May 19, 2012Tom Richardson, New England Journal of MedicineJean P. Shipman, University of Utah, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences LibraryJohn Tagler, Association of American Publishers

Positioning the Professions: Science, Technology, and Medicine (STM) Publishing (CE 703) by Chicago Collaborative is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.Based on a work at www.chicago-collaborative.org. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at same site.

Positioning the Professions: Science, Technology, and Medicine (STM) Publishing (CE 703)

Course Objectives

• Learn about the publishing process of STM journals.

• Gain knowledge of the value added by publishers to scholarly communication.

• Examine the scope of publishing in a dual format and multimedia environment.

• Appreciate that no two publishers are alike in their approaches to publishing.

• Consider choices to be made in publishing.

Outline of Today’s Program

I. STM Publishing: Editors & Authors• Chicago Collaborative• Editors & authors• Peer review• Ethics• Workshop # 1

Break (15 minutes)

II. Behind the Scenes• Production & delivery• Printing• Semantic publishing• Workshop # 2 (Decision Points)

Outline of Today’s Program

Break (15 minutes)

III. The Business of STM Publishing• Pricing, sales, distribution• Licensing• Advertising• Issues & challenges in the digital environment• Workshop #3 (Decision Points: cont’d)• Discussion & wrap-up

The Chicago Collaborative

Founding Members (2008)• Assn of Academic Health Sciences Libraries• Assn of American Medical Colleges

– Council of Academic Societies

• Assn of American Publishers– Professional & Scholarly Publishing Division

• Assn of Learned & Professional Society Publishers• Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology• International Assn of Scientific, Technical & Medical

Publishers• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors• Society for Scholarly Publishing

The Chicago Collaborative

Grand Challenges• Preservation / archiving• Effective STM authorship• Peer review / quality assurance• Dynamic content containers• Branding STM content• Future of the journal

Strategies• Equal partners in dialogue

– consensus-driven statements

• Broad, high level opportunities & challenges• Shared ideas representing association interests

Credits: Course Developers• Norman Frankel: Society for Scholarly Publishing

• Margaret Reich: Consultant

• Tom Richardson: Society for Scholarly Publishing

• Irv Rockwood: Assn of Learned, Professional & Scholarly Publishers

• Rita Scheman: FASEB & DC Principles

• Jean Shipman: American Assn of Health Science Libraries

• Elizabeth Solaro: Society for Scholarly Publishing

• John Tagler: Assn of American Publishers/ Professional & Scholarly Publishing

To Start . . .

What are your questions and expectations for today’s programs?

I. The Current STM Publishing Landscape

Publishers . . . Authors . . . Editors& Peer Review

The Current STM Publishing Landscape• Society publishers (not-for-profit)• Commercial publishers• University presses (not-for-profit)• Contract publishing

– society retains editorial control– production, marketing and distribution

outsourced to commercial, society or university press publisher

STM/ Scholarly Journals Publishing2000+ Publishers

• books & journals• 25,000 journals • 675 English-language journal publishers 1.3 – 1.5 million articles/year1 million authors/year10 - 12 million readers1.8 billion journal article downloads/year

The STM Market: GlobalInstitutional• universities & colleges• medical & professional schools• government research facilities• industry• hospitals

Professional Societies• membersIndividuals• practitioners• students

STM Publishing: The Key Players• Authors• Scientific editors• Editorial board• Peer reviewers/referees • Editorial department

– copyeditors– journal supervisors

• Art/design department• Compositor/printer • Online host• Marketing and sales departments

– direct sales staff (in-house or third-party)– subscription agents– booksellers

• Rights and permissions • Archivists (third party)

The Role of STM Journal Publishers: Core ResponsibilitiesValidate and disseminate research resultsEstablish a quality standard• ethical policies• peer review• selection• editingFacilitate access to and maximize usability

of content• maintain state-of-the art delivery and file

format • collaborate in the development of community

tools

The Role of STM Journal Publishers: Associated Responsibilities & Functions• manage author and publisher rights and

permissions• comply with industry standards and

government policies • maintain digital archiving and preservation

strategies• partner with authors, readers and librarians to

develop and implement techniques to improve and expedite scientific communication and discovery

• ongoing investment in publication process innovation

The Role of STM Journal Publishers: Community BenefitsCreate a unique community for authors &

readers • defined scope • quality seal of approval• discoverabilityTransformation of an articleProvide a measure of the researcher’s

productivity and influence• vital to career path• vital for funding to continue

research

THE PUBLISHING PROCESS

The following processes and staffing vary from publisher to publisher

The Editorial TeamResponsible for content selection• editor• associate/deputy/regional editors• editorial board• reviewers/referees • editor’s assistant/managing

editor

NB: The editor and editorial boardhave editorial independence and are solely responsible for content selection.

Editorial Office Staff• Editor-in-chief• Executive editor• Subject editors• Associate/deputy editors

– permanent or part-time– maintain outside affiliations and

professional roles

NB: The editorial office staff have editorial independence and are solely responsible for content selection.

The Journal Editor’s Role*

• Accepts/rejects ms. for review• Selects referees• Funded by the publisher

- stipend- office/support staff- office space- hardware/software- board meetings

* External to publisher’s control of influence

The Journal Editor’s Role (cont’d)

• Serves as decision maker• Liaises w/ authors on revisions• Returns accepted ms. to publisher• Establishes & maintains

- acceptance standards- rejection rates: submissions vs.

acceptances- breadth/evolving scope

• Cooperation w/ editorial board & publisher for journal quality & relevance

The Author: Manuscript Submission

• Submits/uploads manuscript to publisher-provided web-based peer review system

• Comply with Publisher’s Instructions to Authors, which provide detailed manuscript submission and preparation guidelines, e.g.: – authorship– ethical policy and COI disclosure – figure and data submission– manuscript type – content suitability

Editorial Systems

• Manuscript submission• Manuscript tracking• Peer reviewer database• Online editing• Production editing

Q: Will authors see tracking information about their submission as it flows through system?

Peer Review

Peer Review• More than three centuries old• Attributed to Henry Oldenburg, Secretary of the

Royal Society of London, and founder of Philosophical Transactions (1665), the “world’s oldest scientific journal in continuous existence,” who introduced the practice of soliciting opinions on manuscripts from colleagues who were more knowledgeable in the area in question

• Peer review norm adopted at different times in different fields, and different locations

• Today essentially synonymous with scholarly journal publishing

• Formal peer review in medicine dates only from the post-WWII era

The Culprit!

• Henry Oldenburg and Philosophical Transactions, (1665)

• Journal content now available through JSTOR

The Editorial/Peer Review Process

• Manuscript submission – usually via online system– date-stamp the research of a particular author

• Step one: initial review by intake editor – fundamental questions:

• Is it appropriate for the scope of the journal?

• Does it present new research findings?• Other articles on the same topic?• What is the journal’s capacity at present?

– may either reject or move forward

The Editorial/ Peer Review Process• Step two: assignment to ‘decision’

editor – assigns article to 2-3 reviewers– may use plagiarism software– art, statistics and text reviewed for quality

and authenticity

• The final step: outcome options w/ final decision made by editor– rejection (on scientific or ethical

grounds)– acceptance (w/minor or major revisions)– acceptance

Article Revision & Resubmission

• Upon conclusion of review . . . authors may be asked to revise their manuscript before it receives further consideration

• Typical requests– rewriting– additional research

• Author’s options – revise and resubmit – submit to another journal

New Peer Review Tools & Procedures

• Clinical Trial Registry– per 9/16/2004 International Committee of Medical Journal

Editors joint statement, ICMJE member journals now require, as a condition of consideration for publication, registration in a public trials registry, on or before onset of patient enrollment (N Engl J Med 351;12,1250)

– URL: ClinicalTrials.gov

• Statistical Review– manuscripts also often go through one or more rounds of

statistical review– some journals may require independent statistical analysis

• Reporting conflicts of interest, financial aspects of research and role of sponsors in funded studies– http://jama.ama-assn.org/misc/editpolicy.dtl

Peer Review in the News• Infrequently

– considering 1.25 million primary research and review articles published per year across all disciplines

• Preconditions– publication of flawed research– ethics violations– on a newsworthy topic (e.g., cloning)

• Possible results– public shaming of the culprit– adverse publicity for the publication

involved and its editorial staff– a brief flurry of public discussion

Peer Review Failure or Fraud?

The peer review process is notdesigned to detect deliberate fraud • Failure occurs when a published article

that has been subjected to peer review contains errors that undermine one or more of its main conclusions.

• Many newsworthy scientific controversies are examples of fraud, not peer review failure.

PUBLICATION ETHICS

Publication Ethics • Data manipulation

– changing or making up data in a manuscript; intended to “improve” the results; includes digital image manipulation

• Selective inclusion/exclusion of data• Unacceptable figure manipulation

– improper grouping, adjustment– moving, removing, introducing, obscuring, enhancing

any specific feature within an image • Duplicate/redundant publication

– submission of or publication of the same paper or substantial parts of a paper in more than one place

– data; extended verbatim text passages; tables or illustrations

• Human/animal welfare concerns– treatment of experimental subjects that

does not conform with accepted standards and journal policy

Publication Ethics• Authorship attribution

– disputes arising from the addition, deletion or change of authors

– ensure all named authors participated in research– disclosure of all contributors

• Plagiarism/self-plagiarism– taking the work of another or copying one’s own

work– copying a figure, table or even wording from a

published or unpublished paper without attribution to one’s own or another’s work

• Conflicts of interest– real or perceived conflict due to employment,

consulting, or investment in entities with an interest in the outcome of the research

• Others– reviewer bias; reviewer misappropriation

of privileged information– duplicate submission

Ethics PoliciesPublishers set clearly-stated policies

• While publisher policies vary, authors found to have violated these policies are subject to a variety of actions, from the issuance of corrections, retractions and up to and including notification of their institution and/or sanctions for the most serious offenses.

• Many publishers exert extensive efforts on furthering research integrity through compliance with ethical policies, both in staff and editor time.

Acceptable Forms of Image Manipulation

Original Capture

Crop

Contrast-Brightness Adjustment

Submitted Figure

Re-size

Con Trt A

Protein X

Trt B Trt C

Courtesy of Dr. C. Bennett; APS37

Unacceptable Forms of Image Manipulation

Original Capture

Excessive Cropping

Dropped Background

Submitted Figure

Re-size – Shape Change

Con Trt A

Protein XTrt B Trt C

Courtesy of Dr. C. Bennett, APS38

Incidence of Cases of Ethical Misconduct at the APS 2010 – ‘11

+/- 3800 ms/year39

Recommended Resources

CSE’s White Paper on Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications 2009 Update

www.CouncilScienceEditors.org

Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)http://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines

American Physiological Societywww.the-aps.org/publications/journals/apsethic.htm

AAAS www.sciencemag.org/about/authors/prep/gen_info.dtl

Office of Research Integrity (ORI) for ethical publication violations for manuscripts funded by NIH)http://ori.dhhs.gov

Completion of research

Preparation of manuscript

Submission of manuscript

Assignment and review

DecisionRejection Revision

Acceptance

Resubmission

Re-review

PUBLICATION!

Rejection

Adapted from a figure by Dale Benos 4141

Session 1: Workshop

Discuss the types of Peer Review• blind peer review• double blind peer review• open peer review• post-publication peer review

II. Behind the Scenes of STM Publishing

PRODUCTION & DELIVERY

Post-acceptance Publication Process

(processes vary per publisher)

Figures checked for authenticity

Accepted , unedited manuscript published

online

Figures edited/redrawn;

manuscript copyedited

Ms to compositor;typesetting/pagelayout completed

Page proofs emailed to author and

copyeditor

Author reviews, marks, returns proof

Pagination and final corrections

Issue posted online issue printed &

mailed

4545

“Pre-print” or “In print” Publication

• Article should carry a DOI* for discoverability and version control

• Author manuscript posted online immediately after acceptance

• Usually not copyedited or formatted, although some publishers provide minor formatting

• Allows fastest publication of research, without quality control

• Is superseded by final, edited, formatted copy when issue is published online

*Assignment of DOI varies per publisher

Copyediting/Quality Control

• Transfer of accepted mss from Editor’s office to editorial/production office of publisher

• Copyediting may be internal or outsourced– cost vs. speed vs. quality control

• Copyediting tasks– correcting spelling, grammar, punctuation,

inconsistencies– follow journal style and rewriting

• re-writing is usually minor• require author and editor approval

– code and edit non-text elements• math & formulas• tables & charts• figures• halftones• some publishers have illustrators that

re-create graphics– typesetting codes

Composition and Imposition

• XML coding allows consistent typesetting, page makeup and multiple uses (e.g., print, online, archiving) of manuscript files)

• Compositor takes text and figure files; makes up pages according to journal style

• Page proof sent to author; corrections made when returned from author and proofreader

• Journal issue makeup (imposition) includes articles and front/back matter, advertisements

Sample XML File<title-group><article-title>Energy deficit after exercise augments lipid mobilization but does not contribute to the exercise-induced increase in insulin

sensitivity</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Newsom</surname><given-names>Sean A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schenk</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>Kristin M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harber</surname><given-names>Matthew P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Knuth</surname><given-names>Nicolas D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goldenberg</surname><given-names>Naila</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">²</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Horowitz</surname><given-names>Jeffrey F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1">¹School of Kinesiology and </aff><aff id="aff2">²Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp>Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: <addr-line>J. F. Horowitz, School of Kinesiology, Univ. of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave.,

48109-2214</addr-line> (e-mail: <email>jeffhoro@umich.edu</email>).</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>3</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>108</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>554</fpage><lpage>560</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>9</month><year>2009</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2009</year></date></history><copyright-statement>Copyright &#x00A9; 2010 the American Physiological Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="zdg00310000554.pdf"/><abstract><p>The content of meals consumed after exercise can impact metabolic responses for hours and even days after the exercise session. The purpose of this study

was to compare the effect of low dietary carbohydrate (CHO) vs. low energy intake in meals after exercise on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism the next day. Nine healthy men participated in four randomized trials. During the control trial (CON) subjects remained sedentary. During the other three trials, subjects exercised &#x005B;65&#x0025; peak oxygen consumption (V&#x0307;<sc>o</sc>_2peak); cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise&#x005D; until they expended &#x223C;800 kcal. Dietary intake during CON and one exercise trial (BAL) was designed to provide sufficient energy and carbohydrate to maintain nutrient balance. In contrast, the diets after the other two exercise trials were low in either CHO (LOW-CHO) or energy (

49

Online Presentation of Content• In online journal issue, each article is

usually presented in two ways:– HTML– PDF

• HTML – easier to read online – text flows– live links to citations, references, affiliations, etc.– figures can be enlarged and downloaded separately– reader can easily access online-only (supplemental)

material

• PDF – easier to print and read offline– retains style of print publication– lose access to online-only functionality

and material

Online presentation

51

PDF file

52

Other Electronic Delivery Methods

• Mobile devices– decisions must be made to deliver all

or some of content– software and design requirements to

allow readability on smaller screen – different software and design

requirements– interactive elements must be

• created• designed• implemented

Mobile Devices: Constantly Evolving

54

Printing . . . Most Journals Are Still Printed!• Printing options

– medium to large press runs (1000’s)• web offset press• 5X faster than sheet fed press

• Small press runs (100’s to 1000’s)– sheet-fed offset press– mini-web offset press

Printing . . . Most Journals Are Still Printed!Print on Demand (POD)• digital printing • can order 1 to multiple copies, as needed

Covers• printed separately on heavier coated stock

Binding• selected binding (advertising)• foreign editions

Semantic publishing, data mining & text mining

Semantic technology – allows for:• aggregation• analysis• visualization• author/researcher publication patterns• discoverability• enhanced search • re-configuration

Semantic publishing, data mining & text miningWhat is metadata?• data about data• controlled vocabularies allow added power to content via

semantic tagging

What does it mean to publishers?• spec of the file format• digital asset management• the size of the image/content file• who created the image/content• who owns the image/content• whether it is art of a larger collection• when it was created

Semantic publishing, data mining & text miningMetadata in the workflow• deeper commitment but bigger upside• requires planning for tools, workflow, usability & maintenance• allows author participation (or subject specialists) at beginning of workflow• good metadata planning should combine with

creativity in product development• semantic tagging describes what

content “is” and not merely how itshould “look” on the

page or screen

Semantic publishing, data mining & text miningThe power of semantic web technologies is already available today, but it is most prevalent in vertical applications with semi-structured content.• The #1 limitation today to almost any semantic technology solution is the user (training, ease of use.)

- the industry is rarely limited by “what can be done” but we are almost always limited by “what will be used” and “how will it be used”

- anyone in Natural Language Processing will say that Google is not the most advanced search engine, but few grasp why it

attracts more utilization than all others combined - ease of use

- familiarity (“first mover advantages”)• The #2 limitation today is budget, but it is a

VERY distant cousin to # 1

EDITING, APPROVAL & PRODUCTION

EDITING, APPROVAL & PRODUCTION

DIGITAL Content Management

System & ARCHIVE

DIGITAL Content Management

System & ARCHIVE

Options for Current & Future Product Offerings

Audio

Books

Book Series

Reference Works

Digital Collections

VideoJournal issue

Journal article

Book Chapters

Book Chapters

Journal ArticlesJournal ArticlesGraphicsGraphics

61

Workshop # 2

Decision Points: 1

III. The Business of STM Publishing

Pricing Considerations

Decision makers• editorial, marketing, finance, society, sales

Position of individual journal• established or new• competitive environment• expanding/contracting discipline (page projections)

Open Access option• hybrid model• gold/green

Pricing ConsiderationsSubscription model• institutions• individuals• society members• others

Package pricing• consortia• aggregation platforms• third-party vendors

Advertising

Sales & DistributionPublisher sales & site-licensing team for

institutional sales• direct sales force to libraries• third-party vendors/platforms• internal contact for subscription agents,

aggregators or other third party vendorsAdditional sales & distribution channels• pay-per-view, bundling, subject subsets• sales to individuals• member accessSupport & help desk functions• hours of operation 24/7 (?)Access control & authentication

administration

LicensingSite Licensing• site-wide access to books, journals, databasesAggregated/Third-Party Licensing• third party (e.g., an aggregator provides access

to content)Point-of-Care Licensing (MD decision

support tool) • third parties or publishers provide access to

customer-designed/aggregated content to aid bedside analyses

Local Edition Licensing• publishers develop versions of the journals

for specific markets and countries either translated or in the local language

Licensing: Options

• Organization-wide, 24/7 access to one title or a collection of titles

• May come with or without a print edition

• Single-user or simultaneous user provision

• Individual license is negotiated between the publisher and library

Licensing: Third-Party/Aggregators• Aggregators: Companies that bundle

books, journals, databases and other information into online-content subscriptions

• Aggregators allow publishers to reach non-core markets and provide a supplemental revenue stream

• Provide libraries with one portal to access numerous products

Point-of-Care LicensingMD Decision Support Tool• developed for physicians who need

reliable information quickly and flexibly

• provides physicians with evidence summaries to guide them in their clinical thinking and decision making

Third-Party Licensing: Point-of-Care ServicesMost POC services include at least

some of the following features:• synthesis of current evidence for treatment

and drugs

• means for rapid consultation at the point of patient care

• evidence-based, frequently updated information with links to relevant literature

• drug information, ICD coding, basic information for patients, provision for links to electronic health records

Locally Licensed Editions• Many U.S. and British publishers reach

out to their colleagues overseas through licensed editions (print and/or online)

• Licensed editions, both translated or in English, provide selected articles to local markets

• Publicizes research performed in the US and encourages local researchers to submit their work to the primary collection

• Translated content can reach larger local audience

Electronic Sales Process

Helpdesk

SALES SUPPORT E-FULFILLMENT HELPDESK

AnalysisAnalysis

Call PrepCall Prep

Sales CallSales Call

NegotiationNegotiation

AgreementAgreement

ContractContract

InvoiceInvoice

ElectronicEntitlementElectronicEntitlement

24/7 Support24/7 Support

LicenseLicense

Usage Analysis 73

AdministrationPoints of Access• login (UN/PW)• IP range• proxy server• federated sign-on

– e.g., Shibboleth, Athens • consortia user• third-party agent• geolocation• PPV

– patientACCESS (pilot project)• other

– patientINFORM, Research4Life

AuthenticationContent Configurations

• date ranges• own vs. access model• calendar year, rolling year• society access/content• library allowances• bundles• open access content• PPV conditions & time entitlements

Advertising: New Considerations

Print advertising in decline, but still a significant revenue source

• biomedical journals account for vast majority of that base/primarily from the pharma industry

– digital dimes replacing analogue dollars– online advertising increasing, but not

approaching print levels

Advertising: New Considerations

Growth in 2011 increased by 6%, but lagged behind 2010The 2012 market is slow, down 14% in pagesPrint advertising remains the strongest channel

Source: Medical Media, and Marketing, April 2010

Advertising: New Considerations

2007 -2009 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals

Advertising: New Considerations

2007 -2009 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals

Advertising: New Considerations 2007 -2009 AAP Industry Statistics

Report/PSP Journals

Advertising: New Considerations

• Regional restrictions– brand names, government regulations, product approval &

availability• Society/editorial guidelines and approval processes

– commercial ads (e.g., no ads on article pages), society ads, publisher ads

• Integration w/ eTOC, alerts, searches, interstitial ads• Sponsorship of subscriptions, topic collections,

translated editions• Demand for more detailed reporting

on click-through rates (CTR) and impressions• Demand for more detail on who is visiting the

site and validation/registration• Cost of creating cross-channel campaigns

(e.g., mobile, tablet, print, online)

The Digital Environment:Issues & Challenges

Article VersionsPublisher versions• post acceptance, interim publication (e-only)• final publication (multiple formats)• preprint (only some publishers) (e-only in IR;

preprint server)• Version of Record (VOR)

– typically the final electronic version– publisher ensures update/correction of VOR– What provisions are made for updating other

sources?

Other sources• PubMed Central• institutional repository• pre-print servers• author web site• rogue/uncontrolled sites

Online Environment• Content moves from library stacks to

digital platform – shifts responsibilities from the library to the

publisher or host site• Online delivery platforms

– self-host (ScienceDirect, Wiley Interscience)– outsource (HighWire, Ovid, BioOne, Atypon)

• Disaster recovery strategy• Archive provisions

– in-house– external (e.g., Portico, JSTOR, LOCKSS)

Digitizing Archival ContentPreliminary decisions

• gathering print copies in good condition• cover-to-cover scanning? • advertisements? • project management assignment internally• choosing a vendor/partner• pricing strategy

Digitization Process• scanning

– decision on destructive or non-destructive processing

• OCR (optical character recognition)– dependent on quality and layout of original– quality assurance: human oversight is essential– specialized content (e.g., medical) not easily recognizable by OCR

• XML conversion– necessary to make content findable on the Web

Issues in Digital Preservation

• Reliable and perpetual access is a priority as more and more journals move online

• Who is responsible for it and who pays for it – publisher, library or combination?

• Trigger event(s):– a publisher stops operations– publication of a title ceases– back issues are no longer available – a publisher’s delivery platform fails for a sustained

period • Dark vs. light archives• Rights transfer• Access control

Major Preservation Solutions• Member/subscriber initiatives

– Portico – LOCKSS– CLOCKSS

• Government-supported initiatives – Koninklijke Bibliotheek e-Deposit

• National Library of the Netherlands– German National Library of Medicine Retrodigitization– British Library e-Legal Deposit– National Science Library, Chinese Academy of

Sciences

• Other– Keepers Registry (EDINA & ISSN International Centre)

Benefits to Users90% of STM journals are online*• benefits both teaching and research• access to more content than ever before• incalculable improvement in delivery time

– faster turnaround in flow-through processes– article-by-article release rather than by issue

• 24/7 access: anytime & anywhere – mobile devices enhance this benefit

• reference links: open up endless navigation possibilities• publisher competition to enhance the user experience• social networking/subject community possibilities• giving customers what they expect

– especially younger audience: “If it’s not online, it doesn’t exist”

– reading more articles but spending less reading time per article: Renear and Palmer, Science, 325, 828 (2009)

*2009 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals

Benefits to Libraries• Consortia & university system collections

expand– esp. medium and small academic libraries– reduced ILL support, better speed

• Global licensing and access for corporate customers

• National or state-wide licensing and access for government agency libraries

• Simultaneous access – current journal issues + books & reference works

• Saves on space & staff time• No missing/delayed/damaged issues:

instant check-in• Usage data gathering for analysis &

collection management – understand/better serve users

Benefits to Publishers• Develop new pricing and packaging models

– reach new niche markets• Usage data

– understand/analyze customer base– better editorial analysis – marketing capabilities

• Content can be used in new & innovative ways– repackaging– customization per customer/geographic/discipline sector– data mining & semantic publishing for future re-mixing and

retrieval• Industry standardization benefits everybody

– CrossRef• DOI• CrossCheck and CrossMark

– interoperability enhances everyone’s content and platform by providing a better user experience

Challenges for Publishers• Steadily increasing volume of submissions• Constant pressure to keep up with industry

innovations in technology and functionality• Increasingly capital intensive back office

requirements– additional investment in hardware and software– higher skill set for staff, more training, longer learning curve .

. . all resulting in increased costs• Coupled with declining library and practitioner

funds for subscriptions• Market demand to increase efficiency and service

while holding or (preferably) reducing prices• Uncertainty about sustainability of traditional

business model – open access (author-paid model)– public access– government mandated deposit

Challenges for Publishers

Major changes in publishing modelOld• organizational silos • slow to change • significant variable costs for each issue printed and mailed

Challenges for PublishersMajor changes in publishing modelNew• working together with internal and external groups in new ways• near constant pressure to change & very competitive• reduced variable cost for Web delivery• significantly increased fixed costs for publishing, Web development, hosting• higher skill set for online 24/7 support

Environmental/Technological Challenges

• Speed to publication continues unabated• Continuity of the journal brand . . . or the

journal as package• Global perspective: input + output

– content, languages, interfaces, customs, help desk support • Mobile devices

– PDAs, Notebooks, eBooks, eReaders• New digital content added to platforms with

expectation of functionality, flexibility and discoverability comparable to journals – reference works, book series, monographs– audio, video, animation

• Future of copyright in the digital world• Digital piracy

– economic threat– integrity of content

Medical Journals Then…

95

User

Databases

Text

Supplements

Slide Shows

Audio

Video Metadata

Medical Journals Now…

96

Workshop # 3

Decision Points: 2

Wrap-up

Thank you

trichardson@nejm.orgJean.Shipman@Utah.edu jtagler@publishers.org