1. MATTER & ATOMS Year 9

2. SLOS SLO 1: Show understanding of the particle nature of matter SLO 2: Explain the difference between the three states of matter SLO 3: Outline how matter changes from one state to another SLO 4: Show understanding of the concept of density and investigate the densities of different substances SLO 5: Use the particle theory to explain the processes of diffusion, expansion and contraction SLO 6: Explain and give examples of the processes of conduction and convection SLO 7: Describe the present atomic model (including the number of protons, neutrons and electrons) and relate some historical models of the atom SLO 8: Show understanding of the definitions of atom, element, compound, molecule and mixture and be able to distinguish between them SLO 9: Understand what a chemical formula represents SLO 10: Recall names and symbols of some of the most common elements 3. SLO SLO 1: Show understanding of the particle nature of matter SLO 2: Explain the difference between the three states of matter 4. PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER Matter is everything that has mass and takes up space (everything on earth) Everything is made up of particles called atoms Gold is made of gold atoms Oxygen is made of oxygen atoms Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms 5. PARTICLE THEORY Matter is made up of tiny particles (Atoms & Molecules) Particles of Matter are always moving Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electric forces Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of the particles. 6. PARTICLE THEORY Particle theory is all about explaining the properties of solids, liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do. In a solid the particles ______ around a _____ position. There is a ______ force of attraction between each particle and they are very _____ together SOLIDS Words strong, close, vibrate, fixed View animation 7. LIQUIDS GASES In a liquid the particles are _____ together but can move in any direction. They wont keep a _____ shape like _____ do. In a gas the particles are very far apart and move _____ in all directions. They often ______ with each other and because they are far apart they can be easily _______. Words fixed, collide, quickly, close, solids, compressed 8. CHANGE OF STATE A small piece of ice which lived in a test tube fell in love with a Bunsen burner. "Bunsen! my flame! I melt whenever I see you" said the ice. The Bunsen burner replied :"It's just a phase you're going through". 9. SUCCESS CRITERIA Complete cut and paste on states of matter Complete page 50-51 in Scipad Describe two properties that are different between solids and liquids Forces of attraction between particles are weaker in liquids than solids Solids particles vibrate slowly while liquids roll over each other Describe two properties that are different between liquids and gases Gas particles move faster than liquids Gases have a weaker force of attraction between particles than liquids What are the three states that matter can exist in? Liquids solids and gases 10. SLO SLO 3: Outline how matter changes from one state to another 11. CHANGING STATES When heat is added or taken away states of matter change. Adding heat makes molecules move faster and further apart, solids turn to liquids then gases as heat is added Removing heat makes molecules move slower and closer together, gases turn into liquids then solids as heat is removed Pressure also effects states of matter 12. /solidification 13. CHANGING STATE Changing state requires energy Energy is used in changing state so temperature stays the same 14. MAKING ICE CREAM Put the following into a ziploc bag and seal it 2 tablespoon sugar 1 cup milk 1/2 teaspoon vanilla Put the following into the ice cream container, put the lid on and shake it. 6 tablespoons rock salt Ice cubes Bag with milk, sugar and vanilla in 15. SUCCESS CRITERIA Complete Scipad pages 52-53 Making a Key and Changing States Complete Investigation in State Changes on page 54- 55 What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is turned into a solid? (HINT: discuss speed, closeness, energy level of particles) What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is heated and turned into a gas? (HINT: discuss speed, closeness, energy level of particles) 16. SLO SLO 4: Show understanding of the concept of density and investigate the densities of different substances 17. DENSITY All objects are made out of particles Density is how tightly packed those particles are. The more tightly packed the particles, the more dense. decreasing density 18. DENSITY Which is heavier: 1kg of feathers or 1 kg of gold? They have the same mass, but what is different about them? Density describes how heavy an object is for its size eg: 1kg of feathers would take up a lot of room because feathers are not very heavy for their size. They have a low density. 1kg of gold metal does not take up much space as it has a high density 19. CALCULATING DENSITY The formula to calculate density is: Density = mass volume The unit used to measure density is gcm-3 (grams per cm cubed) 20. FLOATING AND SINKING Anything with a density of more than 1 gcm-3 will sink in water Anything with a density less than 1 gcm-3 will float Substance Mass in g Volume in cm3 Density in gcm-3 (m/V) Float or sink in water? Aluminium 54 20 Glass 12.5 5 Cork 0.5 2.5 21. FLOATING AND SINKING Anything with a density of more than 1 gcm-3 will sink in water Anything with a density less than 1 gcm-3 will float Substance Mass in g Volume in cm3 Density in gcm-3 (m/V) Float or sink in water? Aluminium 54 20 2.7 sink Glass 12.5 5 2.5 Sink Cork 0.5 2.5 0.2 float 22. SUCCESS CRITERIA Put the states of matter in to order of most dense to least dense Why are gases less dense than solids? More particles in a given area in solids than gases making them heavier and therefore more dense. 23. SLO SLO 5: Use the particle theory to explain the processes of diffusion, expansion and contraction 24. DIFFUSION Mixing that is due to molecules moving and colliding is called diffusion Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 25. FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION The rate of diffusion depends on: The size of the molecules smaller move _____ The temperature warmer moves ______ The state of the matter diffusing gases move ______ then liquids. The concentration of the chemicals the _______ the concentration gradient the _____ the diffusion rate 26. TASKS: Complete Sci pad pages 56-57 Diffusion, including experiment Explain why you can smell bread baking in an oven throughout the house Why does diffusion only occur in gases? 27. EXPANSION When matter is heated, the particles inside them move faster, and take up more room As a result the matter expands 28. Effects of heat Heat produces the following effects on matter: Expansion: The increase in volume which occurs when a system gains heat. Expansion Contraction 29. Effects of heat Heat produces the following effects on matter: Expansion Contraction Contraction: the decrease in volume which occurs when a system loses heat. 30. THERMOMETERS 31. SUCCESS CRITERIA Complete Sci pad pages 58-59 including practicals Ball and ring practical Explain why power lines sag in the summer When the metal in the power lines gets heated, the particles move faster, take up more room and so the line expands, with more length covering the same distance the line sags 32. SLO SLO 6: Explain and give examples of the processes of conduction and convection 33. Conduction The kinetic energy of the particles increases. particles of a solid This is the transfer of heat in most solids. Heat is transferred by direct contact. 34. http://tdflashzone.net23.net/index.php?p=2_73 35. CONDUCTION Conduction is the movement of heat through solids. Heat energy travels from the hot end to the cold end by particles vibrating and jostling less energetic neighbors giving them extra energy 36. CONDUCTION EXPERIMENTS Aim: Which metal conducts heat the fastest? Method: 1. Melt wax and attach drawing pins to ends of metals 2. Hold over Bunsen 3. Record the order in which the pins fall off. (metals: brass, copper, aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel) Conclusion: Which metal conducts heat the fastest? Why? 37. Conductors and insulators metal Insulators do not allow heat to move through them easily. plastic Double-glazed window air air space cork Conductors allow heat to move through them easily. 38. Examples of good conductors are: Copper (on the bottom of pots), Most metals , Water Steel, tin-foil, solder Insulation is the prevention of the transfer of heat. Insulators do not allow the transfer of heat to occur easily. Examples of good insulators are: Pink batts, Wool, Plastic, air, wood 39. SUCCESS CRITERIA Complete pages 60-61 including experiment in Scipad Explain what is happening to the particles in a steel rod as heat moves down it? Particles are in constant motion, as the molecules hit into each other they pass the energy down the rod. Does conduction occur in solids, liquids or gases? Solids Give a use of conduction. Conduction heating food When is conduction a problem? 40. CONVECTION Convection is the movement of heat through liquids or gases. The flow of heat through water or air is called convection current. Convection currents follow two rules: Heat rises (hot air or water rises) Cold sinks (cold air or water sinks) This is how the heat in the Earths mantle moves 41. FLYING AND CONVECTION CURRENTS 42. http://tdflashzone.net23.net/index.php?p=2_52 43. Convection gas particles liquid particles convection currents This is the transfer of heat in liquids and gases. Heat is transferred by the movement of currents. 44. CONVECTION SNAKES What causes the snakes to turn? 45. CONVECTION EXPERIMENTS 46. SUCCESS CRITERIA Complete Scipad pages 62-65 including experiments How is convection helpful? Why doesnt convection occur in solids? 47. SLO SLO 7: Describe the present atomic model (including the number of protons, neutrons and electrons) and relate some historical models of the atom 48. ATOMS All matter is made up of atoms Chemistry involves the rearrangement of atoms or groups of atoms 49. ATOMS ARE MOSTLY EMPTY SPACE . . . Structure of atom How do we know? 50. ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF THE FOLLOWING SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES: Electrons negative charge outside nucleus, in shells constant motion very very small (1/2000 of a proton) Neutrons No charge, neutral Inside nucleus Same size as proton Protons Positively charged Inside nucleus 51. Atoms have an overall neutral charge, therefore: Number of protons = Number of electrons 52. MAKING MODELS . . . You are going to make a model of the lithium atom, Li. Li is Lithium, a metal. Li has 3 protons, 3 _________ + 4 neutrons. (remember atoms are neutral so they must have the same number of protons (positive) and electrons (negative) 53. ATOM MODEL: Protons 1 colour of pebble Electron chocolate chip Neutron different coloured pebble Nucleus - Marshmallow Electron orbit - cotton 54. SUCCESS CRITERIA Copy the title into your books, and draw your model atom. Label your drawing, protons, neutrons, electrons What colour pebble represents the protons? What colour pebble represents the neutrons? What particles make up the nucleus? Complete Scipad page 10 Atoms 55. Atomic Number: Smaller number Number of protons Number of electrons Atomic Mass or Mass Number: Bigger number of the two Total number of sub atomic particles Number of protons + neutrons. ATOM INFORMATION 56. How do we work out the number of: Protons = Atomic number Electrons = Atomic number Neutrons = Mass number atomic number big number small number ATOMIC INFORMATION 57. Complete Sci pad pages11-13 Elements, Getting the know the Periodic Table, Element Bingo How can you tell if a chemical change has occurred? Draw a labeled diagram of an atom, state the charge and size of each particle What information does the atomic number tell us? What information does the mass number tell us? How many protons, neutrons and electrons does Lithium have? SUCCESS CRITERIA 58. SLO SLO 8: Show understanding of the definitions of atom, element, compound, molecule and mixture and be able to distinguish between them 59. Elements are made of one kind of atom Compounds are made of two or more elements chemically combined Mixtures are made up of two or more elements which are NOT chemically combined ELEMENTS MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS 60. Aim: Investigate compounds and mixtures Method: 1. Separate a mixture of iron and sulphur using a magnet 2. Heat a mixture of iron and sulphur to form iron sulfide which is a compound 3. Now try to separate iron with a magnet Results: Mixtures can/cannot be physically separated Compounds can/cannot be physically separated COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES 61. SUCCESS CRITERIA 62. SLO SLO 9: Understand what a chemical formula represents 63. Elements contain only one capital letter Al, H, He Compounds contain more than one element and therefore more than one capital letter H2O, CuSO4 Each capital letter represents a different atom H2O has Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms in it ATOMS AND COMPOUNDS 64. The numbers in a compound tell us how many atoms there are: H2O = two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom CO2 = two oxygen atoms for every one carbon atom CuSO4 = 1 copper, 1 sulphur, 4 oxygen Methane has four hydrogen atoms for every one carbon atom, what is its formula? (Carbon goes first) Complete Scipad page 18-19 Mixtures and Compounds