter 2.5.3.2).
Except France, the participants overestimated these variables, parti-
cularly NIRA (Italy). About 6 participants are close to the experi-
ment, however, two or three of them consider only an essentially thin-ner coating than is given in table 3 as a minimum.
Temperature in rupture compartment R4 and in compartment R8 (figs.42A, 428 and 43A, 43B):
After initially smaller deviations the temperatures in compartments R4
• 111 -
and R8 are essentially at saturation to the measured pressure, just itKein compartments R5 ar)d R7.
For compartment R4 the participants' results are close to the measuri:!g
results (+1 OK/-1 K with an experimental error bandwidth of +1. 4K/-2. 5K),
especially those of Italy (CNEN/Pisa) and France. The agreement be-
tween the ZOCO V (Australia), PRESCON-2 (Canada), PACO (Italyl
NIRA) and CLAPTRAP II (U.K.) calculations (6-node simulation of the
containment, i.e. one node for R8) and the measured data for compart-
ment R8 may be regarded as very satisfactory I while the other parti-
cipants except Netherlands (lumpingR6, R8 and R9) underestimate this
temperature after 2 s even if the pressure histroy is calculated well.
Temperature in dome compartment R9 (figs. 44A I 448):
At the measuring points to be computed in compartment R9 temperature
rises somewhat differently and. slowly caused by the high fraction of
air. After appro 25 s a temperature stratification starts to develop; At
50 s the temperature in. the lower part of. the inner cylinder . is about20K ./ess than at the dome's ceili~g.
The participants' results are considerably higher than the experimental
results, especially in th.e phase of .temperature increase. Temperature
differences present in the experiment cannot be included into the com-
putations, . if e. g. compartment R9 is only sim~lated by one node ..
Temperature in dead end compartment R6 (figs. 45A, 458):
After appr. 4 s the measuring point situated in the centre of the com-
partment indicates higher oscillations in temperature What can be attri-
buted to equalization streams with. different steam/air composition. This
temperature corresponds to those in the lower part of the innercylin-
der of compartment R9, but is on the average somewhat higher.
Partly, the deviations. of the participants' results from the measured
temperature history are considerable. The PACO (Italy/N IRA) calCula-
tions are in the mean close to experimental data. Higher underestima-
tions can be observed from the results of the other participants whoalso simulate R6 by one node.
OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CASP2)CD
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OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST rASP2lo(Y)N"f
o
t•.)tvI
48.0
0-,
---"'0 ... -. '-'_' ,__. ....... ,_... _
CAt\RJA
I EXP.ERROR (-2.5/+1.4 K)o EXP. (6TS270M211o RUSTRALIA+f:.l(
<> FRFNCEo GERi"ANY'
.- .. --.0."-"'-'--".~~.-'
(T1
o"f
o
~-J! .'mm[\1 "1-- I I. I I I. I T I . I I I I i--:--r---I I . I I
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.•0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.032.0_ 36.0 "10.0 -'14.0T I ME (S). I
r:=-f r"" . '/ C /\ . TFrvln,..,I.. 'rJnTI. InI' . r.- 1 ... 1 T r:':Tnr--:-)\I/ T, II rnr"':lnClf'Ti.j[-r .IT 1'1r . -'.. ..}:J /'-'\ J .1" !. :',! '.:' ',I" I I",.' , I', . I . I I
(T1
~ ~l '. //'//4-
W c; tZf;:/0::: (T1 ,/ /"
~ ~ /;/f- // "'J vcr ' / 8 ..
0:::: 1, ,..-.,
f ... -.--w ~,/ .--.----- -n (T1 /1 ..-" ---~ -~ .' O. ----- --~~i\.li ..' • ~ _. --b--
W If .,' ~ -f- if'-- /,,-/ --o!/ ." /' ---.. " //
gJ' i I--J //(T1 il .',.' /"
i ...'
c;46/'[y;(T) ,'.' .o .'~.I .
(T1 .
OECO-CSNI CONTAINMENTSTANDAROPR08LEM NO.2~ITEST CASP2)a(Tl(\J'f
a
I--->
NWI
I EXP.ERROR (-2.5/+1.4 K)o EXP. !6TS270M21 Io ITALYICNEN/PISAI+ !TAL Y I N IRA)l!. -JAPAN)( NETf-£RLPJ\DSo SWEbEN-~ UN !TED K I NGDO'1
(Tl
o'f
a
orn(\Jrn
a
.",~/~;:::~::_::~~~~;~~;c'~~:C::~~~=:---'-".:;_/V ~- - _.-:...;// --- . . -- ~.~././ -----~~~@----"y.;' .' ~______ . __ -~---0-------.,'/ . . >---"'. .-,_.-.-' - ~--~
7
/ --c:- --'.--- ~----- --C' /~ ---' ---- -~,/ .",v-' ---- -8
,:1 ' /' ' ---- ..'Ii -?.r -,--
(
)' ,- 7// ---.---I . /" , --.-
:' /://, )( ..
;' //
/
: " I-_/rj" IP
I,' I/1,/ I_,I -
° f',' /m ),' -/o ' /(Tl :./
wory-'u_ (Tl
~?Rf-eerr:we:O.--rnL~LLJf-
(Tl
':-Lffi
rnCO(\J
0.0 4.0 I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I--~8.012.0 . 16.0' 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0, 40.0 44.0 Ll8.0TIME (S)
-FIG.45B TEMPERRTl~E HISTORY IN COMPRRTMENTRG!
I
- 124 -
3.5.4 Time interval 0 to 1000 5
For this time interval Australia submitted two calculations with comput€:;~codes ZOCO V and ZOCO VI. The results of ZOCO V are only included incomparison plots because for each organization on/yane calculation shallbe take. and the results of ZOCO V are considerably better than thos~ ofZOCO V I. A few remarks shall be made on the individual results as foi'lol!ls:
Pressure history in containment (figs. 46A, 46B):
After a maximum the pressure in the containment falls slowing down.continuously due to cooling of the. atmosphere.
With the exception of France and United Kingdom, pressure maximum ;soverpredicted by the participants. After pressure maximl,Jm c.alcufatio-nal results on the average agree in. course of. the cooling process, butare mainly higher than experimental results: This systematic deviaticn .can be explained by the influence of a possible leakage of the modeli::ontainmenton the total press(,Jre bLJilt-up in. the long term interval.Since there are no measured data available on the real leak tightnessof the containment all calculations could not take this into account.The results of Germany come. closest to the experiment. It may be in-teresting to quantify theirlfluence of the uncertainty of data of theconcrete coating acting more and more as heat conductive resistance(see also fig. 18).
.- TemperatUre in containment (figs. 47A, 47B):
Pressure decrease is caused by heat transfer from the containment at-mosphere to the concrete walls. Temperature stratification in the largedome compartment, which has started in time interval a to 50 s, is in-creasing. After about 250 s it has fully developed: Both of the depic-ted measuring points in R9 (bottom of inner cylinder, dome at the top)indicate a continuous, homogeneous cooling-down (constant differenceof about 40K). Temperatures are the same at the same level in theann.uJus of R9 as. in compartments R6 and R8, while in compartmentsR4, R5 and R7 temperature .leVelis always Somewhat higher.
- 125 •
Considering these substantial. differences in temperature , a subdivi-sion of the containment, for instance in 3 or 4 zones, seems to be moresuitable than the 1-zone simulation: For a 1.-zone simulation calculatio-nal results, as a matter of fact, should have to be compared with atemperature averaged voiumetrically over the containment volume. Cor-responding to the different pressure histories, temperatures obtainedby the participants decrease and are on the average slightly above themiddle of. the two experimental curves. The temperature maximum incompartment R9 has been computed too early, but within a narrow ran-ge of 9K.
History of water mass in containment (figs. 48A, 48B):
The considerable discrepancy between experiment and the narrow ran-ge of calculational results (corrected curve of Canada in App. 2) ismainly causeqby the fact, that even after a ../onger time a substantialamount of condensed water is still adhering to the walls. It would re-sult in a mean th.ickness of condensed fi/mof about 0.85 mm (300 s)and 0.55 mm. (iOOO s), if we assume the difference between the meanvalue of the computed water mass and the measured sump-water to behomogeneously distributed on the total structural surface. Regarded asa pure heat conductive resistance, this film [(0.8 to 1.3)-10-3 m2K/W]is not at all negligible compared to the concrete coating[(3.7 to 4.3)-10-3m2K/W].
OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CASP2)NIJ1
->N-(1)
mbar)I EXP • ERROR (.:!:. 2 <=;
o EXP, I9PLl 03M39Llo AUSTRAL I A l ZOCO V)+ BELGI UM~ CANADAx FINLAf\JD
<> FRANCE@ GERMANY
~
[~\-i, \ \ \j'- \\J! '\ '\\.' \\ \ \
.{ \\ '- \, -' -,\ \\
\,' ~
\~~~\'"\~~'" -, -
.~~~~"-'-R", ."\~ \~'~
", "~;;~~~::::: B. .•.....• '.."'0 ..~ ......... ---~.:::--...- ~--~ .
--..-:~"'-...- ------------.. -~--..-. -- -- ----------- ------a-~ ----o---"'=,= ~~.~.._._v_
-;;;:.~-~-~:-:;:;,-:.-::-==-::-~-~~===-,- '~,lD
ill
'l"
WD:::rn::::IN(f)(f)W[X::O-C\!
N
_ 0
o::::~[L*-
lJlI0'\.-1(1)
o
0.0 80.0 , ,r I I I I I --r-'-~--T---'---160,0 2~0.0 320.0 400.0 480.0 560.0 640.0 720.0 BOO.O 880.0 960.0TIME (S)
FIG + 46 A F =-SSURE H I STORY I f"J C(- TR I ~IME~IT
OECO-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 lTEST CASP21 i
~N"-J
.r
mbar)I EXP. ERROR (~25o EXP , I 9PLl 03M39Llo ITALY ICNEN/PISA I+ ITA- Y IN [RA It, JAPAhlx NETHERLAN'JS'
<> SWEDENo UNITED KINGDOM
, ,
",'- \Ii,' \\if, \\I', ,~ ,
II' '\\ ..u fl ',.
~
v ~\. \~~~.'\. .~: \\ ,\ ~ .i ...~,,,,.,. , '\ .
. . ", ',,,'.~. . .' ""', ",~~>.
. ", ,." ,,~. .... "', ' ........ ,.
... ... .., '.'.,'-,
......... ".,...... , .............-"-~........ ~~ .--... ...... --...". "', ~'-...-.< ...... "'0-..._._
~. ~ "'" <, ~'"- -.=-.:::.;;:;::::::--------<>-< "--------------.e- ,, __: "'== ~_='-" . ~ ---..:::~~=----~----------------.~~~-~~-=::-0.~,_. . . - --~-~-~-- -~--~----------<- ~ . --------------. ------ ---<-., "' "'.' C'-'-'-'_1!r_, C., . -,,_-_-<-<"" "_.<""" ,_,_,_"" ,_, -,-ce-: _
(\J
lf1
liJ
ill
"t
Wcrrn:::Jr-ienenLJJcr(lr\!
(\J
o~ ,
IT:."t0.-*"UlI "to .
m..-1
o
0.0 80.0I I I I ~I-T~-r'-T-""'--
160,0 2"10,0 320.0 400!0 480.0 560.0 640,0 720.0 800,0 880,0 960.0
TIME (S)F rG , !~6 B PRFSSIJnF. Ii: ~Trlr~;y T ~.!. rnl\ITn T "JH~I\,IT
OECD~CSNI CONTAINMENT-STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2-(TEST CASP2l
"
-'NCO
O---~V~~~'_ci-I_
I EXP. ERROR (+ l. 2 K)
d EXP.(9TW 180 M-9)o EXP. (9TW180M751 -o AUSTRAL I A I ZOCO V)+ BELGIUMt,. Cm-lAOAx F[NLANOo FRAI\ICEo GERMANY
r'~:'~",,'::::.'\~-'! >"~',. ....., ....... ',
r - "'':~':--'''''-'::::''_"':'t;.,,-, ,"",,,_
""'" ~ ~''''"~' ....~~~
"~-~'--'---- .. c
. . ~~~~:;~~~~~~~-::~~~~~~;;~~~. ------~-~-~-~<>------_._---
o(TI-['J
"
(TI
o
"
o(TI(\)(TI
o
LtJ 0
[(~~~~C[[(LLl ~(L (TI
;'L(hW1--
o(TI
o(TI
o(T1m[\I
0.0 80.0 160.0 2-40.0
FIG. 47A
1 1 I I I I I I I- I -r---T----r---320.0 400.0 480.0 550.0 640.0 720.0 800,0 880.0 ~)60.U
TIME (S)TE :JERRTURE H ISTORY IN nNTR If\IMFf\/T
OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 (TEST CASP2l
--- --j-..
-o.- ~~~~
....t\J(D
I EXP. ERROR (+ 1 .2 K)
o EXP.(91'W 180 M-9)a EXP • (9TW 180M75 Io ITALY tCf\JENfP ISA)+ ITAL Y l N I RR If::, -JRPA1'-Jx NETI-ERLANDS<> . SWEDEN@ UNITED KINGDOM
p~ .~' '~\-
fit,....",.",'~~,;::----
j' """'"' -,,~~/if.' ""--- '~, ":-:-::- .......II """--:...:.:~<::,'~~_ ....._.....I "',,-~_~<>_._.' '~~ ',,- -,-."'0":::;", ~~,~::-._._. ."G. ~~, _ ~~ ~,~ ,,_
'. '''''-o,~---....'''-. _ .......
' . ". '-'",:--.::::..<~-=-'"'cc_. -. _''''''--''' .... ._. .""0-_. __'_ _._" .. __... "
I ". '. ",_ ~---...---.........__ ~~". -, , '-.:...--..: -----=-----.. ~
' ".+ -"""""-"----~-=-~~==-----I
l
f
•....•.•••.. Q~~~. ::::.:. :':::. :.:.::::: =:::: :::::,~ •• ,_-'-'" _ --. a'~' .~'.~ -~. --.~.-:-.~:::~:
' --------------+-------
I .II
I
°m
~ffi
am[\J
"
o(l')[\Jm
°mo'l'
Wocr~:::J1il1_ m
([crLtJ ~[Lm_"LmWf-
om
°m ,amCDf\J
0.0 80.0 160.0 2-40.0
FIG.47B
I-r I I I' ---r----r---T-.---r---r-' ..-r'----l320.0 400.0 480.0 560.0 640.0 720.0 800.0 080.0 960.0
TIME (S)TEMPERATURE H ISTORY J N rOf\!TA r i\/fV!Fr\IT
OECD-CSN I CONTA INMENT .STANDARD PROBI_EM NO.2 (TEST CASP2)
-.I
Wo
------
II' f'/~ -1 .-
o•ab(\J'f
oooLD(T1
oaao(Tl
0------; .----fr-----.------h--. .... . mass flown in
( . '. . -- --- -'--I::r- -- -. -- --- ---- --- -&--- -- ---- --<>--- --------/'s-
I .~:;:::::C:::_~ S?c:'::2c-:,0"oc-q~":"S..:.~.::' .:::::.:.~::.:: ..::-:.:"..::~.:~::.:..•~.: •...: ---' ' : -~":""
I~-.r' .. ,.,--/._* ..:.;.-7'/.~~~;;;-~.;-~
!A::.i>/~'
i:-"Y'
I{II'I
f
I
i~i
19~~g-. 'f(J)N(J)0:: a2:::' a
aaT
oooLD
EXP.ERROR (+345o EXP ,SU~1 W'1 -o AUSTRAL I A I ZOCO V)+ BELGIUMI::. CANAOF'll( Flt'-LANDo FRAI\ICEo GERM8NY
kg) .
o0_
0.0I I I I .I I II I. I I I. I I I I ~-_r__r--I-----r-.I----1
80.0 160.0 2.10.0 320.0 400.0 480,0 560.0 . 6""10.0 720.0 800,0 l380.0 ':'00.0
TIME (S)FIG. 48 A H I S~!~RYOF kJATER [\1ASS 11\-1CONTA I Nf'1ENT
OECD-CSNI CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM NO.2 ITEST CASP2)o mass flown in
-'w--'
kg)EXP.ERROR (+345o E.l(P •S\JI"I [,,]"1 -o lTAL Y ICI\JEI\IIP I SA I+ lTRLY iNIRFI)[', 0APA'~x ~ETHERLANDSo SWEOE~Jo UNITED K1NGDOM
I I .I. I I-r----:r-720.0 600.0 680 0 960.0
IN CONTR J ~1~1Er\IT
320.0 480.0TIME (S)
HIS~ORY OF WRTER MRSS2"10.0
~/
160.0
FIG.488
80.0 .'
0-------
0.0
ooolDrn
oooorn
o
"", ," 0""'" ';;;~ ~ ~ ,-C"",C" 0'0'0"." 00'•• c -- •• - - CO'- ---,/'~~~__---=-'--..",-' -fl>__ n---~-,c-,~~-~---_....----- --=t= _n __
tJfr/if~ ----:-:-~- --=--=-=:..:::-""= --=--.~.::~1=-':;~::'~:';~~';::':;:"~'-::::-~~'~';:~
,! :V Ii} ,. +I I
, ''I I,:1 I, I'I: /... I
,: /: Ii Ii/I
YI
If
~11/ i/ :'II,,I
oo[\J
.0o[\J'f
0_
o
LJ~~g~ 'f
([)[\J
.([)([02:::' o
al
-132 -
3.6 Comparison of Remaining Specified Variables
The presentation of these variables is meant to facilitate the individualparticipant carrying out detailed analysis of possible deviations. Corres-ponding figures can be found in the preliminary comparison report /40/.
- 133 -
3.7 Measured Results of Non-specified Variables
}~Ipha-biock-measurements :
In order to determine long-term heat transfer, a so-called alpha-block
was installed, each in the lower part of rupture compartment R4 and
in the upper part of R9's annulus /6/.
Alpha-disk measurements
So-called alpha-disks were installed in rupture compartment R4 (at the
lower pert) and in follow-up compartment R7 (mean compartment height
at (783) for the purpose of determining short-term heat transfer.
Sump temperature and sump water mass:
As mentioned in chapter 3.3, the measured sump temperatures in con-
nection with masses of sump woter provide an indication for water
transport conditions (carry-over, separation). High sump temperature
i;-:cates that sump water contains a larger portion of het water I car-
ric:) over respectively separated, and low sump temperature (see es-
peciaily dead end compartment R6 at 300 s: 60 kg' with 32°C) shows
thuc the share of water resulting fr'om condensation at the colder
structures predominates. However, it is difficult, to easily quantify
~;r transport from the mass of sump water at e. g. 300 s (first
Ci'.,;::;iiable measuring point). Particulat'y this results ft'om unknown his-
tory of the condensed water added to the sump and relatively unknown
temperature history of the condensate. In addition, conditions in the
V2:'iOUS compartments of the containment are very different.
From a reiztively large constant m2SS of sump water (905 kg at 300 s)
at high sump temperature in R4 it can be concluded that the sump
wate,' essentially originated from the rupture-site; t'espectively that
c':Ji':d<::nsation in the smail compartment was low. in compartment R5
(outflow upivards, sump temperature somewhat below compartment tem-
perature) 'cil/ater carried-over/and after 20 s some condensate, may
have come to the bottom ( about 550 kg at 300 s). Probably the. W2~er
in Oil;" tment R7 (room temperature ~ compartment temperature)sepa-
rated ,juring the long flow path, was washed into compartment R8
3cro~::s the edge of vent 0788 [3 cm(?) above bottom]. A re!ativ<.":y
higt, sump temperature in comp2t'tment R8 already existing at the end
• 134 -
of blowdown confirms this, yet, also demonstrates' that a some colder
condenS2',: is mixed in (at 300 s in R7: 10 kg; in R8: 430 kg) .. In
the centre of R9 only condensate of low temperature can be found (at
300 s: 170 kg with 32°C), which allows to conclude that no water was
carried over upwards via vent U59B. It is surprising (gap?) that
hotter water apparently Grrived in the annulus of R9 (relatively high
sump temperature of 55 to 80 °C and sump water mass of 760 kg at
300 s).
It is evident that a considerable amount of water was transported from
the rupture compartment to other compartments. Therefore, e.g. the
assumption of a zero' carry-over surely contradicts the experimental
results. The reason for this substantial difTerence between calculations
and experiment obviously originates from the description of the process
itself and from compensation with other assumptions. It seems necessary
to improve , possibly in quantity, the description of the real conditions
by way of suitable measurements,. for instance, in project HDR.
Static and dynamic measurements of pressut'e at the vents:
Because of the cc.ntraction a determination of the vent mass flow from
these measurem;"nts is as uncertain as corresponding results from codes.
From the measurements of the Pitot-tubes at U59B (flow upwards) and
G 78B (flow downwards) one can possibly observe a short term reduc-
tion in dynamic pressure by a smaller amount of ,water carry.over and,
. consequently; lower acceieration losses from the water dropiets.
-135 -
3.3 Comparison with the Results Of OECD-CSN I Containment Standard
Problem NO.1
Test C.A.SP2 (basis of the 2nd Containment SP! performed on September
21, 1979) and test 015 (basis of the 1st Containment SP, performed on
December 20! 1977) both were conducted in model containment of Battelle-
institUTe ,;\/ithin project RS 50 of BMFT. in both cases best-estimate post-
caicuic:,'ions were pet'formed. (submittals due to May " 1979 resp. Novem-
ber 1,1980).12 organizations participated in the 1st and the 2nd Contein-
ment SP with 12 different computer codes and, partly, several modifica-+'~Ions .
Therefore some comparisons dre made possible betvveen the 1st Contain-
ment SP end this 2nd Containment SP. In the. following they are shortlyreported.
3.8.1 c.Jmpat'tmenl scheme and. flow paths
The cumpi:wtment scheme in test CASP2 (branched chain asymmetric in re-
lation to flo\\' paths, see fig. 498) is different from the one in test D15
(chain-type arrangement of 6 subsequen ~ .compartments, see fig. 49A).
The rupture is initiated in test D15 at the end of compartment R6 (~ 41 m3),
:n test CASP2 in the midd'''' of the sma! I compartment R4 (:;:::14 m3). in
bc-\ tests the vents weri', ,:nly orifices. Dimension of orifices! flow to
2nd fro vents as wed as ti'ii'ough compartments 3;'e largely different forboth t.ests.
- 136 -
, __\Jt.'. Pt',
Of,loca'tionru'pt1..1TG.
R5
(
R9 g U-c~. , L~./~II - --R7 - -~-+-~-~----~j
I" I /Tl, '1",
I U 4 7 i'" P, t~!' tJ 4 5i I ,~72B _ ... 1I rT-t ~- i
I,
I .~.I ; -
I\ 81111 /C;' , ;01.~ ....; ~ ..; '- ,I. .:~ ...
EUDture COD::;a::::-t.1TIent: R6
R6 ~ R8 - ,R7 - R4 -R5- R9
. .c .Orl..:_lces
.210~'l. a!:'"e2S: U 46/48U 78B,U 45, U
} circular channel
U '47'"" " .' .
59.~. 1sharp-edged
R6 - U 46/43 - R8 - U 78B - R7 - U 47- R4 - U45 - RS - U 59A - R9
F iS~_:_lA,; SC;l'2!>1eof the Compartment Chain and .z,.s SOcia ted
Flow Paths (D15)
- 137 -
nressureIi- r P =lL.Oba,-vessel 0
1503
1 To=290°C
1m3R9gap t U598
T I I 1I u t.71' I ij,;; 5 iI R7 -"I.. -- R5 i II ! IK , I 'I 1r l~'-lj-7-B-B----4-.. ' '\fl - - i ---if NW150
~'R8 \'. Rt=--~ .... Ijo.L.2mJl/11'!~Q' , '\" . , UC16!~............. -' -
~'
\ rupture D=100 mIll with baffle plate
. contc.inment
(II
vents U45, U47, U598, U78BU89, U96
sharp-eGged orificeswall holes
paths
U59B U9E~_------.!s--R 9 .d04-' ---'1fP- K bA't'!iCl',
,! ev'j::::JI
.. ~R8U 78 B
Fig.192: Scheme of the Containment and Flow Paths (CASP2)
B,-\ T TEL L E - i 'is T 1-:- (j T E. v, F R:\ -; K FUR T .\ ,\,1 ,\,; A I N
- 138 -
3.8.2 Boundary conditions
Contiat"j to the initial conditions (e.g. small difference between the mean
values of initial temperature in the containment: for test 015: 8.9 °C; for
test CASP2: 27.6 °C) the boundary conditions of the two tests differ essen-tially.
Figures SOA, SOB and 51A, 51 B show in direct comparison the histories of
the break mass flow rate with the associated error bands. The maximum
mass fiow fate into the containment in the vapour blowdown test 015 is
equal La about 85 kg/s, while the two maxima in the water blowdown test
CASP2 are at 405 kg/s (0.105 s) and 374 kg/s (0.92s). In the short time
interval the error bands of the two tests are approximately equal. In the
iong time interval they are in test CASP2 (end of. blawdown at 50 s) only
half of trwse in test D15 (end of b!owdown at 70 s).
The histories of specific enthalpy of break mass. flc. w.ith the associated
error ')ands for both tests arid different timE: intervals are compared in
fias .. 2,6.,523 and 53A, 538. In test 015 up to about 3 s vapour (high
specific enthalpy of 2750 kJ/kg) flows from Hie break into the containment;
.then i/,tii 40 s water-vapour-mixture (minimum spec. enthaipy.1240 kJ/kg)
and finallV again pure vapour. In the w2t2r blowdown test CASP2 up to
about 23 s saturated water 1'2specti\/eiy two-phase mixture v:ith low quali-
T.\j (mean value of spec. enthalpy 1250 kJ/kg), after. that two-phase mix-
ture and from about 40 son pUie vapour (spec. enthc;lp~' 2730 kJ/kg) ..
flows imo the containment.
The erior band in test 015 is smail in the short time interval. in test
CASP2 up to 0.3 s it is greater (for example +9 %/-2.2 % of measured
value). However, during the two-phase fia\\! the '~rror band in both casesis sf the same order.
Besides the mass flown in [at blowdown e"d: 4075 kg (CASP2), 1310 kg
(C15)] the amount and hist,y"v of the total energy up to a cet"tain mame'lt
-',YI;\':I ir- have a considerable influence on the pressure built-up. The figs.
~4 and 5S shew the great differences between vJater and vapour biowGO\vn.
The ratiCl of the total enthalpy flown in for tests C.'\SP2and D15 iseaual
to 2bou~ 2.3 at time 2.5 s and about 2.4 at the maximum pressure in ;:on- .t::dnment (33 sand 40 s).
- 139 -
...i~oIO..il
f I!I
--------------_.--_._ •.-. _._----~- ~ ._-_ •.__ .__ oO-. _r"--'; ("l) .., -'TFir:--- _..-..In J ',,:,r (.,
, ,l,.
2;1) .T\',/ .'\. \
j_~:'_..Jn O..J i. \ \ .
l" ! I \
. I !~;({~;\. c .~ \~ I',.. \" \
c.: 7(J~" 1.-.) ,.,(", '.,'I II (). '"I " C) q '"",I .......!\) \~ "
'I ''''.I~, ",
60-
1
1 \\ "" - ""'~ ~~-~---'-----------------I "', ........~O __ ---- ~:2". _. ~"-... 0 ~_
'co . ____ko.r-' "" _D_ _ _~_J I ,. _ ,
~ "u,,- --,-i:;----- c__~. __ ._~ ____'____.'''-... 0" --.---- ..-'- oj ,"-...0> .1I
30%0£ measured value.
2. ['
i(.)-..,il,
".;"
O-!----------r--- 1-----.-------1--.--- -/----.----iGO 0.5 '1,0 1.5 2.0 2,5 Time [ s ]
£J.:S..:50A: Break mass flow In with error band (D15/0-2.Ss)
- 141 -
~'l C) 0 0 0 0-.. 0 0 :::; c 0..... '1 l..(") ~ ~-i N'.#
Ul ~,,\°ld: sse:-r
I V'l
LIrrIIr
~L I..tlt -' Ul
('~
I0"--C')
0..
l Ul;::r;u
i C! ~I - ;::I .~r :-< ce
,aI
I kIr- 0HHC,)
r ..:::! +'i .rl
r --.s
t- ':>
I ...0
I rlI 'Hr
(I)
L 1..001'v
16' EI
XII ('jI ~
l H~,
I CO!~ OJLniI .,
G!i .ri j;-
I ~!I!
0
c
". r ..... :..... ~. .
- 142 - !
rJl'Ulcd
'-'j,-ra
..Q
..~!.- ;
i..IIl.i
0'1.rii~I
rJlor-Io----.If)
:;:.0
,,-i4-!
i
L~IN
II.LnI
~-,-
rII
~..9-0o
,cr~oOi
6
a
4-!o
010
iIIIII 'I
I
I
I'
III
IIiI ,
I
- 143 -
'OJ
ou
. l.f)
1lI:I:I:~7:'~•..-~~ ._-.!~-
oo("r}
l.11 "',°1.]
oo
IIr!
. OJ I~l5?1 ,viwI,--(-0
~I ~~ I'--' ,~i-I
!- I01
• Q i/6' L
V iI!
o
..... '.',
IJlCoL()
io..........N~UJn::C)
.~
---~._-_.---------_.._-------' -----_ ....-.._ ..__ ._..._------_._--,---_.----- ---,----------------, l
l(a /k9
>,0..rlrU
.c. lnoo.-,jJ '•• ) .~OJ
UCJP.(J)
----------_._'-'----------------------.---_._---------- -------------------------0= -~---._o.- ..--, __ ,_,..._'-.(}--------------- ..o-,--- ..,'-, , . , _
Cll -I- l.G %
-'h
,.j;::.
25CO-'Fig.52A: Spe~ific enthalpy h of the escaping fluid------- with error band (D15/0-2.5s)
~
2()lO-I--.---.-.:.-_.----r---------T---------,00 0.5 1,0 1.5
1
2.0 [' ] 2.5Time _ s
o
ILiI
tI Lr)f- ~10
lIrli
IrI!O
o
Q en..:: 0J+,1
~"o 0J:l;
..::tJ)Kt:U><~
C'_rl"V~ ::~ ~- '.
....Q I..<
o(J ;..
.~ ;..~ G)'
.~()~Q.j-l
Co'M(j) ;:=
ooL[)
c
(,1
oQ;
Q)
::J
o>U<l>
~
ooo
=-- '/, S'l -;, I
: I, II
!Ii
l.:J
o,-::J
.. . '. " ~ " ',!
t.:.] / l\ CJ
1
,.-,..-----.-. '---'---'---"'"7"-:----. ----,---- ..._---.. . I .
3[))) I>;~l,
':-1crJ
.s.::~J~(j)
U(D0..U)
'Hi(Yj_ •..:. 1,. .1 ~ .•
'-~Inl[ :'I /'~:,1. . / -'-'~'ij;'-""--'=~'-, /;f2 ~,Q /","'= .;~---)1 I / ri / ~;/ ----==.=...=:--.:-=- '- __ -=-,?J
. ~ r/ .
. II . --------" -I- / //;,; ,'Y /
II'I'~ i~/ :r~ _n/OO
/, .. ' wI.i.~ /'~ ......-".-.0'------ .i //,,' / /"./ <f1 . ',/
f, .. / /,f1--------e... ~~j -...------'n/ .......-,,~ . ~C .... ------
cr-:r' 0) I/ I
....:.~(})
. 10JO"'I-.
(}i'-------l--------. -I ".-.----t----. ~._'o 10 . 20 30 l;O
t50
1---'60'I'ime [sJ 70
I}(J.:,~~!2: Specj fic enthalpy h of the escaping flui.d. with error band(D15/0.-70s)
-147 -
1/. , ~: ~/', ~~/ / /
// / / .. / // ; /
1/1A / /. / I I ,/
/ / ;.'. ;1, / /. v/'III,J/% .
i~fV ..'f:!co... - __ ..//~::''''
~ ,I coQ • crl,...; ;~ ~"'1 ~. r.J.
~ w-.
~. ~
N. ,
'"~
\\
!3000 -I
JkJ/kq i
- -j
2500 ~
~~J
2000~
I" IJ; 1500 ~
.JI-;irv-e ~~
-JV ~;~, •• M
I N1000 ~
. II1Ji1!
SOO ~
1-i
jI1o ~.I ~--~------------...,.---~--------.
o 10 20 30 40. 5 50
Pig.53B;, 5pecif~c enthalp~~ h ~f the escap~ns fluidwith error band (CASPjO-SOs)
;'.
- 143 -
>:::3orl4-1
o~.
UlLf)
UJ('-? .-,
UlL.-..
Q)
e.rl~1j
'-N III
lLfi~, ~I
I'
I~~I .:I
I!
\\)
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UJ 1
I
Ln L'I L'i Ln Ln'..
:~ 0 0 c 0 0~'--' UJ ~ N
'\\ ..I
- --111'""--
\
10\
\ \c'\ '\~ \ \
~ \ \u '\ \
\\ \
~ \"" ," \" """,\" \,"" \.,,~ \
" \\\ \ UJ\ \ ro~\" \ !
',,- \ I'"", \. I
'~~ il'\,
'----------------------- ------------. C
III
I
I!
III
II .IIIi,
I!
- 149 ~
>:::3o
.,UJ i
'",;1tnl
-r-'l
~i
.~
o
,_.a i'"I
I c-...... UJLJ
OJE.,.,E-i
I ~I ~ I:-1.--'! CD !
ILa1L0II
cL:) •
o<.0 '<.0'
o
I\\!I,II
\\\\
, en'N\ 0\eLl(f)\ \<r \ \u\ \\ \ I 0
i .I r "\ \.\. \ I\ 1
\
\ I\ I
'\ \\ r~" . -I~ ', \".",\ I ..
~, \'\ i~" I', \ .
. , \ I'- \ I
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,.............
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iI
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iI
IIii!
i!Iii
. ,!
- 150 -
3.8.3 Comparison of i~T1portant characteristic variables
In the following r results for important characteristic variClbles of the two
SP are directly compared. The resuits of participants, who calcUlated the
experiment with essential higher deviation than the majority of partici-
pants, and the small experimental error bands [:1::(0.02 -:- 0.03) bar] are not
considered. Relative values for pressure are related to the pressure buiit-
up of the experiment, and for the differential pressures to the experimen-
Time interval 0 to 2.5s:
For test D15 the maximum pressure in the rupture compartmentR6
(exp. value: 1.53 bar) was calculated by the participants within a
margin of 0.12 bar (22.6 %) and with a maximiJm deviation of +0.09 bar
(n.o %). The corresponding values for test CAS'P2 are (2nd maxin"J. ~ .. R4 I ~ 81' , O?c::.' (30 9 ".in rupLurecompartment /, expo va,ue: ;. oar): .~ ..i oar . 11/
1
+0.'18 bar(22.2 %) (see figs. 56A and 568).
Whi!e the expet~itnental curve for the pressure history in the large dome
compartment R9 for test D15 is approximately in the middle of the c31-
culaLionai bandwidth I the pressure increase for test CASP2 is mainly
over-predicted (figs. 57A and 578). More details at the time 2.5 s are
oivE-n in Lhe following table:
I .. II Variable i D1S I CASP2 I! r 11 ')-h i -,- ,: r'~9~'" I I • .:-c'.. ~'Ct' I 1.::;) car J! 1-<, C ....p. i i!----------------------------~--------~--------~--------------------i Ii!
i CJlcu:ationa! I 0.25 b2r ! 0.13 bar! 'I/ r::nriVJiri ch I 7~~ 9' j ~4 9- I
. 1- - - ~ :'- -~- ~ ~.~~'- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -1- - - ~ ~ - ~ - - ~ ~ - - - - - - -~ - - - - - - _: - - ~ - - - - - - - - - ~! [;:.:1xirnum deviation II' -0 .. 14 bar I +0.14 b~r ;
(,.::a!culation-exoeriment) -44 % +25 sJj
I
The next table gives the results fOI' the maximum of the highest differ-
ential pressure (figs. SeA and 588) and for the maximum of the differ-
entia! p,'essure between the rupture compartment and the 1st fOllow-upcompartment (figs. 59A and 598).
i, , I Ii 'IiVariable ,D15 CA,SP2
I I'! II t.P~~~~~Z~~t.P~t~~~:p.1 0.49/0.27 bar I 0.62/0.33 bor I.---------------------- L J ~I ,i I I'I' caiculational f 0.09/0.']2 bar I 0.28/0.21, bar ~I
b- C' .;~th 18 0 !1l4 0 I Ll5 0 !F;'l 0r ---~~~'~~~:----------------- -~--~-~--~--------1- ---- ~--~~~~ _:- ----- ,I maximum deviation , -0.05/-.0.12 bar I -0.27/-0.21 bar i! (c2icuiatjon-e~(periment) I -10 %/-44 % I :"44 %/-,64 % I
! I I
- 152 -
, .L_.
i-
z
lDcr:
o
)-NlJ1[C
o(jJ r-E (f)l-
oN
o
N
N
NN+1
Q~5 :j.-r. ,-"""u.J
25 t~j%~~ ....JLlJ-
~d.D
E
I II
N 0 CD('., N -
---' ,
0--:>'"
L-
)i I:....LJ-.J'(Y""'t~~"'--'.'--'1"-:---
!,.-.. ii ir-v-" I~- I, 1
(~ I~.I"
~ II
U; I
---,7LLI,-~.
-L.
!T...-._' -i./ \',----..,
''--', I
/ \
! , 1L..-l
r-.-. ,, .
,-
t-ef), ,~ , I~
0'
If)
(Vd'* SO-:3 'L ) 3mSS3Jd
.•f-l ~
U,(",\i+ !--0
::-..1...,..0:::0s=~ gl,..:...., 1
;;: ==w .~
,~/~ 1
(1) \C_) I
! !r--,
:--.-: ir_J \: ,~ .~I
~_: i
\i'
L
'r. :, \j
n( rjL..L" ",
LJ)---o+--
LJ
- 154 •
E
,- . "
'.-
I I ! 1
N. 0 OJ LO -:r
N N~. ~
N. Cl-
f-ZW~}-
cr:CIl.LLc=u.L
(\1.......:J
155 -
."
\-ZL!J~I--,cc:IT0.-2::::oU
"-'./,y-LL,o,r-en
+'
o
o
f-~I ~,I
I
CDco
P.;X XW I~J
LIiN_
+ I,.,.;- '-'.'G
~~o (:)~-;~?f
I-j!i!t<
L---------" -----,.,-----,---l
o
.L- i( r-....'..J / \( " I'-'
,,~
( "
; , ;'-L.'
\C'J InU)c
~II: i 'It-
\C\J 1. I01LI
!~\W'I'r:~-'[Ir, Ir/ \,'-'-~ '\,~i~L.-J
~ICI) \
ti\) I
= \1'Lu(1 '\..-. i
I
- 156 -
)-0::::C
II_'o
I •L'-
o
wULWcr.W=-u._LL.
<.~ccl.f\
en0::
I
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o
oN
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II
I\
\iiI
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.I II
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1 II\ il.i.' 1/: i I ~1-
i II ~I ,j I !i, J,/ ..I i1\ II < .~
\ /Ii: II:.~' t\ ..'.?I ..;-I I! :iI !, "! I I '.fi1 ,:1 ~I I i' RL .11 /,; I I, " ;ill, iiI 'I! ! I\, I ~iII I . .1'1
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It I. r'I . ,.
j j! f. .I I':i!. L-.?!
I 1'1:1I I ,';II : 7;:I i~'j
r 1ft.\1 \\\OJ\
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'~~"~.,, I;,v:~ I-::"~>-,~!
L..:"/.we..;
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':::.:--:::~;::.::~~.:::.:.-j
.,
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i
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L
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I~I
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01~;- I,. ,----.L-J
!
I-( (l'v,Wr-
oLJ")
eno G
NCl
cI
o-I
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I ~
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t ~ Cl
I E
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i.
I. fLlJUZW0:::WLLLL.-.-.
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wrr:~(f)(J)WfYn-' '-
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ro
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HiD
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p::; 01~0 lI1p::; 0'\p::; 9[.:.:j
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I( 'I'-./,( r..., I'..J )
IwI
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L;~L-
"'>.L-
W-.Jm0('('
r'L:-
r', l..~ !- Ir: !.r---.., ILiL(I'-'-Ir-/ '"\:.1 )
,
L, ,")--
Zr;-'-..1-!-~,"-.----Ll('-'
.. , I'" , I/
~, II j- I
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: : , i"-J 1
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- 153 -
(0i...} )
uCL:J(j)u:L.Lrr
"~
LL
-'
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:)-.~
'-'-(---L-,())
"I.~
o
CJ
oo
I o
rIt::I"LlD
I~i-o
II!f~I'f,
Vl
N
N
o
r~Nco_~~ illr-~u.....
WU/.<-
W0:LJG.-L
r--:oI
oI
U1
C
x .-.
CD
C
< T,-
.a
E
\II
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II
I!iI
I-I
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IiI;
i. ;
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LJf--
LJ~
!~
;I
I
o
159 -
t "L!.....:o
i-
" .
>-
1,
illC)LWcrLLJ
LncrI
"1- ,ce
roo
!l-:-r- '
1°I1(".1!OII
I10o
\Nr- "'INII10INIr~L~
<""l
oI
oo
co,r-
+ I =?-ill
C7lci
\
I!
I.Ii1
iiij!..,\"
--
,,
Zi--U> "L
ir1
Ir::; ILl-lL ;
0 iI
./"" I
(T I,,-". I(1")
N I"
II
'~J I7I
;;- 1w ,_I In I(','-) I;r'" I
0- j
- 160 -
Time interval 0 to 50 s:
The measured maximum pressure in test CASP2 (3.95 bar) is consider-
ably higher than in test D15 (2.08 bar). The ratio of the maximum pres-
sure built-up CASP2 : 015 amounts to 2.7. it is somewhat higher than
the ratio of the total enthalpy flown into the containment up to the res-
pective ma:<imum pressut'e (2.4); because the heat absorption of thE:
concrete walls in test D15 is gr~eater than in test CASP2. This may.be
caused by the longer time period up to maximum pressure (DI5: 40 s;
CASP2: 33 s), the slight!y higher surface area/volume-ratio (C15: 1.93;
CASP2: 1.77) and the lower initial temperature of the structures (D15:
C.A.SP2: at le2st18.2 DC) in tEst D15.
The maximum pressure for test D15 is calculated by' the partic'jpants
within a margin of 0.58 bar (54 % of me3sured pressure built-up). The .
. rna)<:iI"iJurr.c:eviatic'ns amount to +0.49 bai' (45 %) 2nd -0.09 bar (-18%)
(fi;j. SO,~). The scatter band of calculations for test CASP2 is equal to~J8' '1~O) -, ... '+'d .. ' oar t \ t, c. I fie maxImum Ce\/icLlons
and -0.14 bar (-5 %) (fig. 60B).
amount to +0.34 bar (12%)
Til2se values and the histories of the most important variables indiCate
that: the :::catter bandvvidths of the caiculctions respectively the maximum
deviations c,elv;een calcuiations and experiment at th2 2nd Containment-SP
(i.vater blG\;"vdo,,~/n; single branched chain) on the average ere of the saine
amount 2S ae the 1st Containment-SP (vapour b!owcown, single chain),
This pt)sitive resuit is certain!v caused by the experiences from the 1st
[.="ontainn"tent-SP ~
151
- ll)L -
<:oill
-/
L..
W2=:l-eecr:(lLoU
(Jl0::
o
o
o
oto '-..J'
oN
N
I
too
E
~'-,
";-: ...
'-"'--~.
;:: ,-=CC! -7v _
....I
+ ,
°1L1
~Ir~-~oL('t..':":""-
1_;.1
.-JI
--'
L.Jl-:'-1L "\OJ
o~(j;~'l--!
I~U,
- 163 -
f-7LJ:Li-n--L-a:0-:LoU
! "I\!
IC?!; 0
o\
co
,~: '" 1 n 5 5 2J d\-J 'X Ol)'~'
( Y d s-
c
IIIIIIIIIIiIiIIjI!
'--.J
i
L_:I ~
~
. IL\.~l==\C[ Ir-I/" i
r-" IL!CJ
IN'I... i. I. \f) !~---..J IL!3]\ELI°1,~---LLj
0-1
01Ir;""\'-:- I/ .~.r- I~". ICLI1 !r- !(Ij 1
1
- 164 -
4 ABSTRA.CT AND CONCLUSIONS
Whiie the relatively simpie test D15 (steam-biowdown, simple chain of com-
partments) was taken as a basis for the 1st Containment-SP, conditions of
test CASP2 (,vater blowdown, branched chain) at this 2nd Containment-SP
have been closer to Design Basis ; ,ccident Conditions of a PWR. Aim of
test CASP2 was to invc"stigate histories of pressures, pressure differences,
temperatUi"2S and water masses in a mode! containment after break of a
water line. Because of the sma! I rupture compartment and the arrangement
of compartments in a branched chain it is evident, that water' transport
had an increased infiuence on the resuits;
12 org.;r.izationsfrom 11 countries have participated in this second CSN!-
Contai:;rnent Standard Problem. 12 different codes and additional code modi-
L':2tions VJere used to a::E,iyseprocesses within mode! containment. The
caiCL;iations were to be performed with the nominal! me2sured initial and
bcundar'y conditions on best-estimate basis as an i'openllinternationa! SP.
E,Ters for variables measured in containment are as a rule sma!1 and most!y
withir; the osciliatory margins of ~he meaSL values. Boundary conditions
as determined from measurements and inpi .. _ for :he SP-caicuiations have
smaller error bands in this test than in test D15. in view of the consider'-
able influence on variables to be caicuiated for the containment, error bands
d,'e sti i i relatively high Tor cet'tain time periods. As already discussed at
the workshops for the 1stContainment-SP the relatsd me'asur'2menttech-"
nicue should be improved.
Q'.'antitative results concerning theeffe.cts .cf possible dEviations from no-
mina! valuE'S wet'e found for someimportam input data. The relativeiy high
2fT;()!.mi. of ;"fiuence G~: c3k:'.jlat!0nai results will be reduced on the one hand
Wflen,e nl.:.t'e or less unkncwn syscerna"tic errors could be separated.' bLi[
hanc 'Nhen teOarding all statistical'-' '- errors,
Assuming neariy compensation means that these effects ate about 3S high
25 the SC3:ter band..,v'idths of the caicuiatic,nai r",suits.
The bandwidths of the open results are on the average eQuci the band-
\'v'iGths of the blind results and of the resuits of the 1st Ccntainment-::.P.
Reiace':l to the mere difficult problem in comQarison ,t,'fth the 1st Contaln-
- 165 -
rnent-SP and the possible effects of uncertainties of input data the agree-
ment between calcuiations and experiment can generally be considered 3:
quite satisfactory.
Because of the effects of uncertainties of input data quantitative state-
ments render more difficu It. However, some observations sh21I be summar-
ized partly in repetition of the conciusicns for 1st Containment SP:
Tirr,eintervai 0 to 2.5 5:
in generat the results of the p,.:,rticipants are within a 'Ica!culational
error bandi'. The mean values of the ca!c;uiationai results for the pres-
sure buiit-up deviate in part systematically from the experiment (-0.05
to +0.09 bar). For the pressure differences betwe:-, compat'tments, the
r:i2X_!lnUm absolute deviations of calculational reSUlts from the expe,j-
Time inter\j3/ 0 to SO 5:
... .parl!CipanTS pr'2dlcted tile fTl2Xirnum pr"essure
!il the containment within a smail bandwidth be!:weer; 3.31 and 4.-16 bar
(mean 'j-Slue: 4.02 bar; expo resuit: 3.95 :i: G.D':; bar).
I Ime jnts:~vai 0 to 1000 5:
! r: .rrlost of ti"lc calcu~Jttons long ter-m pressu.r? is o\'jer'.predict:~d, vjhic~!
resuits might be influenced bya leakage of the containment.
The de"vi,atiens; \'vh.ich are pal'tl~/ consider~ ~;jef bet\\le~n' calculational
resu:t5 .::nd the experirnent c"an be e~<pjained b~/ code handHng (ChC.lC:::
aT ~:.0tIGiIS., input pararnetersj nodciization) 3nd b)/ the anaiytical rno,deis
-rhern-:)eivcs. For example, conce:::ning the InfllJence of the hsat transf2r-
-or from structures (dead ends, .steam pr"opagation I . vertical
ternperature strati-rication), the nod2iizatfon seems to be not suffici"ent!\/
fine; r2:;peciaiI-y. in most calcu!2tions far th"e ~cng term.
it is to recommend to study thoroughiy t!le re3SGnS fot' deviations je-
t",',een . calculations. and experiment. This task being individual arid be-
'lend the scope of this report, should be done by each parTicipant for
his C\Ntl after exchange. crf E:x~erience5. ~3t "t.he '~vorkshoD. It shOUld
- 166 -
SOil1e im!=)ortant physical phE:nornena were described in connection with
simplified models by different input parameters partly defined disad-
vantageously (v-Jater' transport: for example water carry-over factors
from 0 to 1; heat transfer: for example heat transfer coefficients from
'1300 to 15 000 W/(m2K) in the rupture compartment, from 100 to
2000 W/ (m2K) in dome compartmen~ during the short time interval;
o!'ifice flow: fer exar.lple discharge coefficient from 0.6 to 1.2). It is
difficult to detect a connection bet~veen input parameter .and quality 0,the. resuits, because the different infiuences are hardly separable and. .
have to a certain degree a cOfT,pensating effect on the calculational re-
. suits. !t seems to. be advisable to inlprove the physical simulation of
these phenome:Ja (e.g. based on tests v~it:l defined test conditions and
improved i nstrumentatiof").
:.. Fr'iction- ar.d acceier'3tion~iosses of the two-phase flow are often taken
into a~count by const2nt compressible or incomDressible discharge cosf-
ficients. Th'us I in connection Vv'i th the usuai ...~;e.script~on of water tr:::ns-
port bv homogeneous models momentum 't)sses were descrIbed by a me: s
flow c-Jrrei2tian.
it is to be assumed that subdivision of walls had en influence on the
celculationai results. ;;1 Oidet to examine this. problem more c;oseiy i
r'-....: !e CSi'J1 Benchmc. '{ Problem on containment codes should be taken
lnto account.
it is recognizable, that the quality of calculational r.2sults dc:;:;ended on
the expe~'ience from thE; .first Containme"t-SP and the kno\\i!edge of the
individu2i coce user and deveioper about tlw previous similar tests ir.
Ihe same rr<~jel cont2inment.
.A.ithough S? should preferably be. perforri'::=';J on best-estimate basis! it
is t<) note! that some participants rat.,'1ei' tried to obtain i!conservativ.;::!
Even aft€r this 2nd Containment-SP it is dif:';cu!t to dra\;vquantit2tive
CGnCiU5ions with respsct to the achievable accuracy of predicticilS of
therrno-fiuidcj\mamic effects within a rea! full pressure containment. E5"
peciaily r it seems to be benefic!2i to perform a further Containmf.:nt-S?
b2S.2d on a water biowdcwn test in the iarge-scaie HDR-facilitv and
pianned ~vithin :, German SP-activity for mid 6f 1982.
- 167 -
REFERENCES
/ 1/ Sattel!e-Institut, Frankfurt
Projekt RS 50 - Investigation of the Phenomena Occurring Within
a Multi-Compartment Containment .~fter Rupture of the Primary
Cooling Cii'cuit in W2.ter-Coo!ed Reacto,s'
Specifi.:ation of the Containment 5t2ndard Pr'oblem Experiment CJI,SP2
Techn. Ser:cht BF-RS 50-42-11, September 1979
/ 2/ G. He/lings
German Standard Problem No. 3 (2nd Containment Standard p,'::Jbiern):
','\fater Line Rupture in a 8rar:cned Compartment Chain
Specification
GRS, August 1979
i 3/GRS-iettsr of December 19; 1979
referring to continuation of 2nd Containment 5t2ndard. Problem
4/ Battelle-institut, Frankfurt
Proiect R5 50: initial Conditions; Bre3K Mass Flow and Specific
Enthaipy from Experir"ent C;\SP2
(German 5tandard Problem No~ 3)
/ .5/ .T Kcnzieiter
j')rGjekt RS 50
Quick Leak Repor't [xper'!ment D16jCASP2
(C;erman .Standard. Problem N6. 3)
T 2chn. 2.er"icht B F-RS 50-30-015-2 (Englistl ;jerSlcn) f r\~arch 1980
,/ S/ !. Kanzie.iter
Proiekt RS 50: Erganzende \/ersucnsdOKumentation' D16/CASP2
(De'~;tsches Standard-Problem NT. 3)
Techn. 3ericilt 8F-RS 50-32-C-16
Sattel le- j nsti.tut, Fr3n kfurt.' 0/j;,:2: 1980
- .:.i ...
liSec'O;10 CCintainment StEndatd F'rot:!erT:/
Gcp ~'lze R4/R9 'in RS 50 E:xperirnent D:6/C ..~.S.P2il
T _ V.anzleltell Satt;::!le-!nstitut/ Fr'ankfur"t
- 168 -
/ 8/ \t.i. Winkf':;I'
2nd Containment Standard Problem:
EKperimentai Data of Test D16/CASP2
(Battel!e Mode! Containment)
GRS, Garchingi July 14, 1980
/ 9/ ,H. Kan'i2t" D.L. Nguyen, W. Winkler
Containment St:Jndard Pt'obiem NO.2:
Results of "Blind" Predictions Submitted by international ?3rticipants
GF-S, 'November 1980
/10/ W. Winkler
Comparison Report On OECD-CSN J Cor, tainment Standard ProbL==m
NO.1: 115teamline Rupture Within a Chain of Compat'tments"
CSN I Report No. d~,I, rVlay 1980
/i 1/ ,IHutte". Des Ingenieu rs Taschenbuch
Sand !! Theoretische Gr'undiagen
28. .2..ufi3ge, Berl in 1955
/12/ N. Erdmann;:eh!e;-betrachtungen zurn Standard-Probiem-Versuch CASP2
GRr-' A .....,' ( '- -"',,, --- -.-,I I' ,!u,n' 1Li'" 1 '~_ ..... . ,",,:.1; ..... ..; .'
/12a/ \J.j. Erdmann
\/ergie:ch der gerechnetE:n ,Er'gebnisse zum RS 50 C.c..SP2-'/ersuch
r:!!t deniV1eBdaten Liild Nachrechnung
G;S-p.-502, September 1980
ContE:inment Stanoard-Probierf)
Uncersuchungen zu dCI Rand- und AnfangsbecJingungen des
S tanda ,0 - Probiem- V'-'rsuchs Dl0 una des Wiederhe! un,>vei~sucr-!::: :=.q 5
(.~;aUel! e-fvlode! I-Ce', ta inrnent)
G~S-p.-l1'!: FebrU2r '!978
: 14/ I,-~R.S-letter of Jul'y 231 ';980 on
•
- 159
/15/ P. G_ Hol land and J. Marshall
The Use of ZOCO V and ZOCO VI in the Containment Analysis
5tancard Problem ~Jo. 2
t,AEC (;:\ustralia), Gctobe, 1980
/16/ D. Brcsche
"::::e':.:::o \/ - a computer code for the ca!cu!ation of time- and sp2ce-
d2pend-ent pressure distributions in r'eactor containments!:
~'4uci. c"g. Design, 23 (1972), pp. 23';-272
"zeee Vi - ein Recheilp; ~:gr2mm zur 8erechnung van zeitiichen und
ortl ichen Druckvertel!ungen in Volldrucksicherheitsbehalternwasser-
gekJhiter Kernreaktoren. Programmbeschreibungll
/18/ =~j.. Stubbe
Open analysis of the Batte!!e-FrankfU!~t water' line ruptui'e in a
S;"'ief c~~scripti.:)n of the cornputationa! models
Repor-'t PE/Te 260 ,4 (26.2.80), revision of Decernber 1920
Tr3cticna! Engineerir:g (Ee~gjurn)
/19/ E.J. ~;tLbbe, J. Rcbe\/ns, A. Danguj' (Tractione!)
TRp.P ~ computer codes for t!le 2\/a!uat.jcn of the pr-essuf:2 tran-
5;e1'n5 in the subcompartments (TRAP-See) and the containmem(TR/~F'-CCr~J) or a reactor plant fellott/ing a high ener"gy line brea~.
,::'rcc2eGings of the ENS/.4NS inter~2tj()nal T~picai meeting on nuciear
cc::.y~?r r:~3ctor safety. .
2,~USS2:S! October 1978, Voi. Iii p. 2-!68
/20/ \v. rVi. Coiiins
FRESCOi"-J-2 ::.jrnuia!ion of the OECD/C5f\1! Cont.::~nment ,~nai\/si,s
.s:E::Gerd Probiem f\10. 2
;:'.ECL (Canada); Cctobe:- -;980
- j 70 -
/21;' Shot't Report of the Finnish OECD-CSN I Containment Standard
Probiem NO.2 Calculations, C10penli Problem Calculations Using
RELAF'4/MOD6 and VTT's Version of CONTEMPT LTj026)
VTT (Finian~); October 28, 1980
/22/ A.. ~v'1at:ei, ~. Sonnet / F. Herber
O. E. C. D. -C. S. N. i. Open Containment Standard Prcbiem No. 2
Pressure Distribution Within the Containment Following a Pipe Break
French Short Report
CEA/EDF (France); October 30, 1980
/22a/ p.,. rv'lat>~i, A. Sonnet / D. Roy
Containment Standar-d Probiemo f\Jc~ 2
Pressure Distribution Within the Containment Follmving a Pipe 8!~e.ak
French Short Report (il:blind" Results)'~~A '~r- C- ,\...:::. ,/ t:Li r r, aIice )
. /23/ \v. -Erdm2nn, f'l1. T!ltman~
OECD-CS;\Ji Containment Standard Probiem
Postcalcuiation With COFLOW and CONDRU for the RS-50-D16-t.ASP'2
Exper:n;ent
GRS-.u..-593 (.~'pr!j 1981), F. R. Germany
/;4/ C~. i'Vl,ms feid
Zum instationai'en Druck2ufbau in VGIldrue l:.s!cherheitsbeh2Itern
wassergekuhlter' Ke,'nreaktoren nach einern KL:himittei\/et'justunfa!1
Dissertation
Tecnn. Univers:tat i'v1unche,: I Juli 1977
/25/ ;: Cassano, .!:'.M. Gor-Iandi, :\~. lvlarchi, iV]; Mazzini, F. Oriolo/
R .. Rornanacci
OECD-CSr\f1 Containment Stand'ard Pt~cb!em No.2:
"=:31cuiation Using i\RiA~,l~.jA-O and COf\lTEivlPT-LT 26 Compute, Codes
RP ~22 (80)
.University of Pisa /Cf\!E~.~ (italy')
/26/A. ~ji. Goriandiet aiii
IIARiANN,A-O: Un codlce di c2icolo per l'ana!isi dei Lr,;ns:torio
~.tti 1st. !mpianti l\juc!e~('il RP 423 (80), Pisa 193J
..
- j /: -
/27/ \v. J. r;1inQs
"Version 26 IV1odifications to the CONTEi\~PT-L T Program'l
SRD-.33-76; April 1979
/28/ B. Chiantore, R. Monti, A. Pennese
OECD-C':Si\ll Cont2innlent Standard Problem j\jo. 2
Report L-23000 -XX-OOO-004; 28/10/80
i'>!JR!~ (ita!y)
/29/ CECD-CSi'J: Containment Standard Probiem No. 1
Compariscn \vith PAC a code calculation-s;
by 8. Chiantore, A. Pennese, May 10, 1979;
presented 2t Garching! September 17th to 19th "1979
/30/ J. Takeshita, Y. Kukita, and K.~~3rnatarne
.J,c. ERI Anaivsis en the CSf'JI Containrr,eht l:..na!vtical Standard
. "re.Diem No.2
J .c.. EF\l (Japan)! Octobet 1980
/31/ RELAP4/fvl0D5: A Computer Prograrn fGr Transient Therrne+
H'/dl"auiic Ana!ysis of Nuclear Reactors an,::i Rel2t.ed Systsms'!
,;:,NC R -r~U REG-1335
. t,erojet .f'~uC:ear Company, S€ptember'! 9/6
/32/ J.P: ~.van den Bcgaard, .A. WoudstraCa!c;ji3ticna! R.esuits cf OECD-CSN I Containment Standat'd
P.rcc.iem f'Jo .. 2 by. l\-leans of a fVlodified ZC)CO-V Cede
f\/Jemo f\jG. 1.082 ..16 - GR 23.' r-eoruarv ;930
E!: r--1 (r~~'::theri'and s)
./32 .../ .ZC;CO-\! - E;n Rechenrncdei! zur~ Serechnung \/on zeitlichen una
ort! ~chen Drue k\iet'te~! ungen !n R2-3 ktors icher~"1eitsb(~: !a!te~'n
/'34/ J. E. f'~;!drkiund CalcuJ~tjons p~r~fQr!'""ned. sn HOEC C;-CSN I Ccntainrnent
Standc:-d Prcblem i'Jo~ 2!J" vv.ith Sf< i -814/80
- 172 -
/35/ J. E. r',~arklund! A. Johansson fy'lodef description of containment
program COPTP..-6 AE-RD-1051 1979-07,.12
/36/ W. H. L. Porter OECD-CSN i Containment Standard Piobiem 2 - Open
UK Submission Using CLAPTRAP WR/HTSG/P(80) 1341 3 June 1980
UKAEA, AEEW (United r~jngdorr:)
iV.H.L. Perter CLAPTRAP - A Code for Calculating Pj'ES5Ure Tr2n-
sients in Totai Containments Enciosinq a S:--eached Water Reactor
Circuit AEEW-R 965, 1977
r8/ "\V.H. L. Porter C LAPTR.L\P ! I - A Code fer Calcu!ating Pressure
Transients in the Interconnected Compartments of a Total Contain-
ment Enclosing a Breached Water Reactor Cir'cuit AEE\V-R 1108,
/39/ E_ StiJbbe
Summary Report
Informai meeting of the international participants in the blind exer-
else fer the 2nd Standard Problem (D'16/C.'~SP2)
(:K!"""'':' !1~""rct-...,'ng) 'anua~'J .....t::.tl....... ""',C)81I' " r::>_.c:t;,o',~,:::_.'I.Prus:::e'ls1
-,....po' rUa~-'-~\J" "lqQ""'I,'.~, ~ ,,~a "I. 1 oJ ! " ,'-', ; ! _ _ _ •. l..J _ ~ _ _v
/40/ D.L. NguyenCc'mp2rison Report. on OECD-CSi'.j i Containment Standard Pi~objem
;--':0. 2: l!VJaterline Rupture in a Br-anciled Compartment Chain':
Reo;:;, \10. 65 (Draft), 1\'121:/ 198'1
(25-26 fV~=y 193'1)
/42: C'C:CD-',;EA. Paris
Summar).' of Concius!ons and Recof[::nendations from the \,Vorkshop on
~t";e Cort:parison of Results for CSf\)! Containment Stendal':] Problem
25th-26th r.1ay .. "j981; SE\1/S!!~(81)22j dr2fted JL:ne 198~1
APPENDIX 1
•
Gesellsehaft fUr Reaktorsieherheit (GRS) mbH
CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM No.2
Results of "Blind" Predictions
Submitted by International Participants
November 1980
H. Karwat, TU Munchen
D. L. Nguyen, GRS
W. Winkler, GRS
Forschungsgelande. 8046 Garching . Tel. (089) 32004 (0) . Telex 5215110 grs md
•
On occasion of the Workshop for the discussion of the results of the first
CSNI-Containment Standard Problem held in September 1979 the Federal
Republic of Germany offered the second ContainmentSt"andard Problem
experiment to serve also as a basis for the 2nd CSNI-Containment Stand-
ard Problem. Several participants decided to submit within short deadlines
"blind" predictions based on given technical boundary conditions of the
experiment. . Officially the 2nd CSNI-Containment Standard Problem is
considered .to be an "open". SP. The complete experimental data report
has been distributed in April 1980. The deadline for submission of "open"
predictions was set for November 1, 1980. The workshop to discuss the
results of the 2nd CSNI-Containment SP is envisaged May 1981.
In order to shorten. the time for participants, which submitted "blind"
analytical .results I an informal occasion. has be.en established to discuss
these contributions in December 1980*. The following paper is a rough
compilation of a comparison of "blind" contributions submitted before the
release of the complete experimental data reports. This paper will not re-
place the preliminary comparison report to be produced before the CSN1-
workshop planned for May 1981. It merely serves as a discussion basis
for the forthcoming informal meeting.
November 1980
* (shifted to January 1981)
- 2 -
1. PARTICIPATION
Table 1 lists the countries, institutions, and main contributors which sub-
mitted "blind" predictions based on the Specification-Report /1/ and some
additional information distributed with a letter, dated Dt;:!c. 19, 1979
(Winkler/wvo). 6 institutions made use of 7 different computer codes to
study the problem within the requested 3 characteristic time intervals.
Table 2 gives more detailed information about main assumptions (nodalisa-
tions, choice of governing parameters for flow resistance, water transport,
and heat transfer processes to be selected by the code user), the avail-
able computer and necessary computation time to perform calculations.
/1/ G. Hellings, German Standard Problem NO.3
(2nd Containment Standard Problem):
Water Line Rupture in a Branched Compartment Chain,
Specification byGRS, August 1979
- 3-
Country Contributor Computer Code Time Interval(Organization) (s)
.
Belgium TRJl.P-SC0 a - 2.5(Tractionel) E.I. Stubbe
TRAP-C0N 0 - 50a - 1000
Finland H. Holmstrom, RELAP4/MOD6 0 - 2.5(VTT ) E. Pekkarinen
CONTEMPT-LT/026 a - 1000
France A. Ma ttei , a - 2.5(CEA/EDF) A. Sonnet/ GRUVER 0 50D. Roy -
0 - 1000.
Nether 1a'nds J.P.A. van den ZOCO V a - 2.5(ECN) Bogaard, (modif. )A. Woudstra 0 - 50
a - 1000
Unlted Kingdoli1 CLAPTRAP II a - 2.5(UKAEA, AEEW) W.H.L. Porter a 50-
CLAPTRAP I 0 - 1000.
United States S ..Fabicl BEACON/MOD3 a - 2.5C.R. Broadus(USNRC/EG&G) .
.
Table 1: Participants and Codes
Table ,2 : !m~ortant features and input,para~cter5 of codes
/1 = SUl'face dl'Cil OI}\ = air mass V = volume ,6T = temperature' difference
CD = discli(1r~e ci;e!'ficicnt mV = vapour mass 6P = pressure difference ,cw = water ca~ry-over fraction
fk ~ ir:d i~ ~II(;I n = nurllber of orifices r, = press1lre 10ss'coeHicient E = energy into containment
II 'tulal "'IIt1ul[.j H = compul'tmcnt t; = 'vlater can'y-ove" factor. To " initial. tempe,'aturew carry, over coefficient (France)lite = IW,1t lrJn',fcr' codfic iellt t " t ilile
,
COUNTRY COHPUTER T I~IE nUl'l8ER OF HATER ORIFICE FLOIJ HEAT TRANSFER TO STRUCTURES ,COr'lPUTER ICOI'IPUTER OTHER
CODE INTERVAL IWDES TRANSPORT coeff ic ients correlat~on acc. to •.• TII,IE (s RE~\ARKS(s) concept coating
[htc:\jtOl Kt thickness
c\'14-7 =0.5 Fauske criticalcvl7 _8=0.9 no
0-2.5 flow model. fric- (specific' enthalpy paramo stud. for:
TRAP -S (0 6 cw8_9=0.5 ' tionlcss flow input reduced by 56 water entrainm.,
f. rest: without inertia 1 CO=I.0 o to 7 .5;~) energy reduc\. ,
cw=0,2 effectsBELGIUM IB~13701
3031 2 stratified regionste 23.5s: Tagami,0-50 E=2xrea 1 energy of equal temperature;
TRAP-CjJN 1 - - htcconcrete=0.4 htcsteel 0.2 mm' flashing fraction at,
break 90~, = 10% of0-1000 t>23.5s: Uchida released fluid to sump;
htc 24,6 paramo stud. for:max. steel = 2400 flashing. coating 1 mm.
htc = 1300_.
B(R5,R7:2;compressible single
'4 -) ,4 _5"' "}66stream fl ow wi th
R4,R6,RB, mom. flu x; , homo- ~7_8,5_9=2.8540~Dittus-Bblter Ek f 0
R9 :1) geneous'equilibrium H iqu. forc. conv.)noRELAP~/1'100 6 0-2.5 9(R4,R5.R7:2 model f. pred:icting ~8-9=2. 77 ' B4:10000,R5:3000/100, CDC- complete separa-
R6,R8,R9:1) critical. f10l1; ~9_6=2.81 R7:3000.R8:2000.R9:90,' CYBER 170 tion of phases with
I'ev. ca 1C.~ from Idel 'chik , ~CD=O.6
R6:4Q) , same temperatures
Finland0,7 mm
'f.R9:Uchida - f. rest: complete separa~(Olm~1PT -L T/ 0-25s: 45.4+10000 Immol tion of phases with,026 0-1000 1 - - - 1 in. incr. 168 276 different tempera-(mod. ) 25- 50s: 10000 tures
50-1000s :Uc h ida
J:>
lJ1
Ta~.1.!'-2(cont inlicd)-
(w4-5;0.55(H4,R5, Cw4-7;0.5
0-2.5 IU ,1<11:1; ~w5-9;O.2: CO'1-'5~04-7 = 1.237
R6IR9:1) steady state'aJia-~wO-9;0.2S batic flOl'I;isen- C05 -9 ~07-B = 1.1
t.w7-0=0.75 tropic expansion, COB-9 = 1.05 ECOTRAno friction and gr, Ek f 0vity; hOOl.fl'ozen ---
~w.1-5=0.5 model C04-5~Ol-7 = 1.2France GR\JYER
0.7 mOl4(R4 ,R5,R7: 1 r,\~4-7=0.5 C05-9 = 1.1 lA=0.6(t) I[lI130-33
0-37 R6+RB+R9: 1) t.w5-9=0.25 C07-9 H/ (InK)1= 1. 1t.w7_9=0.75
t<50s: 1300t>50s :htC=1.5(tlT)1/3and 11 To = 24°C
0-1000 1 - - - Uchida fo~ warmer walls;11.3+454(_~)f.colder
mA wa 115
0-2.5 ~w(R4A) onedimensional Co = 111 (R4 3 =0.01 steady s ta te 292
R5,R7,RB 2 f. rest: incornpr. flow Henderson andE k = 0
lIetherlands 70CO V 0-.50 P,6,R9 1) t.\'I=0.5 flarchel16 1,2 nun CYQER-175 2627(mod. ) . ,....
0-1000 1 - - - 2492.• I - U 4
0-2.5htc~ l: tlp_A_\ .
II II v2/3 Ekir/O6 t.w= 0.03 homogeneous, sli~ Co = 1 but ~ 150 ;add. component
3180CLAPTRAP 11
(O-70s)adiabatic flow f. R4: 1 62 from
0-50 ' -1 1 ClH .United htc=5.48xlO (Vat) 0.801111 4-70 SPI
Kingdoln t<45s : htc = B571 660CLAPTRAP 1 0-1000 1 - - - t>45s : htc = 100
Un ited 136 2D-cells under developrnental
S ta tes BEACON/I'IDD 3 0-2.5 +2 regions yes 10-meshes,orifices forrnlosses, analogy bet\~een 0 checkout,(6) equivalent flw heat and mass transfer yes CO(-176 7200 Eki/O
(R6,R9) area
E _ transportablew - ---rDlar----- 'mass of water in node c _ water flow ~ual i tyw - nomog. ups tream no(Je[jUiiTlfY
- 6 -
2. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE EXPERIMENT
The initial conditions and the technical boundary condition "mass- and
enthaipy-flowll are given in tables 3 and 4. Figs. 1 and 2 give the break-
mass flow in (kg/sJ with associated error bands as given by the Battelle-
Institute while Figs. 3 and 4 show the corresponding information on the
specific enthalpy of the discharged fluid. Specific feature is the occurance
of two subsequent peaks in the flow discharge rates observed at -0.1 and
-0.9 sec.
Additionally a gap between compartments R4 and R9 has been formed
which was not specified before the test. A rough sketch of the gap is
given in Fig. 5. In order to preserve a common comparison basis a recom-
mendation was given to all participants in the IIblind" exercise, to dis-
regard the formation .of the gap and perform calculations according the
specified flow scheme.
Furt.hermore some preheating Occurred within the center and the dome due
to a small leakage before the specified test started leading to some devia-
tions in the initiaiconditions of the containment as indicated in table 5.
GRS has performed some COFLOW-ca/culations indicating the. effects. of
uncertainties. associated with some boundary conditions on the results of
calculations. Fig. 6 shows the calculated pressure built.-up for compart-
ment. R4. for nominal energy discharge rates (curve A) together with the
results based on the upper bound of uncertainties in energy discharge
(curve B) and the lower bound (curve C) ~ Additionally the two pressure
peaks are illustrated by arrows indicating the estimated influence of the
unspecif.ied gap on the measured pressure built-up~ Had the gap not
existed the first and second peak might have been raised correspon.ding
to the magnitude of these arrows based on the measured curve with gap.
Fig. 7 shows the corresponding results for a selected pressure difference
(R4-R9) while Fig. 8 indicates that short term calculations for nominal
conditions, for upper, and lower bound of energy discharge rates over-
predict the pressure increase within the main compartment R9.
Similar studies have been. made. for the time interval 0~50 sec. For this
period of the experiment the main uncertainties are associated with the
- 7 -
heat soakage by structures coated with paintings of variable properties
and are additionally associated with initial conditions of the containment
atmosphere. More details can be found in /2/. Fig. 9 gives a selected
result of a parametric study indicating the effect of coating thickness
(+ = upper bound of M = mass flow, H = enthalpy, T = initial temperature;
- = lower bound of V = volume, AW = surface area).
/2/ W.. Erdmann,
Fehlerbetrachtungen zum Standard-Problem-Versuch .CASP2,
GRS-A-617 (Juni 1981)
- 8 -
Table 3: Initial Conditions Prior to Blowdown
Pressure V~ssel and Pining:
Po = 141.0 barT1 = 288.3°C (level A)T2 = 288.5°C (level B) pressure vesselT3 = 293.1°c (level C) (mean temoerature:T4 = 29S.3°C (level D) T = 289.3°C)mT5 = .292.3°C (level E)
T6 : 286.1°C (level F)T8 = 288.1°C (circulating pump)T9 = 290.8°C (rupture site) } pipe, dia. 150 *)mmT10 = 286.6°C (near gate valve)ffiBO = 3995 kg (pressure vessel) } initial fluid massmRO = 315 kg (pipe)
Containment:
(annulus)(relative atmospheric humidity)
PcoTR4 =TRS =TR6 :
TR7 =TR8 :
TR9 :
T. =R9af =r
1.0 bar23.5°C23.0°C26.0°C24.0°C24.5°C30.5°C (centre and dome)
.100 '$
mean valuesof compartmentsR4 to R9, volumetricaverage for wholecontainment: Tco: 27.6°C
*] These values were obtained with two gauges of the plantinstru~entation located at the two pipe ends. Valuesmeasured with the standard experimental instrumentation,however, indicate an inhomogeneous temperature distributionin the pipe within the temperature range from 255 to 290°C.
B -\ T TeL L i' - : " S TIT L ~ E. \.. r R .-\ ~ K r U R T :\ ,\-I :'-1 A I "
- 9 -
Table 4 Break mass flm" and specific enthalpy
D16/CASP2
Time ~lass flm'l" Temperature Density Spec. enthalpy( s) (lq,;/s) (oC) (k /m3) (kJ/kd
0 0 260 795 1134o .00't 52 260 784 11350.005 145 260 7?Vt 1135 .0.028 200 260 784 11350.056 200 260 784 11350.067 340 260 784 11350.086 335 260 784 11350.105 405 260 784 1135
I0.200 368 260 734 11350.J50 270 .28) 715 12550.400 210 282 6'10 12600.500 205 -281 600 .i2.600.750 JOO 272 764 11950.850 324 272 764 11950.920 374 27J 76J 12011.20 2JO 281 580 126J2.,)C; 200 280 530 12672..50 180 279 500 .12674.00 165- 275 4Jo 12G 1
10.00 145 268.5 310 126616.J3 1)0 261 300 1225
-23.50 115 252.5 255 119524.30 78 250 125 1J23)0.00 25 207 20 1737'1:0.00 3 156 3 275250.00 0 152 2.7 2748
integral mass outflow. .+. 4075 kg 55 kg
- 10 -
.,. S'S -/5'6 + .'.LL-'6L+I
N
.....00'
\
..-..Np.,Ul<U
..........\0 .....Cl
+'-~<lle.,.,s..<llP:.><<ll
<ll"t:lE
'..I ~E-'. III
,.0
s..0s..s..Q)
.c:+'
-'M~
.s~0~~alaltllE
~tllQ)
s..co
U10'"
QJ:JC>-0QJl-:J11\
~E
.,. £'B-' L'9+
.,.1'01-/0", •
".6'L-/Z-g+. /I .,.L7:-IL"9.
"J.I.:Z-If:S' I:t.a-/5~+'J.''Z-/LS. - .'.67:-IL'9.
.'.7:'-H E.
-o::::J-
.2:!.cUIII
,0
III-..01
.::.::.
aa-4
oaM
ooN
aa
o
\! ., .'. ~ ~ I' t. R T
-;'!-r>o'.1
""/l-.: .......~~=...""i.t". 1
/40 5 5Q~~.1
/I I I
-;'!- 30It>~".,
~ ~
<D~~ -;'!-
~.~~~...
~.
-;'!-~",f
.'
-;'!-'0~..'
Time
I -.-. -- -,
20
-;'!-en..;.,-;'!-N,,;.'
% of full scale,j
\% of measured value.,
10
-;'!-
~I •.... ~N .mN _
• •
.--.Lll,-
kg/s
500.
I~_ ..
400.f
--I .E-I 5 300-
(-', M- <H
tll'--1 tll:;::.", (Ij~ 200-:::, .
;';""
--1 100 -
:../
...- o -'/ a
Fig. 2 Break mass flow ~ with error band (experim~nt D16/CASP2)
'500
kJ/kg
.....'"N
1
~.
1....::.. '";...
.-.....~04
--<._.- --~;;. -. --~.. '";-- ~ =' _..
C1'l.. Ol M -H'T 0" d.... 1 'Ln ........~.. M r---+ + N".
..~-.1
'".
N
% o-fmeosured value
Fig. 3 S~ecific enthalpy h of the ~scaping fluidwith error band (experim~nt D1G/CASP2)
5
~--r---r---r--r----r-~T---,r---rl --TI -~'Ti--~I~_--~i I •r--- ,--- I Ii, 2',50)5
o -o
Time
3000
kJ/kg
2500
.2000.
"c:.....'".c~""u".'f) 1500
rJ: ;;t.
r f "., r:?
100D~MN
.~
500
- 13 -
.ti~~ .. ~~~ ~. . ~I -. ~ I_ N 0 _
N +. ("P) N+ rrj -~- .M-'
'/. of measured value
"'.""I
/~l
oo 10 20
Time
30 40 5 50
Fig. 4: Specif~c enthalpy h of the escaping fluidwith error band (experiment ri16jCASP2)
; ; '. I. ~ I 1 " ~ T ! I \. T F. ~. r :-.: '\ >~!.: i" ! : F~ ; , ,.,'\. ",; :'.~ .\ I ~'.
.teel plate(ceiling of H4)
!3-2.
IJ'\C'JI
0'....
Ii'
R '-1
1400
(23b6fu2) without load acting on ceiling of R4
Bcale 1 :10
19 mm
25 mm (292cm2) maximum gap (load 30~kN)
.)
Shape (view from A)---.-gap
A = 2 J(i to '). )292 em""
~I)
<)
:> :l
'1 -t,,-<~
0
'.l')
D
a. ~
Fig.. 5: Gap .between compartments R4 and R9 after partialfailure of a se~ling (m~a~ureB in mm)
<6
o
o
oo
o&
p
o
"
o
o 0
" 0 0 0 l"o 0 •
o I;) 0
~
o
- f, 10
.:.1050~
R4
Q[f~
o.o
0 4- /-\0
<> 900.. =--jof) v
~ liJ ,::l*0
0
Cl0
l'0
. b <!).
\~~---~--
.~
6--:.190
0 0 a
o
o
Position
/.
--1
~<,
-.1
/.
;'-,
>
>.
scale 1 : 50
, .
- 15 -
Table 5: Initial temperatures in containment
Noninsulation of and some leakage from the high pressure pipe within the
containment caused some preheating of the containment. The lowest/highest
measured temperatures within the compartments were:
TR4 = 18,6/26! 2°C
T R5 = 21,6/27;8°C
T R7 = 21,6/24,2°C
T R8 = 22,O°C
TR9 = 25,2/32,9°C
T R9a = 18,2/29,7°C
T R6 = 26,6°C
2ND CONTAINMENT STHI\~I]r-:lf~~Dr~HDBl_E~"1 (CASP2)
'j
I'J
['J
fJ
I E X PER R0 R (!: 25m b a rlo LJ'. (.;1 ... \1';1)1'1,.' .... J
(J PRECALC.li"IH'.'I:<+ PRECALC .11 ';\-1-111 t~!::. U.:,HJ:H- PRECALC.
,0'1
,' __ E
2."12.22.01.8I •[)I,';t ,._I
t ; (I
1 I NFLUENCE OF B _ __- -[J-- ..
GAP ON EXP. ,.-L '-•.-iJ- '.. -'- ~ .__ . . . -8-
,/, .../
/'
I(I,U(J .6
. I----T--'.),? LJ 0.1
TIME. (l:;)
FIG. 6 : PRE SSUR E HIS T0 ft~ IN COM PA R 1M E N T R 4
U.U
c[.~
1 I NFL UEN CE // /l i ------~--OF GAP ON EXP /. /" -,~ -, '- ... ft A'''/1' >' <' ,/t 1\ ,\ '. .._~- /
/'/' ~'--o ~__ _ /' JJ III '1,1_'I~J:~0,',A .\ I~\\ ----- - tr------ ---~-~
1" II ./ h.'- ,,'.'~/i Yl-'\, ,'I /-' f .-' - . It~(\! ,1'\, I ". ,,_,. .,' "W'" .. 1 ./ •• 1,' / {I,,- lJI!~~""l,1 i'/lA I
, .. . ., ...... It.\, , , ./ I I"~'. "', •• f'I1""I';I!.~ ._. I' f !Ii.\",,~\"(!~-,,-",I -\,k"
/
'
,1", I , )11 ,rl' ,\ i' I C I 1fI"I""""fi!~f"1'I~IM't"ll;,'v.III,~'AAM#t~r.""\'"'I'l('_ f // II \ V. d"'" \~'!-;~. <
(j) ~/ ,/ .'././~'. ~'..... _/' .(j) ,lr, ,/ ,J, . . -f-- •. -'- -
w r Ii (.'\ .'cr: ~ ,. tIlt!.. '0.. ,- d ii' .-
'." 1
~
~.'r'l,I' "_, II r: il\ (1"'" I
C'! -111[1/,,',(1',I ,II, ... ,,,1-1)/1j i!~, ''Iil.ill'
-,:\i~'~ 'v"
c n,~
([Q-w
LO 0) ...I -~
C'
2 NO CO NTAIN ME NT s'-r_£~,~~2~,r'\uf~JI-\CJ[]LJ]\'I'( GASP 2)- 1-----.'
f.J
-'--J
IEXP,E~ROR, (:!: 20mbarl;) E)'I'. ('II)!n~:;'19'ICI~ILl PRECALC'I'l<l/t,n){+, PREC,ALC;::/H H111'Jt!. cor~LUll-'f'RE;CAL~.i I NFLUENCE OF
GAp ON E; Xp
----
Cl
G
lO
0'
... I NFLUENCEEXP ," '-"-1'1 _
~ OFGAP ON _c ,/ ~ "'" •
'1II,;;ill,J\I'!i:I'llvl~\~,,'. -,- . --~~=~ii~~f'~1<)fli(:\SW;1\\~~,i,~i~';;\~'\!il~I~~,(J\J'\lll~~--. ~'Ir! . - "h-
I
\ '((:---'" - f'IT . --m-nIIJ;~fJ:lFr"'/
1
".1~~I"q ~'-'l'\'t--I <!J;',\, 1\1".-- ---r. -'I-;~~ 1-\.,,/,,1 . ' C. """ '~~\I,I\\il\lilli!I.I'jliIll11i ~i,Wilil'i:ij~~~iii:i.lVjIV:,t'!iMII!\q.,\hl.~.I':l\J'I' :d':I,I',~i,I~\V.,!r!tIJ.'r:~II',~V\11lW~)1\1jll\\-II,i\i'M''\i!,I!:!o',II/',,!,
f !/:;. ~ .-----""\I/".N\'[cc",Ij,t'i,VI;)'I" ' . ""',1 I 1",- 'i ";J"ili"'!I~n!,j'\,' rl
ll
.--'-'- 1.J'C~~ f~' _il_! " Ilill
'
(.I.'-- ."', - . .. 'I , . I(
[, .~ .i /1'
q~ l I i."! I.r (11 j /11:1,
l~) '=;"\ ;f/\1
1
1i1(\' __ .___ ~ ~_,o ~il''I)Ir _, __ " .. ,_~- iif1' ".. .._11 ~ __ , _w c; ..H~ ,_-'----_
D::?:Jt./)If)
l1J (Tl~.Cl..?
iIl
oI
o
~~: I . ..I -1--.T----r-.-r--T--.-r--I--1---T-.-T--T----r ...-..-I-~--T---1-~r-__r_.-1-.--r.-'.r_'-T- ..-T'-.-.--I-r--
U . 0 0 . 2 0 .'1 () . () () . 13 I. • () l . 2 l . '1 l •6 1 •[j :2 . 0 2 .2 2 .'1
TIME (~3)
FI G. 7: H'STORY 0 F PRESSlJRE 0 I FFER ENCE R 4 - R9
. 2ND CONTAINMENTSTF~I',J[Jr~Ii'\D f=Jr~~Urjl_..Ei"'1 (CASP 2)~.r.-~-.-_._-"""---'-----_._-----' ~-"-"-.-------------- -------.---~---,--------. :.:::::....-===::...--:::=:::::::=:---==...:...=....:..-----.- ,---------
-~..-{'J
"I...N
I E:XP. ERROR. (:!: 25 mbar)o [\1". (S11"'U03f'139L1 . .[I PRECALC.I'1+H"{]X+ .PRECALC ,"'I'IH1/ hiL~ CQr.-U')l,l- PRECAL(,: •
CJ
('J
CXJ~.-.A.
..--~
R.9PRE S S. U R ~ HIS r=~yFIG. 8
----8~ ,...----6-~--- .--~~ ~~-------..- ----8 ' ~..- ~- If
/ .. .__.....--tr' . . .---' I~V~ A~-~ + ------- -(',rJ-W"l/," ~/ ~ C .. ...------ ..!"h.h)\JV\(~
.----' ~ j ........-- '" •.v.~V\tJ.)"n(J'(' ....____ '! J' 11)". h' , ./~." ._- _'- !,,"All' ~',..' ,I, . r J
. -.-'~ """---;-LA niM\qW',fl• .1 iU •/./ .~~ _..-- -it'\.r'{lY'~~ •___" .~~ . -,.\llh/\N\iYvll
/./ riltFf'r"r"~l','. .. O' ....-----~- -.,.", fi'IV\"I'// ~/-/- ./.1.~/Y'rl~~'1~ .
/ // . 'iJlfi\1~f\/' ,/ 1 •,r'i'I'V~' .
.. ,/~"I1 t"'fIJf'['J I ...---~ ._.-"C ../!,,-\,[\1 ;./ ,,~
~ :lrfj;il:FN')\ r', . I,.t..A.f'I'rM '
I k~ld'~\.rl:~!'f'1J" .
/• ,I, "."tV vo \ ~ ljlt,' .....j'
..qIJ',i\'l\ t~I!1.!lfJ\ ' .T'-""'r I I I I I --r--r'--'~I--I---I'~--'--I~-r---I--r--r--T--T--I--r--l~~r--T--0.0 0.2 0.'1 0.6 ll.B 'l.(J !.2 !.4 1.6, 1.8 2.0 .2.2 2.<1
TIME (S)
IN COMPARTMENT
ill0:::: '-';:::> .,(J)(J)W-0:::0..'1'
(C[f01.1.;~
If) CI!.I -
o
2ND CONTAINMENT STAr\JDARO PROBLEM ( ~A~P 2) .
m"f
-J
'!J
48.044.040.0
. .
I EX p.: .£ RR0 ~ . (~ ? ~ m bar Io EXP.: (9PU03'139LI"-o POSTCALCs':'O .95M1+ POSTCALc.s" 1 .21"lM{; POSTCALC.S=O .7Mf1X .P.QSTCA~CS: 0.95 MM;+ H ,H, T;-V, AW
5 = coating thickness
36:032.0
R9
II I I I .~.4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 . 24.0 28.0
TIME (s)
FIG 9: PRFSSURF HISTORY It'-,! COHPARTMFNT
0.0
o"f
o[\1_
"f
(\J
"f
"f
W r~O:::m:Jtf)tf)Wa::~0.. (\J
cr:CL"*
.lD ~I (T1
o
- 20 -
3. RESULTS OF THE PARTICIPANTS
Table 6 summarizes the main results of some important characteristic pa-
rameters obtained for the time intervals -0-2.5 sand 0-50 s. Calculated-
pressure built-up in compartment R4 (where the energy discharge oc-
curred), for the main compartment R9, and pressure differences R4-R9
andR4-R5 in the vicinity of the energy discharge are listed with respect
to its absolute maximum. Additionally the time of maximum is compared
with the corresponding experimental observation. The error-band of the
measurements and the possible effect of the unspecified gap are given aswell.
More details can be found in the following figures. Figs. 10-15 represent
plots of all results obtained for pressure built-up versus time within the
- specified 6 compartments R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and R9. Figs. 10 and 11
indiCate in magnitudes the possible effect of the gap on the measured
pressure-maxima if the gap had not existed. The magnitude of the esti-
mated general error -bands of the pressure measurements :t25 mbaris indi-
cated as magnitude on each plot.
_I
T' ITime Interval o - 2.5 s me Inter.yal
Computero - 50 s
" .Country Code PR4 PR9 llPR4-R9 llPR4-R5 Pmax
1st Max. 2nd Max, t=2.5s 1st. Max. 2nd Max. 1st Max. 2nd Max.P(bar)t(s) P(bar)t(s) P(bar) P(bar)t(s) P(bar)t(s) P(bar)t(s) P(bar)t(s) P(bar) t(s)
-
Belgium { TRAP-SC0 1.54 0.35 1.76 1.05 1.68 0.46 0.35 0.48 0.95 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.95 - -TRAP-C0N - - - - - - - - . - - - - - 3.77 33.5
Fi n1 and {RELAP4/MOD6 1.50 0.47 1.74 1.15 1.62 0.42 0.35 0.47 1.05 0.14 '0.10 0.02 0.95 - -
CONTEMPT- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.53 40.0LT/026
Finland* RELAP4/MOD6 1.60 0.35 1.88 1.10 1.61 0.54 0.35 0.63 1.00 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.95 - -
France GRUVER 1.53 0.35 1. 76 1.05 1.63 0.45 0.35 0.49 1.00 0.16 ,0.15 0.20 0.95 3.81 '33.5
Neth~r- ZOCO V 1.52 0.35 1.74 1.10 1.63 0.41 0.35 0.40 1.00 0.14 0.10 0.14 0.95 4.14 36.0lands (modif. )
United CLAPTRAP II 1.62 0.35 2.02 1.10 1.53 0.57 0.35 0.80 1.00 0.29 0.15 0.19 0.95 4.20 37.5KingdomUnited ,
BEACON/MOD3 1.76 0.35 2.01 1.00 2.02 0.62 0.30 0.59 0.95 0.35 0.15 0.37 0.95 - -StatesExperiment D16/CASP2 1.63 0.35 1.81 0.97 1.55 0.59 0.3 0.62 1.0 0.33 0.17 0.23 1.02 3.95 . 33.0
+ Error iO.025 :to.025 to.025 +0.02 iO.02. +0.018 -to.018 to.025+ Influence of Gap +0.03 +0.061 -0.01 +0.02 +0;036 +0.0 +0.007 -
N--'
I •
Table 6: Important characteristic variables * calculation revised March 20,1980
2ND CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM (CASP2l~N
NN
2.4
llNFLUENCE OF GAPON EXP.
I. I I .r--I-~ I Io .B [ .0 1 .:? 1•<1 1.6 1 ,B 2 .0 2 .2
TIME (S)Pf :SSURE H I STORY I N CO=-=JARTMENT R4
0.4 0.6
FIG. 10
IEXP ERROR (:!: 25 mbar Io EXP. 14PLOOOA27Io BELG[Ur1+ F[NLANJ6 F [~~LAI\[),*.x FRF1r'-l:Eo t'-E:Tf-£RLAI'JOS<8> . LN I TED K 1NGOOM~ U~ I TED STATES
0.20.0
NN
INFL ,.J7'~':-:--~1..
0
UENCE OF GA ,/ " -- ---,---- ... -, ,N EXP P t '- --<>-- -,-,---'-'. / '_',__ ,_,-,-a------
, --- ~ ~----, /' --- ---~ --,----------
/\ /,/ ~- ~---- ------,,/ ' • // / ,fl. I ~ ---/ \ ' ,// "" - -" ' ", //'__ //;, ~~i#.t. __.~ -.- __ ..._ ----4lJ-
I JI!;!i ~ _/ ~/ t#;V/.o-::--- ~C~ -
l
~ ~ ~-...;:""~'~dJ.Y' /:+-", . --....:...-.:-.- I - --tr--;;::.~-=--- --------I " " ".-./ ,,- - ---------~ ~-----
,/ ~ ,rr" ,/ -,--,~---I '/ ..... _... ~'_ /' ' ,-' - ' ,_>.-<0<--'/7 ,'0----:-- ,/ /' ' ,- - '
f f/>/-~:C"":"'~~;/',/1; ,~
/(/:",'" .'ij .'ili\~t'1
'I,"o 1Jr
N
~o
.--i
W[(ill=:J'-:(f)'(f)Wrr:0...'\
erN[L
"*If)IOil!
2ND CONTAINMENT STANDARD PROBLEM (CASP2l<rN
NN
I EXP.ERROR(~25mbarlo EXP . (5PL255A I 7L )oBELG[UM
. -t F[NLAND6 F[NLANO;I<-x FRAI\CE
<) r-.JETI-£RLAi'[)So LN I TED K 1NGDOt"1r&1 LN I TED STRTES
.8/.r'
NW
2.'"1
/--./',r, .....
~ /-./
/ '. !/'-~I ' .
1INFLUENCE OF GAPON EXP.
---r I I I I I 'D.?' 0.4 0.6 O.B 1.0 l.~~ 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
TH/iE (S j
FIG,11 PRESSI ..JRF HISTORY \ r f\.1 CC!MPARTME~,IT RS
~.------/ ~... 'NFLUENCE . / ----- -_./ONE XP OF GA!./ 0 •~~~.=-.:o- -------- _a-------/-- -""-- --
/' -/ ----- - - ----- ..-/ /' .v :/..--~ - ----'-==---1>== - - - --/.-/./__;;;:/:)f'~=-==-=~==~---~=;:'--,;Y4;~~-;;>---===::-~~ ---~~--=-=-"
fr'>:;:~==~;:'------;>/ .
I ~_/----"'-_::=--_/-/-I ~ .
,I); .IfII'
I,f
II
l ..j1..
0.0
o
[\J
W0:::\0::J"-:(j)(f)W0:::[L<r
........,
~o([Nll_..-
I])IaU!
- 24 -
N.--
z.".......
N
o
'1)
o
o
N
ill
NN
lo.L'~~,0
I I I0';:; a'I g'[ v'l
(8d*s_OIl 38nSS38d;:;'2
OO+<I."'<>0~
C\J0-enCLU
LW--.-Jrnorr:0-
ocrCLoZCLf-enf-LLLJ '):
Z'~CIf-ZoUoZC\J
N0.-mCLu-.;:--L-W
. I
-:l
rno.cr,0.-1
ocrCLozCLf-eD If-LWLz
~ILI01u'oz(\J I
~-lif)(\J 2:a:: om[;j m8l::!o oza:.~ ~o a: ;L tr;QJL:OO --.J-::J2Z 1..:..1 [(00,-a::a::uwww.O-l-lZIi-l-(L-lzza::l---XW--D:WZZWCDl.Ll.Li.LZ::J::J
oO+<JX000
- 25 -
I I0-2' B- [
( l::Jd* s - 0 I )
Ig- .[ fT' I
3dnSS3(jeJ
I2" I
IIJ
"/7
LLQ~
L
-.26 -
OJcr:I-ZWL::l-cerTnIII IoU7
<:)
<:)
cDC)
-....:r--+
C)
LL
m
<:)
N
NN
0'12'. II
g" I IT. I
3t:JnSS3t:Jd
\
~\\\\\\\\
\\
\\.. ~
\\
\\
\
0"2' 8" I
(l:jd* s- 0 I 1
\
I2~Z
HOO+<JxO@0
LW~CDo0:::0.-
o0:::([oZ'([.~(j)
f---,-
LfJI~I>--<
([~ZoUO.ZlN
N0.-(f)([U
- 27 -
I
u.'[(
L
(I'eJ:wct.Il
.0
CD
CD
o
N
NN
2:" Ii I
0"2: B"[ g"[ ~'l
(8d* s- 0 [.j 3ClnSS38d
\
~\\\\\
\\\\\\\
~\
'.\
\\\
\\\\
~
C\J0.-(J)([u
ozC\J
ocr:([oz([f-(J)
.~ ..
ZWLZl(1=1"-L
1f-I~,LoU
- 28 -
Figs.16-22 give a comparison of. measured pressure-differences between
assoCiated compartments and corresponding calculated results of the
participants. The magnitude of the possible gap influence on the maximum
values of measured pressure differences (if the gap had not occurred) IS. .
indicated in Figs. 16, 17, 18 and 19. Possible error bands of pressure
differences measurements are given by the Battelle-f nstitute to be of amagnitude of :18 mbar as given on the plots.
;2[\10 C(J~'.~TAI~~ME~.JT~)TA",JDARDPR[JBLEl"1 (CASP2)--------------------_._-----_._------_.- ._----._._---------------------_.'------
(\J
Q1
o
I EXP. ERROR,(! 18 mbarlo DJJ. 15f"[)390416~1)o 6ELG[Ur1+ ,F[I,Lr:IIIO1:> F [~'JLr:lhl[) }!(.
x FRFf~~CE(/ ~ETHEF\I.H.!OS<8> LJi'J I TED ~: 1r\jGOO~1121 LN I TED STRTES
N\.0
INFLUENCE OF GAP..A.ON EXP. '
.,~~.
/il!til--,. . __.--_/ /~A"---n,~I~0:-'\f\jl(\~'A/~~'". '-'-'~-~. ~~tpJ4Jr~,::?MA~~fl~~~'~'~-'-.~--' ~ ~-~': -, _........,'-::' ._' __-0. - --"- -~_. :.:-' , , .d';,/Jr ,.''-~'~"""'~:Y'~"""" -~- -:-~'-":'.~ ''<,;: .• - --<)- --}~I::~~:j,; "-~- "- "1-' ~,,,,,,~\.QL;"'=-~~~8,f~..,~,,~.~~~., :..~~~~ "~::-""":~;"'~,=,,.?~
'/ ,/.;...< - ..•. -;-. • , ..~~ ' -- ", ~ %"" ~.'I>'.~.;~;¥.} v.::-. ~.... ,... =-=-=1JLJI
ll",;;, " - - - - - - i:':': ;I.i!N~e\/VV\N'ilii.Jv\;, ..._rr.- 0:'1;';/ ~'~--~----- +---- ...- _.. _ -+--~ ...__.. '...... ,". _~,. __ .~~~~ ...,' .
(j) I
(f)Wa:CL~
oI
~LOC[0
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1INFLUENCE OF GAP
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WN
I EXP.ERROR (:!: 18 mbar 1o EXP. 18PO148729 Io BELGILJf'1+ F[t'-LAI'D 0
c, 0 F I N....AMJ JI(
x FRANCEo 0 ~ETHERLFf'DS~ UNITED KINGDOM181 UN I TED STATES
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_ A INFLUENCE OF GAP~ l~ ON EXPrr ------~'-L 0 ...--0 -' . - -----o ---- ------i-- ------- "&------_,'-4'r' -- --- - 00-=-- - -- ----
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I EXP ERROR I:!: 18 mbarlo EXf) . (5PD 1807 19 )o 8ELGILM+ F [ I\Lf=ltJJ6 . F [ f\LAr-JOx FF.H'.lCEo NETHERLA'OS'8> LN I TED K J I'IGOOM181 UN I TED STATES
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Figs. 23-36 give a variety of comparisons of measured temperature-time-
histories with corresponding calculated curves for the time interval 0-2.5s
for all 6 compartments. As temperature distribution within compartments is
quite heterogeneous compared to measured pressure distributions within
each compartment care must be given when measured and calculated tempe-
ratures are compared. The results of calculations strongly depend on theapplied nodalisation scheme.
2~r\J[j COI\fTFI rr\J["/lE[\JT STRi,JDARO PR[JBI__E~1 (CASP2)...~_._.__ ...~... -~_.__ .__ ._-_ ..__ ._._---------_ .._-_ ..- ._-- .._-_._--_._---------_._--.....,.-._-_._' ----- -
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I EXP. ERROR (-2.5/+1.4K)o E:XF'. 14TSOC'6A13)o BEL.GI LJ1+ F[~LRi'JDl; F 1I'.LflND 1ft;x f'-RANCEo NETHERU1',!DS
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Figs. 37-40 show for the time interval 0-50 s a comparison between
measured pressure':'time histories within compartments R4, R5, R7 and R9
and the results of the calculations of the participants. Note that the
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of achievable. overall accuracy of calculations for the 2nd Containment-SPwith the result of the 1st Containment-SP.. .
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- 62 -
Long term pressure- and temperature-time histories of this experiment are
of interest with respect to fluid-structure heat exchange processes in
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are shown in Fig. 47. For the time interval 0-1000 s one should keep in
mind that the leak tightness of the model containment at elevated pressures
is not good, probably amplifying the pressure decay in the first 300-400 s.
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curves! Finally predictions of water masses versus time were requested
from the analysiststo. be compared with rough measurements taken at 5
distinct times during the experiment. The results are compared in Fig. 49,
where a large experimental error band .associated with this type of meas-ur,=:,lents is indicated.
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APPENDIX 2
A~di.tional Information of Partj.cipants
Follow~ng a suggestion on the workshop the participantsBelcium, France, Italy (CNEN/Pisa) end Sweden sentsupplementary information on their submitted results
•(subdivision or walls, heat transfer coefficients, heatflux to walls) and partly results of parametric studies(condensate draininq, heat transfer coefficient phenomena)
They are in above- ~ti0ned order content of the appendix.
'.
Belgium (Tractionel) i\ . .\..
::3,J. inC .i t'. ~ l~tt \.1 2. :: 3. .""1 II. d C 0 C..e 0 p t i 0 ~....S -3. S :-. C.I c q i) e (\ c L~]. c u 13. t ion s <..1 0 c a-
the
con cj C :-'. :2 :"1 :-. e d :r- Z:1 i n i n g ..
The S~::..:'\PCON cod e s i Tl1 J 1~~t ~S a 11 con t ct i 11 1:"1e n t s U DC 0 :n par t lii i:~n t s a s 1
reg i c r-~ 2. nd the SUIT':. pas a s (~con c?t r e \~j ion '.~1"'1 i 'C 11 i s not i 1'1. the rm 0 -
dyna~i2 equilibrium witll the ~itmosp~1ere region.The S~~~ coll~ct5 hot water from differer1t sources
_ br2~~flo~ £J.2shing ir1jects part of the ~reakflu~d direc.tly
inC0n~ensate draining from the c'old walls',spre.y f 10\.,
The ~igu~es illustrate the pressure and temperature transient .f6ra co~~cns~te thickness set at 0.25 mill, assuming that '~hi5 is the.ma-:{i.::"';:i.rn unif9rm repartition of .all liquid in 'the' cDnta.inmerlt i.~lhich
is alla~!~d on the cold ~lal]_~, and any exces~ liquid dr~in~ iQ the
The c"'::lt~:=:.i!~E~~nt pressure a.nd tCInpc:;:::-at,ure m,3.Xirrla are no'c. no'~icebly
:.l if: :2 n t t r 0 fa t f'i ere fer e nee c G- 1c u 1a. t ion (\'i her e t hie k ne s S T,,"; ass e t
,.l.
- ~...., \_.;..:...::J excepc for the liquid inventory in the sump ~ig.
~abls, 1 speci'fies the .spa'tial meS11 s~~es for tl1e containment heat
sin}:s ..
Fig. -1 illustrates the pressure. eve 'ltion of the containr:lent
Fig. ~ illustrates the temperature evolution of the contain~ent
(average temperature) and the .....sump Vla~er.
7he ~~l~ulaced time~leadfor the containment temperature is
c a. U S F: :_: by the 1 ..., 0 1U ill ere p r f2 S e n t a. t i on 0 f the con t ?t i n rn e n i: I vlh i 1e
i~ re~lity, the dome compe.rtmentis located at the end of thech~i~ of comp~rtments~ While' pressure propagate$ with the .speedof sn~~d# the temperature. ho0ev~r has a mucn slower rrapagation
Th~ tC~?8ra.ture stratification recorded at later time cannot 0f
C01.1:C2e, be reproduced by a 1 mode simulation of the contD.inment
(1' i-: '.""2 ':: - "~~" ~ t t~ C; ~" ~; r d t ur 2 i ill ["l e d .i. d t. e 1y r i s cst -:) a b 0 U t. 1000 C I be in g the
tC~~~~~3t~lre o~ t11c ise11thalpic expaz1sicn oE the bre~kfluid downto 2c~ospheric pressure. (The illitial SUI'? liquid voJ.u~11ewas s£~t
3m ). Tht~ tl~;,!lPcra"~ ur '.:~ as no h ~~a t sin k ~;
.t"l':l. ill u st -:.:~1"-, ,~ s t h~~e or:; 0 1u t:. .i\)n 0 £ the heat transfer coefficient
us in.:; the ~ il. G.~;", _~- USHID D cor.r c 1 :it i 0;: s ( E 10 G,J).
'i 11u s t ::a t -2 S the C G ]. J. \-/a 11 heat flu :-: d nd the he:.::.t. r C ill C val
fro~ t~1e con.tilinment atmosptlcre to th~ SUDIP by condens~te draininqo
Fig. ~ ill~strQtes the repartj.tion of t~'a fluid in tl1e con-tainm~nt'"
co~~a=ed to experinlental data. This figure 5110w5 also ~11e liqu",din'le"tory i;1 the sump for 3 differ .:,t condensate film
Ccnc~:..::' ~ns '=G;;'CQ"t-n_inq this parti-cular exercise
r:icknesses.
1. ~t~augh the use of. tl1e semi-empiric21 TA(;A~lI-UCHIDA corre121tion~he c C:~:.? 1e x e 1:. e 2 t. t:r- a. n s £ e ~r Tne c h (l n 1.. SillS du r i n ~1
ccsplete .tranSie!l~ is ques,tio!1able, it none-theless reprod1lcestbe press'qre prof"ile quite well over a range of lOGO S (fig 1)T~e pressur2 peak depends als ..~ ~t~ongly ,on SllCh parameters as.9':..i :-:"t ch 2_ ~ act E' r i s tic s, b rea k:= _ :.; f l a. s h i ng, e t c . . .
2. ?iner modalisation is reauired to reproduce the te~?eraturestratification in the containm.~t atmosphere, and sump waterh~at sinks should be modelled to reproduce the sump waterc:. ~ :'iP e y a t u r e (f i 9 2). T his par a m 'cot c, rho we v e r. i ~3 not Soy e 1 e If ant:s~ ~tru2tural integrity evaluation.
) ?arametric studies on condensate draining did net affect thepeak 9ressure very much ~or this test, but aff2ct the depies-~urisation rate after 100 s. A best fit with the water inven-
I
~mp was obtained for an overall homogeneous con-
c':':=nS.:itc film t~hicr:;;ess of 0.75 rnm (il'] 5).
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'J
3: D E c-"D CJ 0 d
I L-aL) -0
G;
-1 -J
f"-V
L..:, ••
Lc.
c
.1I
r-------:, ,
l-------~-.-----------_1-----' ----+---------,i----:---'~!---1.---~----_.--- -~;--~'-------.;~-------:. --!===~==============--.~ T-" ~:~~
____ .~_i ~_--_-_-_-_~_l~.~~~~--r--_' . 1 1-!~----- I Iii
1./ i'f'I 1+-ill !
! ! l II--~--:-7~:1III :/ I ,;I ~ i "t J i ~.
L-----j--. --,::::~:.~.=._=__=_-_--_-,-=--=-=--=--=--=--=-~~-=--=--=.-.::-----!_. :---,~ . _.~ ~__ . : ~:_,~=~!_.J ./-~!l t 1 ; I ._______________ _ -;_----.--.-Lt-_..;._
-----~--~.---r----:..:----:----]----;----.-==i=-;t:=~~--==~t--;l-==-i----------- I I ./ ~----~--7'-r---r--------------!--.--~-: ----!----i-----~-~-----~-"-r~ -----V.-i"---i-
l~'-t----r-: ----'---:.--/-:-- -r----i-I /'1- i Ii! ._~__1, L1,'~--J---\-
------(--- I " . . 1 I 1 'I
i I' I • • I 'y"
I ~. ! . ! c! i I I I""; ; ! i I ! I l" __~_~_.:: ~
b,-~~:_I~ _~~~,'.=~s=~;~_J...~-~~_i!~p,~~~---~i- '::=:1"=I i --._ I !__. i -_:.L___ )- I."
l-;__--.;.-_-_-__-_-_-~-_~__-_-_-ri~~~_--.;.----.-'-._-:--:-r'~~~J---'--..-------1 --_.!._--.L:-; " i i I' Ii: I l'_~' ~ I. ! :-
1 . ~l".L I '--------------1.---- ---. -----r-:~[" ---111
.--;- 2 ,-
I . I. ,I i 1 '~<.-:~~=:===-:;;~~~-~----!-:]::::~==- F:J +-- (~i:-::. ------1----- -----------:-,--~\-::---.:------.-
;--~T -:_ j-:~~i ::=~---1 -I.: _:",_ :,'I~--'I' _> "l,.,---Ij- -.---r----r--r---i----~~--~:--,..-.~..J.
i .! \. ... c. I_:__ ,_.__ ._J_. ~_.: _. ._.. ~ .----.
.j
.i. i, \ i
- -' --._.:.- --_._---. . .
: - :\ ~)
Canada Cz-,.ECL)~'------~---7--'---._----'------- -----jjI\
:..-';
...._-~--,
cD,:-::.:~
,(lJ
-.l...; [~
C
.> )
! .1--,/~-
(lJ
-~
,
v-...J
, ,I
~'s:.
~..~ ~~
"--
l.'c
L..:
()
i_
n)rl~..;
- ~
0r:~
----c
U
.~
,.-:-
- --- -- -- ------- -------------~--_._-.::_--_., -~-;
.~. ,.-"
France (CEA)
The heat t~ansfer correlation (H) used in short term and mediun: term calcula-tions (when steam condenses on walls) proceeds from ECOTRA tests. It was etatlishedtor .steel c02~ed or nat. We assume that it is also va1id for coated concrete.
CurVES 1, 2, 3, 4, show the cor~e1ation val~es for concrete and steel in each
In the correlation, the temperature diff2rence (6T) bet'lleen 92,s and surface is
at. a n2.gaclVe p{J',.;er (1.:~;s "thJ.nl).!\s the sUiface temperatw'2 of concrete incr~ases mOre
quickly than thE one of unccatedsteel, H increases more quickly teo. It reaches amaximu!n value of about 20000 w/mcok whereas the peak value for tagami correlation
, d ' '. . .;, ~{"\f' I ? 0 kvlOU i. nG.\,'.~ been :3bout lLUU \A/j niL.- I. ..
The heat flux is nevertheless smaller- for concrete than for steel (cunes 5,6,becau:e, in the flux formula, ~T arises at a positive power.
fv1ESH SIZING
.T~)2 descr"i.ption aT the \:!all mesh SIZ~~'; us~d In GRUYER cOrDouter code is
available in the append-! x 1 of (1). A copy of appendix is attached to this letter
KINETIC 'ENE2G'{
In each subcomportment the mixture is considered to be in equilibrium and instatic condition. So the last colomn of table 7 in (2) should be modified (Ek = 0.).
~~ Containrr:ent StdJldard Problem n02 -a pi~e break ~ ~rench short repcf't PreSSJre Distribution l,'Jithin ~..he con: __~, :;jiient Fo
A. fi1ATTEI, D. F~OY, I~. SONrJE-~ (URE/STF~E:/LHTA/80O'd ng29
~) CGilipatlsc:"'1 '('~.?~;o:t on OECD-CSf,~I Containn~2nt Stance,cd Re:Jcrt n02.by U.L. f~GU'!'EN~.may 1981~
\:.:..:
u:z
j
~
"" • ..-.:.IO~;'~~:..;";";~~
c)C'
a
a
VJ
LLJ c.,- T
L:..r-
aLJ, ,
r.':":u
w
<L'_
~"r:-,'--
~--............. ~~.~~~f!lC "" ... £.. .:~' ...;
.~:~~~~~.~~.
,.::; C)
0 C)0 c-c-....; --'
(/)
N
LJ..J .:z 0)
~ LL
«[Y
f-auw
wwr.-(f)
0...U)
<U
o.
0-1
UJUZ<n::::LL
r/L._
LJ r--->- .V
-,
'""- 1..0-'-<..')
o
(II,
1
c.o..=:J
f .t.1! I
Sf (Y)
ii 0 u..!q- :;;: O'l
Ir>--<~ LL
s :I',I"I:
I!
j>.
LUt--WCl:::U:z:0
.-' <'.J
n..V)<:U
o
t.....:
0 0c ,~
-, 0 0,-~ 0
''';-1 .-i
oCY)
oN
o
o
w
f--
t-OUL<J
wWI--Vl
if)
-<
LL
L.:..J
.c_«e::::L..
-:
I1~q
w
CL(J')
~- 0 ..,c ,-.c"~
'-c.
o(....Jl.Ll
-lWL!.J<-V)
5.1.- O. to 2.5 s - o. to 5Q. s
N,~:-.",~
;-.D ,''':''
?76.03 :,,'-
Intern2.1 c::;nta.ct air - water m~xtjre :-,-"'-1..' ;
~~ter~al h2~t tr.ansfef coefficient ECOTRA CORRELATION'
E>~'t2inal t ra liS -Fe r' cDeffi c; ent....- ,10 -J
Oescrirticn of susc2ssiv2 layers
[). "=0 .~. 5 .,~
1
3
r: l. __ ..
V _ '.J .j,.;. .;--_. -- --- ---
'2
conCieteconCr ..~t2
- ,0.7 10 ~
6 x 10
0.119
2
11
"--- ._--,------ ---------------
COJ.tlng r: -,.J. /
- ,10 - 2
..
'-,L
concrrte . IO 1
.,"_ •• -1
11
r. \.._"""1: :.;.:.t
nbsteet
2
8.94 m2
....f Tic: ie nt
21r - water mixtJ}-e of ccmpa~tm2nt R5
ECOTRn. COP.PELATIDN
-to 2. 5- .S
1
t), to' 50.~'.- -- - -- .-- - - - -
ste21
nu",bev- ofr:xi2s
.30
1
naturr:~ thickness
0.01908
i..JT
10
r".- ....-lD':::,'\' "".---'
3
concrete \~ithin CGmpart~2n~
ECOTRf\ CC~:~ -, ~T ~Jj--i
,.... -. ....., - '-. ,.... ...L.vl; !.,..:::"_ l.
C2scripticn G'~ SUCCeS31~!e layers
o~ --,~2.3 ,-
-? ?i r, ~ ""' - c C.•• J ;',; m •
1
0"
....~
.. 1:: '..' 2;- n::
1
cos.ting
cor;::rete
concrete
"nat,
co'
ec:
-?! r"':. .....,;,.'....J
-~6 x 10
0,1
0.021
2
11
n:.1fr;cr-:-rof nodes
2
cone. .';le 0.101
Exteri121 ~22t transfer coefficient
4
2?5e: ;\1
ECOTRA CGRRELA:~QN
[COTRA C0RRE~ATIO~j
0_. tr) 2 S s
..:' 1 0200 20
O. t~-=; s.o. s------------
,1.
..L 'SL-ee! O~02[iD
"
nur;:Der of f:od-::s
10
,no
(' -, r -
It', ,.....LlJ !....
10
t_"i...:':
eGa .J 2
2
fi2.tur2
- ,6 )( ~.~....J
o .11S
34
--_._--_._-_._--- ------ ------- ---_._-----------
concrete
0.7 :<
0.024 .0.101. .,
':"1.
Heat conducting system nb 6Na::;e
AreaInternal contact
Internal heat transfer coefficientExternal contactExtern~l heat transfer coefficientDescription of successive layers
o .to 2.5 s
steel within comoartment R78 6L1 2•. m
air - water mixture of compartment R7ECOTRA CORRELATION
air - water mi~ture of compartment R7ECOTRA CORRELATION..
I
I
1oyer nb
1
laY2, no
1
nature
. stee 1
nature
steel
thickness (1:1)
0.01436
thi ckness (m)
0.01436
numbe, of nodes
30
number of nodes
w
Heat conducting S}'stem nb 7Name
AreaInternal contact
Internal heat transfer coefficientExternal contactExternal he~t transfer coefficientDescription of successive layers
O. to 2.5 s-----------
concrete within compartment R3. 2
91.67 mair - water mixture of co~partment
F8 (0 - 2.5)R9 (0 - 50.1ECOTRA CORRELAIION
lODe
.10-3 ~!/m2. DC.
1ayer nb
....1
2
3
O. to SO. s
.... 1a)'er nb
1
2
3
ncture
coati ng
concrete.concrete
nature
coatingconcreteconcrete
thickness (::1)
0.119
thi chess (r;:) .
0.0240.101
number of nodes
2
34
11
number of nodes
2
34
11
Heat conducting system nb 8Nar.12
AreaInternal contact
. Internal heat transfer coefficientExternal contact
Exte:-r:alheat transfer coeffi cientDescription of successive layers
steel within compartment R8
2.69 m2air - water mixture of comDartment
R8 (0. to 2.5)R9 (0. to 50.)
ECOTRA CORRELATIONair - water mixture of compartmentR8 (0. to 2.5) R9 (0. to 50.)
ECOTRA CORRELATION.
1ayer nb
1
. O. to 50. s-----------".layer.nb
1
na ture
steel
nature
. ste~l .
thickness (8)
.0.01618
thickness (m)
0.01518
nUi1,ber.of nodes.
30
.number of nodes
10
Heat conducting system nb .9
Name concrete within compartment R9. Area. 645.82 m2 .
Internal contact 21r - water mixture of compartment R9Internal heat transfer coefficient ECOTRA CORRELATIONExternal contact
External heat transfer coefficientDescription of successlve layers
O. to 2.5 S
10°C
10-3 \-11m2. 0"'c
1ayer nb
1
2
3
O. to 50. s
. '.1 ayer nb.
1
2
3
naturecoatingconcreteconcrete
nature
coatingconcreteconcrete
thickness (8)
-')6 x 10 -J
0.119
thi ckness (fJ)
0.0240.101
number of nodes
2
34
11
. number of nodes
2
34
11
He2t conducting system nb10
AreaInternal contact
Internal heat transfer coefficientExternal contact
External heat transfer coefficientDescription of successive layers
steel within compartment R9
.air - water mixture of compartment R9ECOTRA CORREL!HION
air - water mixture of compartment R9ECOTRA CORRELATION
layer nb
1
O. to 50. s-----------
.. 1 ayer nb
1
nature
stee.l
nature
steel .
thickness (m)
0.01353
thickness (m)
.0.01353
n0mber of nodes.
30
number of nodes
10
Hect conducting system nb 11Name concrete within compartment R5
Q.:_!~L~Q.:_~
.-.1ayer .nb nature thickness (8) . nUiT.ber of nodes1 coating 0.7 10-3 22 concrete 0.024 343 concrete 0.101 11
2
34
11
90.12 m2
wac10-3 !'!/m2. DC
ECOTRA CORRELATION
number of nodes
air - water mixture of compart~2nt R9
-~6xlQv
0.710-3.
0.119
th ickness (",)nature
coa ti ngconcreteconcrete3
1
2
Internal heat transfer coefficientExternal contact
Internal contact
External heat transfer coefficientDescription of successive layers
Heat conductir.g syst2rn
~,t~"""J'1'.; .. :-.....
Area
Internal contact
nb 12
steel within cbmpartment R62.97 m~
air - water mixture of comOart~2~t R9
Internal heat transfer coefficientExternal ~ontactExternal heat transfer coefficientD2scription of successive layers
O. to 2.5 s
ECOTRA CORRELATIONair - water mixture of compartment R9
ECOTRA CORRELATION
1ayer nb
.1
O. to 50 .. s
.1 ayer nb
1
nature
steel
nature
o stee 1
.thickness (m)
0,017
.0 thickness (iT!)
0.017 0
number of nodes
30
number of nodes
10
5.2 - O. to 1000. s
P.eat cc~ducting system
Area
nb 1
internal cc~crete20~ 2-,I rn
Internal contactInternal heat transfer coefficient
Extern~l centact
External heat transfer coefficient
Description of successive layers
alr - water mixture within containment1300 W/m2.oc (0. to 50. s)Uchida (after SO. s)
air - water nixture within containment. 2
1300 W/m .DC (0. to 50. s}Uchida (after 50. s)
1ayel~ nb nature thickness ( r.: ) number of nodes_?1 coating 0.7 x 10 ..J 2
2 concrete 0.075 153 concrete 0.17 114 concrete 0.075 155 concrete 0.7 x 10-3 2
"
Heat conducting systemName
AreaInterna 1 contact
nb 2
walls, dome, floor2418.74 m
air - water mixture within containmentInternal heat transfer coefficient
External contactExternal heat transfer c6efficientDescription of successive layers
layer nb nature thickness (m)
1 coating 0.7 x 10-3
2 concrete 0.16.3 .concrete 0.29
1300 W/m2.DC (0. to 50. s)Uchida (after 50. s)
goe
10-3 ~'!/m2. DC
number of nodes
2
40
5
Heat conducting system
NameAera
nb 3
internal steel56 18" 2.~ m.
Internal contact
Internal heat transfer coefficient
External contactExternal heat transfer coefficient
Description of Successive lay~rs
air - water mixture within containment1300 W/m2.o[",0. to 50. s)1.5 '~T)1/3 (after 50. s)
air - water mixture within containment1300 W/m2.oC (0. to 50. s)1.5 (lIT)1/3 (after 50. s)
1 aye!' nG
1
nature
steel
thiCKness (1:1)
"0.00753
nUlDber of nodes
5
Italy (CNEN/Pisa)
Amendments to our Report onCASP2 /25/:
a new version of pages 5 and 9 of the Report withmodifications to the considerations about the choiceof heat transfer coefficients in short and mediumterm calculations;
the final version of table A1~2 (page 51 of the Report)with the indication of mesh used for the different
.heat ?labs;
a new Addendum, which presents the work we made onthe light of Edward's benchmark problem.
- 5 -
3. ~tODELL ISG
3.1 - Short and medium term calculationsThe experimental facility (Fig.I) has been subdivided into
4 control volumes (Fig. II) .The volumes R9,R6 and R8 have been joined toghether. In fact,
R6 can be considered as an appendix of R9 compartment (R6 is con-nected only with R9 ; besides, the flow area between R9 and R8is about four times greater than that between R7 and RS.
33 heat structures with slab .geometry have been modelled asspecified below (Fig. II).- 16 steel structures;- 13 concrete structures wiih" coating;
4 alu~inum structures.The gap betweenR4 andR9 bas been t~ken into accont as a
time dependent junction area.The values of the most important parameters are summari:ed in
Appendix 1.The loss coefficients at the junctions were obtained from
Idel'chik formulas/?/.An energy dependent correlation has been used, following an
approach similar to that of J. Marshall /S/,for heat transf~rcoefficient for R4,RS and R7 volumes (which are directly interestedby the blow down).
The correlation is based on the proportionality between heattransfer coefficient and blow down energy rate (Fig. III); that is;
HoH = E (1)Eo
As reference value of the heat transfer coefficient the valueHo 10 the knee cf the blew Ce'rffi f1ow~rate(24 see) has been= 900- W/m- K at
- 9 -
chosen, because the initial turbo lent Dhase is finishin? andconditions are settlin~. Obviously to is the blow-down powerinlet at the same time.
Reqardin~ the heat transfer coefficient in compartme~t R91
the val~e about blow-down end (30 see) has been evaluated on thebasis of air/steam ratio. A linear trend has been assumed 10 theprevious time interval, accbrdin? to the increasing of the steam.ratio (Fig.III) and a behaviour similar to that in the up-streamcompartments after 30 seconds.
3.2 - Long t~rm calculation
The containment is modelled with two nodes containing allthe heat structures (fig. IV).
The first nodetonsists of R4, RS and R7 volumes (the R4-R7and R4-R5 flow areas are twice greater than the RS-Rg and R7-R9 ones) .
The flow area between the two nodes is a "penetration" leakage (ideal gas flow through orifice).
Up to the end of blow down (40 s~c) the same he~t tran~f~r ..coefficients as in the short and medium term ca12ulations havebeen used. After this period, turbulence diminishes and freeconvection prevails, with a lower h~at transfer; so, fat both.,volumes, a value of 20 ~/m~oK at 1000 sec has been adopted. Alinear behaviour has been assumed in the time interval 40-1000see (Fig. V).
MATERIAL COARSE ~IESH IMPROVED !-IESHem) em)
Coating 2. 5 . 10-4 2.5 . 10-5
Concrete 35.0 . 10-3 5-:-6 . 10-3
Stee 1 1.5 . 10-3 0.8 . 10-3
A11uminium 1.5 . 10-3 0.8 . 10-3
Table 1'1.1.2Interval lenghts used in the finitedifference calculations for the heatconduction structures.
•
ADDENDUM . 3===============
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA
- 90 -
A3.l Introduction
On the basis of the experience achieved taking part to the"CSNI NUCLEAR BE:.JCHMARK PROBLEM ON CONTAINMEN'l CODES", a ne" setof calculations has been executed for C\SP2 with an improved meshfor the heat slabs (Table AI.:::)
Both medium and long term transient have been analized.The results show that we should acquire more knowledge about
the influence of h~at transfer coefficient and coatinpD thermalcharacteristics on the thermohydraulic transient inside the con-tainment system.
A3.2 Calculatiorts bY,ARIANNA Code
In calculatibns with improved mesh, the heat transferredfrom a compartment to the related structures is reduced if compa-red with the results obtained in coarse mesh calculations. Sotemperatures and pressures in the containment are overestimatedincompatisDn with the experimental data and this difference in-creases with the time; an example is sho~n in Fig. AD3.1 case b)for the pressure behaviour in R4 comDartment,calculated by ARIAN-NA Code.
To hav~ again a good matching of the experimental data (Fig.AD3~l case c), the heat transfer coefficients were increased byabout 25% in comparison with the cases a) and b) (see Fig.AD3.2)
A3~3 Calculations by CONTEMPT LT-26 Code
The long term transient was calculated by CONTEMPT Code,usi~S as input data the same heat transfer coefficient (Fig.AD3.2,case c) and also the same mesh of the last ARIANNA calculation.
The results show first an overestimation of the pressure peak(Fig. AD3.3 case c), but after 400 sec they agree to the experimen-tal data very satisfactorily.
•
•
•
- 91 -
The difference between the peak values calculated by ARIAN-NA and CONTE~WT Codes is due to the different thermohydraulicmodels: in ARIANNA Code an homogeneous volume is assumed,whileCONTDIPT Code adopts a two phase model. More precisely, in thislast case each node includes a vapor region and a liquid region;evaporation, condensation and pool boiling process are modelled.
As a result, more energy remalns in the vapor region thanln the homogeneous mixture case.
The homogeneous model simulates well the physical phanomenaln the compartments in the short and medium term transient, dueto the strong turbolerit flow of blow-down. After the blow7downphase the initial turbolence decreases and the separation betweenthe liquid and the vapor reglon (CONTHIPT model) approximates bet-ter the real situation .
.On the basis of the above said experience, some attempts havebeen made to improve the agreement with the experimental data andalso to understand better the influence of the various parameterson the phenomena with the aim of establishing a strat~gy for thechoice of values of these parameters.
The most ~ignificant results can be seen ln Fig. AD1.3 cases.d) and e).
In case d) the heat transfer coefficient h in the first nodeis proportional to the blow-down energy till 24 sec (at that timethe blow-down energy decreases abruptly) while after 50 sec h isgiven by Uchida correlation; also the value~ of the heat transfercoefficient at 24 and 50 sec are calculated by Uchida correlations
2 7( hO = 1600 Wlm oK at 24 sec and h1=600 W/m-oK at 50 sec) and alinear behaviour has been assumed between 24 and SO sec(Fig.AD3.2case d).
In the external compartment, h has been calculated by theUchida correlation, after the blow-down phase (t > SO se~),while a linear increase has been assumed during the biow-dowi pha-se, starting from the value of 20 W/m20K at 0 sec (S~2 Fig.AD3.4case d).
- 92 -
All the other parameters (thickness and thermal conductivityof the coating.mesh, ecc) are the same as in the previous case.
In case e), we use heat transfer coefficients similar tocase d)
(x) but the coating thickness has been t:iplicated; allthe other input data are the same as in the previous case.
As shown in Fig. AD3.3, in case d) the pressure peak is esti-mated well, owing to the increasing of heat transfer in the exter-nal compartment, which compensates the effect of CONTE~IPT phaseseparation model; later the pressure drops downcurve.
the experimental•
In case ~), the pressure peak is littl~ overestimated, due~othe effect of coating thickness, but from 100 sec~ on the agreementwith the experiment~l data is quite satisfactorily~
(x) In the external compartment the Uchida correlation has beenused also in the interval 0-50 secs (see Fig. AD3.4 case e)
•
o. :12
(). 46
'0vl
( im pro v e J me s!l ; . h j n ere i:l sed)
( imp r 0 v e d me s h; h init i a 1 )
(coarse IIIe s 11; h j n it j al )
case c)
ca~e h)
c a 1 ClII ;1t cd
calculated
cdlcuJalcll case a)
., ....
----Q--
-'-+-
. .'. ~+--+ + ..-.b)~' ~ .... ~/.~.~ ..~ ••"""......,.....,.. •.~'" .' ... N.~ .- .... -
,. . ;::;;::--- '. .' ""a)")y~. ". . -~
~
;L~.C)' . . . .'
4,//'/~; . ..'
, ... ,,/;/,/, . ~"""....- ex' ,,,1F'" ., pc r Imen tal
;:T«F'ff.',t'"
I",.J';1:7~'.JO. 1 (1
().22
0.40
I,
1".
.~.' O. ?> ,I1,:,,1, /:.',.:~JI;)
u)IIIC(. 0.28;:'...
O. IU()
I l I,~ ~1 j 2
-1,1(, !b---~-:t ' ~' ./~ ...~Il'----!rlll i;l-'---hr~'-'
T I 1,11:, ( ~; )
"le. /\ILLI l'rcsSllrc ill [(11 compartment (AiHi\NNA 1 calclIl;lt inns)
,...-.,~o
N
8..........~~'--'
f--<7-W~HUH
>.t..,>.t..,~oup.;~w~t/).--;;
~[-<
f--<<t:~;:I:;
,,5.01...j ,,,4. 51 ,_L_
--,.L 51 I
I,\I,..... .... .... .....
' ......2.51 I "
2 • l
l.l
o.
..........
cases a), b)
case c)
cases cl), c)
' ...... ,
' .......' .......
..........................
................ --..... -
'"'"""--""'--... ........-- ---- ---" .. . ..
..................... _----
1O.j.:.
l) 1~' ~b 'll~ tT rl----.-.~ll~.--.-.-...
rr G. 1\D 3.
'.
tjj31',nttransfer cocfficiertt in mediu.m term traJlsicnt. .~!II •T I HE (S)
• •
'-D .In
. I
' ..
: .'.
0.51- -0- case <1) (co<lrsc lIlesh, h initial, s initia1)
I
Ic) (improved mesh. h increased, initial)...... cnc:(' S
O. 4 (J -- - case d) (improved mesh, h final, s initial)
Ai .. .. case e) (improved mesh, h final; s increased)
O.4(
..0. If,
O. '". ~-
,---"
.cr:~. o. 3~',L,
'--'
t.:-:lp::;::JrJJ
~ 0.28~p...
O. 1()Lo 480 6,10 720 8()() HIl 0 ~60
fJ G. AU:;.3 Pressure in .R9 compartment (C01HEMPT LT26 calculations) T nlL (S)
80
..
----
6._---- C ~l sc S (l) , 11)
......... case c)
--- case d)
..-.- case c)
~\\\,
\
\
. 0,7
0,6
,.--....~.
o .('.J
0,:'E.........~::.:::'--'
!-<ZW-l
0) 4......u......w..u..u.l0 0,3u
.~
u.lu..
-l/)
~ 0.2!-<
~-.-r:W-l:r:
0, 1
T I ~fE (S)
FIG. /\])3.4 Ileat transfer coefficient in-R9 compartment
••
•I..
Sweden (Studsvik)
OECD-CSNI Containment Standard Problem No. 2
Supplementary information for the comparison report for theruns made in Sweden with COPTA-6. The program does notprint all those data; so some have been estimated manually.
Coating: 0.95/3=0.32 (3 nodes for 0.95 rnrn)Concrete: 0.076, 0.114, 0.171, 0.257, 0.386 etc.
(17 nodes for 150 rnrn,..increasing with factor 1.5)Steel, typically: 0.29, 0.43, 0.65, 0.97, 1.46, 2.19
(6 nodes. for 6 rnrn,increasing with factor 1.5)
For the concrete the modesizes
Time(s) 50s case 1000s caseI1 i 34. 1 28.6I
2 J 35.7 29.85 I 32.0 27.710 28.3 25.420 24.2 22. 150 14.0 13.4100 8. 1200 4.8.. 500 1.91000 0.74,-
The difference between the 50s case and the 1000s case isdue to t~o factors
a)4-room model in 50s case, l-room model in 1000scaseb) higher heat transfer to dome compartment in 50s case
Time(s)
125
102050
100200500
1000
coated concrete
28.924. 120.519.818. 713. 1
7.04.41.80.7
metal
140-30066-30021-29511-286
5-295
stee 1, 6mm
250250170
85.32
•
Comment: The heat soakage into steel depends on severalfactors.
a) Thicknessb) Temperature and heat transfer at back sidec) MOdelling (e.g. meshsizes)
This makes listing of heat flux to metal less meaningfulafter some 10 seconds.
I.,.J
Time(s) Concrete Steel . I
R4 R9 R4 R9
1 48.9 2.6 560 1302 30.7 8. 1 440 210..c5 24.6 13.2 345 17010 -I 22.6 16.4 317 95
