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MatterMatter““Luminous beings are we, not this Luminous beings are we, not this
crude matter!”crude matter!”
-Yoda,-Yoda,on the nature of The Forceon the nature of The Force
MatterMatter
Any substance in the universeAny substance in the universe
Has mass, takes up spaceHas mass, takes up space
There are only two forms of existence in There are only two forms of existence in the Universe; matter and energy.the Universe; matter and energy.
Ways to Classify MatterWays to Classify Matter
CompositionComposition Based on what types of particles make up a Based on what types of particles make up a
substancesubstance Elements, Compounds, MixturesElements, Compounds, Mixtures
PhasePhase Based on how particles are arranged because Based on how particles are arranged because
of Energyof Energy Solid, Liquid, Gas, PlasmaSolid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma
PhasesPhases
o SolidsSolidso Particles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called Particles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called
a crystal latticea crystal latticeo Strong forces between certain solids lead to high melting Strong forces between certain solids lead to high melting
pointspoints
More on SolidsMore on Solids
HardnessHardness Describes how hard a solid is compared to Describes how hard a solid is compared to
other solidsother solids Based on the attractive forces between Based on the attractive forces between
particles in a solidparticles in a solid
Shape and VolumeShape and Volume
Solids do not change shape or volume Solids do not change shape or volume without adding energywithout adding energy
Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous solids – they change shape when energy solids – they change shape when energy is applied, but retain that shape afterwardsis applied, but retain that shape afterwards
PhasesPhases
LiquidsLiquids Particles are touching, but not locked in Particles are touching, but not locked in
patternpattern Particles can “slide” past one another, causing Particles can “slide” past one another, causing
the liquid to flowthe liquid to flow
More on LiquidsMore on Liquids
ViscosityViscosity Describes how well a liquid flowsDescribes how well a liquid flows Based on attractive forces between the Based on attractive forces between the
particlesparticles
Shape and VolumeShape and Volume
Liquids do not change volume but do take Liquids do not change volume but do take the shape of their containerthe shape of their container
The surface of a liquid is assumed to be The surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at parallel to the surface of the Earth when at restrest
Amorphous solids are also classified as Amorphous solids are also classified as “super-cooled liquids”“super-cooled liquids”
PhasesPhases
GasesGases Particles are very far apartParticles are very far apart Particles collide with each other or their container Particles collide with each other or their container
rarelyrarelyThese collisions define the “pressure” of the gasThese collisions define the “pressure” of the gas
Shape and VolumeShape and Volume
Gases change shape and/or volumeGases change shape and/or volume
They take the shape of their container, They take the shape of their container, expanding to fill the containerexpanding to fill the container
Explains why aromatics/perfumes will Explains why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a roomspread across a room
PhasesPhases
PlasmaPlasma Like a gas, but MUCH higher energyLike a gas, but MUCH higher energy Particles collide with so much force, electrons Particles collide with so much force, electrons
are knocked off of atomsare knocked off of atoms This creates a “charged gas” stateThis creates a “charged gas” state
Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they start around 5000ºCstart around 5000ºC Only in lightning, auroraeOnly in lightning, aurorae
VolumeVolume ShapeShape
SolidSolid DefiniteDefinite DefiniteDefinite
LiquidLiquid DefiniteDefinite Takes shape Takes shape of containerof container
GasGas Expands to fill Expands to fill containercontainer
Takes shape Takes shape of containerof container
PlasmaPlasma Expands to fill Expands to fill containercontainer
Takes shape Takes shape of containerof container
What is the lowest energy state or What is the lowest energy state or phase of matter?phase of matter?
1.1. SolidSolid
2.2. LiquidLiquid
3.3. GasGas
4.4. PlasmaPlasma
What phase of matter has particles What phase of matter has particles sliding past one another?sliding past one another?
1.1. SolidSolid
2.2. LiquidLiquid
3.3. GasGas
4.4. PlasmaPlasma
What phase of matter is rarely found on What phase of matter is rarely found on Earth?Earth?
1.1. SolidSolid
2.2. LiquidLiquid
3.3. GasGas
4.4. PlasmaPlasma
What is the highest energy state or What is the highest energy state or phase of matter?phase of matter?
1.1. SolidSolid
2.2. LiquidLiquid
3.3. GasGas
4.4. PlasmaPlasma
What phase of matter has particles What phase of matter has particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern?locked in a regular, repeating pattern?
1.1. SolidSolid
2.2. LiquidLiquid
3.3. GasGas
4.4. PlasmaPlasma
Phase ChangesPhase Changes
You must add or remove Heat Energy to You must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to anotherchange from one phase to another
Warming up!Warming up!
Three Phase Changes that require Three Phase Changes that require addedadded heat energy:heat energy:
MeltingMelting Going from Solid Phase to Liquid PhaseGoing from Solid Phase to Liquid Phase
VaporizationVaporization Going from Liquid Phase to Gas PhaseGoing from Liquid Phase to Gas Phase
SublimationSublimation Going from Solid Phase to Gas PhaseGoing from Solid Phase to Gas Phase
Cooling down!Cooling down!
Two Phase Changes that require Two Phase Changes that require removalremoval of heat energy:of heat energy:
CondensationCondensation Going from Gas Phase to Liquid PhaseGoing from Gas Phase to Liquid Phase
FreezingFreezing Going from Liquid Phase to Solid PhaseGoing from Liquid Phase to Solid Phase
CompositionComposition
Pure SubstancePure Substance Follow exact measures or proportionsFollow exact measures or proportions Made up of only one kind of particleMade up of only one kind of particle
MixturesMixtures Can be any amounts or kinds of particlesCan be any amounts or kinds of particles
Pure SubstancesPure Substances
ElementsElements Made of only one kind of atomMade of only one kind of atom All atoms of an element are alikeAll atoms of an element are alike Found on the Periodic TableFound on the Periodic Table
CompoundsCompounds Two or more atoms chemically combinedTwo or more atoms chemically combined Follows a formulaFollows a formula Cannot be separated except:Cannot be separated except:
by chemical meansby chemical means
to form a new compoundto form a new compound
OxygenOxygen
1.1. ElementElement
2.2. CompoundCompound
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
1.1. ElementElement
2.2. CompoundCompound
Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride
1.1. ElementElement
2.2. CompoundCompound
CalciumCalcium
1.1. ElementElement
2.2. CompoundCompound
Carbon TetrachlorideCarbon Tetrachloride
1.1. ElementElement
2.2. CompoundCompound
MixturesMixtures
HomogeneousHomogeneous Particles so small or so well mixed that the Particles so small or so well mixed that the
particles can’t be seenparticles can’t be seen Also called a solutionAlso called a solution
SolutionsSolutions
Can be any phase in another phaseCan be any phase in another phase
Parts – Parts – Solute – substance being dissolved, usually in Solute – substance being dissolved, usually in
less amountless amount Solvent – substance doing the dissolving, Solvent – substance doing the dissolving,
usually in greater amountusually in greater amount
If air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen, If air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen, which is the solvent?which is the solvent?
1.1. NitrogenNitrogen
2.2. OxygenOxygen
What is the solute in orange juice?What is the solute in orange juice?
1.1. WaterWater
2.2. Orange particlesOrange particles
Which is the solvent in sweet tea?Which is the solvent in sweet tea?
1.1. SugarSugar
2.2. WaterWater
3.3. TeaTea
4.4. IceIce
What is the solute in muddy water?What is the solute in muddy water?
1.1. WaterWater
2.2. Dirt particlesDirt particles
Types of SolutionsTypes of Solutions
Concentrated – high ratio of solute to Concentrated – high ratio of solute to solventsolvent
Dilute – low ratio of solute to solventDilute – low ratio of solute to solvent
Alloy – solutions of metalsAlloy – solutions of metals
Amalgam – solution in Mercury (liquid Amalgam – solution in Mercury (liquid metal)metal)
Aqueous Solutions – water as the solventAqueous Solutions – water as the solvent
Solution ProcessSolution Process
““Surround and Surround and Separate”Separate”
Particles of the Particles of the solvent pull solvent pull particles of solute particles of solute into solutioninto solution
Speeding Up SolutionsSpeeding Up SolutionsAgitationAgitation Stirring makes particles collide more oftenStirring makes particles collide more often
Surface AreaSurface Area Grinding up a solute makes it easier to Grinding up a solute makes it easier to
“surround and separate” them into solution“surround and separate” them into solution
TemperatureTemperature Heating a solution speeds up the particles, Heating a solution speeds up the particles,
increasing the number of collisionsincreasing the number of collisions NOTENOTE: When dissolving a gas in a liquid, a : When dissolving a gas in a liquid, a
colder liquid slows down the gas particles and colder liquid slows down the gas particles and dissolves more total gasdissolves more total gas
Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why a powdered solution explains why a powdered aspirin works faster than a tablet?aspirin works faster than a tablet?
1.1. AgitationAgitation
2.2. Surface AreaSurface Area
3.3. TemperatureTemperature
Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why sugar dissolves solution explains why sugar dissolves
better in fresh tea than iced tea?better in fresh tea than iced tea?
1.1. AgitationAgitation
2.2. Surface AreaSurface Area
3.3. TemperatureTemperature
Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why Kool-Aid powder solution explains why Kool-Aid powder
has to be stirred into water?has to be stirred into water?
1.1. AgitationAgitation
2.2. Surface AreaSurface Area
3.3. TemperatureTemperature
Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why you can’t make solution explains why you can’t make
“Cold Chocolate”“Cold Chocolate”out of “Hot Chocolate” powder?out of “Hot Chocolate” powder?
1.1. AgitationAgitation
2.2. Surface AreaSurface Area
3.3. TemperatureTemperature
Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why soup mix solution explains why soup mix
dissolves faster than bouillon cubes?dissolves faster than bouillon cubes?
1.1. AgitationAgitation
2.2. Surface AreaSurface Area
3.3. TemperatureTemperature
Describes how well a substance will dissolve Describes how well a substance will dissolve in 100g of water at a given temperaturein 100g of water at a given temperature
Differs with each substance and temperatureDiffers with each substance and temperature
SolubilitySolubility
Amounts of SoluteAmounts of SoluteUnsaturatedUnsaturated Solution has not dissolved as much solute as it can Solution has not dissolved as much solute as it can
holdhold More solute can be dissolvedMore solute can be dissolved
SaturatedSaturated Solution has dissolved as much solute as it can holdSolution has dissolved as much solute as it can hold No more solute can be dissolvedNo more solute can be dissolved
SupersaturatedSupersaturated Solution has dissolved more solute than it can holdSolution has dissolved more solute than it can hold Solute will come out of solution if disturbed until it Solute will come out of solution if disturbed until it
reaches the Saturation Pointreaches the Saturation Point
Heterogeneous MixturesHeterogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that are not well mixedMixtures that are not well mixed
Particles are so large that they can be Particles are so large that they can be seen or “picked out”seen or “picked out”
Types of Heterogeneous MixturesTypes of Heterogeneous Mixtures
SuspensionsSuspensions Temporary mixturesTemporary mixtures Particles settle out upon standingParticles settle out upon standing
ColloidColloid Particles do not settle outParticles do not settle out Appears as a homogeneous mixture, but the Appears as a homogeneous mixture, but the
particles scatter light (Tyndall Effect)particles scatter light (Tyndall Effect)
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Any description of a materialAny description of a material Size, color, mass, etc.Size, color, mass, etc.
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes Any change to a material that does not Any change to a material that does not
change the materialchange the material ReversibleReversible
Chemical PropertiesChemical PropertiesAny description of a chemical reaction that Any description of a chemical reaction that a substance will undergoa substance will undergo Flammability, inflammability, reacts with waterFlammability, inflammability, reacts with water
Chemical ChangesChemical Changes Any change to a material thatAny change to a material that
Results in one or more new substances with Results in one or more new substances with different chemical and physical propertiesdifferent chemical and physical properties
Has a resulting change in energyHas a resulting change in energy Not Reversible – except to undergo another Not Reversible – except to undergo another
chemical reactionchemical reaction Also called Chemical ReactionsAlso called Chemical Reactions
Melting IceMelting Ice
1.1. Chemical PropertyChemical Property
2.2. Chemical ChangeChemical Change
3.3. Physical PropertyPhysical Property
4.4. Physical ChangePhysical Change
Hydrogen and Oxygen form WaterHydrogen and Oxygen form Water
1.1. Chemical PropertyChemical Property
2.2. Chemical ChangeChemical Change
3.3. Physical PropertyPhysical Property
4.4. Physical ChangePhysical Change
A blue carA blue car
1.1. Chemical PropertyChemical Property
2.2. Chemical ChangeChemical Change
3.3. Physical PropertyPhysical Property
4.4. Physical ChangePhysical Change
Iron ore can be melted to form pure Iron ore can be melted to form pure IronIron
1.1. Chemical PropertyChemical Property
2.2. Chemical ChangeChemical Change
3.3. Physical PropertyPhysical Property
4.4. Physical ChangePhysical Change
Matter & Its PropertiesMatter & Its PropertiesMatterMatterPhasesPhasesPhase ChangesPhase ChangesDiagramsDiagramsPure SubstancesPure SubstancesElementsElementsCompoundsCompoundsMixturesMixturesHomogeneous MixturesHomogeneous MixturesSolutionsSolutions
AlloyAlloyAmalgamAmalgamAqueousAqueousSolubilitySolubilityHeterogeneous MixturesHeterogeneous MixturesSuspensionsSuspensionsColloidsColloidsPhysical PropertiesPhysical PropertiesPhysical ChangesPhysical ChangesChemical PropertiesChemical PropertiesChemical ChangesChemical Changes