Matter of Britain

8/8/2019 Matter of Britain

1/14

Matter of Britain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Interested in contributing to Wikipedia?

Series on

Celtic mythology

Celtic polytheism

Celtic deities

Ancient Celtic religion

Druids Bards Vates

British Iron Age religion

Celtic religious patterns

Gallo-Roman religion

History of Literature

The Medieval and

Renaissance

Periods

Matter of Rome

Matter of France

Matter of Britain

Medieval literature

Arabic literature

13th century in

literature

14th century in

literature

European

Renaissance

Literature

15th century inliterature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Iron_Age_beliefs_in_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts#Celtic_religious_patternshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Renaissance_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Renaissance_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Renaissance_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hope-coventina01a.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Renaissance_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Renaissance_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Renaissance_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_in_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_polytheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Iron_Age_beliefs_in_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts#Celtic_religious_patternshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion


2/14

Romano-British religion

British mythology

Welsh mythology

Breton mythology

Mabinogion Taliesin

Cad Goddeu

Trioedd Ynys Prydein

Matter of Britain King Arthur

Gaelic mythology

Irish mythologyScottish mythology

Hebridean mythology

Tuatha D Danann

Mythological Cycle

Ulster Cycle

Fenian Cycle

ImmramaEchtrae

See also

Celts Gaul

Galatia Celtiberians

Early history of Ireland

Prehistoric Scotland

Prehistoric Wales

Index of related articlesThis box: view talkedit

The Matter of Britain or the Arthurian legend is a name given collectively to the

legends that concern the Celtic and legendary history of the British Isles, especially those

focused on King Arthurand the knights of the Round Table. The 12th century French

poet Jean Bodel created the name in the following lines of his epic Chanson de Saisnes:

Ne sont que iii matires nul homme atandant,

De France et de Bretaigne, et de Rome la grant.

(translation: "There are but 3 literary cycles that no man should be without: thematter of France, of Britain, and of great Rome". Jean Bodel, Chanson de

Saisnes)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain#Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad_Goddeuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Triadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebridean_mythology_and_folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echtraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Celtic_mythology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Celtic_mythology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_(Camelot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_gestehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_Saisnes&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain#Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad_Goddeuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Triadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebridean_mythology_and_folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echtraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Celtic_mythology&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_(Camelot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_gestehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_Saisnes&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Rome


3/14

The name distinguishes and relates the Matter of Britain from the mythological themes

taken from classical antiquity, the "matter of Rome", and the tales of thepaladins of

Charlemagne and their wars with the Moors and Saracens, which constituted the "matter

of France". While Arthur is the chief subject of the Matter of Britain, other lesser-known

legendary history of the British Isles, including the stories ofBrutus of Britain, Old King

Cole, King Lear, and Gogmagog, is also included in the subjects covered by the Matter ofBritain: see Legendary Kings of the Britons.

Contents

1 Themes and subjects

1.1 Legendary history ofBritain

1.2 The Arthurian cycle

2 Characters and subjects

2.1 Legendary kings andfounders

2.2 Arthur and hisentourage

2.3 Knights of the Round

Table

2.4 Other important figures 3 Noteworthy authors

3.1 Medieval

3.2 Modern 3.3 Anonymous

4 See also

5 References

6 External links

Themes and subjects

Legendary history of Britain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_of_Troyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_King_Colehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_King_Colehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leir_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Themes_and_subjectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_history_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_history_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#The_Arthurian_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Characters_and_subjectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_kings_and_foundershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_kings_and_foundershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Arthur_and_his_entouragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Arthur_and_his_entouragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Other_important_figureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Noteworthy_authorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Medievalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Anonymoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_of_Troyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_King_Colehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_King_Colehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leir_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Themes_and_subjectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_history_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_history_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#The_Arthurian_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Characters_and_subjectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_kings_and_foundershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Legendary_kings_and_foundershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Arthur_and_his_entouragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Arthur_and_his_entouragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Other_important_figureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Noteworthy_authorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Medievalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Modernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Anonymoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/#External_links


4/14

Artist Britton LaRoche. In Welsh legend, Arthur's sword is known as Caledfwlch.

It could be said that the legendary history of Britain was created in part to form a body ofpatriotic myth for the island. Several agendas thus can be seen in this body of literature.

TheHistoria Britonum, the earliest known source of the story of Brutus of Britain, may

have been devised to create a distinguished genealogy for a number ofWelshprinces in

the 9th century. Traditionally attributed toNennius, its actual compiler is unknown; it

exists in several recensions. This tale went on to achieve greater currency because its

inventor linked Brutus to the diaspora ofheroes that followed the Trojan War, and thus

provided raw material which later mythographers such as Geoffrey of Monmouth,

Michael Drayton, and John Milton could draw upon, linking the settlement of the British

Isles to the heroic age ofGreek literature, for their several and diverse literary purposes.

As such, this material could be used for patriotic mythmaking just as Virgil linked themythical founding of Rome to the Trojan War in The neid. Geoffrey of Monmouth also

introduced the fanciful claim that the Trinovantes, reported by Tacitus as dwelling in the

area ofLondon, had a name he interpreted as Troi-novant, "New Troy".

More speculative claims linkCeltic mythology with several of the rulers and incidents

compiled by Geoffrey of Monmouth in hisHistoria Regum Britanni. It has been

suggested, for instance, that Leir of Britain, who later became Shakespeare'sKing Lear,

was originally the Irish sea-god Lir. Various Celtic deities have been identified with

characters from Arthurian literature as well: Morgan le Fay was often thought to have

originally been the Irish goddess Mrrgan. Many of these identifications come from the

speculative comparative religion of the late 19th century, and have been questioned in

more recent years.

William Shakespeare seems to have been deeply interested in the legendary history of

Britain, and to have been familiar with some of its more obscure byways. Shakespeare's

plays contain several tales relating to these legendary kings, such asKing Learand

Cymbeline. It has been suggested that Shakespeare's WelshschoolmasterThomas Jenkins
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledfwlchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Britonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Draytonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovanteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Learhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Learhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_le_Fayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rr%C3%ADganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jenkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ExcaliburStone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledfwlchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Britonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Draytonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovanteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Learhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_le_Fayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rr%C3%ADganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jenkins


5/14

introduced him to this material, and perhaps directed him to read Geoffrey of Monmouth.

These tales also figure in Raphael Holinshed'sThe Chronicles of England, Scotland, and

Ireland, which also appears in Shakespeare's sources forMacbeth. A Welsh schoolmaster

appears as the character Sir Hugh Evans inThe Merry Wives of Windsor.

Other early authors also drew from the early Arthurian and pseudo-historical sources ofthe Matter of Britain. The Scots, for instance, formulated a mythical history in the Picts

and the Dl Riata royal lines. While they do eventually become factual lines, unlike those

of Geoffrey, their origins are vague and often incorporate both aspects of mythical British

history and mythical Irish history. The story ofGabhran especially incorporates elements

of both those histories.

The Arthurian cycle

The Arthurian literary cycle is the best known part of the Matter of Britain. It has

succeeded largely because it tells two interlocking stories that many later authors have

been intrigued by. One concerns Camelot, usually envisioned as a doomed utopia ofchivalric virtue, undone by the fatal flaws of Arthur and Sir Lancelot. The other concerns

the quests of the various knights to achieve the Holy Grail; some succeed (Galahad,

Percival), and others fail (Lancelot).

The medieval tale of Arthur and his knights is full ofChristian themes; those themes

involve the destruction of human plans for virtue by the moral failures of their characters,

and the quest for an important Christian relic. Finally, the relationships between the

characters invited treatment in the tradition ofcourtly love, such as Lancelot and

Guinevere, orTristan and Iseult. In more recent years, the trend has been to attempt to

link the tales of King Arthur and his knights with Celtic mythology, usually in highly

romanticized, early twentieth century reconstructed versions.

Additionally, it is possible to read the Arthurian literature in general, and that concerned

with the Grail tradition in particular, as an allegory of human development and spiritual

growth (a theme explored by Joseph Campbell amongst others).

Brutus of Troy


(Redirected from Brutus of Britain)Ten things you may not know about images on Wikipedia

Jump to: navigation,search
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Holinshedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_England%2C_Scotland%2C_and_Ireland&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_England%2C_Scotland%2C_and_Ireland&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_England%2C_Scotland%2C_and_Ireland&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_D%C3%A1l_Riatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabhranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_lovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineverehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Britain&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_things_you_may_not_know_about_images_on_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_things_you_may_not_know_about_images_on_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Holinshedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_England%2C_Scotland%2C_and_Ireland&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_England%2C_Scotland%2C_and_Ireland&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_D%C3%A1l_Riatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabhranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_lovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineverehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Britain&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_things_you_may_not_know_about_images_on_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#searchInput


6/14

Brutus (Brut, Brute, WelshBrutus), a descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas, was

known in medieval British legend as the eponymous founder and first king ofBritain.

This legend first appears in theHistoria Britonum, a 9th century historical compilation

attributed toNennius, but is best known from the account given by the 12th century

chroniclerGeoffrey of Monmouth in hisHistoria Regum Britanniae. However, he is not

mentioned in any classical text and is not considered to be historical.

Contents

[hide]

1 Historia Britonum

2 Historia RegumBritanniae

3 Legacy

4 Notes

5 References

[edit]Historia Britonum

TheHistoria Britonum states that "The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a

Roman consul" who conquered both Spain and Britain. A more detailed story, set before

the foundation of Rome, follows, in which Brutus is the grandson or great grandson of

Aeneas.

Following Roman sources such as Livy and Virgil, theHistoria tells how Aeneas settledin Italy after the Trojan War, and how his son Ascanius founded Alba Longa, one of the

precursors of Rome. Ascanius married, and his wife became pregnant. In a variant

version, the father is Silvius, who is identified as either the second son of Brutus,

previously mentioned in theHistoria, or as the son of Ascanius. A magician, asked to

predict the child's future, said it would be a boy and that he would be the bravest and

most beloved in Italy. Enraged, Ascanius had the magician put to death. The mother died

in childbirth.

The boy, named Brutus, later accidentally killed his father with an arrow and was

banished from Italy. After wandering among the islands of the Tyrrhenian Sea and

through Gaul, where he founded the city ofTours, Brutus eventually came to Britain,named it after himself, and filled it with his descendants. His reign is synchronised to the

time the High Priest Eli wasjudge in Israel, and the Ark of the Covenant was taken by

the Philistines.[1]

A variant version of theHistoria Britonum makes Brutus the son of Ascanius's son

Silvius, and traces his genealogy back to Ham, son ofNoah.[2] Another chapter traces

Brutus's genealogy differently, making him the great-grandson of the legendary Roman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Britonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Historia_Britonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Troy&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Longahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_(Judges)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_judgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Genealogy_of_Nenniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%2C_son_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Genealogy_of_Nenniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Britonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Historia_Britonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Troy&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Longahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_(Judges)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_judgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Genealogy_of_Nenniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%2C_son_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Genealogy_of_Nennius


7/14

kingNuma Pompilius, who was himself a son of Ascanius, and tracing his descent from

Noah's son Japheth.[3]These Christianising traditions conflict with the classical Trojan

genealogies, relating the Trojan royal family to Greek gods.

Yet another Brutus, son of Hisicion, son of Alanus the first European, also traced back

across many generations to Japheth, is referred to in theHistoria Britonum. This Brutus'sbrothers were Francus, Alamanus and Romanus, also ancestors of significant European

nations.[4]

[edit]Historia Regum Britanniae

Geoffrey of Monmouth's account tells much the same story, but in greater detail.[5] In this

version, Brutus is explicitly the grandson, rather than son, of Ascanius; his father is

Ascanius' son Silvius. The magician who predicts great things for the unborn Brutus also

foretells he will kill both his parents. He does so, in the same manner described in the

Historia Britonum, and is banished. Travelling to Greece, he discovers a group of Trojans

enslaved there. He becomes their leader, and after a series of battles and some judicious

hostage-taking, forces the Greek king Pandrasus to let his people go. He is given

Pandrasus's daughter Ignoge in marriage, and ships and provisions for the voyage, and

sets sail.

The Trojans land on a deserted island and discover an abandoned temple to Diana. After

performing the appropriate ritual, Brutus falls asleep in front of the goddess's statue and

is given a vision of the land where he is destined to settle, an island in the western ocean

inhabited only by a few giants.

After some adventures in north Africa and a close encounter with the Sirens, Brutusdiscovers another group of exiled Trojans living on the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea, led

by the prodigious warriorCorineus. In Gaul, Corineus provokes a war with Goffarius

Pictus, king ofAquitaine, after hunting in the kings forests without permission. Brutus's

nephew Turonus dies in the fighting, and the city ofTours is founded where he is buried.

The Trojans win most of their battles but are conscious that the Gauls have the advantage

of numbers, so go back to their ships and sail for Britain, then called Albion. They meet

the giant descendants ofAlbion and defeat them.

Brutus renames the island after himself and becomes its first king. Corineus becomes

ruler ofCornwall, which is named after him.[6] They are harassed by the giants, but kill all

of them but their leader, Gogmagog, who is saved for a wrestling match against Corineus.Corineus throws him over a cliff to his death. Brutus then founds a city on the banks of

the River Thames, which he calls Troia Nova, or New Troy, siting his palace where is

now Guildhall and a temple to Diana on what is now St Paul's (with the London Stone

being a part of the altar at the latter). The name is in time corrupted to Trinovantum, and

is later called London.[7] He creates laws for his people and rules for twenty-four years.

He is buried at a temple at Tower Hill. After his death the island is divided between his

three sons, Locrinus (England), Albanactus (Scotland) and Kamber(Wales).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompiliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_godshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Troy&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Gog_and_Magog_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall%2C_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul's_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locrinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanactushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Pompiliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_godshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Troy&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corineushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Gog_and_Magog_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall%2C_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul's_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locrinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanactushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales


8/14

[edit] Legacy

the Brutus Stone in Totnes

Early translations and adaptations of Geoffrey'sHistoria, such as Wace's Norman French

Roman de Brut, Layamon's Old EnglishBrut, were named after Brutus, and the word

"Brut" came to mean a chronicle of British history. A Middle Welsh adaptation was

called theBrut y Brenhinedd("Brutof the Kings"), and a sequel recounting the Welsh

rulers from the 7th century on, in which Brutus makes no appearance, was known as the

Brut y Tywysogion ("Brutof the Princes").

Brutus's story, along with the rest of Geoffrey'sHistoria, was widely accepted as

historical fact until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when reliable historical

records and inscriptions became available. For example in the Act in Restraint of Appeals(1533) it states "Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles it is

manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an empire, and so hath

been accepted in the world, governed by one supreme head and king, having the dignity

and royal estate of the imperial crown of the same."

Geoffrey'sHistoria says that Brutus and his followers landed at Totnes in Devon. A stone

on the High Street in Totnes, known as the "Brutus Stone", commemorates this.

Uther Pendragon


Interested in contributing to Wikipedia?

Jump to: navigation,search"Uther" redirects here. For other uses, see Uther (disambiguation).
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Troy&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Bruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layamonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brut_(Layamon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brut_(Layamon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_in_Restraint_of_Appealshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BrutusStoneTotnes.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brutus_of_Troy&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Bruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layamonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brut_(Layamon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_in_Restraint_of_Appealshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_(disambiguation)


9/14

For other uses, see Uther Pendragon (disambiguation).

Uther Pendragon (French: Uter Pendragon; Welsh: Wthyr Bendragon, Uthr Bendragon,

Uthyr Pendraeg) is a legendary king ofsub-Roman Britain and the father ofKing Arthur.

A few minor references to Uther appear in Old Welshpoems, but his biography was firstwritten down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in hisHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the

Kings of Britain), and Geoffrey's account of the character was used in most later versions.

He is a fairly ambiguous individual throughout the literature; he is described as a strong

king and a defender of the people. Uther, through circumstances (and Merlin's help)

tricks the wife of his enemy Gorlois, Lady Igraine and sleeps with her. Thus Arthur, "the

once and future king," is an illegitimate child. This act of conception ironically occurs the

very night Uther's troops dispatch Gorlois. This theme ofillegitimate conception is

repeated in Arthur's siring ofMordred on his own sisterMorgause in the later prose

romances. It is Mordred who will eventually mortally wound King Arthurin the Battle of

Camlann.

Contents

[hide]

1 Epithet

2 Early Welsh poetry

3 History of the Kings ofBritain

4 Other medieval

literature

5 Modern literature 6 See also

7 References

8 External links

[edit] Epithet

Uther's epithetPendragon means literally "head dragon" or "dragon's head", probably in

a figurative sense of "chief warrior."[1]In the early stories Uther is dubbed "Pendragon"

because he witnesses a portentous dragon-shaped comet, which inspires him to usedragons on his standards; later versions attribute this to his older brother, and have Uther

assume the epithet "Pendragon" in his honour when he dies.

[edit] Early Welsh poetry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_Pendragon_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorloishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camlannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camlannhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Epithethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Early_Welsh_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#History_of_the_Kings_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#History_of_the_Kings_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Other_medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Other_medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Modern_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_Pendragon_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorloishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camlannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camlannhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Epithethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Early_Welsh_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#History_of_the_Kings_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#History_of_the_Kings_of_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Other_medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Other_medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Modern_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=2


10/14

Uther is known from earlier Welsh tradition, where he is associated with Arthur and, in

some cases, even appears as his father. He is mentioned in the 10th century Arthurian

poemPa gur yv y porthaur("What man is the gatekeeper?"), [2] and is memorialized with

"The Death-song of Uther Pen" from theBook of Taliesin.[3]. The latter includes a

reference to Arthur, so the marginal addition of "dragon" to Uther's name is probably

justified. "The Colloquy of Arthur and the Eagle," a poem contemporary with butindependent of Geoffrey, mentions another son of Uther named Madoc, the father of

Arthur's nephew Eliwlod.[4]The Welsh Triads name Uther as the creator of one of the

Three Great Enchantments of the Island of Britain, which he taught to the wizard Menw.[5]

[edit] History of the Kings of Britain

Uther is best known from Geoffrey of Monmouth'sHistory of the Kings of Britain (1136)

where he is the youngest son of King Constantine II. His eldest brotherConstans

succeeds to the throne on their father's death, but is murdered at the instigation of hisadviserVortigern, who seizes the throne. Uther and his other brotherAurelius

Ambrosius, still children, flee to Brittany. After Vortigern's alliance with the Saxons

underHengist goes disastrously wrong, Aurelius and Uther, now adults, return. Aurelius

burns Vortigern in his castle and becomes king.

With Aurelius on the throne, Uther leads his brother's army to Ireland to help Merlin

bring the stones ofStonehenge from there to Britain. Later, while Aurelius is ill, Uther

leads his army against Vortigern's son Paschent and his Saxon allies. On the way to the

battle, he sees a comet in the shape of a dragon, which Merlin interprets as presaging

Aurelius's death and Uther's glorious future. Uther wins the battle and takes the epithet

"Pendragon", and returns to find that Aurelius has been poisoned by an assassin. Hebecomes king and orders the construction of two gold dragons, one of which he uses as

his standard. He secures Britain's frontiers and quells Saxon uprisings with the aid of his

retainers, one of which is Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall. At a banquet celebrating their

victories, Uther becomes obsessively enamoured of Gorlois' wife, Igerna (Igraine), and a

war ensues between Uther and his vassal. Gorlois sends Igerna to the impregnable castle

ofTintagel for protection, while he himself is besieged by Uther in another town. Uther

consults with Merlin, who uses his magic to transform the king into the likeness of

Gorlois and thus gain access to Igerna at Tintagel. He spends the night with her, and they

conceive a son, Arthur; but the next morning it is discovered that Gorlois had been killed.

Uther marries Igerna, and they have another child, a daughter called Anna. She later

marries King Lot and becomes the mother ofGawain and Mordred (in later romances she

is called Morgause, and is usually Igerna's daughter by her previous marriage). Uther

later falls ill, but when the wars against the Saxons go badly he insists on leading his

army himself, propped up on his horse. He defeats Hengist's son Octa at Verulamium (St

Albans), despite the Saxons calling him the "Half-Dead King." However, the Saxons

soon contrive his death by poisoning a spring he drinks from near Verulamium.[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliwlodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Triadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(usurper)#The_legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II_(usurper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortigernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_(wizard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorloishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintagelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octa_of_Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliwlodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Triadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(usurper)#The_legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II_(usurper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortigernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_(wizard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorloishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintagelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octa_of_Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verulamiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#_note-5


11/14

Geoffrey based some members of Uther's family on historical figures. Constantine is

based on the historical usurperConstantine III, a claimant to the Roman throne from

407411; Constans is based on his son. Aurelius Ambrosius is based on the legendary

Welsh figure Ambrosius Aurelianus, though his connection to Constantine and Constans

is an invention. It is less likely, however, that Uther ever existed outside of Britain's

mythical history.

[edit] Other medieval literature

In Robert de Boron's Merlin, Uther Pendragon personally kills Hengest after an

assassination attempt by the Saxon leader, and Merlin creates the Round Table for him.

InProse Lancelot, Uther Pendragon claims to have been born in Bourges. He takes an

army to Brittany to fight against King Claudas of Bourges, a situation resembling that of

the historical ruler, Riothamus, who went to Brittany to fight ravagers based in Bourges.

There is an alternate account of Uther Pendragon's background in Wolfram von

Eschenbach'sParzival. A certain Mazadn went with a Fay named Terdelaschoye to theland of Feimurgn. (This looks like a garbling of some source that told of Mazadn's

alliance with the Fay Morgan in Terre de la Joye; the "Land of Joy"). Mazadn becomes

father of two sons, Lazaliez and Brickus. Brickus becomes father of Utepandragn father

of Arthur while the elder son Lazaliez becomes father of Gandin ofAnjou father of

Gahmuret father of Parzival/Perceval. Uther Pendragon and Arthur here appear as the

scions of the junior branch of an imagined 5th/6th century House ofAnjou.

[edit] Modern literature

Uther Pendragon remains a widely used character in modern Arthurian literature.

In T.H. White's The Once and Future King, Uther the Conqueror is the Norman King of

England from 1066 to 1216.

Mary Stewart's first two books in her Arthurian saga, The Crystal Cave, The Hollow

Hills, feature Uther Pendragon. Notably, he is Merlin's uncle, since in this version the

latter is his brotherAmbrosius' illegitimate son.

In Bernard Cornwell's The Warlord Chronicles, Uther is the King ofDumnonia as well as

the High King of Britain.

In Jack Whyte's "The Camulod Chronicles", Uther is King of the Pendragon, the Celticpeople of South Cambria, cousin to Caius Merlyn Britannicus and Ambrose Ambrosianus

Britannicus and father to Arthur Pendragon through Ygraine of Cornwall.

In Marion Zimmer Bradley's Mists of Avalon, Uther is depicted as the father of Arthur

and husband of Igraine after Igraine's husband, Gorlois of Cornwall, dies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(usurper)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_(Camelot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot-Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riothamushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_the_Fayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamuret&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percevalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.H._Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_Kinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1066http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1216http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stewarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cornwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warlord_Chronicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumnoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mists_of_Avalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_usurperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(usurper)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_(Camelot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot-Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riothamushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_the_Fayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamuret&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percevalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uther_Pendragon&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.H._Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_Kinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1066http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1216http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stewarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cornwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warlord_Chronicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumnoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mists_of_Avalon


12/14

Round Table (Camelot)


Learn more about using Wikipedia for research

Jump to: navigation,searchFor the TV series, see The Round Table (TV series)

King Arthur presides the Round Table.

In the legend ofKing Arthur, the Round Table was a mystical table in Camelot around

which King Arthur and his knights sat to discuss matters crucial to the security of the

realm. In some versions, the wizard Merlin also has a seat.

Contents

[hide]

1

Legends

2 Seealso

3

References

4

External links

[edit] Legends

The Round Table first appears in Wace'sRoman de Brut, though the idea of Arthur

surrounding himself with the world's finest warriors dates back to Geoffrey of

Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae and the medieval Welsh material such as

Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads. The most popular origin story of the table first

appears in Robert de Boron's Merlin, and was taken up by the later prose romances. In it,

the table was created by Merlin in imitation ofJoseph of Arimathea's Grail table; itself an
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Round_Table_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlinhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Legendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Legendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_Table_(Camelot)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Bruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Bruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Triadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimatheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:King_Arthur_and_the_Knights_of_the_Round_Table.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Round_Table_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlinhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Legendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Legendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_Table_(Camelot)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Bruthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Triadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimatheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail


13/14

imitation of the table of the Last Supper. In works like the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, the Post-

Vulgate Cycle, and Thomas Malory'sLe Morte d'Arthur, the Round Table was created

for Arthur's fatherUther Pendragon, and was kept by Uther's vassal Leodegrance after his

death. When Arthur becomes king, he receives the table as a gift when he marries

Leodegrance's daughterGuinevere.

Sir Galahad takes the "dangerous seat".

There is no "head of the table" at a round table, and so no one person is at a privileged

position. Thus the knights were all peers and there was no "leader" as there were at so

many other medieval tables. There are indications of other circular seating arrangements

to avoid conflicts among early Celtic groups. However, one could infer importance on the

basis of the number of seats each knight was removed from the king. Thesige prilleux

("dangerous chair") was reserved for knights of pure heart.

Arthurian legend is of course legendary. However, practical people have questioned the

size of a round table for a large number of people. There are many different estimates of

the total number of the knights of the round table. If there were 25 knights all sitting

round a table at once, then the diameter of the table would have been around 25 feet,which is a rather large distance across which to maintain a polite conversation. If there

were 100 knights, knights sitting across the table from each other would have been

around 100 feet (30 m) apart. Some researchers have suggested that the table might have

been constructed in segments and had a hollow centre: this would have saved greatly on

raw materials, and could have facilitated serving food to the knights. Since not even a

picture of the round table remains from the Age of Chivalry, this part of the Matter of

Britain is a matter of speculation.

[edit] See also

Round table (tournament)

[hide]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot-Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maloryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d'Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_Pendragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leodegrancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineverehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Galahadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_p%C3%A9rilleuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_Table_(Camelot)&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_table_(tournament)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Siege_perilleux_galaad.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot-Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maloryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Morte_d'Arthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_Pendragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leodegrancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineverehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Galahadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_p%C3%A9rilleuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_Table_(Camelot)&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_table_(tournament)


14/14

v de
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arthurian_Legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arthurian_Legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arthurian_Legend&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arthurian_Legend&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arthurian_Legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arthurian_Legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arthurian_Legend&action=edit

Documents

Matter of Britain