Matter and Energy

Matter and EnergyMatterMatter is anything that has mass and volumeTwo forms of matterPure SubstancesMixturesPure substancesUniform compositionThe same throughout the sampleTwo TypesElementsCompounds

ElementsSimplest form of matterCannot breakdownSmallest part called atomRepresented using a capital letter or capital letter and lower case lettercompoundTwo or more elements chemically joined in a specific ratioCan be broken down DecomposedProperties of the compound are different than the elements that make it upmixtureTwo or more substances physically joined in any ratioKeep the properties of the components of the mixtureTwo typesHeterogeneousHomogeneousHeterogeneousHomogeneousVisible difference between components (parts)No visible differences between components (parts)Called a solutionRepresented using (aq) aqueous

Properties of matterPhysical PropertiesProperties that can be observed without changing the substance

Chemical PropertiesProperties that show how a substance reacts (changes)

EnergyEnergy is the driving force behind changeCannot be created or destroyedDoes change its formSoundChemicalRadiant (light)ElectricalAtomic (nuclear)MechanicalThermal (heat)Two types of energyKineticEnergy of motionPotentialStored energy

Measurements involving energyTemperatureAverage kinetic energy of particlesMeasured using a thermometer (unit: degrees)FahrenheitCelsiusKelvinTo convert F to C -- use C = 5/9( F - 32)

C to F -- use F = 9/5 C + 32

C to K -- use K = C + 273 K to C use K = C + 273 Measurements involving energyCalorimetryMeasures the actual energy (q) in a systemRelated to mass (m), specific heat capacity (C) and temperature change (T)Measured using a calorimeter (unit: joules)To calculate energy useq = m C T q = m Hfusionq = m HvaporizationCwater = 4.18J/g C Hfus = 334J/g Hvap = 2260J/g

How many joules are required to heat 40g water at 30C to 70C?q = m C Tq = 40g x 4.18J/gC x 40Cq = 6688J5000J were added to 30g water at 25C. What is the new temperature?q = m C T5000J = 30g x 4.18J/gC x T5000 = 125.4 x TT = 39.9 ~ 40T new = 25 + 40T new = 65CHow many joules are needed to melt 100g ice at 0Cq = m Hfusq = 100g x 334J/gq = 33400J

Phases of MatterSolidsLiquidsGasesSolidsMatter that has specific shape and specific volumeAtoms closely packed togetherCannot be compressed

LiquidsMatter that has a specific volume but takes the shape of the containerAtoms are close but have some space between themCannot be compressedCan be poured

GasesMatter that takes the shape and volume of the containerAtoms have free space between themCompressibleCan be poured

Phase ChangesIf energy is addedMeltingSolid to liquidBoilingLiquid to gasSublimationSolid to gasPhase ChangesIf energy is removedFreezingLiquid to solidCondensingGas to liquidDepositionGas to solidPhase Diagram

solidliquidgasmeltingboilingHeating Curve for a SubstancePhase Diagram

kinetickinetickineticpotentialpotentialHeating Curve for a Substance

condensingfreezing