MauritaniaBibliography

8/3/2019 MauritaniaBibliography

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ANINTRODUCTORYMAURITANIABIBLIOGRAPHY(I)

Pleasesendrecommenda-ons,comments,ques-ons,sugges-onsandcorrec-onsto:[email protected]

TMND: Special Project, November, 2011 [email protected] Whttp://www.themoornextdoor.wordpress.com

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TableofContents

0.0.Introducon 1

Intent 1

0.1. What this Bibliography Does and Does not Include 1

0.2. Useful Resources Not Included Here 2

0.3. Otherwise 3

1.0.Books,Chapters&Dissertaons 4

1.1. Culture, Ethnicity & Sociology 4

1.2. Pre-Colonial 5

1.3. Colonial 7

1.4. Independence, Contemporary Politics, Conflicts & Civil Military Relations 8

2.0.Arcles,Reports&Papers 11

2.1. Culture, Ethnicity & Sociology 11

2.2. Pre-Colonial 13

2.3. Colonial 14

2.4. Political Economy & Development 14

2.5. Politics, Conflicts, Geopolitics & Civil Military Relations 17

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0.0.Introduction

Intent

Thisbibliographyisintendedtobeageneralresourceforstudyingandresearching

contemporaryMauritanianpoli7cs,orientedtowardanEnglish-speakingaudience.Itincludes

someresourcesinlanguagesotherthanEnglishinwhichreadersarelikelytohavesomelevel

ofproficiency,suchasFrench,Spanish,German,ItalianandArabic.Thebibliographyisdivided

intotwosec7ons:(1.)Books,chaptersanddisserta7ons(includingtheses)and(2.)ar7cles,reportsandpapers.Thesearesubdividedbysubjectandperiod.Thesubsec7onsaremeantto

bebroadandeasilyunderstood.Thesubsec7onsdonotalwaysdirectlycorrespondinthetwo

sec7ons;thesubjec7ononPoli7calEconomyandDevelopment(2.4),forexample,doesnot

corresponddirectlywithasubjec7oninSec7on1.Thisismostlyduetolimitednumberof

booksandchaptersdealingspecificallywithpoli7caleconomyordevelopmentincludedin

Sec7on1;suchsourcesareincludedintheothersubjec7onsofSec7on1.Thisisstructuraland

notintendedtoconfuseorirritatereaders.Thebibliographyisnotmeanttobetotally

comprehensivebutaimstoassistinbecominggenerallyacquaintedwithMauritaniashistory

andpoli7cs.Futureitera7onscanhopefullyincludemorespecifictopicalclassifica7onsand

includemorematerialastheliteratureexpandsandbecomesavailable.

0.1.WhatthisBibliographyDoesandDoesnotInclude

ThemajorityofthesourceshereareinEnglishorFrench,thoughreportsandbooksinArabic,

SpanishandGermanareincludedaswelltocompensatefortherela7vescarcityofsourcesin

English.Mostofthesourcesherearefromthelate1960sonandemphasisisplacedonar7cles

dealingwithcontemporarypoli7csandpoli7caleconomy.Sourcesoncultural,ethnicand

religiousissuesaremeanttoprovideabasisforageneralintroduc7ontothoseissuesinthe

contextofwidersocialandpoli7caltrendsaddressedintheothersec7ons.Thebulkofthe

resourceshere,especiallythear7clesandpapers,dealwithcontemporary,post-independence

poli7csandgovernment.Thatsec7onalsoemphasizesforeignrela7onsandconflictsinthelast

twodecades.Thevastmajorityoftheresourceslistedherearefrombooksandacademic

journalsorperiodicals.Newspaperandmagazinear7clesarenotgenerallyincludedunlessthey

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areespeciallyrelevanttoorrepresenta7veofsomemajorhistoricaleventorperiod.Periodic

reportsfromHumanRightsWatchandAmnestyInterna7onalarealsoincludedwhere

especiallyinforma7veinasimilarregard.AlistofMauritaniannewspapersandpresssourcesis

alsonotincluded.

0.2.UsefulResourcesNotIncludedHere

UsefulannualorquarterlyreportsfromgovernmentorUNagenciesandprivateresearch

groupssuchastheUSSateDepartment(humanrightsreportsandinvestmentguides),UN

DevelopmentProgram(HumanDevelopmentReports),UNConferenceonTradeand

Development(UNCTADInvestmentGuides),UNHumanRightsCouncil(reportson

contemporaryformsofslavery),TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit(CountryReports),Africa

ResearchBulle7n,AfricaSouthoftheSahara,AfricaConfiden7al,FreedomHouseandsoonare

notincludedbutoughttobesoughtoutbythoseinterestedinthemostuptodateinforma7on

oncurrentaffairsandeconomicissuesinMauritaniaandbeacquiredwithrela7veease.

GovernmentdocumentsarenotincludedherebutcanbefoundintheannualAfrica

ContemporaryRecord:AnnualSurveyandDocuments,alongwithimportanteconomicand

poli7calinforma7on.TheMauritanianBarAssocia7onpublishesmonthlyandyearlyreportson

itswebsite.TheWestAfricanArabicManuscriptProjectatNorthwesternUniversity,which

includesexcellentonlinecollec7onsofhistoricArabicdocumentsonarangeofsubjectsfromall

overwestAfrica,includingMauritania,isanexcellentresourceforEnglish-speakers.TheBri7sh

Na7onalArchivescollec7ononSenegalandMauritaniaissomewhatlimitedbutcanbeofsome

generalauxiliaryuse.ThereareanumberofusefulonlinebibliographiesincludingnotableMauritaniapagesfromStanfordUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvania,ColumbiaUniversity

andtheUSLibraryofCongressCountryStudies.

Thisbibliographydoesnotincludearchivalmaterialormapsandothersuchdatabutthe

bibliographiesinthelongerbooks,especiallyPazzanitasHistoricalDic-onaryofMauritania

(2008),areinvaluableresourcesformoredetailedworksonhistorical,economicandpoli7cal

informa7on.Thisbibliographydoesnothaveanindependentsec7ononbibliographiesabout

Mauritaniabutforreadersbenefitthemostextensiveanddetailedsuchvolumesinclude:

1. Calderini,S.,Cortese,D.,andWebb,J.Mauritania:WorldBibliographicalSeries,(Oxford:ClioPress,1992).

2. OuldHamody,MohamedSaid.BibliographiegnraledelaMauritanie,(Nouakcho:CentreculturelfranaisdeNouakcho,1995).

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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mrtoc.htmlhttp://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/mauritan.htmlhttp://www.africa.upenn.edu/Country_Specific/Mauritania.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/mideast/cuvlm/Mauritania.htmlhttp://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection?iaid=79745http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection?iaid=79745http://avocatmauritanie.org/http://westafricanmanuscripts.org/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mrtoc.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mrtoc.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/mideast/cuvlm/Mauritania.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/mideast/cuvlm/Mauritania.htmlhttp://www.africa.upenn.edu/Country_Specific/Mauritania.htmlhttp://www.africa.upenn.edu/Country_Specific/Mauritania.htmlhttp://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/mauritan.htmlhttp://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/mauritan.htmlhttp://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection?iaid=79745http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection?iaid=79745http://westafricanmanuscripts.org/http://westafricanmanuscripts.org/http://avocatmauritanie.org/http://avocatmauritanie.org/


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Hopefully,thisbriefanddigitalbibliographycanbeofusetothosebeginningtoresearch

Mauritaniaspoli7csandforeignaffairsbyofferingasenseofthekindsofresourcesand

literatureavailableonthatrela7velyunderstudiedandobscurena7on.

0.3.Otherwise

Pleasesendcomments,ques7ons,recommenda7ons/sugges7onsandcorrec7onsto:

[email protected]:AaronZelin,NasserWeddady,AronLund,Erin

Pegrewandothersforassistanceandadviceincompilingthisbibliography.

Kal

November,2011

Boston,M.A.

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1.0.Books,Chapters&Dissertations

1.1.Culture,Ethnicity&Sociology

1. Abeille,Barbara.AStudyofFemaleLifeinMauritania,(Washington:AgencyforInterna7onalDevelopment,199).

2. Anthonioz,Raphalle.LesImragen,pcheursnomadesdeMauritanie(ElManghar),(Paris:colepra7quedeshautestudes,1963).

3. Bibed,Fa7ma.LesKuntatraversquelquesextraitsdel'ouvrageAl-Tara'ifwal'tala'idde1561826,(PhDthesis,Universitd'Aix-Marseille1,199).

4. BruceHall,AHistoryofRaceinMuslimWestAfrica:16001960,(Cambridge:UK,CambridgeUniversityPress,2011).

5. Camps,G.BeginningsofPastoralismandCul7va7oninnorth-westAfricaandtheSahara:OriginsoftheBerbers,ineds.Clark,J.Desmond,TheCambridgeHistoryofAfrica,Vol.1,FromtheEarliestTimestoc.500B.C.,(Cambridge:UK,CambridgeUniversityPress,1982).

6. Coon,Samuel.SilentTerror:AJourneyintoContemporaryAfricanSlavery,(NewYork:HarlemRiverPress,1998).

. Diallo,Amadou."Rflexionssurlaques7onna7onaleenMauritanie,"inAnnuairedel'AfriqueduNord,1982,21,(Paris:Edi7onsduCentreNa7onaldelaRechercheScien7fique,1984).

8. Diallo,Bios.DelanaissanceaumariagechezlesPeulsdeMauritanie,(Paris:Karthala,2004).

9. Gaudio,Allio.Lespopula-onsduSaharaoccidental:Histoire,vieetculture,(Paris:Karthala,1993).

10.Gerteiny,AlfredG."Moors,"ineds.Weekes,R.,MuslimPeoples:AWorldEthnographicSurvey,(Westport:GreenwoodPress,198).

11.Guignard,E.Musique,honneuretplaisirauSahara:EtudepsychosociologiqueetmusicologiquedelasocitMaure,(Paris:Geuthner,195).

12.Hudson,Peter.TravelsinMauritania,(NewYork:HarperCollinsPublishers,1991).

13.DeLaiglesia,AntonioCarlos.BreveestudiosobrelastribusmorasdeMauritania,(Madrid:Ins7tutoHispanoArabedeCultura,1985).

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14.DeNoray,Marie-Laure.LelivredesImraguen:pcheursdubancd'ArguinenMauritanie,(Paris:Buchet-Chastel,2006).

15.OuldAhmedou,ElGhassem.Enseignmenttradi-onnelenMauritanie:lamahadraoul'cole"dosdechameau,(Paris:lHarmaan,199).

16.OuldSalem,Hamadullah." $ % &" ) * &+,- . /" 0 &- 1, 2 3 &6 78,(Bei-rut:Daral-Kutubal-Ilmiyyah,2010).1. -$/ " :"


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nieetauNordduMali(XVIeXIXesicles)ettraduc-onannotedeFathash-shakurdal-Bar7lialWalata(morten1805)(Paris:lHarmaan,2002).

6. Krtli,GrazianoandLydon,Ghislaine(eds.).TheTrans-SharanBookTrade:ManuscriptCulture,ArabicLiteracyandIntellectualHistoryinMuslimAfrica,

Ed.Gameson,Richard.LibraryoftheWrienWorld,Vol.8:TheManuscriptWorld,Vol.3,(Boston:Brill,2011).. Lydon,Ghislaine.OnTransSaharanTrails:IslamicLaw,TradeNetworksand

CrossCulturalExchangeinNineteenthCenturyWesternAfrica.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress,2009.

8. McDougall,E.Ann."TheIjilSaltIndustry:ItsRoleinthePre-ColonialEcon-omyoftheWesternSudan,"(PhDthesis,UniversityofBirmingham,1980).

9. MichaelTaylor,Raymond.OfDisciplesandSultans:Power,Authority,andSo-cietyintheNineteenthCenturyMauritanianGebla,"PhDthesis,Universityof

IllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,1996.10.Norris,H.T.ThePilgrimageofAhmad,SonoftheLileBirdofParadise:AnAccountofa19thCenturyPilgrimagefromMauritaniatoMecca,(London:Aris&Phillips,19).

11.OuldCheikh,AbdelWedoud.Nomadisme,Islam,etpouvoirpoli7quedanslasocitmaureprcoloniale(XImesicleauXIXmesicle):Essaisurquelquesaspectsdutribalisme,(UnpublishedPhDdisserta7on,ParisVRenDescartes,1985).

12.OuldHamody,MohamedSaid.Mauritanie,14451975:Rela-onsseculairesave

lEurope.(Paris:IMRS,2004).13.Ouldal-Husayn,al-Nini.1 T N U1 V M1 . G1 H @C EL @1 H &- 7D . ? 3 N ? &" ) Q= &8/ W2" 2 &Y * H J EDEZ . 7C &" * 0 &6 \+ ? . N 8[1 T I . ) E^ E11/ W5" 2 &- 1@ T G,(Beirut:Daral-Madaral-Islami,200).

14.OuldKhalifa,Abdallah.LargionduTagantenMauritanie:L'oasisdeTijigjaentre1660et1960.(Paris:Karthala,1998).

15.Rebstock,U.SammlungarabischerHandschrienausMauretanien:Kurzbeschreibungenvon2239HandschrieneinheitenmitIndices,(Wies-baden:Harrassowitz,1989).

1. (Eds.withAhmedOuldM.YahyaandIbrahimChabbouh),1`CIaE"T,1.G1MCE-cMRc?0G,(London:AlFurqanHeritageFounda7on,2003).

16.Stewart,CharlesC."Poli7calAuthorityandSocialStra7fica7oninMauritania,"ineds.Gellner,E.andMicaud,C.,ArabsandBerbers:FromTribetoNa-oninNorthAfrica,(London:GeraldDuckworth,193).

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1.Webb,James.Desertfron-er:ecologicalandeconomicchangealongtheWesternSahel,16001850,(Madison,WI:TheUniversityofWisconsinPress,1995).

1.3.Colonial

1. AbouSall,Ibrahima.Mauritaniedusud:Conqutesetadministra-oncolonialesfranaises,18901945.(Paris:Karthala,200).

2. Cara7ni,Sophie.L'duca-onsaharienned'unkpinoir:Mauritanie19331935,(Paris:L'Harmaan,2002).

3. Jus,Christelle.SoudanfranaisMauritanie,unegopoli-quecoloniale(18801963):tracerunelignedanslesable,(Paris:LHarmaan,2003).

4. Marty,Paul.tudessurlIslametlestribusmaures:lesBrakna,(Paris:E.Leroux,1921).1. Lapoli-queindignedugouverneurgnralPontyenAfriqueoccidentalefranaise:inmemoriam,(Paris:E.Leroux,1915).

2. LestribusdelaHauteMauritanie,(Paris:ComitdelAfriquefranaise,1915).

3. tudessurl'Islammaure:CheikhSida.LesFadelia.LesIdaouAli,(ParisE.Leroux,1916).

4. L'miratdesTrarzas,(Paris:E.Leroux,1919).5. tudessurlIslametlestribusmaures:lesBrakna,(Paris:E.Leroux,1921).

5. McDougall,E.Ann.Slavery,SorceryandColonialRealityinMauritania,ineds.You,C.andStapleton,T.,AgencyandAc-oninColonialAfrica:EssaysforJohnE.Flint,(BasingstokeandNewYork:Palgrave,2001).

6. OuldElBara,Yahya,Lesthologiensmauritaniensfaceaucolonialismefran-ais:tudedefatwasdejurisprudencemusulmane,ineds.Robinson,D.andTriaud,J.,Lestempsdesmarabouts:I-nrairesetstratgiesislamiquesenAfriqueoccidentalefranaisev.18801960,(Paris:Karthala,199).

. OuldMiske,Ahmed-Baba.AlWasit:TableaudelaMauritanieaudbutduXXesicle,(Paris:Klincksiek,190).

8. Robinson,David.PathsofAccommoda-on:MuslimSocie-esandFrenchColonialAuthori-esinSenegalandMauritania,18801920,(Athens,OH:OhioUP,2000).

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1.4.Independence,ContemporaryPolics,Conflicts&CivilMilitaryRelaons

1. Banegas,Richard.Mauritanie,ladmocra-eaucoupparcoup,(Paris:Karthala,2009).

2. deChassey,Francis.Mauritanie19001975del'ordrecoloniall'ordrenoco

lonialentreMaghrebetAfriqueNoire,(Paris:Edi7onsAnthropos,198).3. Ciss,HlneN.V.Afriquedelouest:Lharmonisa-ondeslgisla-onsna-on

alessurlesarmeslgres:CritresdeconvergenceappliqusauSngal,auMalietauNiger,GRIPreport2005/5,(Brussels:Groupederechercheetdin-forma7onsurlapaixetlascurit,2005).

4. Ciavolella,Riccardo.LesPeulsetl'tatenMauritanie:uneanthropologiedesmarges.(Paris:Karthala,2010).

5. Delcalo,Samuel."Praetorianism,CorporateGrievances,andIdiosyncra7cFac-torsinAfricanMilitaryHierarchies,"ineds.Doro,M.andStultz,N.,Governing

inBlackAfrica,(NewYork:Africana,1986).6. Dsir-Vuillemin,Genevive.HistoiredelaMauritanie:desoriginesl'indpendance,(Paris:Edi7onsKarthala,199).

. Fleischman,Janet.MauritaniasCampaignofTerror,(NewYork:HumanRightsWatchAfrica,1994).

8. Foster,Noel.Mauritania:TheStruggleforDemocracy,(Boulder:FirstForumPress,2010).

9. Hamerlynck,Olivier;Duvail,Stphanie.TheRehabilita-onoftheDeltaoftheSenegalRiverinMauritania:FieldingtheEcosystemApproach.(IUCN,2003).

10.Hodges,Tony.TheWesternSahara:TheRootsofaDesertWar.(Chicago:Law-renceHill&Co.,1983)

11.Jourde,Cdric.DramasofEthnicElitesAccommoda7on:TheAuthoritarianRestora7oninMauritania,UnpublishedPhDdisserta7on,UniversityofWis-consinMadison,2002.

12.Mahmoud,YahiaMohamed.ChineseForeignAid:TheTaleofaSilentEnter-prise,inSrensen,JensS7lhoff,ChallengingtheAidParadigm:WesternCurrentsandAsianAltena-ves,(NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan,2010).

13.Mohamedou,Mohamed-Mahmoud.SocietalTransi-ontoDemocracyinMau

ritania,(Cairo:IbnKhaldounCenterforDevelopmentandHumanRights,1995).

14.Marchesin,Philippe.Tribus,ethniesetpouvoirenMauritanie.(Paris:Karthala,2010).

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15.Meskerem,Brhane.Narra7vesofthePast,Poli7csofthePresent:Iden7ty,Subordina7onandtheHara7nesofMauritania,(PhDdisserta7on,UniversityofChicago,199).

16.OuldAhmedSalem,Zekeria(ed.),Lestrajectoiresduntatfron-re:espaces,

volu-onpoli-que,ettransforma-onssocialesenMauritanie(Dakar:CO-DESRIA,2004).1. IslaminMauritaniabetweenPoli7calExpansionandGlobaliza7on:Elites,

Ins7tu7ons,Knowledge,andNetworks,inIslamandMuslimPoli-csinAfrica,BenjaminF.SoaresandRenOtayek,eds.NewYork:PalgraveMacmil-lan,200:2-46.

1.OuldDaddah,Moktar.LaMauritanie:contreventsetmares(Paris:Karthala,2003).

18.OuldIshedou,Mohamed.1.G1H@CE+,d%)&-E,(Nouakcho:Daral-Fakr,

2010).19.Ould-Mey,Mohameden.GlobalRestructuringandPeripheralStates:TheCar

rotandtheS-ckinMauritania.(Lanham:Rowman&Lilefield,1996).1. MauritaniabetweentheHammerofEconomicGlobaliza7onandtheAnvil

ofMul7partyFac7onalism,inYahiaZoubirandHaizamAmirah-Fernndez,eds.NorthAfrica:Poli-cs,Region,andtheLimitsofTransforma-on,(Lon-don:Routledge,2008),pp.189.

20.OuldSaleck,El-Arby.Leparadoxedel'aboli7ondel'esclavageetl'enjeupoli-7quedelaques7onhara7neenMauritanie,(PhDthesis,UniversitParis1,

2000).1. LesHara-nes:Lepaysagepoli-quemauritanien.(Paris:LHarmaan,2003).

21.OuldSheikhna,SidAmrou.62H7R-.J.f?\".W1gE6UDE.An-Nasher,2010.22.OuldSheikhna,SidAmrou.(-195)hij&kl1m1T::"Q10o1.G1H@CE

.(1988,(Daral-Fakr,201023.OuldSidiBaba,MohamedLamine.1 . G1 H @C E+,- . 71 . f &- P1 g ? &" W1 p E,

(Beirut:MarkazDirasatal-Wahdahal-Arabiyyah,2005).24.Pazzanita,AnthonyG.HistoricalDic-onaryofMauritania.(Lanham:Scarecrow

Press,2008)25.Ruf,UrsPeter.EndingSlavery:Hierarchy,Dependency,andGenderinCentralMauritania,(TranscriptVerlag,2001).

26.Thompson,V.andAdlof,R.TheWesternSaharans:BackgroundtoConflict.(NewYork:Barnes&NobleBooks,1980).

2.Yatera,Samba.LaMauritanie:immigra-onetdveloppementdanslavalledufleuveSngal.(Paris:lHarmaan,1996).

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28.Villasainte-deBeauvais,Mariella,ed.Groupesservilesausahara:approchecompara-vepar-rducasdesarabophonesdeMauritanie,(Paris:CNRS,2000).

29.Weddady,MohamedMahmoud." % f Ud %


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2.0.Articles,Reports&Papers

2.1.Culture,Ethnicity&Sociology

1. Bernus,E.Pointscardinaux:lescritresdedsigna7onschezlesnomadestouaregsetmaures,Bulle-ndestudesafricainesdel'Inalco,Vol.I,No.2(1982)r,pp.101-105.

2. Boubrik,Rahal.Fondateurethri7ers.Lages7ond'unesuccessionconfrri-que(Mauritanie),Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.40,Cahier159(2000),pp.433-465.

3. Brenez,Jacques.L'observa7ondmographiquedesmilieuxnomades.L'en-qutedeMauritanie,Popula-on(Fr.),26eAnne,No.4(Jul.-Aug.,191),pp.21-36.

4. Brenner,LouisandRobinson,David.ProjectfortheConserva7onofMalianArabicManuscripts,HistoryinAfrica,Vol.,(1980),pp.329-332.

5. Bullard,Alice.MauritanianAc7vists'StruggleagainstSlavery,MiddleEastReport,No.223(Summer,2002),pp.14-1.

6. Chapelle,J.LesnomadesduSaharamridional:lesMaures,Tropiques,No.304,(Nov.,1948),pp.5-15.

. Deubel,TaraFlynn.Poe7csofdiaspora:Sahrawipoetsandpostcolonialtrans-forma7onsofatrans-SaharangenreinnorthwestAfrica,TheJournalofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.16,No.4(Oct.2011),pp.1-14.

8. Djibril,Ly.TheBasesofHumanitarianThoughtinthePulaarSocietyofMauri-taniaandSenegal,Interna-onalReviewoftheRedCross(1961-199),Vol.38,No.325(Jan.,1998),pp.643-653.

9. For7er,Corinne.Fisiologiadellafiliazioneedellaparenteladilae:Nell'islammalekitaenellasocietmauradiMauritania,LaRicercaFolklorica,No.40(Oct.,1999),pp.91-104.1. Ledroitaudivorcedesfemmes(khul)enislam:pra7quesdiffren7elles

enMauritanieetengypte,DroitetCultures,59(2010),pp.5983.10.For7er,Corinne."UnepdagogiecoraniqueModesdetransmissiondessa-

voirsislamiques(Mauritanie),Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.43,Cahier169/10(2003),pp.235-260.

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11.Gaouad,Moktar.CommiedtoRebellion,IndexonCensorship,Vol.2,No.6(Nov.,1998),pp.1-3.

12.Genevire,J.LesKountasetleursac7vitscommerciales,Bulle-ndel'Ins-tutfranaisd'Afriquenoire(Dakar),No.12(1950),p.1111-112.

13.Gerteiny,AlfredG."TheRacialFactorandPoli7csintheIslamicRepublicofMauritania,"Race,Vol.8,No.1(Jan.,196),pp.263-5.14.Ghazul,FiralJaburi."+/1roh+,-.,C*&-@"&",Alif:JournalofCompara

-vePoe-cs,No.1(199),pp.28-53.15.ElHamel,Chouki,"Race,SlaveryandIslamintheMaghribiMediterranean

Thought:TheQues7onoftheHara7ninMorocco,"TheJournalofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.,No.3(Sept.,2002),pp.29-52.

16.Hart,DavidM.BerbernamesandsubstratainMauritaniaandtheWesternSahara:linguis7candethno-historicalguidelinesforfutureresearchonapara-

doxicalproblem,TheJournalofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.2,No.1(Jun.,199),pp.58-1.

1.Hodges,Tony.TheOriginsofSaharawiNa7onalism,ThirdWorldQuarterly,Vol.5,No.1(Jan.,1983),pp.28-5.

18.Humery-Dieng,.Leparadis,lemariageetlaterre:deslanguesdel'critenmilieufuutanke(arabe,franaisetpulaar),Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.41,Cahier163/164(2001),pp.565-594.

19.Johnson,WinifredMarie.TheTijaniyyaSufiBrotherhoodAmongsttheIdawAlioftheWesternSahara,AmericanJournalofIslamicStudies,Vol.1,No.2

(1984),pp.9-91.20.Marty,Paul.tudessurl'islametlestribusmaures.LesBrakna,inRevuedu

mondemusulman,No.42(1920),pp.182-202.21.OuldEl-Hassen,Ahmed.Lexpressiondelaconsciencemauredanslali-

ratureclassiqueprcoloniale,RevuedumondemusulmanetdelaMditerrane.No.54(1990).

22.Poussibet,Fix.LatoileedecheveuetdelabarbechezlesBrabichetKounta,Notesafricaines,No94(April,1962),p.49-51.

23.Reyna,StephenP.TheDa7ngGame:RomancingDevelopmentKnowledge

andtheNa7onalBourgeoisAmongtheDesertPalmsofMauritania,UrbanAnthropologyandStudiesofCulturalSystemsandWorldEconomicDevelopment,Vol.26,No.3/4,TheRoleofElitesintheDevelopmentProcess(FALL-WINTER,199),pp.331-36.

24.Shoup,John.TheGriotTradi7oninHassaniyyamusic:TheIggawen,QuadernidiStudiArabi,NuovaSerie,Vol.2,(200),pp.95-102.

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25.Sounkalo,Jiddou.Code-switchingasindexicalofna7velanguagelexicaldefi-ciencyinMauritania,JournalofMul-lingualandMul-culturalDevelopment,Vol.16,No.5(Jan.,1995),pp.403-421.

26.Tauzin,Aline.WomenofMauritania:CathodicImagesandPresenta7onofthe

Self,VisualAnthropology,Vol.20,No.1(Jan.,200),pp.3-18.2.Webb,JamesL.A.Jr.TheEvolu7onoftheIdawal-HajjCommercialDiaspora,Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.35,Cahier138/139(1995),pp.455-45.

28.Villasante-deBeauvais,Mariella.Gensedelahirarchiesocialeetdupouvoirpoli7quebidn,Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.3,Cahier14(199),pp.58-633.

29.Voisset,GeorgesM.andPage,Andrea.TheTebra'ofMoorishWomenfromMauritania:TheLimits(orEssence)ofthePoe7cAct,ResearchinAfricanLiteratures,Vol.24,No.2(Summer,1993),pp.9-88.

2.2.Pre-Colonial

1. Cur7n,PhilipD.JihadinWestAfrica:EarlyPhasesandInter-Rela7onsinMau-ritaniaandSenegal,TheJournalofAfricanHistory,Vol.12,No.1(191),pp.11-24.

2. ElHamel,Chouki.TheTransmissionofIslamicKnowledgeinMoorishSocietyfromtheRiseoftheAlmoravidstothe19thCentury,JournalofReligioninAfrica,Vol.29,No.1(Feb.,1999),pp.62-8.

3. Krtli,Graziano.TheBookandtheSand:RestoringandPreservingtheAncient4. DesertLibrariesofMauritania,WorldLibraries,Vol.14,No.12(2004).5. Lydon,Ghisaine.IslamicLegalCultureandSlave-OwnershipConstestsin

Nineteenth-CenturySahara,Interna-onalJournalofAfricanHistoricalStudiesVol.40,No.3(200).

6. McDougall,E.Ann.LivingtheLegacyofSlavery:BetweenDiscourseandReal-ity,Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.45,Cahier19/180,(2005),pp.95-986.

. Taylor,RaymondM.Warriors,Tributaries,BloodMoneyandPoli7calTrans-forma7oninNineteenth-CenturyMauritania,TheJournalofAfricanHistory,

Vol.36,No.3(1995),pp.419-441.8. Web,JamesL.A.Jr.TheTradeinGumArabic:PreludetoFrenchConquestinSenegal,TheJournalofAfricanHistory,Vol.26,No.2(1985),pp.149-168.

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2.3.Colonial

1. BouhKamara,CheikhSaadandLeservoisier,Olivier.laquted'uneterrito-rialitenAtdeMboutsouslacolonisa7onfranaise(Mauritanie),Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.40,Cahier158(2000),pp.18-213.

2. Bullard,Allice.FromColoniza7ontoGlobaliza7on:TheVicissitudesofSlaveryinMauritania,Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.45,Cahier19/180,(2005),pp.51-69.

3. Leserovisier,Olivier.L'volu7onfonciredelarivedroitedufleuveSngalsouslacolonisa7on(Mauritanie),Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.34,Cahier133/135(1994),pp.55-83.

4. McDougall,E.A.SengtheStoryStraight:LouisHunkanrinandUnForfaitColonial,HistoryinAfrica,Vol.16,(1989),pp.285-310.

5. Robinson,David.TheMurids:SurveillanceandCollabora7on,TheJournalof

AfricanHistory,Vol.40,No.2(1999),pp.193-213.6. Reyner,AnthonyS.Morocco'sInterna7onalBoundaries:AFactualBack-

ground,TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.1,No.3(Sep.,1963),pp.313-326.

2.4.PolicalEconomy&Development

1. Arkell,Thomas.ThedeclineofpastoralnomadismintheWesternSahara,Geography,Vol.6,No.2(April,1991),pp.162-166.

2. Auty,RichardandPontara,Nicola.ADual-TrackStrategyforManagingMauri-tania'sProjectedOilRent,DevelopmentPolicyReview,Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,2008),pp.59-.

3. Bennoune,Mahfoud,ThePoli7calEconomyofMauritania:ImperialismandClassStruggle,ReviewofAfricanPoli-calEconomy,No.12,May-August,198.

4. Camme,Melani.DefensiveIntegra7onandLateDevelopers:TheGulfCoop-era7onCouncilandtheArabMaghrebUnion,GlobalGovernance,Vol.5,No.3(JulySept.1999),pp.39-402.

5. Campredon,P.andCuq,F.Ar7sanalFishingandCoastalConserva7oninWest

Africa,JournalofCoastalConserva-on,Vol.,No.1(2001),pp.91-100.6. Carr,DavidW.DifficultyofRestoringEconomicViabilitywithLopsidedDevel-

opment:TheMauritanianCase,TheJournalofDevelopingAreas,Vol.18,No.3(Apr.,1984),pp.33-386.

. Church,R.J.Harrison.ProblemsandDevelopmentoftheDryZoneofWestAfrica,TheGeographicalJournal,Vol.12,No.2(Jun.,1961),pp.18-199.

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1. Port7enne:AMauritanianPioneerTown,TheGeographicalJournal,Vol.128,No.4(Dec.,1962),pp.498-504.

8. Cross,HannahM.Rents,Rights,Rejec7onsandResistance:WestAfricanMi-grants,theEUsMigra7onRegimeandMilitarisa7oninMauritania,TheInter

na-onalJournalofHumanRights,Vol.15,No.6(August2011),pp.826-846.9. Ellis,WilliamS.,etal."Africa'sSahel--TheStrickenLand,"Na-onalGeographic,12,No.2(Aug.,198),pp.140-80.

10.Fielding,DavidandShields,Kalvinder.TheImpactofMonetaryUniononMac-roeconomicIntegra7on:EvidencefromWestAfrica,Economica,NewSeries,Vol.2,No.288(Nov.,2005),pp.683-04.

11.Francisco,ManuelaandPontara,Nicola.DoesCorrup7onImpactonFirms'AbilitytoConductBusinessinMauritania?EvidencefromInvestmentClimateSurveyData,WorldBankPolicyResearchWorkingPaperNo.4439.(200).

12.Gascuel,D.,etal.DeclineofdemersalresourcesinNorth-WestAfrica:ananalysisofMauritaniantrawl-surveydataoverthepast25years,AfricanJournalofMarineScience,Vol.29,No.3(Dec.,200),pp.221-229.

13.Gibbs,David.ThePoli7csofEconomicDevelopment:TheCaseoftheMauri-tanianFishingIndustry,AfricanStudiesReview,Vol.2,No.4(Dec.,1984),pp.9-93.

14.Gjessing,Just.Fromgoodinten7onstoac7on:DevelopmentofThirdWorldmarginalregions.TheSahelofWestAfrica,NorskGeografiskTidsskri,Vol.4,No.1(March1993),pp.1-10.

15.Greenwood,GregoryB.DoesSahelianPastoralDevelopmentIncludeRangeManagement?,Rangelands,Vol.8,No.6(Dec.,1986),pp.259-264.16.d'Hont,Oliver."Leskb(bidonvilles)deNouakcho,"Afriquecontemporaine,

No.139(Summer,1986),pp.36-55.1.Krings,Thomas.StrategienderIntegriertenLndlichenEntwicklungindenSa-

hellndernWestafrikas,AfricaSpectrum,Vol.13,No.2(198),pp.11-138.18.LeMarquand,DavidG.Interna7onalDevelopmentoftheSenegalRiver,Wa

terInterna-onal,Vol.15,No.4(Jan.,1990),pp.223-230.19.Leservoisier,Olivier."Nousvoulonsnotrepart!"Lesambivalencesdumouve-

mentd'mancipa7ondes"SaafaalbeHormankoobe"deDjol(Mauritanie),Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.45,Cahier19/180(2005),pp.98-1014.20.Lydon,Ghlislaine.Slavery,ExchangeandIslamicLaw:AGlimpsefromtheAr-

chivesofMaliandMauritania,AfricanEconomicHistory,No.33(2005),pp.11-148.

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21.Magistro,JohnV.Crossingover:EthnicityandTransboundaryConflictintheSenegalRiverValley,Cahiersd'tudesAfricaines,Vol.33,Cahier130(1993),pp.201-232.

22.OuldAhmedSalem,Zekeria.Mauritania:SaharanFron7er-State,TheJournal

ofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.10,No.3-4(Sept.,2005),pp.491-506.23.Mar7n,Frdric.Aidealimentaireetpoli7quedesprixcraliersenRpub-liqueislamiquedeMauritanie,CanadianJournalofDevelopmentStudies/Revuecanadienned'tudesdudveloppement,Vol.4,No.1(1983),pp.35-61.

24.Marty,M.Mauritania:Poli7calPar7es,Neo-patrimonialismandDemocracy,Democra-za-on,Vol.9,No.3(Sept.,2002),pp.92-108.

25.OuldDedah,S,etal.OnthedynamicsoftheMauritaniansmall-pelagicfish-ery,North-WestAfrica,SouthAfricanJournalofMarineScience,Vol.21,No.1(Jun.,1999),pp.135-144.

26.Ould-Mey,Mohameden.CurrencyDevalua7onandResourceTransferfromtheSouthtotheNorth,AnnalsoftheAssocia-onofAmericanGeographers,Vol.93,No.2(Jun.,2003),pp.463-484.

2.Park,ThomasK.IndigenousResponsestoEconomicDevelopmentinMaurita-nia,UrbanAnthropologyandStudiesofCulturalSystemsandWorldEconomicDevelopment,Vol.1,No.1,IndigenousResponsestoEconomicDevelopment(SPRING,1988),pp.53-4.

28.Pazzanita,AnthonyG.TheOriginsandEvolu7onofMauritaniasSecondRe-public,TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.34,No.4(1996),pp.55-

596.29.Snchez-Zapata,JosA.etal.DesertLocustOutbreaksintheSahel:ResourceCompe77on,Preda7onandEcologicalEffectsofPestControl,JournalofAppliedEcology,Vol.44,No.2(Apr.,200),pp.323-329.

30.Seddon,David,ThePoli7calEconomyofMauritania:AnIntroduc7on,ReviewofAfricanPoli-calEconomy,Vol.23,No.68,Jun.1996.

31.Triplet,PatrickandYesou,Pierre.ControllingthefloodintheSenegalDelta:dowaterfowlpopula7onsadapttotheirnewenvironment?,Ostrich,Vol.1,No.1-2(Jan.,2000),pp.106-111.

32.Vermeer,DonaldE.CollisionofClimate,Cale,andCultureinMauritaniadur-ingthe190s,GeographicalReview,Vol.1,No.3(Jul.,1981),pp.281-29.33.Wabnitz,Hans-Werner.TheCodePastoraloftheIslamicRepublicofMaurita-

niaReturntotheSources:RevivalofTradi7onalNomads'RightstoCommonPropertyResources,RechtinAfrikaLawinAfricaDroitenAfrique,SSRN(2006).

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34.Warrack-Goldman,Heather,etal.Nutri7onalstatusofmauritanianchildrenduringadroughtemergency,EcologyofFoodandNutri-on,Vo.18,No.3(Feb.,1986),pp.221-229.

35.Wu,Weicheng,etal.Applica7onofRemoteSensingtotheUrbanExpansion

AnalysisforNouakcho,Mauritania,GeocartoIntrna-onal,Vol.18,No.1(Mar.,2003),pp.1-24.

2.5.Polics,Conflicts,Geopolics&CivilMilitaryRelaons

1. AmnestyInterna7onal,Mauritanie:1986-1989,contexted'unecrise,Am-nestyInterna7onal(1989).

2. An7l,Alain.Elec7ons,innova7onspoli7quesetnonrenouvellementdeslitesenAfrique:exemplesdjibouto-mauritaniens,Espaces,Popula-ons,Socits,N.2003-3,pp.529-535.1. Lechanonmanquant.NotessurlarouteNouakcho-Nouadhibou,dernier

tronondelatranssaharienneTanger-Dakar,AfriqueContemporaine,No.209(2004).

2. Grerdeslec7onspluralistesdanslecadred'unedmocra7e"impose".L'exempledeslec7onsd'octobre2001enMauritanie,L'OuestSaharien,No.4,(2004),pp.91-111.

3. L'islamismeenAfriqueduNord:Contesta7onislamisteenMauritanie:Menaceouboucmissaire?RapportMoyenOrient/AfriqueduNord,No.41,Interna7onalCrisisGroup(2005).

4. Latransi7onpoli7queenMauritanie:Bilanetperspec7ves,RapportMoyen-Orient/AfriqueduNord,No.53,Interna7onalCrisisGroup(2006).3. Ashford,Douglas,E.TheIrreden7stAppealinMoroccoandMauritania,The

WesternPoli-calReviewQuarterly,Vol.15,No.4(1962),pp.641-651.4. Al-Atrash,Ahmed.Thechanginginterac7onsbetweenLibyaandthe

Maghreb:bilateralversusmul7lateralengagement,TheJouranlofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.16,No.2(Jun.,2011),pp.251-262.

5. Black,Andrew.AQIMsExpandingInterna7onalistAgenda,CTCSen-nel,Vol.1,No.5.April(2008).

6. Botha,Anneli.TerrorismintheMaghreb:TheTransna-onalisa-onofDomes-cTerrorism,ISSmonographNo.144(Jun.,2008).. Bullard,AliceandBakaryTandia.ImagesandReali7esofMauritaniasAt-

temptedCoup,MERIP,(22Jul.,2003).1. Bullard,Alice.APutschandPromisesofDemocracy,MiddleEastReport,

No.238(Spring,2006),pp.36-38.8. CAandJob.Solderlepassifenca7mini,LAuthen-que,(2Mar.,2009).

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9. Clausen,Ursel.Zurpoli7schenEntwicklungMauretaniens,AfricaSpectrum,Vol.1,No.1(1982),pp.33-46.

10.Cowell,Frederick.Preven7ngcoupsinAfrica:aemptsattheprotec7onofhumanrightsandcons7tu7ons,TheInterna-onalJournalofHumanRights,

Vol.15,No.5(Jun.,2011),pp.49-64.11.Deeb,Mary-Jane.Inter-MaghribiRela7onssince1969:AStudyoftheModali-7esofUnionsandMergers,TheMiddleEastJournal,Vol.43,N.1(1989),pp.20-33.

12.Donnely,Selina."TheUSwaronTerrorinAfrica:ADiscussionoftheSecurity-developmentNexus,TrocaireDevelopmentReview(200).

13.Entelis,JohnP.TheDemocra7cImpera7vevs.theAuthoritarianImpulse:TheMaghribStatebetweenTransi7onandTerrorism,MiddleEastJournal,Vol.59,No.4(Autumn,2005),pp.53-558.

14.Filiu,Jean-Pierre.TheLocalandGlobalJihadofal-Qa'idaintheIslamicMagh-rib,MiddleEastJournal,Vol.63,No.2(Spring,2009),pp.213-226.1. CouldAl-QaedaTurnAfricanintheSahel?Rep.No.112(Jun.,2010).Car-

negiePapers.15.Garcia,RaquelOjeda.Anlisisdelaseleccioneslegisla7vasenMauritaniatras

elgolpedeestadode2005,RevistaCIDOBd'AfersInternacionals,No.8(Oct.,2009),pp.191-214.

16.Girod,DeshaM.andWalters,MeirR.Elite-ledDemocra7sa7oninaid-dependentstates:TheCaseofMauritania,TheJournalofNorthAfricanStud

ies,[Forthcoming].1.Grasso,June.ColdWarpoli7csandMongolia:TheKennedyadministra7onandMongolia'sentrancetotheUnitedNa7ons,DiplomacyandStatecra,Vol.,No.3(Nov.,1996),pp.688-03.

18.Griffiths,Ieuan.TheScrambleforAfrica:InheritedPoli7calBoundaries,TheGeographicalJournal,Vol.152,No.2(Jul.,1986),pp.204-216.

19.Harmon,Stephen."FromGSPCtoAQIM:TheEvolu7onofanAlgerianIslamistTerroristGroupintoanAl-QaidaAffiliate,ConcernedAfricaScholarsBulle-n85:USMilitariza-onoftheSaharaSahel:Security,Space&Terrorism85

(Spring,2010).20.Hochman,Dafna.CounteringTerrorisminanUnstableDemocracyMaurita-niasPoli7calCrisis,CTCSen-nel,15August(2008).

21.Interna7onalCrisisGroup.IslamistTerrorismintheSahel:FactorFic7on?CrisisGroupAfricaReportNo.92(Mar.,2005).

22.Janes(JanesInforma7onGroup)GSPCBlamedforMauritaniaAack,JanesTerrorism&SecurityMonitor.22July(2005).

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1. TuaregRebelsResurgeinMaliandNiger,JanesTerrorism&SecurityMonitor,10October(200).

2. Mauritania:AfricanandArabIslamMeet,JanesIslamicAffairsAnalyst,1February(2008).

3. AQIMBolstersRegionalRenown,JanesTerrorism&SecurityMonitor,4April(2008).4. AQIMsRevengeOffensive,JanesTerrorism&SecurityMonitor,5Sep-

tember(2008).5. FrentePopularParalaLiberacindeSaguaelHamrayRodeOro(Polisa-

rio),JanessWorldInsurgencyandTerrorism,15October(2008).6. MalianTuaregGroups,JanessWorldInsurgencyandTerrorism,23Feb-

ruary(2009).. WorldArmies:Mauritania,JanesWorldArmies,25February(2009).

8. MaliPeaceAccordCouldCounterAQIMsReach,JanesIntelligenceDigest,2March(2009).9. Al-QaedaintheIslamicMaghreb(AQIM),JanesWorldInsurgencyand

Terrorism,20July(2009).10.Salafi-JihadisinMauritaniaAttheCenterofAl-QaedasStrategy,Janes

TerrorismMonitor,3December(2010).23.Jess,CarlosEcheverra.LacooperacinentreEspaaylospasesdelMagreb

enmateriadedefensa,RevistaCIDOBd'AfersInternacionals,No.9/80(Dec.,200),pp.3-86.

24.Jourde,Cdric.Ethnicity,Democra7za7on,andPoli7calDramas:InsightsintoEthnicPoli7csinMauritania,AfricanIssues,Vol.29,No.1/2(2001),pp.26-301. ThePresidentIsComingtoVisit!":DramasandtheHijackofDemocra7za-

7onintheIslamicRepublicofMauritania,Compara-vePoli-cs,Vol.3,No.4(Jul.,2005),pp.421-440.

2. TheInterna7onalRela7onsofSmallNeoauthoritarianStates:Islamism,Warlordism,andtheFramingofStability,Interna-onalStudiesQuarterly,Vol.51,No.2(Jun.,200),pp.481-503.

3. Construc7ngRepresenta7onsoftheGlobalWaronTerrorintheIslamic

RepublicofMauritania,JournalofContemporaryAfricanStudies,25(1).(200).4. SiingThroughtheLayersofInsecurityintheSahel:TheCaseofMaurita-

nia,AfricaSecurityBrief,AfricaCenterforStrategicStudies,No.15(2011).25.Kinne,Lance.TheBenefitsofExile:TheCaseofFLAM,TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.39,No.4(Dec.,2001),pp.59-621.

26.Al-Kurwy,MahmoodandAbbas,FaysalShalal.MauritanianIsraelirela7ons:

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fromnormaliza7ontofreezetosuspension,ContemporaryArabAffairs,Vol.2No.6(Jan.,2011),pp.30-50.

2.Ladi,Zaki.StabilityandPartnershipintheMaghreb,AnnalsoftheAmericanAcademyofPoli-calandSocialScience,Vol.481(Sep.,1985),pp.12-13.

28.Landau,JacobM.RussianWorksontheMaghrib,MiddleEasternStudies,Vol.23,No.1(198),pp.116-119.29.Marquina,Antonio.Libya,theMaghrebandMediterraneansecurity,TheAdelphiPapers,Vol.28,No.231(Mar.,1988),pp.1-40.

30.Marret,Jean-Luc.Al-QaedainIslamicMaghreb:AGlocalOrganiza7on,StudiesinConflictandTerrorism,Vol.31,No.6(2008),pp.54152.

31.Mundy,Jacob.Neutralityorcomplicity?TheUnitedStatesandthe195Mo-roccantakeoveroftheSpanishSahara,TheJournalofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.11,No.3(Sept.,2006),pp.25-306.

32.OuldMohamedou,Mohammad-Mahmoud.Larmeaffirmevouloirrelancerladmocra7e:Varia7onsurlusageducoupdtatenMauritanie(versiondveloppe),LeMondediploma-que,(November,2005).

33.Moore,ClementH.One-PartyisminMauritania,TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.3,No.3(Oct.,1965),pp.409-420.

34.Mor7mer,Robert."RegionalismandGeopoli7csintheMaghreb,MiddleEastReport184(19).

35.Na7onalDemocra7cIns7tute.MauritaniaElec7onsBulle7n,IssueNo.3(Jul.14-Jul.24,2009).

36.Ndumbe,AnyuJ."WestAfricanOil,U.S.EnergyPolicy,andAfricasDevelop-mentStrategies,MediterraneanQuarterly15.1(Winter2004).3.NDiaye,Boubacar.Mauritania,August2005:Jus7ceanddemocracy,orjust

anothercoup?AfricanAffairs,Vol.105,No.420(Jul.,2006),pp.421-441.1. To'Midwife'-andAbort-aDemocracy:Mauritania'sTransi7onfromMili-

taryRule,2005-2008,TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.4,No.1(Mar.,2009),pp.129-152.

38.Norris,H.T.YemenisintheWesternSahara,TheJournalofAfricanHistory,Vol.3,No.2(Jan.,1962),pp.31-322.

1. TheWindofChangeintheWesternSahara,TheGeographicalJournal,Vol.130,No.1(Mar.,1964),pp.1-14.39.Okere,B.O.TheWesternSaharaCase,TheInterna-onalandCompara-ve

LawQuarterly,Vol.28,No.2(Apr.,199),pp.296-312.40.Parker,Ron.TheSenegal-MauritaniaConflictof1989:AFragileEquilibrium,

TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.29,No.1(Mar.,1991),pp.155-11.

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41.Pazzanita,AnthonyG.MauritaniasForeignPolicy:TheSearchforProtec7on,TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.30,No.2,(Jun.,1992),pp.281-304.

1. StateandSocietyinMauritaniainthe1990s,TheJournalofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.2,No.1(199),pp.16-39.

2. Poli7calTransi7oninMauritania:ProblemsandProspects,MiddleEastJournal,Vol.53,No.1(Winter,1999),pp.44-58.42.Pzard,StphanieandGlatz,Anne-Kathrin.ArmsinandaroundMauritania:

Na7onalandRegionalSecurityImplica7ons,SmallArmsSurveyOccasionalPaperNo.24(Jun.,2010).

43.Randall,Sara.TheDemographicConsequencesofConflict,ExileandRepatria-7on:ACaseStudyofMalianTuareg,EuropeanJournalofPopula-on/RevueEuropennedeDmographie,Vol.21,No.2/3(Jun.,2005),pp.291-320.

44.Reyner,AnthonyS.MoroccosInterna7onalBoundaries:AFactualBack-

ground,TheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,Vol.1,No.3(1963),pp.313-326.45.Schissel,Howard."TayaattheHelm,"AfricaReport,Vol.31,No.4(Jul.-Aug.,

1986),pp.85-88.46.Seddon,David.PolisarioandtheStrugglefortheWesternSahara:RecentDe-

velopments,198-1989,ReviewofAfricanPoli-calEconomy,No.45/46,Mili-tarism,Warlords&theProblemsofDemocracy(1989),pp.132-142.1. Unfinishedbusiness:SlaveryinSaharanAfrica,SlaveryandAboli-on,Vol.

21,No.2(Aug.,2000),pp.208-236.

4.Soriano,ManuelR.Torres.TheEvolu7onoftheDiscourseofAl-QaedaintheIslamicMaghreb:Themes,CountriesandIndividuals,MediterraneanPoli-cs,Vol.16:No.2(2011),pp.29-298.1. TheRoadtoMediaJihad-ThePropagandaAc7onsofal-QaedaintheIs-

lamicMaghrebTerrorismandPoli-calViolence,Vol.23,No.1(Jan.-Mar.,2011),pp.2-88.

48.Spencer,Claire.Introduc7on:NorthAfricaandBritain,Interna-onalAffairs,Vol.85,No.5(Sep.,2009),pp.923-929.

49.Straus,Sco.MalianditsSahelianNeighbors,WorldBankDevelopmentRe-

port2011,BackgroundCaseStudy(Jul.,2011).50.Thurston,Alex."CounterterrorismandDemocracyPromo7onintheSahelun-derPresidentsGeorgeW.BushandBarackObamafromSeptember11,2011,totheNigerienCoupofFebruary2010,ConcernedAfricaScholarsBulle-n85:USMilitariza-onoftheSaharaSahel:Security,Space&Terrorism85(Spring2010).

51.Walther,Olivier,andDenisRetaille.SaharaorSahel?TheFuzzyGeographyof

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TerrorisminWestAfrica,.WorkingpaperNo.2010-35.Basel:CEPS,2010.52.Wegemund,Regina.DieMilitrregierunginMauretanien:Zwischenbilanz

nachzehnJahren,AfricaSpectrum,Vol.23,No.3(1988),pp.293-314.1. DieRassenunruheninSenegalundMauretanien1989:Unruheaufder

StraealsAntwortaufdiePoli7kvonoben,AfricaSpectrum,Vol.24,No.3(1989),pp.254-24.53.Wolff,Sarah.Espaaylagobernanzadelaseguridadmediterrnea:Vecinos,

espaciosyactores,RevistaCIDOBd'AfersInternacionals,No.9/80(Diciembre200),pp.10-123.

54.Zisenwine,Daniel.MauritaniasDemocra7cTransiton:ARegionalModelforPoli7calPoli7calReform?,TheJournalofNorthAfricanStudies,Vol.12,No.4(December200),pp.481-499.

55.Zoubir,YahiaH.TheUnitedStatesandMaghreb-SahelSecurity,Interna-onal

Affairs,Vol.85,No.5(Sep.,2009),pp.9-995.

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