Maximilien Robespierre…

• Was the head of the Committee of Public Safety.

• He is known for saying, “Terror is nothing more than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.”

• The reign of terror ended when he was beheaded.

Committee of Public Safety

The Committee of Public Safety

• The committee was created to direct the war effort.

• This committee, led by Maximilien Robespierre, decided who were the enemies of the republic and beheaded them.

Desiderius Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus

• Christian Humanist

• Wrote “Praise of Folly”

• During the

John Huss

John Huss(Jan Hus)

• Czech priest, philosopher, and theologian

• One of the 1st Church reformers prior to Martin Luther

• Burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church

John Wycliffe

John Wycliffe

• An early advocate of the translation of the Bible into vernacular English

• Wycliffe’s Bible was completed by 1384• His followers were known as Lollards.• The Lollard movement was a precursor to the Protestant

Reformation.• For this reason Wycliffe is sometimes called “The Morning

Star of the Reformation.”

• English Scholastic Philosopher, Lay Preacher and Theologian

• Was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power.

Huguenots

Huguenots = French Protestants • Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France in the 16th –

17th centuries• Suffered from religious persecution• Edict of Nantes granted them religious freedom

The Hapsburg Family

Hapsburg FamilyFrom 1438-1740, all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors, Austrian Emperors, and Spanish Emperors came from the Hapsburg family. Supported the Catholic Church during the Reformation.

Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Richelieu

• 1585-1642• Turned the focus of the Thirty

Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict

• French statesman• Considered one of the greatest

politicians in French history• Considered the world’s first prime

minister• Attacked the Huguenots, reformed

the navy and army, crushed rebellions, and advanced royal absolutism

John Calvin

• Believed in “predestination” (God decides before you are born if you are going to heaven or hell.)

• Founder of Calvinism

Jesuits

Jesuit Priests were members of the Society of Jesus who were missionaries with the goal of winning converts to Roman Catholicism.

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I• Queen of England

• Combined Catholicism and Protestantism to come up with the Anglican Church in England

• Made the Anglican Church a national church throughout the British Isles

• Known for religious tolerance

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama• Portuguese explorer

• First to Sail around Africa and reach India

• Found an all-water route to Asia

• Helped establish Portuguese colonies on the coasts of Africa and in Asia

Frederick the Great

Frederick the Great• Absolute monarch of Prussia

Peter the Great

Peter the Great

• Absolute monarch of Russia

• Wanted to westernize Russia

• St. Petersburg

Eugene Delacroix

Eugene Delacroix

• French Romantic School Painter

• His work shaped the work of impressionists

• Liberty Leading the People

• Nature Scenes

Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes• Spanish Novelist

• Wrote the first Novel “Don Quixote”

• Renaissance writer

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi• United Southern Italy with Northern Italy

• Used guerilla warfare

Camillo di Cavour

Camillio di CavourKing Victor Emmanuel II

•King of Piedmont-Sardinia

•Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia•United Northern Italy•Began to help southern rebels

Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck• Prussian who united/created Germany

• Known for the politics of “blood and iron” or realpolitik

Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1889 – 1918.

• During WWI• Grandson of Queen Victoria

Kaiser Wilhelm II

James Watt

James Watt

• Invented the steam engine

Henry Bessemer

Henry Bessemer• Invented a process for making steel

James Hargreaves

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Adam Smith

Adam Smith• Wrote “The Wealth of Nations”

• Believed profit motivates people to work

• Capitalism, free enterprise, market competition, growth of the middle class

• Laissez-faire economics (hands-off )

• Open market, free trade, market economy, private property

Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner

• Discovered a vaccine for small pox

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur• Discovered germs/bacteria

which led to the pasteurization of milk.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Commodore Matthew Perry• Used U.S. Navy to get Japan to open up to

trade with the West

viceroy

viceroya regal official who runs a country colony in the name of and as representative of the monarch

Bolsheviks

Bolsheviks• Radical socialists led by Vladimir Lenin

• Revolted during World War I

• Withdrew Russia from World War I

• Started communism in Russia

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin• Russian socialist/communist

• Led the Bolshevik Revolution during World War I

• Took over Russia in a coup d’etat

• New Economic Plan – allowed some capitalism into the economy

Douglas MacArthur

Douglas MacArthur• US general of Pacific troops during World War II

• Led the effort to rebuild Japan

• (Japan became a democracy and got rid of their military)

• Fought in the Korean War

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower• US General

• Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe

• In charge of D-Day invasion of Normandy, France

• Became the president

of the U.S. (1953-1961)

Nikita Krushchev

Nikita Krushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

• Helped end the Cold War by building up the U.S. military

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev• Helped end the Cold War by letting his people see the west

• Last leader of the Soviet Union

• Known for policies “glasnost” (means “openness” giving people greater freedoms like the freedom of speech) and “perestroika” (means “restructuring” making reforms to the Soviet political and economic systems.)

Mao Ze Dong

Mao Ze Dong

• Led communists in China

• Won the Chinese Civil War

Chiang Kai Sheik

Chiang Kai Sheik• Led nationalists in China

• Lost the Chinese Civil War

• Fled to Taiwan after losing to Mao Ze Dong and the communists

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh

• Led communists in Vietnam

Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping • Communist ruler of China

• Reformed communist economy to a market economy which led to the rapid growth of the Chinese economy

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru• Supported western style

industrialization• 1950 constitution sought to

prohibit caste discrimination• Was a principal leader in India’s

independence movement• Was independent India’s first

prime minister• Known for neutralist foreign

policy• Led the Non-Aligned Movement.• Father of Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi • She oversaw a closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War

• She developed a nuclear program in India

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Gamal Abdul Nasser

• President of Egypt• Nationalized the Suez Canal• Established a relationship with the

Soviet Union• Built the Aswan High Dam

Golda Meir

Golda Meir

• Prime Minister of Israel• Led Israel to victory in the

Yom Kippur War• Sought the support of the US

Jomo Kenyatta

Jomo Kenyatta

• Led fight against the British for Independence in Kenya

• He was put in prison, because he was accused of being involved in the Mau Mau rebellion

Kwame Nkrumah

Kwame Nkrumah

• Led the independence movement from Britain in the Gold Coast (peaceful)

• The Gold Coast was renamedGhana after independence

• Advocated Pan-Africanism (movement which seeks to unify native Africans and those of African heritage into a "global African community -Pan-Africanism calls for a politically united Africa)

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela• Led Black South Africa’s

struggle against apartheid• Became the first black

president of the Republic of South Africa

mandates

• Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan and Palestinewere a part of the Ottoman Empire before World War I.

• After World War I, the League of Nations made these countries mandatesof Britain and France.

• France (Syria & Lebanon)

• Great Britain (Jordan & Palestine - which becomes Israel)

Cambodia

Cambodia• From 1975 – 1979, 1.7

million people (20% of the population) were killed by the Khmer Rouge. (The communist government in Cambodia led by Pol Pot).

• The Khmer Rouge forced everyone to leave the cities and live in communes in the countryside.

• Many people were killed, worked to death or starved to death.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism• Economic theory used in the

1500s – 1600s

• belief that a country's power depends on its wealth

• Goal was to gain as much gold and silver as possible

• caused nations of the world to try and build up wealth and compete for colonies

• Accomplished by maintaining a favorable balance of trade and getting resources from colonies and using them as markets for manufactured products

mercantilism

Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes•issued on 13 April 1598, by Henry IV of France•granted the Calvinist Protestantsof France (Huguenots) religious freedom of religion in a Catholic nation. •It marked the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century.•It was taken away by Louis XIV of France who then took away the Protestants' religious freedom• It is an example of absolute power, because it was created and then taken away on the whim of a king

Enclosure Movement

Enclosure Movement• movement in Great

Britain where large land owners fenced in their lands that used to be open to public use

• Now fewer people could be farmers (since they couldn't use the public lands)

• Small farmers moved to the cities to find work

• and it created a large group of available workers for factories

collective bargaining

collective bargaining• when owners and union representatives

sit down to discuss working conditions

• Used by labor unions during and after the industrial revolution

Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion • Boxers were a group of anti-foreigner Chinese

• they rebelled against the imperialist European countries that were trading in China

• the Europeans defeated them so that they could keep trading in China

NEP

NEP (New Economic Policy)

• Lenin's New Economic Policy

• He allowed some capitalism even though he was a socialist, because he wanted to improve the Soviet economy (like Deng Xiaoping and Gorbachev)

Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference• Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin meet (end of WWII)

and decide to:1. divide Germany into 4 zones2. create the United Nations3. disarm Germany4. destroy Nazi Party

anti-Semitism

anti-Semitism

• anti-Jewish

• Hatred of Jews

apartheid

apartheid• South African policy of separating whites and blacks

• blacks were given everything inferior

• for decades black South Africans struggled for equality

Developed Countries

Developed Countries

• better access to technology• stronger more diverse economies• higher literacy rates/better education• better access to good health care• slower population growth because of family

planning/birth control (families are smaller)• usually have capitalism & free markets• women tend to have equal rights and often work

outside the home/get educations• as countries become developed their citizens want

more liberty and rights

Developing Countries

Developing Countries

• little access to technology• weaker economy• often dependent solely on one crop or one type of work• weak education systems• high illiteracy rates = (low literacy rates)• high population growth b/c:

1. less family planning knowledge2. more kids needed to work on farms3. high infant mortality rate makes people try to have more

kids• often controlled by dictators and • rarely have free markets/capitalism• women have traditional role - homemaker, caregiver• people often do not realize what it means to truly have liberty

European Union

European Union

• An organization of European countries working together to try to compete with strong economic countries like the U.S. and Japan

NAFTA

NAFTA• North American Free Trade Agreement –

• ex. of a free trade agreement (no taxes on goods made in another country)

• This is between US, Mexico, and Canada.

WTO

WTO

• World Trade Organization

• international trade agreement to work towards more world wide free trade

IMF

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

• International Monetary Fund

• makes loans to poor countries trying to develop economically

economic interdependence

• The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials, markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations.

• So, what happens in one part of the world affects what happens in other parts of the world. (Think of the Great Depression)

Pol Pot

Pol Pot• Leader of the Khmer Rouge from 1963-

1981• Communist leader of Cambodia• Imposed agrarian socialism which resulted

in the death of 21% of the Cambodian population (example of genocide)

Tutsi

Tutsi• 2nd largest population group in Rwanda and Burundi • Tutsi was more a denotation of class• There is little difference between the cultures of the Hutu

and Tutsi (they both speak the same language)• In 1994, 800,000 people (mostly Tutsi) were killed by Hutu

militia in a period of 100 days

Hutu

Hutu• Largest of the 3 population groups in

Burundi and Rwanda• 1959, Hutu took power in Rwanda• In 1972, 100,000 Hutus were killed in a

campaign of genocide• In 1994, Hutus killed an estimated 800,000

Tutsis in an act of genocide

Ethiopia

Ethiopia

• One of only 2 countries in Africa that was not colonized by Europeans during the Scramble for Africa in the 19th

century.• Was occupied by Italy

from 1936-1941.• Haile Selassie: emperor

from 1930-1974

Ghana

Ghana

• 1st sub-Saharan nation to gain independence from Europe.

• Kwame Nkrumah

Kenya

Kenya

• 1952-1959 – Mau MauRebellion

• Jomo Kenyatta – first president

Algeria

Algeria

Algerians fought the French for their independence from 1954-1962.

Munich

Munich11 Israeli athletes were killed by Palestinian gunmen in an event known as the Munich massacre

Munich Conference: Example of failed policy of appeasement that led to World War II

Yalta

YaltaThe Big Three, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met in Yalta on the Crimea to discuss postwar Europe.Major Points•Unconditional surrender of Germany•German occupation divided into 4 zones•Stalin agreed to participated in the United Nations and join the war against Japan within 90 days of Germany’s surrender

Taiwan

Taiwan

• Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) and other Chinese nationalists fled to Taiwan after they lost the Chinese Civil War in 1947.

Proletariat

Proletariat

• The Working Class

Bourgeoisie

Bourgeoisie

• The Middle Class/Educated

collectivization

collectivization

•The goal of this policy was to consolidate individual land and labor into collective farms•enforced under Stalin between 1928 and 1940

usury

glasnost

a policy that called for increased opennessand transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s,

Glasnost

perestroika

perestroika • a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost reform

• The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

Deterrence

Deterrence• a strategy intended to prevent someone from doing

something

• Deterrence theory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights• Established and adopted by the United Nations in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity and

the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family….”

• Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

tariff

Tariff = tax on imports

Das Capital

Das Capital

•Book by Karl Marx where he criticizes capitalism•Karl Marx proposes that the motivating force of capitalism is in the exploitation of labor, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of profit and surplus value.

Jaques Cartier

Jaques Cartier looked for a northwest

passage through North America to

Asia.

I wonder if this waterway goes all the way through the continent? Boy if it

does, I would have found a brand new route to Asia!