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Maxime Lefrançois & Fabien GandonEdelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr
MSW 2011
ULiS: An Expert System on Linguisticsto Support Multilingual Management
of Interlingual Semantic Web Knowledge bases
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 2
multilingual access to the web of dataThe ULiS project
?
>31 billion RDF triples295 data setsInterlinked by >503 million RDF links
3000 < natural languages < 7000
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
OUTLINE
The Meaning-Text Theory
The ULiS project: multilingual access to web of data
The ILexicOn : defining interlingual lexical units
MSW 2011 - 3
Proposal 2: A formal way to represent lexicographic definitions
Proposal 1: An architecture that unlocks motivating scenarios
The Meaning-Text Theory
MSW 2011 - 5
A theoretical linguistic framework to construct models of natural language
Mel’čuk et. al., late 70’s > today
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 6
The Meaning-Text Theory
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SemRs
Systems of explicit rulesthat express correspondences
between meaning and text
7 levels of linguistic representationFor a set of synonymous utterances
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 7
The Meaning-Text Theory
Description of theExplanatory
CombinatorialDictionary
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SemRs
Explanatory Combinatorial
Dictionary
Explantory: Formal semantic explanations
Combinatorial:Lexical combinations
The masterpiece: The Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary
Meta- Ontology Data
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 8
Structure of the ECD entry
Semantic zone: (formal?) (text or SemR?) lexical definition of lexical unitsSemantic actants: arguments of the semantic predicatedenotational vs. connotational semantic elements (ex: EN hot air, FR wind, RU water).
Phonological/Graphematic zone: orthograph + prosody
The cooccurrence zone
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 9
Structure of the ECD entry - The cooccurrence zone
Morphological sub-zone: inflections, derivations.
Pragmatic sub-zonereal-life situations where expressions are appropriate.
Stylistic sub-zoneUsage labels
Lexical sub-zonesemantic derivations and collocations
Syntactic sub-zone: Government pattern
Correspondance semantic – syntax (based on Dependency grammars)ways to express a semantic predicate in the language
How the lexical unit participates in specific constructions as a dependent
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 10
Structure of the ECD entry - Examples of lexical functions
lexical functions :
paradigmaticSyn(telephoneV) = phoneV
AntiConv21(preced) = followGener(republic) = stateFigur(rain) = curtain (a curtain of rain)S0 (analyse) = analysisA0(city) = urbanV0(analysis) = analyseAdv0(slow) = slowly S1(teach) = teacher ; S2(teach) = subject ; S3(teach) = pupil;… 19 in total
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 11
Structure of the ECD entry - Examples of lexical functions
lexical functions :
syntagmaticMagn(laughV) = one’s head offBon(service) = first-classLocin(height) = at [a height of…]Oper1(supportN) = [to] lend [~ to N]
Oper2(supportN) = [to] receive [~ to N]Func1(blownN) = comes [from ~]… 34 in total
+ non-standard lexical functionsWithNoSugar(coffee) = black
Universal Networking Language
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 13
A pivot-based NLP technique
+MTT?+RDF?
ConvertDeconvert
Interlanguage
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 14
ConvertDeconvert
Interlanguage
a Universal Linguistic System
The ULiS project
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
The ULiS project
MSW 2011 - 15
Meaning-Text Theory
Semantic Web formalisms
Pivot-based NLP technique
ULiS
to redesign
compliant with
100% using
a Universal Linguistic System
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
John killed Mary. John a tué Mary.
John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.
John killed Mary
John01 tuer@past Mary01.John01 tuer@past Mary01
John a tué Mary
InputTEXT
IR RDF
Output1TEXT
SREN RDF SRFR
RDF
MSW 2011 - 17
The RDF-World
RDF situational representations
RDF interlingual representations
The ULiS project - scenario- Machine Translation
--
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 18
The RDF-World
RDF situational representations
RDF interlingual representations
John killed Mary. John a tué Mary.
John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.
John killed Mary
John01 tuer@past Mary01.John01 tuer@past Mary01
John a tué Mary
The ULiS project - scenario- Machine Translation
--
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
IDBpedia
SELECT ?personWHERE { ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01. }
ikb:John01
Who killed Mary?
Who kill@past@? Mary01Who kill@past@? Mary01
Who killed Mary ?
John killed Mary.
John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.
John killed MarySREN
RDF
SPARQLRDF + X RDF X RDFIKBRDF
SREN RDF
InputTEXT
IR RDF IR RDF
Output2TEXT
MSW 2011 - 19
The RDF-World
RDFOutput
SPARQL Request
RDF situational representations
RDF interlingual representations
The ULiS project - scenario
- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases- Machine Translation
-
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 20
SELECT ?personWHERE { ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01. }
ikb:John01IDBpedia
The RDF-World
RDFOutput
SPARQL Request
RDF situational representations
RDF interlingual representations
Who killed Mary?
Who kill@past@? Mary01Who kill@past@? Mary01
Who killed Mary ?
John killed Mary.
John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.
John killed Mary
The ULiS project - scenario
- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases- Machine Translation
-
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 21
- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases- Machine Translation
- Management of the Universal Linguistic Knowledge base
SPARQLRDF + X RDF X RDF
The RDF-World
RDFOutput
SPARQL Request
RDF situational representations
RDF interlingual representations
InputTEXT
IR RDF
SRFR RDF
Output2TEXT
SRFR RDF
IR RDF
Output1TEXT
SRFR RDF
IKBRDFULKRDF
The ULiS project - scenario
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 23
The ULiS project - architecture
Explanatory Combinatorial
Dictionary
Description of theExplanatory
CombinatorialDictionary
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SemRs
Meta- Ontology Data
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 24
The ULiS project - architecture
Explanatory Combinatorial
Dictionary
Description of theExplanatory
CombinatorialDictionary
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SemRs
X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase
Meta- Ontology Data
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase
MSW 2011 - 25
INTERLINGUAL
NOT INTERLINGUAL = SITUATIONAL
The ULiS project - architecture
+RDF!
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase
IRs RDF
MSW 2011 - 26
SRs RDF
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SLexiMOn
« SituationalLexical
Meta-Ontology »
SLexicOn
Other features of the ECD
ILexiMOn
« Interlingual Lexical
Meta-Ontology »
ILexicOn
pure interlingual features of the ECD
The ULiS project - architecture
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
X RDF
(ex:Maxime,ikb:isFrom,geo:France)
InterlingualKnowledgeBase
(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:range,ikb:Country)(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:domain,ikb:Person)
IRs RDF
ex:John01
MSW 2011 - 27
SRs RDF
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SLexiMOn
sleximon:SLexicalUnit
SLexicOn
enlexicon:Personeslexicon:Personafrlexicon:Personne
ILexiMOn
ileximon:ILexicalUnit
ILexicOn
ilexicon:Person
The ULiS project - architecture
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase
IRs RDF
MSW 2011 - 28
SRs RDF
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SLexiMOn
« SituationalLexical
Meta-Ontology »
SLexicOn
Other features of the ECD
ILexiMOn
« Interlingual Lexical
Meta-Ontology »
ILexicOn
pure interlingual features of the ECD
The ULiS project - architecture
+ Links+ Transformation rules
IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase
IRs RDF
MSW 2011 - 29
SRs RDF
SSynRs
DMorphRs
SMorphRs
DPhonRs
SPhonRs
DSynRs
SLexiMOn
« SituationalLexical
Meta-Ontology »
SLexicOn
Other features of the ECD
The ULiS project – Done / To do ?
+ Links+ Transformation rules
IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules
ILexiMOn
« Interlingual Lexical
Meta-Ontology »
ILexicOn
pure interlingual features of the ECD
Formal lexicographic definitions of interlingual lexical units…
in RDF!
(I)RDF
(I)SPIN
(I)RDF-S
(I)OWL
(I)ILexiMOn (I)SKOS, (I)FOAF, …
(I)SLexiMOn
(I)SLexicOn
(I)ISlexicOn
The ULiS project – Bricks
MSW 2011 - 30Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
With the Semantic Web formalisms, We designed a simple ILexiMOn…
Interlingual Lexical Units Classes may be formally defined in the ILexicOn…
…by supporting the projection of their semantic decomposition
on themselves
Lefrançois & Gandon, ILexicOn.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
The three layersowl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean
owl:intersectionOf
owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf
owl:propertyChainAxiomis-aOW
Lis-a
range
:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation
:ILexicalPrimitive
:onISemanticRelation
:isObligatorycore
-IL
exiM
On
lay
er
:allValuesFromdomain
range
is-a
subClassOf
subClassOf subClassOf
range
domain
domain
ILex
icO
n l
ayer
:hasEntity
:Person
:Entity
:Alive
trueonISemanticRelationallValuesFrom
intersectionOf
allValuesFrom
isObligatory
is-a
onISemanticRelation:State
is-a
Dat
a-la
yer
:Mary01 :Alive01hasEntity
MSW 2011 - 33
B
CA
A is the intersection of B and C
A B
A is a subClass of B
A B
A is linked to B through property p
p
property
A B
A is an instance of B
class/instance
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 35
Die Die:Die01
Person:Mary01
IRs RDFILexicOn
1.Person
ILUc ILUi
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 36
Semantic
Acta
nts
Rely on
non-INTERLINGUAL features
Conceptual participants
1.Time
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 39
Die< EventEnd<
ConP inheritance
1.Time
ilexicon:Event a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ([ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,
ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasTime,ileximon:allValuesFrom
ilexicon:Time,ileximon:isObligatory
"true"^^xsd:boolean.]...).
ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End
...).
ilexicon:End a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:Event
...).
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 40
Die End<
State1.Alive<1.
1.Person Entity
1.Time
1.Person< 1.
ConP partial inheritance
ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End
[ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,
ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasState,ileximon:allValuesFrom
ilexicon:Alive,ileximon:isObligatory
"true"^^xsd:boolean. ] ...).
=?
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 41
Die
1.Alive
1.Person
1.Time
1.Person
? ConP composition
Named ConP slots(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations
hasDead
hasTime
hasEntity
hasState
Die End<
=?
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 42
Die
1.Alive
1.Person
1.Time
1.Person
hasDead
hasTime
hasEntity
hasState
hasState / hasEntity
hasDead
(hasState/hasEntity)<hasDead
is equivalent to:
ConP composition
Ilexicon:hasDead owl:propertyChainAxiom ( ilexicon:hasState, ilexicon:hasEntity),rdfs:domain ilexicon:Die,rdfs:range ilexicon:Person.
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 44
hasEvent
1.Die<Event1.Person
hasAgent
Kill<Cause<Event
1.TimehasTime
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 45
hasEvent
1.Die<Event1.Person
hasAgent
Kill
1.Person
hasDead
hasTime
1.Time
1.TimehasTime
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 46
1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent
1.Die
ConP composition
1.Time
1.Person
hasDead
hasKilled
Kill
hasTime
1.Time
( hasEvent / hasDead ) < hasKilled
hasTime
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 47
1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent
1.Die
1.Person
hasDead
hasKilled
Kill
hasTime
1.Time
? ConP merging
1.TimehasTime
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 48
1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent
1.Die
1.Person
hasDead
hasKilled
Kill
hasTime
1.Time hasKillTime
ConP merging
hasTime1.Time
( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 49
1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent
1.Die
hasTime1.Time
1.Person
hasDead
hasKilled
KillhasTime
hasKillTime
ConP merging( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime < hasTime
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 50
1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent
1.Die
hasTime1.Time
1.Person
hasDead
hasKilled
KillhasTime
hasKillTime
Optional / obligatory ConP
hasBeneficiary
?.Person
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 52
Relation between two ConPs(hasRelation/hasEntity) < hasKilledChild < hasKilled(hasRelation/hasObject) < hasKillerParent < hasAgent
1.PersonhasAgent
1.Person1.Parent<Relation<State
hasRelation
hasEntity
hasObject
Infanticide<KillhasKillerParent
hasKilled
hasKilledChild
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 53
Inference in the data : (IRs RDF)
Person:John01hasAgent
Person:Mary01
hasKilled
Parent:p01
hasRelation
hasEntity
hasObject
Infanticide:i01hasKillerParent
hasKilledChild
hasEvent
Die:d01
hasDead
hasTimeTime:t01
hasTime
hasKillTime
ConP inheritance
ConP partial inheritance
ConP composition
ConP merging
Optional / obligatory ConP
Relation between two ConPs
Named ConP slots
Formal definitions of ILUCs
Conceptual participants
(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations
MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.
Three layersowl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean
owl:intersectionOf
owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf
owl:propertyChainAxiomis-aOW
Lis-a
range
:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation
:ILexicalPrimitive
:onISemanticRelation
:isObligatorycore
-IL
exiM
On
lay
er
:allValuesFromdomain
range
is-a
subClassOf
subClassOf subClassOf
range
domain
domain
ILex
icO
n l
ayer
:hasEntity
:Person
:Entity
:Alive
trueonISemanticRelationallValuesFrom
intersectionOf
allValuesFrom
isObligatory
is-a
onISemanticRelation:State
is-a
Dat
a-la
yer
:Mary01 :Alive01hasEntity
MSW 2011 - 55
B
CA
A is the intersection of B and C
A B
A is a subClass of B
A B
A is linked to B through property p
p
property
A B
A is an instance of B
class/instance
ULiS: A Universal Linguistic System - to redesign Pivot-based NLP techniques - 100% using the Semantic Web Formalisms - compliant with the Meaning-Text Theory
ILexicOn: The Interlingual Lexical Ontology - formal lexicographic definitions
- Lexical functions- Populate: SUMO, FrameNet…- SLexicOn- Rules, SPIN & VISL-CG3
Thank YouMaxime Lefrançois & Fabien Gandon
Edelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr
This presentation onhttp://maxime-lefrancois.info