Matter. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT STATES OF MATTER? What are the three commonly known states of matter? What is the gas, liquid and solid form of water?

Matter

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT STATES OF

MATTER?• What are the three commonly known states of

matter?

• What is the gas, liquid and solid form of water?

• How does matter change state?

Watch this animation on states of matter (click “Play Video”):Animation: States of Matter

http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/studyjams/matter_states/Scholastic

http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/studyjams/matter_states/




Each of these states is also called a phase.

There are three common states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.

States of matter are the physical forms a substance can take.

WHAT ARE STATES OF MATTER?

THE THREE COMMON STATES OF MATTER

Most substances, like water, can exist in all three states.

A cloud is made of water vapor, a type of gas.

An iceberg is made of water in solid form.

This glass contains liquid water.

SOLIDS• Solids have a definite

shape and volume, or amount of space an object takes up.

• Solid particles vibrate in place but cannot move from their position, which is why solids maintain their rigid shape.

The particles that make up a solid are packed tightly and held together by strong forces.

LIQUIDS

The particles that make up a liquid are spaced farther apart and are held together by weaker forces than solids.

• Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape.

• Liquid particles move slightly, which allows liquids to flow and take the shape of the container they are in.

GASES

• Gases do not have a definite volume or shape.

• Gas particles move freely and will expand to fill a container of any size or shape.

The particles that make up a gas are fast-moving and are held together by extremely weak forces.

CHANGES OF STATE• Matter can change from one

state to another.

• Even though the physical form of the matter changes, it remains the same substance.

• Changes of state occur when thermal energy (heat energy) is absorbed or released by a substance.

WHAT ARE THE CHANGES OF STATE?

GAS

SOLID LIQUID

Deposition

Sublimatio

n

Boiling / Evaporation

Condensation

Freezing

Melting

HOW DOES MATTER CHANGE STATE?

• As heat increases, a substance changes from a solid to a liquid, and finally to a gas.

Thermal Energy Added

Tem

per

atu

re

Changes of State

• As heat decreases, a substance changes from a gas to a liquid, and finally to a solid.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS• How does pressure and temperature affect the state

of water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen?

• On Earth, we typically see gases, liquids, and solids. But is there a fourth state of matter?

Use this interactive PBS Web site to find out:www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zero/matt-flash.html.

Learn about a fourth state of matter at this Web site:http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/amazing_plasmas/02/02.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zero/matt-flash.html



http://ippex.pppl.gov/interactive/matter/density.html.

http://ippex.pppl.gov/interactive/matter/density.html.

http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/amazing_plasmas/02/02.html

HANDS-ON SCIENCE(No Lab Required)

Directions1. Place chocolate chips and candy-coated chocolate in separate bags.

2. Place each bag of chocolate in a half-filled mug of room-temperature water.

3. Your teacher will continue to increase the temperature in each mug by adding boiling water a little at a time.

4. As a class, monitor the temperature with a thermometer until the chocolate starts to melt in the bag.

This demo explores melting points.Materialschocolate chips, candy-coated chocolates, baggies, two mugs, water, thermometer

ConclusionAt what temperature does each type of chocolate start to melt? Why do you think this is?

Solid: has definite shape and volume

Gas: does not have definite volume or shape.

Liquid: has definite volume but not shape

Physical Change: a change that does not result in new substances.

Melting point: temperature when solid changes to liquid

Freezing point: temperature when liquid changes to a solid:

water is 32 F or 0 C

Boiling point: temperature when liquid changes to a gas. Water: 212 F… 100 C

Sublimation: changes from a solid to a gas. Example: dry ice

Condenses: changes from gas to liquid because it cools down. Example: water on the outside of a can of pop.

Matter: has mass and takes up space.

Mass: the amount of matter something has

Volume: amount of space something takes up

Weight: measure of the force of gravity on an object’s mass

Density: measurement of how much matter is in an object. Mass divided by volume

Physical Properties:colorsmell

freezing pointmelting pointboiling point

densitysolubility

Chemical Properties:odor

color change: trees in autumnoxidation

flammabilityPh (acid or base)

Physical Change: doesn’t change what the substance is.

Can be reversed. Examples: torn piece of paper;

mixing sugar and water

Chemical Change: causes a chemical reaction and a new

substance is formed. Cannot be reversed.

Examples: paper burned; baking a cake

Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter can never be created or

destroyed. All matter is present just changes form.

Dmitri Mendeleev: known for putting the periodic table together as we know it today.

The Periodic Table of elements organizes the elements based on atomic number. There are approximately 100 elements. They are organized into 18 groups and 7 periods.

Atoms

Atoms: the smallest parts of something that can be identified.

d. Nucleus: in the center of the atom

c. Electrons: negative charge/outside the nucleus

b. Neutrons: neutral charge/found in the nucleus

a. Protons: positive charge/found in the nucleus

Atomic Number: represents the number of protons and electrons.

Atomic Mass: represents the number of protons and neutrons.

If I use Carbon---the atomic number is 6. That means carbon has 6

protons and 6 electrons. To find out how many Neutrons there are plug in the numbers: atomic mass is 12 which equals number of protons

and neutrons. If the protons are 6 then the neutrons are 6.

protons + neutrons = atomic mass

Element: a substance that cannot be split into simpler substances. Made up of only one kind of atom.Examples: H, O, N, Cl

Mixture: any substance made of 2 or more atoms that can be separated physically.Examples: Tossed Salad, Chex Mix, Cereal

Solution: mixture where particles of different substances are mixed evenly: Example: Powdered fruit drinks

Molecule: any substance made of 2 or more atoms. Examples: Water:H2O & Table Salt: NaCl & Ozone: O3

Compounds: matter made of 2 or more different elements.Examples: water: H2O & Table sugar: C12H22O11

Simple Machines

Notes over Simple Machines

LEVER: 1. Fulcrum: the pivot point where it rotates2. Effort/Force: a push or pull3. Resistance/Load: an object being moved.4. 3 Classes of levers:

a. 1st: Fulcrum in the middle: a crow bar, see-sawb. 2nd Load in the middle: wheel barrel, nutcrackerc. 3rd Effort in the middle: broom, rake

5. M.A.= effort arm divided by resistance arm


Wheel/Axle: • The bigger the wheel compared to the

axle the easier the work.Examples: car wheels, door knobs, skates,

bike tires

2. M.A.= Diameter of wheel divided by the diameter of the axle


Pulley: • Fixed pulley: attached to something. No

M.A.But changes direction of effort.

2. Moveable pulley: moves with the object. Only half as much effort is needed.

3. Block and Tackle pulley: used to lift heavy objects. 2 pulleys are used.

4. M.A. is multiplied by the number of strands in a pulley.


Screw: An inclined plane wrapped around a pole.

Examples: Nut/bolt, jar lid, road around a mountain,


Wedge: An object that cuts separates things.

Examples: Knife, door stop, ax, scissors, fork, tip of

nail


Inclined plane: A flat sloped surface.

Examples: Ramp, roof, staircase

Notes over Simple Machines1. Simple Machines are used to reduce the force

needed to move an object while increasing the distance over which the force is applied.

2. Friction will reduce the output of simple machines or increase the amount of force needed.

3. Force needed to move an object can be reduced by combining 2 or more simple machines to create a compound machine.

4. The force required to lift an object by yourself is equal to the weight of the object. BUT when you use a simple machine the object can be lifted with less force.

Newton’s Laws of Motion

NOTES1. Newton’s 1st Law: an object at rest stays

at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless a force acts on it.

2. ALSO CALLED THE LAW OF INERTIAFORCES:a. Gravity: pulls/holds onto thingsb. Friction: wears down, slows down, heats up

when 2 objects come in contact with each other.

c. Air resistanceEXAMPLES: a book on the table, swing

NOTES2. Newton’s 2nd Law: the greater the force

the greater the acceleration. The larger the mass of the object the greater the force required to accelerate or slow down the object.

EXAMPLES: empty/full grocery cart & Diesel or small car

ACCELERATION: speeding upFORCE: the push or pull on an objectNEWTONS: (N)the unit of force required to

accelerate an object. (1 kg-1 m per s2)

NOTES3. Newton’s 3rd Law: For every action there

is an equal but opposite reaction.

EXAMPLES: firing a gun, rocket shooting

NOTESBalanced forces: when 2 or more forces act

on the same object equally in opposite directions.

Unbalanced forces: unequal forces that act on an object and change its motion.

Motion GraphsMotion Graphs

Interpret The Graph Below:


The graph shows an object which is not moving (at rest).

The distance stays the same as time goes by because it is not moving.



The graph showsthat the objects distance increases as time passes.The object is moving and so it has velocity.

The straight line shows it is a constant (not changing).



Just like the previous graph, this graph shows an object moving with constant velocity



The curve in the graph shows that the objects velocity is changing as time passes.

This is acceleration.



In the first part of the graph the object is moving with constant velocity.

In the second part of the graph the object is at rest (not moving).

In the third part the object is again moving with constant velocity.



The graph showsthat the objects velocity does not change as time passes.

It shows constant velocity.



The graph showsthat the objects velocity is increasing as time passes – it is accelerating.

The straight line shows that it is constant acceleration.

Click here for more review:

http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/forces/sciber/intro.htm




Heat

Temperature: the measure of how hot or cold something is.

Heat: energy that is based on the temperature and mass of an object.

Thermometer: a device used to measure the temperature of an object.

Absolute Zero: the lowest possible temperature. Kelvin: 0Celcius: -273Fahrenheit: -459.7

Celcius: temperature scale based on freezing & boiling points of water.

Freezing: 0Boiling: 100

Fahrenheit: a temperature scale based on water freezing.


Kelvin: a temperature scale based on absolute zero.


Conduction: transfers heat energy through direct contact.

Conductors: materials that allow heat to pass easily.

Examples: water, metals

Convection: Transfer of heat energy in a liquid or gas in a circular motion. Examples: oven, heater in house, magma under the surface of the earth.

Radiation: transfer of heat energy through the emptiness of space. Examples: sun, microwaves

Insulators: material that does not allow heat to pass through easily.

Examples: rubber, cloth, styrofoam, wood

LIGHT

LIGHT VOCABULARY1. Opaque: does not emit light (ex:

cardboard)2. Luminous: emits light (ex. Sun)3. Transparent: light is able to pass

through the object. (ex: glass)4. Translucent: some light can pass

through (ex: wax paper)5. Refraction: bending of light waves (ex.

Pencil in water)6. Reflection: bouncing back of light waves

(ex. Looking in a mirror)

LIGHT VOCABULARY7. Transmission: some light is absorbed and some

passes through the object onto the other side. 8. Absorption: If the object looks white, it is because all

or nearly all of the radiation is reflected. If the object appears to have any color other than white, however, it means that all the visible radiation has been absorbed except for the color you see. Objects that absorb all the radiation striking them are known as black bodies.

9. White light reflects light and is made up of 7 colors.

10. The color of an object is determined by the color of light reflected by the object.

Documents

Matter. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT STATES OF MATTER? What are the three commonly known states of matter? What is the gas, liquid and solid form of water?