Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
APPENDIX
A
I Math symbol tables
A.I Hebrew letters Type: Print: Type: Print:
\aleph ~ \beth :J \daleth l \gimel J
All symbols but \aleph need the amssymb package.
346 Appendix A
A.2 Greek characters Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print:
\alpha a \beta f3 \gamma 'Y
\digamma F \delta b \epsilon E
\varepsilon E \zeta ( \eta 'f/
\theta () \vartheta {) \iota ~
\kappa ,.. \varkappa x \lambda ,\
\mu /-l \nu v \xi ~
\pi 7r \varpi tv \rho p
\varrho (} \sigma (J \varsigma <;
\tau T \upsilon v \phi ¢
\varphi 'P \chi X \psi 'ljJ
\omega w
\digamma and \ varkappa require the amssymb package.
Type: Print: Type: Print:
\Gamma r \varGamma r \Delta L\ \varDelta L.\
\Theta e \varTheta e \Lambda A \varLambda A
\Xi ~ \varXi ~
\Pi II \varPi II
\Sigma 2: \varSigma E
\Upsilon T \varUpsilon Y
\Phi <I> \varPhi t[>
\Psi III \varPsi 1ft
\Omega n \varOmega D
All symbols whose name begins with var need the amsmath package.
Math symbol tables
A.3 Y1EX binary relations Type:
\in
\leq
\11
\prec
\preceq
\sim
\simeq
\equiv
\subset
\subseteq
\sqsubseteq
\smile
\perp
\mid
\vdash
\propto
Print:
E
< «
c c c
1-
I f-
<X
\bowtie [Xl
\sqsubset
\Join
Type:
\ni
\geq
\gg
\succ
\succeq
\cong
\approx
\doteq
\supset
\supseteq
\sqsupseteq
\frown
\models
\parallel
\dashv
\asymp
\sqsupset
Print:
'" >
F II -1
The latter three symbols need the latexsym package.
347
348 Appendix A
A.4 AMS binary relations Type: Print: Type: Print:
\leqs1ant :::::; \geqs1ant ):
\eqs1ant1ess :< \eqs1antgtr :::>
\lesssim < \gtrsim > '" '"
\lessapprox < \gtrapprox > ~
\approxeq ~
\lessdot <:: \gtrdot Y
\111 «< \ggg »> \lessgtr S \gtr1ess Z \lesseqgtr < \gtreq1ess > -
> < \lesseqqgtr < \gtreqq1ess >
> < \doteqdot ~
--;- \eqcirc = \circeq .2... \fa11ingdotseq '-- ---0
\risingdotseq ~ \triang1eq A ;- -
\backsim '-" \thicksim '" \backsimeq '-" \thickapprox ~ -
\preccur1yeq ~ \succcur1yeq ~
\cur1yeqprec =1:: \cur1yeqsucc ~
\precsim -< \succsim >-'" '"
\precapprox --< \succapprox >-~ ~
\subseteqq C \supseteqq :l - -
\Subset IS \Supset 3!
\vartriang1e1eft <l \vartriang1eright [>
\triang1e1efteq <l \triang1erighteq [> - -
\vDash 1= Wdash If-
\Vvdash 1If-
\sma11smile '--' \sma11frown r-.
\shortmid I \shortpara11e1 II
\bumpeq ~ \Bumpeq ~
~
\between Q \pitchfork rh
\varpropto ex \backepsilon ~
\b1acktriang1e1eft ... \b1acktriang1eright ~
\therefore \because .. . .
All symbols require the amssymb package.
Math symbol tables 349
A.S AMS negated binary relations Type: Print: Type: Print:
\ne =I- \notin rf-\nless 1- \ngtr f \nleq i \ngeq i \nleqslant 1, \ngeqslant 'I \nleqq ~ \ngeqq t \lneq :;; \gneq 2: \lneqq < \gneqq > 7= 7=
\lvertneqq ~ \gvertneqq > =1=
\lnsim < \gnsim ~ ?-
\lnapprox < \gnapprox ~ r:j::,
\nprec -I< \nsucc ';f \npreceq ~ \nsucceq 'i \precneqq ~ \succneqq (:;; \precnsim -< \succnsim >-?- ?-
\precnapprox -< \succnapprox >-~ ~
\nsim "'" \ncong ~
\nshortmid { \nshortparallel 11
\nmid f \nparallel {t \nvdash J.L \nvDash ¥
\nVdash .w: \nVDash .l¥
\ntriangleleft 11 \ntriangleright ~ \ntrianglelefteq jl \ntrianglerighteq rt \nsubseteq ~ \nsupseteq 1J-\nsubseteqq ~ \nsupseteqq ;g \subsetneq ~ \supsetneq "2 \varsubsetneq ~ \varsupsetneq ;2 \subsetneqq C \supsetneqq J
7= 7=
\varsubsetneqq ~ \varsupsetneqq ~ All symbols but \ne require the amssymb package.
350
A.6 Binary operations Type: \pm \times \circ \div \ast \cap \sqcap \wedge \triangleleft \bigtriangleup \oplus \otimes \odot \dagger \setminus \wr
\lhd \unlhd
\dotplus \ltimes \leftthreetimes \circleddash \barwedge \curlywedge \veebar \Cap \circledast \boxminus \boxdot \divideontimes
I \And
Print:
± x 0
* n n 1\
<J
/":,
EB ®
8
t \ I
<J
<J -
+ I><
A
8 /\ A ":{
Iii)
® El c:J
* &
Type: \mp \cdot \bigcirc \diamond \star \cup \sqcup \vee \triangleright \bigtriangledown \ominus \oslash \bullet \ddagger \uplus \amalg
\rhd \unrhd
\centerdot \rtimes \rightthreetimes \smallsetminus \doublebarwedge \curlyvee \intercal \Cup \circledcirc \boxtimes \boxplus
Print:
=f
0 <)
* U
U
V
I>
V e 0
• :j: I±I
II
(>
(>
~
A
"-
1\ y
T l!!J @
~
B3
Appendix A
This table is divided into four parts. The first part contains the binary operations in :£b.TEX. The second part requires the latexsym package. The third part contains the AMS additions; they require the amssymb package. The symbol \And requires the amsmath package.
Math symbol tables 351
A.7 Arrows Type: Print: Type: Print: \leftarrow <- \rightarrow or \ to ---. \longleftarrow ~ \longrightarrow ---+
\Leftarrow ~ \Rightarrow :::}
\Longleftarrow {== \Longrightarrow ==}
\leftrightarrow f-+ \longleftrightarrow ~ \Leftrightarrow ¢:} \Longleftrightarrow ~ \uparrow i \downarrow 1 \Uparrow 11' \Downarrow JJ-\updownarrow 1 \Updownarrow ~ \nearrow / \searrow
"" \swarrow ,/ \nwarrow "" \mapsto f-+ \longmapsto f-----+
\hookleftarrow +--" \hookrightarrow ~
\leftharpoonup ~ \rightharpoonup ~
\leftharpoondown ~ \rightharpoondown ~
\rightleftharpoons ~
\leadsto "'*
\leftleftarrows l= \rightrightarrows :4 \leftrightarrows =+ \rightleftarrows <= \Lleftarrow ~ \Rrightarrow ~
\twoheadleftarrow «--- \twoheadrightarrow -*
\leftarrowtail r-< \rightarrowtail >--->
\looparrowleft <--P \looparrowright '1-+ \upuparrows n \downdownarrows 11 \upharpoonleft 1 \upharpoonright r \downharpoonleft J \downharpoonright l \leftrightsquigarrow """" \rightsquigarrow """' \multimap -0
\nleftarrow +f- \nrightarrow -+>
\nLeftarrow -#= \nRightarrow ~
\nleftrightarrow <++ \nLeftrightarrow {f;>
This table is divided into three parts. The top part contains the symbols provided by Ib-TEX; the last command, \leadsto, requires the latexsym package. The middle table contains the AMS arrows; they all require the amssymb package. The bottom table lists the negated arrow symbols; they also require amssymb.
352
A.8
Appendix A
Miscellaneous symbols Type: Print: Type: Print: \hbar Ii \ell C \imath z \jmath J \wp 8J \Re ~
\lm 'S \partial {)
\infty 00 \prime I
\emptyset 0 \backslash \ \forall 't/ \exists :3 \smallint J \triangle 6 \surd J \Vert II \top T \bot ..l \P ~ \8 § \dag t \ddag :j: \flat D \natural q \sharp ~ \angle L \clubsuit "- \diamondsuit <> \heartsuit 0 \spadesuit • \neg -,
\Box 0 \Diamond <> \mho U
\hslash Ii \complement C \backprime \ \vartriangle 6.
\Bbbk Ik \varnothing 0
\diagup / \diagdown "" \blacktriangle A \blacktriangledown ~
\triangledown \l \Game ~
\ square D \blacksquare • \lozenge (; \blacklozenge • \measuredangle L \sphericalangle <l:
\circled8 ® \bigstar * \Finv ..:J \eth (3
\nexists ~
This table is divided into two parts. The top part contains the symbols provided by U\TEX; the last three commands require the latexsym package. The bottom table lists symbols from the AMS; they all require the amssymb package.
Math symbol tables
A.9 Math spacing commands Short form: Full form: Size: Short form: Full form:
\, \thinspace u \! \negthinspace
\: \medspace u \negmedspace
\; \thickspace u \negthickspace
\quad LJ
\qquad L--J
The \medspace, \thickspace, \negmedspace, and \negthickspace commands require the amsmath package.
A.iO Delimiters Name: Type: Print: Name: Type:
Left paren ( ( Right paren )
Left bracket [ [ Right bracket ]
Left brace \{ { Right brace \}
Reverse slash \backslash \ Forward slash / Left angle \langle ( Right angle \rangle
Vertical line 1 I Double vert. line \1 Left floor \lfloor l Right floor \rfloor
Left ceiling \lceil I Right ceiling \rceil
Upper left corner \ulcorner r Upper right corner \urcorner
Lower left corner \llcorner L Lower right corner \lrcorner
The corners require the amsmath package.
Name: Type: Print:
Upward arrow \uparrow i Double upward arrow \Uparrow 1t' Downward arrow \downarrow ! Double downward arrow \Downarrow .lJ. Up-and-down arrow \updownarrow 1 Double up-and-down arrow \Updownarrow ~
353
Print:
)
1 }
/ )
II J 1 I
...J
354 Appendix A
A.ll Operators \arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg
\cos \cosh \cot \coth
\csc \dim \exp \hom
\ker \lg \In \log
\sec \sin \sinh \tan
\tanh
\varliminf \varlimsup \varinjlim \varprojlim
The \var commands require the amsmath package.
\det \gcd \inf \injlim
\lim \liminf \limsup \max
\min \projlim \Pr \sup
The \injlim and \projlim commands require the amsmath package.
Type: Inline Displayed Type: Inline Displayed n n
\prod_{i=1Y{n} I1~=1 II \coprod_{i=1}-{n} Un i=1 II
i=1 i=1 n n
\bigcap_{i=1}-{n} n~=1 n \bigcup_{i=1}-{n} Un i=1 U
i=1 i=1 n n
\bigwedge_{i=1}-{n} 1\7=1 1\ \bigvee_{i=1}-{n} V n i=1 V
i=1 i=l n n
\bigsqcup_{i=1}-{n} U~=1 U \biguplus_{i=1}-{n} ltJ~=1 l±J i=1 i=1
n n
\bigotimes_{i=1}-{n} Q9~1 ® \bigoplus_{i=1}-{n} EB~=1 EB i=1 i=1
n n
\bigodot_{i=1}-{n} O~=1 0 \SUID_ {i=1Y{n} 2:~=1 L i=1 ;=1
Math symbol tables 355
A.12
A.13
Math accents \hat{a} a \Hat{a} a \widehat{a} a a\sphat a
~
\tilde{a} a \Tilde{a} a \widetilde{a} a a\sptilde a~
\acute{a} a \Acute{a} a \bar{a} a \Bar{a} a \breve{a} a \Breve{a} a a\spbreve aU
\check{a} a \Check{a} a a\spcheck aV
\dot{a} a \Dot{a} a a\spdot a'
\ddot{a} ii \Ddot{a} a a\spddot a ..
\dddot{a} a a\spdddot a ...
\ddddot{a} a
\grave{a} a \Grave{a} a \imath z
\vec{a} a \Vec{a} a \jmath J
The \dddot and \ddddot commands and all the capitalized commands require the amsmath package; the commands in the fourth column require the amsxtra package.
Math font commands
Type: Print:
\mathbf{A} A
\mathit{A} A
\mathsf{A} A
\mathrm{A} A
\mathtt{A} A
\mathnormal{A} A
\mathbb{A} Pi,.
\mathfrak{A} 2t
\mathcal{A} A
\boldsymbol{\alpha} Q
The \mathbb, \mathfrak, and \mathcal commands require the amsfonts package. The \boldsymbol command requires the amsbsy package.
APPENDIX
B
I Text symbol tables
B.l Special text characters
Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print:
\# # \$ $ \% %
\& & \-n - \- -
\-n , \{ { \} }
$1$ 1 @ @ $*$ * $\backslash$ \
Text symbol tables 357
B.2 Text accents Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print:
\'{o} 0 \'{o} 6 \"{o} 0
\H{o} 0 \~{o} 6 \-{o} 6
\v{o} 6 \u{o} 0 \={o} 6
\b{o} Q \.{o} 6 \d{o} 9
\c{o} Q \r{o} (; \t{oo} 60
\i 1 \j J
B.3 Some European characters Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print:
\aa a \AA A \ae re
\AE JE \0 0 \0 0
\oe re \oE CE \1 1
\L L \ss B \SS 88
?' i ! ' i
B.4 Extra text symbols Type: Print:
\dag t \ddag :j:
\S §
\P , \copyright © \pounds £
\textbullet • \textvisib1espace
\textcirc1ed{a} ® \textperiodcentered
358
B.S
B.6
Appendix B
Text spacing commands Short form: Full form: Size: Short form: Full form:
\, \thinspace u \! \negthinspace
\: \medspace u \negmedspace
\; \thickspace u \negthickspace
\quad L..J
\qquad L---.J
The \medspace, \thickspace, \negmedspace, and \negthickspace commands require the amsmath package.
Text font commands command command
switch to with arggment declaration \textnormal{ ... } {\normalfont ... } document font family
\textrm{ ... } {\rmfamily ... } roman font family
\texts£{ ... } {\sffamily ... } sans serif font family
\texttt{ ... } {\ttfamily ... } typewriter style font
\textup{ ... } {\upshape ... } upright shape
\textit{ ... } {\itshape ... } italic shape
\textsl{ ... } {\slshape ... } slanted shape
\textnormal{ ... } {\normalfont ... } default font
\textsc{ ... } {\scshape ... } SMALL CAPITALS
\emph{ ... } {\em ... } emphasis
\textb£{ ... } {\bfseries ... } bold (extended)
\textmd{ ... } {\mdseries ... } normal weight and width
family
Text symbol tables
B.7 Text font size changes \tiny sample text
\scriptsize sample text
\footnotesize sample text
\ small sample text
\normalsize sample text
\large sample text
\Large sample text \LARGE sample text \huge sample text \Huge sample text
B.8 AMS text font size changes \Tiny
\large
\tiny
\Large
\SMALL
\normalsize
\LARGE
\Small
\huge
\small
\Huge
359
APPENDIX
c I
TheAMS-YTEX sample article
s~part. tex is the source file for our sample article using the AMS-l5\TEX article document class, amsart. A simpler article, intrart. tex, using the article document class was presented in Part I (see section 1. 5 ).
The typeset sampart. tex is printed on the following three pages; it is followed by the source file and the typeset version shown together, so you can see how the marked up source file is turned into the typeset article.
A CONSTRUCTION OF COMPLETE-SIMPLE DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES
G. A. MENUHIN
ABSTRACT. In this note we prove that there exist complete-simple distributive lattices, that is, complete distributive lattices in which there are only two complete congruences.
1. INTRODUCTION
In this note we prove the following result:
Main Theorem. There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice K with only the two trivial complete congruence relations.
2. THE D(2) CONSTRUCTION
For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see F. R. Richardson [5] and G. A. Menuhin [2]. We start with some definitions:
Definition 1. Let V be a complete lattice, and let p = [u, v] be an interval of V. Then p is called complete-prime if the following three conditions are satisfied:
(1) u is meet-irreducible but u is not completely meet-irreducible; (2) v is join-irreducible but v is not completely join-irreducible; (3) [u, v] is a complete-simple lattice.
Now we prove the following result:
Lemma 1. Let D be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2). Then D(2) is a sub lattice of D2; hence D(2) is a lattice, and D(2) is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2).
Proof. By conditions (1) and (2), D(2) is a sublattice of D2. Hence, D(2) is a lattice. Since D(2) is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, D(2) is a distributive lattice.
Using the characterization of standard ideals in Ernest T. Moynahan [3], D(2) has a zero and a unit element, namely, (0,0) and (1,1). To show that D(2) is complete, let 0 i=- A ~ D(2), and let a = V A in D2. If a E D(2), then a = V A in D(2); otherwise, a is of the form (b,l) for some bED with b < 1. Now V A = (1,1) in D2 and the dual argument shows that 1\ A also exists in D2. Hence D is complete. Conditions (1) and (2) are obvious for D(2). D
Corollary 1. If D is complete-prime, then so is D(2) .
Date: March 15, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 06BI0j Secondary: 06005. Key words and phrases. Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete congruence, congru
ence lattice. Research supported by the NSF under grant number 23466.
1
2 G. A. MENUHIN
The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo [1].
Lemma 2. Let e be a complete congruence relation of D(2) such that
(2.1) (1, d) == (1,1) (mod e),
for some d E D with d < 1. Then e = to
Proof. Let e be a complete congruence relation of D(2) satisfying (2.1). Then e=L. D
3. THE II* CONSTRUCTION
The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main Theorem:
Definition 2. Let D; for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition (2). Their II* product is defined as follows:
II*(Di liE I) = II(D; liE I) + 1;
that is, II*(Di liE 1) is II(D; liE I) with a new unit element.
Notation. If i E I and d E D;, then
i ( ... ,0, ... ,d, ... ,0, ... )
is the element of II*(D; liE I) whose ith component is d and all the other components are 0.
See also E. T. Moynahan [4]. Next we verify:
Theorem 1. Let D; for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition (2). Let e be a complete congruence relation on II*(Di liE I). If there exist i E I and dEDi with d < 1; such that for all d ::::; c < 1;,
(3.1) i i
( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) == ( ... ,O, ... ,c, ... ,O, ... ) (mod e),
then e = to
Proof. Since
(3.2) i i
( ... ,0, ... , d, ... , 0, ... ) == ( ... ,0, ... , c, ... , 0, ... ) (mod e),
and e is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition (3) that ;
(3.3) ( ... ,d, ... ,0, ... ) ==
V(( ... ,o, ... ,b, ... ,o, ... ) Id::::;c<I)==1 (mode).
Let j E I for j i= i, and let a E Dj. Meeting both sides of the congruence (3.2)
with ( ... ,0, ... ,~, ... ,0, ... ), we obtain ; .
(3.4) ° =( ... ,0, ... ,d, ... ,0, ... ) 1\ ( ... ,0, ... ,~, ... ,0, ... ) ==
( ... ,0, ... ,~, ... ,0, ... ) (mod e).
Using the completeness of e and (3.4), we get:
o==V(( ... ,o, ... ,~, ... ,o, ... )laEDj)=1 (mode),
hence e = L. D
COMPLETE-SIMPLE DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES 3
hence 8 = L. D
Theorem 2. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions (2) and (3). Then II*(Di liE I) also satisfies conditions (2) and (3).
Proof. Let 8 be a complete congruence on II* (Di liE I). Let i E I. Define ~ i D;={( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) IdEDi}U{l}.
Then Di is a complete sublattice ~of II* (Di liE I), and Di is isomorphic to Di. Let 8 i be the restriction of 8 to D i .
Since Di is complete-simple, so is Di, and hence 8 i is w or L. If 8 i = p for all i E I, then 8 = w. If there is an i E I, such that 8 i = L, then ° == 1 (mod 8), hence 8 = L. D
The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems 1 and 2.
REFERENCES
[lJ Soo-Key Foo, Lattice Constructions, Ph.D. thesis, University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990.
[2J George A. Menuhin, Universal Algebra, D. van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Melbourne, 1968.
[3J Ernest T. Moynahan, On a problem of M. H. Stone, Acta Math. Acad.Sci. Hungar. 8 (1957), 455-460.
[4J ___ , Ideals and congruence relations in lattices. II, Magyar Thd. Akad. Mat. Fiz. Oszt. Kiizl. 9 (1957), 417-434 (Hungarian).
[5J Ferenc R. Richardson, General Lattice Theory, Mir, Moscow, expanded and revised ed., 1982 (Russian).
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF WINNEBAGO, WINNEBAGO, MINNESOTA
23714 E-mail address: menuhin(Occw. uwinnebago. edu
364 Appendix C The AMS-YTE,X sample article
% Sample file: sampart.tex % The sample article for the amsart document class % Typeset with LaTeX format
\documentclass{amsart} \usepackage{amssymb}
\theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{corollary} {Corollary} \newtheorem*{main}{Main-Theorem} \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma} \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
\theoremstyle{definftion} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
\theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem*{notation} {Notation}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\begin{document} \title[Complete-simple distributive lattices]
{A construction of complete-simple\\ distributive lattices}
\author{G. A. Menuhin} \address{Computer Science Department\\
University of Winnebago\\ Winnebago, Minnesota 23714}
\email{[email protected]} \thanks{Research supported by the NSF under grant number-23466.} \keywords{Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete congruence,
congruence lattice} \subjclass{Primary: 06B10; Secondary: 06D05} \date{March 15, 1995} \begin{abstract}
In this note we prove that there exist \emph{complete-simple distributive lattices}, that is, complete distributive lattices in which there are only two complete congruences.
\end{abstract} \maketitle
\section{Introduction} \label{S:intro} In this note we prove the following result:
\begin{main} There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice $K$ with only the two trivial complete congruence relations.
\end{main}
\section{The $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ construction} \label{S:Ds} For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see F.- R. Richardson-\cite{fR82} and G. - A. Menuhin-\cite{gM68}. We start with some definitions:
Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article
A CONSTRUCTION OF COMPLETE-SIMPLE DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES
G. A. MENUHIN
ABSTRACT. In this note we prove that there exist complete-simple distributive lattices, that is, complete distributive lattices in which there are only two complete congruences.
1. INTRODUCTION
In this note we prove the following result:
Main Theorem. There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice K with only the two trivial complete congruence relations.
2. THE D(2) CONSTRUCTION
For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see F. R. Richardson [5] and G. A. Menuhin [2]. We start with some definitions:
Date: March 15, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 06810; Secondary: 06D05. Key words and phrases. Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete congruence, congru
ence lattice. Research supported by the NSF under grant number 23466.
365
366 Appendix C The AMS -IJtTEX sample article
Definition 1. Let V be a complete lattice, and let p = [u, v] be an interval of V. Then p is called complete-prime if the following three conditions are satisfied:
(1) u is meet-irreducible but u is not completely meet-irreducible; (2) v is join-irreducible but v is not completely join-irreducible; (3) [u, v] is a complete-simple lattice.
Now we prove the following result:
Lemma 1. Let D be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2). Then D(2) is a sublattice of D2; hence D(2) is a lattice, and D(2) is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2).
Proof. By conditions (1) and (2), D(2) is a sublattice of D2. Hence, D(2) is a lattice.
\begin{definition} \label{D:prime} Let $V$ be a complete lattice, and let $\mathfrak{p} = [u, v]$ be an interval of $V$. Then $\mathfrak{p}$ is called \emph{complete-prime} if the following three conditions are satisfied: \begin{itemize}
\item[(l)] $u$ is meet-irreducible but $u$ is \emph{not} completely meet-irreducible;
\item[(2)] $v$ is join-irreducible but $v$ is \emph{not} completely join-irreducible;
\item[(3)] $[u, v]$ is a complete-simple lattice. \end{itemize}
\end{definition}
Now we prove the following result: \begin{lemma} \label{L:ds}
Let $D$ be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\textup{(l)} and \textup{(2)}. Then $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a sublattice of $D-{2}$; hence $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a lattice, and $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\textup{(l)} and \textup{(2)}.
\end{lemma} \begin{proof}
By conditions-(l) and (2), $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a sublattice of $D-{2}$. Hence, $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a lattice.
Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article 367
Since D(2) is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, D(2) is a distributive lattice. Using the characterization of standard ideals in Ernest T. Moynahan [3], D(2) has a zero and a unit element, namely, (0,0) and (1,1). To show that D(2) is complete, let 0 =1= A ~ D(2), and let a = VA in D2. If a E D(2), then a = VA in D(2); otherwise, a is of the form (b,l) for some bED with b < 1. Now V A = (1,1) in D2 and the dual argument shows that 1\ A also exists in D2. Hence D is complete. Conditions (1) and (2) are obvious for D(2). D
Corollary 1. If D is complete-prime, then so is D(2) .
The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo [1].
Lemma 2. Let e be a complete congruence relation of D(2) such that
(2.1) (1, d) == (1,1) (mod e), for some d E D with d < 1. Then e = [.
Since $O-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, $O-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a distributive lattice. Using the characterization of standard ideals in Ernest-T. Moynahan-\cite{eM57}, $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ has a zero and a unit element, namely, $\langle 0, ° \rangle$ and $\langle 1, 1 \rangle$. To show that $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is complete, let $\varnothing \ne A \subseteq D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$, and let $a = \bigvee A$ in $D-{2}$. If $a \in D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$, then $a = \bigvee A$ in $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$; otherwise, $a$ is of the form $\langle b, 1 \rangle$ for some $b \in D$ with $b < 1$. Now $\bigvee A = \langle 1, l\rangle$ in $D-{2}$ and the dual argument shows that $\bigwedge A$ also exists in $D-{2}$. Hence $D$ is complete. Conditions-(l) and (2) are obvious for $O-{\langle 2 \rangle}$.
\end{proof} \begin{corollary} \label{C:prime}
If $D$ is complete-prime, then so is $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$. \end{ corollary}
The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo-\cite{sF90}. \begin{lemma} \label{L:ccr}
Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence relation of $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ such that \begin{equation} \label{E:rigid}
\langle 1, d \rangle \equiv \langle 1, 1 \rangle \pmod{\Theta}, \end{equation} for some $d \in D$ with $d < 1$. Then $\Theta = \iota$.
\end{lemma}
368 Appendix C The AMS -HtTEX sample article
Proof. Let 8 be a complete congruence relation of D(2) satisfying (2.1). Then 8=L 0
3. THE II* CONSTRUCTION
The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main Theorem:
Definition 2. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition (2). Their II* product is defined as follows:
II*(Di liE I) = II(Di liE I) + 1;
that is, II* (Di liE I) is II( Di liE I) with a new unit element.
Notation. If i E I and dEDi, then
is the element of II* (Di components are 0.
\begin{proof}
i ( ... ,0, ... ,d, ... ,0, ... )
i E I) whose ith component IS d and all the other
Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence relation of $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ satisfying \eqref{E:rigid}. Then $\Theta = \iota$.
\end{proof}
\section{The $\Pi-{*}$ construction} \label{S:P*} The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main Theorem: \begin{definition} \label{D:P*}
Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in I$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\textup{(2)}. Their $\Pi-{*}$ product is defined as follows: \[
\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I ) = \Pi ( D_{i}-{-} \mid i \in I ) + 1; \] that is, $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ is $\Pi ( D_{i}-{-} \mid i \in I )$ with a new unit element.
\end{definition} \begin{notation}
If $i \in I$ and $d \in D_{i}-{-}$, then \[
\langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \] is the element of $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ whose $i$th component is $d$ and all the other components are $0$.
\end{notation}
Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article 369
See also E. T. Moynahan [4]. Next we verify:
Theorem 1. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition (2). Let 8 be a complete congruence relation on TI*(Di liE 1). If there exist i E I and dEDi with d < Ii such that for all d S c < Ii,
(3.1) i i
( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) == ( ... ,O, ... ,c, ... ,O, ... ) (mod 8),
then 8 = [.
Proof. Since
(3.2) i i
( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) == ( ... ,O, ... ,c, ... ,O, ... ) (mod 8),
and 8 is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition (3) that i
(3.3) ( ... , d, ... ,0, ... ) ==
V (( ... ,0, ... ), ... ,0, ... ) IdS c < 1) == 1 (mod 8).
Let j E I for j =I=- i, and let a E Dj. Meeting both sides of the congruence (3.2)
with ( ... ,O, ... ,~, ... ,O, ... ), we obtain
See also E.-T. Moynahan \cite{eM57a}. Next we verify: \begin{theorem} \label{T:P*}
Let $D.{i}$ for $i \in I$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\textup{(2)}. Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence relation on $\Pi-{*} ( D.{i} \mid i \in I )$. If there exist $i \in 1$ and $d \in D.{i}$ with $d < 1.{i}$ such that for all $d \leq c < 1.{i}$, \begin{equation} \label{E:congl}
\langle \dots, 0, \dots,\overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \pmod{\Theta},
\end{equation} then $\Theta = \iota$.
\end{theorem} \begin{proof}
Since \begin{equation} \label{E:cong2}
\langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \pmod{\Theta},
\end{equation} and $\Theta$ is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition-(3) that \begin{align} \label{E:cong}
& \langle \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv\\ &\qquad \quad \bigvee ( \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid d \leq c < 1 ) \equiv 1 \pmod{\Theta}. \notag
\end{align} Let $j \in 1$ for $j \neq i$, and let $a \in D.{j}-{·}$. Meeting both sides of the congruence \eqref{E:cong2} with $\langle \dots, 0, \dots,
\overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle$, we obtain
370 Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article
i . 0=( ... , 0, ... , d, ... ,0, ... ) 1\ ( ... ,0, ... ,~, ... ,0, ... ) == (3.4)
j ( ... ,O, ... ,a, ... ,O, ... ) (mod (:-)).
Using the completeness of 8 and (3.4), we get:
0== V (( ... ,O, ... ,~, ... , 0, ... ) I a E Dj) = 1 (mod 8),
hence 8 = L. D
Theorem 2. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions (2) and (3). Then II*(Di liE 1) also satisfies conditions (2) and (3).
Proof. Let 8 be a complete congruence on II*(Di liE 1). Let i E I. Define ~ i Di = {( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) I dE Dj}U{l}.
Then Di is a complete sublattice of II*(Di liE 1), and Di is isomorphic to D i. Let 8 i be the restriction of 8 to Di .
\begin{align} \label{E:comp} ° = & \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \wedge \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv\\ &\langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots
\rangle \pmod{\Theta}. \notag \end{align} Using the completeness of $\Theta$ and \eqref{E:comp}, we get: \[
\]
° \equiv \bigvee ( \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid a \in D_{j}-{-} ) = 1 \pmod{\Theta},
hence $\Theta = \iota$. \end{proof} \begin{theorem} \label{T:P*a}
Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions \textup{(2)} and \textup{(3)}. Then $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ also satisfies conditions \textup{(2)} and \textup{(3)}.
\end{theorem} \begin{proof}
Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence on $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$. Let $i \in 1$. Define \[
\]
\widehat{D}_{i} = \{ \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid d \in D_{i}-{-} \} \cup \{ 1 \}.
Then $\widehat{D}_{i}$ is a complete sublattice of $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \ mid i \in I )$, and $\widehat{D}_{i}$ is isomorphic to $D_{i}$. Let $\Theta_{i}$ be the restriction of $\Theta$ to $\widehat{D}_{i}$.
Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article 371
Since Di is complete-simple, so is Di , and hence 8 i
i E I, then 8 = w. If there is an i E I, such that 8 i
hence 8 =~.
is w or [. If 8 i = P for all = ~, then 0 == 1 (mod 8),
o The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems 1 and 2.
REFERENCES
[1] Soo-Key Foo, Lattice Constructions, Ph.D. thesis, University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990.
[2] George A. Menuhin, Universal Algebra, D. van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Melbourne, 1968.
[3] Ernest T. Moynahan, On a p'rOblem of M. H. Stone, Acta Math. Acad.Sci. Hungar. 8 (1957), 455-460.
[4] ___ , Ideals and congruence relations in lattices. II, Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Fiz. Oszt. Kiizl. 9 (1957), 417-434 (Hungarian).
[5] Ferenc R. Richardson, General Lattice Theory, Mir, Moscow, expanded and revised ed., 1982 (Russian).
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF WINNEBAGO, WINNEBAGO, MINNESOTA
23714 E-mail address: [email protected]
Since $D_{i}\) is complete-simple, so is $\widehat{D}_{i}$, and hence $\Theta_{i}$ is $\omega$ or $\iota$. If $\Theta_{i} = \rho$ for all $i \in 1$, then $\Theta = \omega$. If there is an $i \in 1$, such that $\Theta_{i} = \iota$, then $0 \equiv 1 \pmod{\Theta}$, hence $\Theta = \iota$.
\end{proof} The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems-\ref{T:P*} and \ref{T:P*a}. \begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{sF90} Soo-Key Foo, \emph{Lattice Constructions}, Ph.D. thesis, University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990.
\bibitem{gM68} George-A. Menuhin, \emph{Universal Algebra}, D.-van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Mel\-bourne, 1968.
\bibitem{eM57} Ernest-T. Moynahan, \emph{Dn a problem of M.-H. Stone}, Acta Math. Acad.Sci. Hungar. \textbf{8} (1957), 455--460.
\bibitem{eM57a} \bysame, \emph{Ideals and congruence relations in lattices.-II},
Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Fiz. Oszt. K\"{o}zl. \textbf{9} (1957), 417--434 (Hungarian).
\bibitem{fR82} Ferenc-R. Richardson, \emph{General Lattice Theory}, Mir, Moscow, expanded and revised ed., 1982 (Russian).
\end{thebibliography} \end{document}
APPENDIX
D
I The sample article with user-defined commands
In this appendix, we present the sampart2. tex sample article (also in the ftp directory), which is a rewrite of the sampart. tex sample article (see Appendix C and the ftp directory) utilizing the user-defined commands collected in lattice. sty (see section 9.S and the ftp directory):
% Sample file: sampart2.tex % The sample article for the amsart document class % with user-defined commands % Typeset with LaTeX format
\documentclass{amsart} \usepackage{lattice} \usepackage[notcite]{showkeys}% comment out for final version \usepackage{xspace}
\theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary} \newtheorem*{main}{Main-Theorem}
AppendixD
\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma} \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
\theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
\theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem*{notation}{Notation}
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\newcommand{\JJm}[2]{\JJ(\,#1\mid#2\,)} % big join with middle used as: \JJm{a}{a < 2}
\newcommand{\Prodm} [2]{\gP(\,#1\mid#2\,)} % product with a middle
\newcommand{\Prodsm}[2]{\gP-{*}(\,#1\mid#2\,)} % product * with a middle
\newcommand{\vct} [2] {\vv<\dots,O,\dots,\overset{#1}{#2}, % \dots,O,\dots>}% special vector \newcommand{\fp}{\ensuremath{\F{p}}\xspace}
% Fraktur p in text or math \newcommand{\Ds}{\ensuremath{D-{\langle2\rangle}}\xspace}
% \Ds in text or math
\begin{document} \title[Complete-simple distributive lattices]
{A construction of complete-simple\\ distributive lattices}
\author{George-A. Menuhin} \address{Computer Science Department\\
University of Winnebago\\ Winnebago, Minnesota 23714}
\email{[email protected]}
373
\thanks{Research supported by the NSF under grant number-23466.} \keywords{Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete
congruence, congruence lattice} \subjclass{Primary: 06B10; Secondary: 06D05} \date{March 15, 1995}
\begin{abstract} In this note we prove that there exist \emph{complete-simple distributive lattices}, that is, complete distributive
374 Sample article with user-defined commands
lattices in which there are only two complete congruences. \end{abstract} \maketitle
\section{Introduction}\label{S:intro} In this note we prove the following result:
\begin{main} There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice $K$ with only the two trivial complete congruence relations.
\end{main}
\section{The \Os construction}\label{S:Os} For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see Ferenc-R. Richardson-\cite{fR82} and George-A. Menuhin-\cite{gM68}. We start with some definitions:
\begin{definition}\label{O:prime} Let $V$ be a complete lattice, and let $\fp = [u, v]$ be an interval of $V$. Then \fp is called \emph{complete-prime} if the following three conditions are satisfied:
\begin{definition} \label{O:prime} Let $V$ be a complete lattice, and let $\mathfrak{p} = [u, v]$ be an interval of $V$. Then $\mathfrak{p}$ is called \emph{complete-prime} if the following three conditions are satisfied: \begin{itemize}
\item[(l)] $u$ is meet-irreducible but $u$ is \emph{not} completely meet-irreducible;
\item[(2)] $v$ is join-irreducible but $v$ is \emph{not} completely join-irreducible;
\item[(3)] $[u, v]$ is a complete-simple lattice. \end{itemize}
\end{definition}
Now we prove the following result:
\begin{lemma}\label{L:ds} Let $0$ be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\tup{(l)} and \tup{(2)}. Then \Os is a sublattice of $0-{2}$; hence \Os is a lattice, and
Appendix D 375
\Os is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\tup{(1)} and \tup{(2)}.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof} By conditions-(1) and (2), \Os is a sublattice of $0~{2}$. Hence, \Os is a lattice.
Since \Os is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, \Os is a distributive lattice. Using the characterization of standard ideals in E.-T. Moynahan-\cite{eM57}, \Os has a zero and a unit element, namely, $\vv<O, 0>$ and $\vv<1, 1>$. To show that \Os is complete, let $\es \ne A \ci \Os$, and let $a = \JJ A$ in $0~{2}$. If $a \in \Os$, then $a = \JJ A$ in \Os; otherwise, $a$ is of the form $\vv<b, 1>$ for some $b \in 0$ with $b < 1$. Now $\JJ A = \vv<1, 1>$ in $0~{2}$, and the dual argument shows that $\MM A$ also exists in $0~{2}$. Hence $0$ is complete. Conditions-(1) and (2) are obvious for \Os.
\end{proof}
\begin{corollary}\label{C:prime} If $0$ is complete-prime, then so is \Os.
\end{corollary}
The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo-\cite{sF90}.
\begin{lemma}\label{L:ccr} Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence relation of \Os such that \begin{equation}\label{E:rigid}
\con{\vv<1, d>}={\vv<1, 1>}(\gQ), \end{equation} for some $d \in 0$ with $d < 1$. Then $\gQ \gi$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof} Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence relation of \Os satisfying \eqref{E:rigid}. Then $\gQ = \gi$.
376 Sample article with user-defined commands
\end{proof}
\section{The $\gP~{*}$ construction}\label{S:P*} The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main-Theorem:
\begin{definition}\label{D:P*} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\tup{(2)}. Their $\gP~{*}$ product is defined as follows: \[
\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I} \Prodm{ D_{i}~{-} }{i \in I} +1; \J that is, $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$ is $\Prodm{ D_{i}~{-} }{i \in I}$ with a new unit element.
\end{definition}
\begin{notation} If $i \in 1$ and $d \in D_{i}~{-}$, then \[
\vct{iHd} \J is the element of $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$ whose $i$th component is $d$ and all the other components are $0$.
\end{notation}
See also E.-T. Moynahan \cite{eM57a}. Next we verify:
\begin{theorem}\label{T:P*} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\tup{(2)}. Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence relation on $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$. If there exist $i \in 1$ and $d \in D_{i}$ with $d < 1_{i}$ such that for all $d \leq c < 1_{i}$, \begin{equation}\label{E:cong1}
\con\vct{i}{d}=\vct{i}{c}(\gQ), \end{equation} then $\gQ = \gi$.
\end{theorem}
AppendixD
\begin{proof} Since \begin{equation}\label{E:cong2}
\con\vct{i}{d}=\vct{i}{c}(\gQ), \end{equation} and $\gQ$ is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition-(3) that \begin{align}\label{E:cong}
&\con{\vct{i}{d}}=\notag\\ &\qq\q{\JJm{\vct{i}{c}}{d \leq c < l}=l}(\gQ).
\end{align} Let $j \in 1$ for $j \neq i$, and let $a \in D_{j}-{-}\). Meeting both sides of the congruence \eqref{E:cong} with $\vct{j}{a}$, we obtain \begin{align}\label{E:comp}
o = &\vct{i}{d} \mm \vct{j}{a} \equiv\\ &\vct{j}{a}\pod{\gQ}. \notag
\end{align} Using the completeness of $\gQ$ and \eqref{E:comp}, we get: \begin{equation}\label{E:cong3}
\con O=\JJm{ \vct{j}{a} }{ a \in D_{j}-{-} }=l(\gQ), \end{equation} hence $\gQ = \gi$.
\end{proof}
\begin{theorem}\label{T:P*a} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions-\tup{(2)} and \tup{(3)}. Then $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$ also satisfies conditions-\tup{(2)} and \tup{(3)}.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence on $\Prodsm{ D_{i} Hi \in I}$. Let $i \in 1$. Define \begin{equation}\label{E:dihat}
\widehat{D}_{i} = \setm{ \vct{i}{d} }{ d \in D_{i}-{-} } \uu \set{1}.
\end{equation} Then $\widehat{D}_{i}$ is a complete sublattice of $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$, and $\widehat{D}_{i}$
377
378 Sample article with user-defined commands
is isomorphic to $D_{i}$. Let $\gQ_{i}$ be the restriction of $\gQ$ to $\widehat{D}_{i}$. Since $D_{i}$ is complete-simple, so is $\widehat{D}_{i}$, hence $\gQ_{i}$ is $\go$ or $\gi$. If $\gQ_{i} = \go$ for all $i \in I$, then $\gQ = \go$. If there is an $i \in I$, such that $\gQ_{i} = \gi$, then $\con O=l(\gQ)$, and hence $\gQ = \gi$.
\end{proof}
The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems-\ref{T:P*} and \ref{T:P*a}.
\bibliographystyle{amsplain} \bibliography{sampartl}
\end{document}
The showkeys package was discussed in section 6.4.2, while xspace in section 9.1.1. Note that the bib file of sampartl (see section 10.2.1) is used here again.
APPENDIX
E
E.l
I Background
You need not know the genealogy and structure ofIbTEX in order to work with it. However, I'll briefly outline these topics for the curious reader. This knowledge may help you to better understand the behavior of IbTEX.
A short history Donald E. Knuth's multivolume work The Art of Computer Programming [23] caused a great deal of frustration to its author, since it was very difficult to keep the various volumes typographically uniform. To solve this problem, Knuth decided to create his own typesetting language (see [24 ]-[ 28]).1
A mathematical typesetting language takes care of the multitude of details that are so important in mathematical typesetting; it
• properly spaces the formulas; • breaks up the text into pleasingly typeset lines and paragraphs; • hyphenates words as necessary;
lIn Software Practice and Experience 19 (1989), 607-685, Knuth writes that "[1] realized that a central aspect of printing has been reduced to bit manipulation. As a computer scientist, I could not resist the challenge of improving print quality by manipulating bits better."
380 Appendix E Background
• provides hundreds of symbols for typesetting mathematics.
TEX does all this and more on most any computer: IBM and IBM compatibles, Macintosh, Atari, Amiga, workstations, minicomputers, and mainframes. You can typeset your work on an IBM compatible and e-mail it to a coworker who'll do the corrections on a Macintosh, while the final result is e-mailed to your publisher who uses a minicomputer to print the document on a Linotype typesetter.
Knuth realized that typesetting is only half the solution to manuscript production. You also need a style designer-a specialist who decides what fonts to use, how large a vertical space to put after a theorem, and numerous other design issues that constitute a style. TEX was designed to work with a "document class", so you do not have to worry about style design problems.
Knuth also realized that typesetting a complex document in TEX requires a knowledgeable user. So TEX was designed as a "platform" on which convenient work environments-so called "macro packages"-could be built.!t is somewhat unfortunate that two such macro packages were made available to the mathematical community in the early eighties: AMS-TEX and g\TEX.
AMS-TEX was written by Michael D. Spivak for the AMS, while g\TEX was developed by Leslie Lamport. The strengths of the two systems are somewhat complementary. AMS-TEX provided many features necessary for mathematical articles, including:
• Extensive options for formatting of aligned and other multiline formulas. • Flexible bibliographic references.
g\TEX also provided many features including:
• The use oflogical units to separate the logical and the visual design of an article. • Automatic numbering and cross-referencing. • Bibliographic databases.
Both AMS-TEX and g\TEX became very popular, causing a split in the mathematical community.
Since Lamport decided not to develop g\TEX any further, a talented group of mathematicians and programmers, Frank Mittelbach, Chris Rowley, and Rainer Schopf, formed the "IbTEX3 team" with the aim of updating, actively supporting, and maintaining g\TEX. The group has since expanded with the addition of Johannes Braams, David Carlisle, Michael Downes, Denis Duchier, and Alan Jeffrey; many volunteers have also contributed time to the project.
The goals of IbTEX3 are very ambitious:
• The IbTEX3 system will provide high quality typesetting for a wide variety of document types and typographic requirements.
E.1 A short history 381
• For editors and designers, it'll support direct formatting commands, which are essential to the fine-tuning of document layout and page design.
• It'll process complex structured documents and support a document syntax that allows automatic translation of documents conforming to the international document type definition standard SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO standard 8879).
• Jb.TEX3 will provide a common foundation for a number of incompatible Jb.TEX variants that have developed, including Jb.TEX with NFSS (New Font Selection Scheme), SuTEX (for slides), and AMS-Jb.TEX.
See Mittelbach and Rowley [33,35] for a complete statement of goals and a progress report, respectively.
A number of projects have already been completed that will be part ofJb.TEX3 (in functionality, if not in code), including the following:
The New Font Selection Scheme. Jb.TEX uses Knuth's Computer Modern fonts. In 1989, Mittelbach and Schopf coded NFSS that allows the independent changing of font attributes and the easy integration of new font families into Jb.TEX. With the proliferation of PostScript fonts and PostScript printers, more and more users want to use PostScript fonts.
AMS-TEX as a H'-TEX option. Mittelbach and SchOpf (with Downes) recoded AMS-TEX so that it would work as a Jb.TEX option (see section E.l.l).
Proclamations with style. All proclamations in Jb.TEX were typeset in the same style, whether they were a Main Theorem or a lowly Comment. Mittelbach and Schopf coded a sophisticated scheme that allowed proclamation styles to be specified.
New and improved environments. There are improved verbatim and comment environments by Schopf, and there is a new multicolumn environment by Mittelbach. There are also several improvements to the tabular and array environments.
E.1.l The first interim solution
In 1990, the AMS released Aw-Jb.TEX. This release contained AMS-TEX recoded as a Jb.TEX option, the NFSS, styles for proclamations, and the new verbatim environment.
While the Jb.TEX3 team wanted to unity the mathematical community, this first attempt split it even further. Many AMS-TEX users simply did not switch. Even the Jb.TEX community was split into users of the old Jb.TEX, those whose Jb.TEX incorporated the NFSS, and the new AMS-Jb.TEX users.
382 Appendix E Background
B.1.2 The second interim solution
When it became obvious that the goals of LATEX3 could not be fulfilled any time soon, the It\TEX3 team decided to issue in June of 1994 a new standard version of IbTEX, version 2e (also called IbTEX2€), to replace IbTEX version 2.09; see Mittelbach and Rowley [34, 36]. Some of the goals of IbTEX3 were accomplished with this interim release, including the projects listed above. As I am writing this, not quite a year has passed since the release ofIbTEX2€, but IbTEX2€ has already established itself as standard IbTEX.
In February of 1995, the AMS released a new version of AMS-IbTEX (version 1.2) built on the new IbTEX. Michael Downes was the project leader. The changes in AMS-IbTEX were substantial. The align environment, for example, was completely rewritten by David M. Jones. The recoded AMS-TEX is now a IbTEX package, amsmath.
It is really important to note that while AMS-IbTEX version 1.1 was a monolithic structure, version 1.2 is just a collection of packages, that fit nicely into the IbTEX mindset. You can use one AMS-IbTEX package or all, by themselves or intermixed with other IbTEX packages. This book uses a IbTEX document class and intermixes the AMS-IbTEX packages with a number of It\TEX (non -AMS) packages.
B.2 How does it work? In this section, I present a very simplified overview of the inner-workings ofIbTEX.
B.2.1 The layers
TEX and IbTEX have many layers. These include:
virtex
The core ofTEX, called virtex, contains only the most primitive commands. It knows about 300 basic commands such as \input, \accent, and \hsize and has the ability to read informat files, which are "precompiled" sets of macros. Basically, IbTEX is virtex reading in a large set of macros, built layer upon layer.
plain.tex
plain. tex, the most basic layer on top of virtex, was created by Knuth. It adds about 600 commands to virtex. When you issue a tex command, it really executes virtex with the plain format, the default format.
plain. tex is described in detail in Appendix B of Knuth [24]. You can read plain. tex if you like: it's a text file in the TEX distribution. As a matter of fact, plain. tex is powerful enough so that you could do all your work in it. This view
E.2 How does it work? 383
is advocated by many, for instance, by Michael Doob [10]. virtex can't build format files. For that you need another version of TEX,
called ini tex. This calls in the most basic information, such as the hyphenation tables and plain. tex, and creates a format.
IbTEX is a set of macros written by Lamport et al.; see the latex.l tx file. It provides for logical document design, automatic numbering and cross-referencing, tables of contents, and many other features. IbTEX contains, with some modifications, the macros of plain. tex.
Document classes
The document class and its options form the next layer. You may choose to use a standard IbTEX document class: report, article, book, proc, letter, or slides; one provided by the AMS-IbTEX, including amsart, amsbook, or amsproc; or any one of a very large number of other document classes provided by publishers of books and journals, and other interested parties.
The packages
At the top of this hierarchy oflayers are the packages. You can use standard IbTEX packages, AMS-IbTEX packages, or anyone of hundreds of other packages in the IbTEX universe, intermixed as necessary. A package may require another package, or in fact may load a number of other packages.
Whenever you use an AMS-IbTEX document class, a number of packages are automatically loaded; see Figure 8.3.
E.2.2 Typesetting
When typesetting, TEX uses two basic types of files: the source file(s) and the font metric file(s).
There are font metric files for each font used (including each design size). Each TEX font metric file, called a tfm file, contains the size of each character, the measurements for "kerning" (the space placed between two adjacent characters), the length of the "italic correction", the size of the "interword space", and so on. A typical tfm file is cmrl0. tfm, which is the TEX font metric file for the font cmr at size 10 points.
TEX reads the source file a line at a time. It converts the characters of each line into a token sequence: a "token" is either a character (together with an indication of what role the character plays) or a macro. The (undelimited) argument ofa macro is the token following the macro, unless a group enclosed in braces follows the macro (in which case the contents of the group becomes the argument).
384 Appendix E Background
Similarly, when you exponentiate, TEX looks for the next token as the exponent unless a group enclosed in braces follows the - symbol. This may help explain why $2-3$ and $2-\alpha$ work out well, but $2-\mathfrak{m}$ does not: 3 and \alpha turn into a single token each, \mathfrak{m} turns into more than one (in fact, four) tokens. Of course, if you always use braces
then you do not have to remember what tokens are. After tokenizing the text, TEX hyphenates it and attempts to split the para
graph into lines of the required width. The measurements of the characters are absolute, and so are the distances between characters (kerning); however, the spaces (interword space, intersentence space, and so on) consists of "glue" (called rubber length in section 9.3.2). Glue has three dimensions: the length of the space, stretchability (the amount by which it can be made longer), and shrinkability (the amount by which it can be made shorter). TEX will stretch and shrink glue and do its best to form lines of equal length.
TEX employs a formula to measure how much stretching and shrinking is necessary in a line. The result is called "badness". Badness 0 is perfect; badness 10,000 is very bad. Lines that are too wide are reported with
Overfull \hbox (5.61168pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 49 --57
The badness of a line that is stretched too much is reported as follows:
Underfull \hbox (badness 1189) in paragraph at lines 93--93
Once enough paragraphs are put together, TEX composes a page from the typeset paragraphs using "vertical glue". A short page is marked with a message, for instance:
Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active
The typeset file is stored as a dvi (device independent) file.
B.2.3 Viewing and printing
Viewing and printing are not really part of TEX, but they are obviously an important part of your work environment. A separate program (called a printer driver) prints the dvi files, and another (the video driver) lets you view them on the monitor.
B.2 How does it work? 385
B.2A The files of YTEX
Ib-TEX is a "one-pass compiler", that is, it reads the source file only once for typesetting. Therefore, it's necessary for Ib-TEX to use auxiliary files in which to store information. For the current typesetting run, Ib-TEX uses the auxiliary files compiled during the last typesetting run. This explains why you have to typeset twice (maybe even three times-see section 6.3.2) to make sure that changes you have made are reflected in the typeset document. These auxiliary files have the same (base) name as the source file; the extension indicates the type of the auxiliary file.
The most important auxiliary file is the aux file. It contains a lot of information, most importantly, the data relevant to symbolic referencing. Here are two typical entries:
\newlabel{struct}{{5}{2}} \bibcite{eM57a}{4}
The first entry indicates that a new symbolic reference was introduced in the source file:
\label{struct}
The command \ref{struct} produces 5, while \pageref{struct} yields 2. There is an aux file for the source file being processed, and another one for
each file included in the main file with an \include command. No aux is written if the \nof iles command is given. The message
No auxiliary output files.
in the log file reminds you that \nofiles is in effect. The log file contains all the information shown on the monitor during the typesetting. The dvi file contains the typeset version of the source file.
There are five auxiliary files that store information for special tasks. They are written only if that special task is invoked by a command. They are all suppressed if there is a \nofiles command. They are
glo Contains the glossary entries produced by the \glossary commands. A new file is written only if there is a
\makeglossary
command in the source file (see section 11.5).
idx Contains the index entries produced by the \index commands. A new file is written only if there is a
\makeindex
386 Appendix E Background
command in the source file (see section 11.3).
lof Contains the entries used to compile a list offigures. A new file is written only if there is a
\listoffigures
command in the source file (see section 6.4.3).
lot Contains the entries used to compile a list of tables. A new file is written only if there is a
\listoftables
command in the source file (see section 6.4.3).
toe Contains the entries used to compile a table of contents. A new file is written only if there is a
\tableofeontents
command in the source file (see section 6.3.2).
For the auxiliary files ofBIBTEX and Makelndex, see sections 10.2.4 and 11.3. Some classes and packages define other auxiliary files.
APPENDIX
F
I PostScript fonts
In section E.l, it was stated that one of the major goals of the new IbTEX was to unifY the various dialects of LATEX. Another major goal was to make it easy to use PostScript fonts.
The Computer Modern fonts were "hard wired" into IbTEX. Many users liked IbTEX but disliked the Computer Modern fonts. With the spread of personal computers and PostScript laser printers, it was imperative that PostScript fonts become integrated into IbTEX. I illustrate with two examples how easy it is to use PostScript fonts with IbTEX2€.
The PSNFSS (PostScript New Font Selection Scheme) distribution, by Sebastian Rahtz, is part of the IbTEX 2€ distribution. If you do not have it, get it from your TEX supplier or CTAN (see section G.2). It contains all the files-but not the fonts themselves-you need for this appendix.
F.l The Times font and MathTtme As a first example, step through the process of incorporating the Adobe Times font into a IbTEX document to replace the Computer Modern text fonts, and, optionally, of using the MathTtme math fonts to replace the Computer Modern math
388 Appendix F PostScript fonts
fonts. Recall from section 2.6.2 that a document class specifies three standard font
families:
• the roman (or upright and serifed) document font family; • the sans serif document font family; • the typewriter style document font family.
The times package (in the PSNFSS distribution) makes Times the roman font family, Helvetica the sans seriffont family, and Courier the typewriter style font family.
Setting up Times First install the Adobe Times, Helvetica, and Courier PostScript fonts and their TEX font metric files. Now typeset the psfonts. ins file (in the PSNFSS distribution) with the LaTeX format. This will produce a sty (style) file for the standard PostScript fonts. The Times style file is called times. sty. Copy it into your TEX input directory.
To use the times package, you must have the font definition (fd) files for the fonts involved. By checking the times. sty file, you'll see that you need three fonts: Times, Helvetica, and Courier. In the times package these are named ptm, phv, and per, respectively; these are the font names in the naming scheme introduced by Karl Berry. In ptm, p stand for the foundry's name (Adobe), tm stands for Times, hv for Helvetica, and er for Courier. The corresponding font definition files are named OT1ptm. fd, OT1phv. fd, and OT1per. fd, respectively. (OT1 designates the old TEX font encoding scheme, which is not discussed here.) You can get these from the CTAN distribution sites (see section G.2). Place all these font files in your TEX input directory.
U sing Times In the preamble of your document, type
\usepaekage{times}
after the \doeumentelass line, so that Times will become the roman, Helvetica the sans serif, and Courier the typewriter style document font family.
That's all there is to it. The times package changes the document font family throughout the docu
ment' but you may want to switch to Times only occasionally. For example,
{\fontfamily{ptm}\seleetfont this is typeset in the Times font}
will typeset the phrase in the Times font:
I this is typeset in the Times font
L
The text preceding and following will not be affected. Similarly,
F.l The Times font and MathTtme 389
II 0 I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 0
10 1
20 v - - B re re 13 lE
30 (E 0 ! " # $ % & ,
40 ( ) * + - / 0 1 , 50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ,
60 < = > ? @ A B C D E
70 F G H I J K L M N 0
80 P Q R S T U V W X Y
90 Z [ \ ] , ,
a b c
100 d e f g h i j k I m
110 n 0 p q r s t u v w
120 x y z { } " - ..
Table F.l: Lower font table for the Times font
II 0 I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9
120 A A 130 <; E N- O 0 a a a a a 140 a It e e e e i i i 1
150 fi 6 <'> 6 6 0 11 U 11 ii
160 t 0 ¢ £ § . ~ ® ©
170 TM ±
180 ¥ 11 ~ Q
190 i, j ..., f «
200 » ... A A D - -
210 " Y Y / IJ
220 ( > fi ft t , "
%0 A 230 E A E E i i I i 6 6 240 6 0 0 ()
250 . Table F.2: Upper font table for the Times font
390
\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont this is typeset in the Times font \normalfont
Appendix F PostScript fonts
will also typeset the same phrase in Times. (The \normalfont command restores the document font family-see section 2.6.2, so this version is different from the previous one.)
The layout of the Times font is shown in Tables F.l and F.2. As you can see there are plenty of opportunities to use the \symbol command (see section 2.4.4); for instance, you can define
\newcommand{\TM}{{\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont\symbol{170}}}
and then \TM prints TM. To obtain these tables, open the fonttbl. tex file in your ftp directory, add the
\usepackage{times}
line in the preamble, and typeset it with LaTeX format.
Setting up MathTtme Looking at a mathematical article typeset with the Times text font, you may find that the Computer Modern math symbols look too thin. Michael Spivak modified the CM math symbols to match the Times font (and other PostScript fonts); he named these modified fonts MathTzme. You can purchase the MathTzme fonts from Y&Y, (508) 371-3286, e-mail: [email protected].
Install the MathTzme PostScript fonts and the TEX font metric files for the MathTzme fonts. Get the mathtime. ins and mathtime. dtx files (written by Aloysius G. Helminck) from the CTAN. Copy them into your TEX input directory. Typeset mathtime. ins with LaTeX format. This will produce the mathtime. sty file and the necessary fd files.
Using MathTtme If you want to use Times as the document font family and MathTzme as the default math font, specifY
\usepackage{times,mathtime}
in the preamble of your document.
P.2 LucidaBright fonts In this section, I show you how to replace the Computer Modern fonts with the LucidaBright fonts (both text and math fonts) in a IbTEX document. You can purchase the LucidaBright fonts from Y&Y.
Get the lucida.ins and lucida.dtx files (by Sebastian Rahtz), which are part of the PSNFSS distribution. Copy them into your TEX input directory. Typeset lucida. ins with LaTeX format. This will produce the lucbr. sty file and a large number of fd files.
P.2 LucidaBright fonts
Now in the preamble of your document, add the line
\usepackage [yy] {lucbr}
The yy option is necessary for the LucidaBright package from Y&Y.
391
APPENDIX
G
G.l
I Getting it
If your computer is connected to the Internet (directly or through a telephone line), then you can obtain the most up-to-date versions ofIbTEX and AMS-IbTEX (and any other distributions you wish to use; for instance, PSNFSS). This appendix explains how to do this.
Writing this section so as to satisfY everybody's needs is about as likely to be successful as writing a section on how to install IbTEX . .. So I make some assumptions: you know how to "sign on" to an Internet provider (whose computer I shall call the "local computer"), and "download" from the local computer to your computer. I hope, however, that even if your situation is different from what is assumed, there is enough information here to help you.
You should also keep in touch with TUG, the TEX Users Group. The last section tells you how.
GettingTEX There are commercial, shareware, and freeware implementations of TEX.
G.2 Where to get it? 393
G.2
Commercial implementations
Most commercial TEX implementations are integrated (that is, the application contains an editor, viewer-or video driver-and printer driver, as well as TEX). Commercial TEX implementations provide technical support, whereas public domain, freeware, and shareware programs most likely do not; for a novice, this may be an important consideration.
On an IBM compatible, the most popular integrated package is PCTEX for Windows,l and on a Macintosh it is TEXTURES.2
Some users prefer a nonintegrated setup, since then they can use the editor of their choice and the best video and printer driver. Y&Y tex is one such package.3
Public domain, freeware, and shareware implementations
There are also a number of public domain, freeware, and shareware TEX implementations. These can be obtained from a variety of sources (inquire from TUG-see section G.7).
Probably, the most popular DOS TEX implementation is emTEX. It is available from CTAN (see section G.2) and also on a CD-ROM (4allTeX) from the Dutch user group NTG (e-mail: [email protected]). The most popular shareware implementation on the Macintosh is OzTEX, available from CTAN. UNIX users get the TEX source code (in C) from CTAN, and compile it. A version of UNIX for IBM compatibles, Linux, will automatically install TEX for you.
Most TEX implementations come with Jb.TEX (version 2e) and the AMS enhancements (AMS-Jb.TEX) as part of the package. If your TEX came from such a source, it may be simplest to keep everything up-to-date from the same source.
If you need support, try the comp. text. tex newsgroup on the Internet. You could also try the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) documents maintained on CTAN (in the /tex-archive/help directory).
Where toget it? You can find Jb.TEX and the AMS enhancements at one of the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN) sites: ftp.shsu.edu (U.S.), ftp.tex.ac.uk (U.K.), and ftp.dante.de (Germany). (There are also a number of mirror sites, ten at the time of this writing; check for the one closest to you.) The primary location for AMS-Jb.TEX is the ANtS file server e-math. ams . ~rg.
At the CTAN sites, the following subdirectories may be of immediate interest to you:
1 Personal TEX Inc., (800) 808-7906, e-mail: pti~crl.com 2Blue Sky Research, (800) 622-8398, e-mail: sales~bluesky.com 3y&y, (508) 371-3286, e-mail: sales-help~YandY.com
394 Appendix G Getting it
The lJlTEX distribution
/tex-archive/macros/latex
is the main l5\TEX directory. It has a number of subdirectories, including
• base, the current LATEX distribution; • packages, which includes the l5\TEX tools, PSNFSS, Babel, and graphics; • contrib, the user-contributed styles and packages; • unpacked, which contains the l5\TEX distribution unpacked.
The AMS-l5\TEX distribution is in the directory
/tex-archive/fonts/ams
It contains several subdirectories. To install AMS-l5\TEX, copy the contents of the following two directories
/tex-archive/fonts/ams/amslatex/inputs /tex-archive/fonts/ams/amsfonts/latex
into your TEX input directory. This is all you really have to do. The amslatex directory contains the document classes and packages. This
directory has three subdirectories: math, inputs, and classes. The files that must go into your TEX input directory (the document class and package files) are all in the inputs directory. The documentation is in the other two directories.
Finally, the amsfonts/latex directory contains the font related packages, and the font definition files.
PostScript fonts
First, you need the PSNFSS distribution. You'll find it in the psnfss subdirectory of the directory packages; the full path of this subdirectory is
/tex-archive/macros/latex/packages/psnfss
There is also a subdirectory called lw35nfss you may want to explore. Second, you need the font definition files for all the PostScript fonts you in
tend to use. To find these files, look in the /tex-archive/fonts/metrics directory. All the Adobe PostScript fonts are in the adobe subdirectory. For instance, to find the Times font definition file, change into the times subdirectory; it has a subdirectory fd, in which you'll find OTlptm.fd. The full name of this directory is
/tex-archive/fonts/metrics/adobe/times/fd
G.3 Getting ready 395
G.3
cd path cd .. Is mkdir path rm name pwd rmdir path
change directory to path move up one level in the directory structure list files and subdirectories make directory path remove file name display current path remove directory to path
Table G.l: Some UNIX commands
CTANhelp
Robin Fairbairns' companion.ctan document (in /tex-archive/info) lists the names of packages, fonts, etc., and where they can be found.
If you can connect to the Internet with a World Wide Web browser (say, Netscape Navigator), try the CTAN-Web Home Page
http://jasper.ora.com/ctan.html
It's to an ftp connection what a luxury sedan is to a bicycle. There are now a number of other WWW sites dedicated to Ib-TEX and related
topics; the Ib-TEX Navigator (http://www.loria.fr/tex/english/index.html) has a listing under the title "www servers dedicated to (La)TeX".
Getting ready Follow a very simple strategy:
1. sign on to the local computer and create a subdirectory to copy the files into; 2. ftp to a CTAN site; 3. locate the directory containing the files you want; 4. download those files to the local computer; 5. transfer the files to your personal computer; 6. unpack them; 7. copy them to the appropriate directories.
Since this involves going through this sequence of steps as many times as there are directories to get, you can improve on this strategy by creating a directory for all the CTAN directories you want to copy. However, let me illustrate the simpler strategy.
You'll need the UNIX commands in Table G .1. Once connected to the CT AN site, use the ftp commands in Table G.2.
396
G.4
cd path dir
change directory to path list files and subdirectories get the file name
Appendix G Getting it
get name lcd path mget * prompt ascii binary quit
change directory in the local computer to path get all the files in the current subdirectory do not prompt which files to get set file type to ascii set file type to binary disconnect and quit ftp program
Table G.2: Some ftp commands
Transferring files I'll illustrate the procedure outlined in section G.3, by retrieving the J!.TEX distribution. In this session, what the computer displays on the monitor is shown in this style whereas user input is shown in this styLe In what follows, "%" is the UNIX prompt and "ftp>" is the ftp prompt. Note: these prompts may be different on your system.
Step 1 Create a subdirectory called transfer on the local computer.
% pwd /home/u1/gratzer
% mkdir transfer
% cd transfer
% pwd /home/u1/gratzer/transfer
Step 2 Use the method called anonymousftp to login to the (nearest) CTAN site:
% ftp ftp. shsu. edu Connected to PIP.SHSU.EDU. 220 pip.shsu.edu FTP server (Version 2.1aWU(1) Fri Aug 20 14:31:05 CDT 1993) ready.
Name (ftp.shsu.edu:gratzer): anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password.
Password: [email protected] 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Step 3 Now move to the directory containing the J!.TEX distribution:
G.4 Transferring files
ftp> cd /tex-archive/macros/Latex/base 250 CWD command successful.
ftp> pwd 257 "/tex-archive/macros/latex/base" is current directory.
Step 4 Transfer all the files contained in this directory:
ftp> prompt Interactive mode off.
ftp> mget * 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for OOreadme.txt (1846 bytes).
ftp> quit 221 Goodbye.
397
Now all the files have been transferred from the CTAN site to the local computer. Note the command prompt; without it you would be prompted for every file
being transferred.
Step 5 The following session is typical. On the local computer, the current directory should be the one containing the files you wish to transfer.
% pwd /home/u1/gratzer/transfer
% kermit C-Kermit, 4E(072) 24 Jan 89, SUNOS 4.x Type? for help
C-Kermit> send * Escape back to your local system and give a RECEIVE command ...
Now follow the instructions of the communication software on your personal computer to receive files sent by Kermit.
Step 6 At this point, all the files you have just transferred are in a directory on your personal computer. The next step, unpacking the files, is dependent on the individual files themselves. The following general comments may help.
• Look for a file called README or some other variant. This document will point out which file contains the instructions for installation, the user guide, and so on.
398 Appendix G Getting it
• As a rule, the txt files are the ones you should read right away. The tex files are probably user guides, and ins files are the installation files.
The J:b.TEX installation is an exception; you must use ini tex for typesetting the unpack. ins document. All the others are to be typeset with LaTeX format.
Step 7 The installation unpacks a large number of files. Some of these should be copied over to the TEX input directory. These files typically have extensions cls (document class files), sty (packages), clo (class options), fd (font definition files), and bst (BIBTEX style files). There are a few others you have to copy with extensions such as 1 tx, def, and even some with tex. The installation instructions give more detail.
G.S More advanced file transfer commands The procedure described in section G.4 will provide you all the files you need, but not necessarily in the most convenient or efficient manner. Consult a UNIX book or an Internet book for short cuts (see section 1.2). However, the following suggestions may help.
1. When you find yourself in an unfamiliar subdirectory, use the
get name -
command to read short documentation files. For instance, when in a subdirectory with a README file, issue the command:
ftp> get README -
This will display the contents of README on your monitor. If the file is long, you may want to view it a screenful at a time, so issue the command
ftp> get README - Imore
instead. 2. If you know (part of) the name of a file, but you do not know where to find it
on CTAN, issue the command
ftp> quote site index Latex. Ltx
to locate the latex .ltx file. This will produce a listing of the directories in which the file can be found. Of course, if the file is packed, this method will not work.
3. Read the files
README. archive-features README. site-commands
for special commands available at CTAN sites.
G.S More advanced file transfer commands 399
4. Many of the directories you may be interested in are available as single tar files, marked by the extension tar. Some directories are also compressed, as signified by the extension Z. In addition, at CTAN sites, you can "compress on-the-fly".
Here is a sample session:
ftp> pwd 257 "/tex-archive/macros/latex" is current directory.
ftp> binary 200 Type set to I.
ftp> get base. tar.Z 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for /bin/tar. 226 Transfer complete. local: base.tar.Z remote: base.tar.Z 826681 bytes received in 2.5e+02 seconds (3.2 Kbytes/s)
ftp> quit
% Ls -L base* -rw------- 1 gratzer 826681 Dec 6 16:20 base.tar.Z
% uncompress base. tar.Z
% Ls -L base* -rw------- 1 gratzer 2242560 Dec 6 16:20 base.tar
% tar -xI base. tar
% Ls -L base* -rw------- 1 gratzer 2242560 Dec 6 16:20 base. tar ... base: total 2226 -rwx------ 1 gratzer 1846 Jun 12 15:04 OOreadme.txt
This is followed by a listing of the new base directory. The first Ls -L base* command yields the information that the compressed
tar file has 826,681 characters; the second, that the uncompressed tar file has 2,242,560 characters; the third gives a complete listing (not shown) of the files in the new directory.
You need only two new commands to uncompress and to create the new directory. Observe that as a result of the compression only 826,681 bytes had to travel from the CTAN site to the local computer (rather than 2,242,560); as a result of combining all the files into one, the transmission happened in one step.
400
G.6
Appendix G Getting it
The sample files There are number of sample files discussed in this book as discussed on page 4. You may choose to type these files yourself or get them from the ftp server at the University of Manitoba in the latex/mil directory. (As a password, type your e-mail address.) Here is a transcript of how to get them from the University of Manitoba:
%ftp ftp.cc.umanitoba.ca Connected to canopus. cc.umanitoba. ca. 220 canopus FTP server.
Name: anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password.
Password: 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
ftp> cd Latex/miL 250 CWD command successful.
ftp> pwd 257 "/latex/mil" is current directory.
ftp> prompt Interactive mode off.
ftp> mget * 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for amsart.tpl (4598 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. local: amsart.tpl remote: amsart.tpl 4797 bytes received in 0.048 seconds (97 Kbytes/s)
ftp> quit 221 Goodbye.
Now transfer all the files from the local computer to your computer to the ftp directory, and read the readme document in the latex directory. It'll advise you when I'll have a WWW site to supplement the ftp site, the addresses of other sites that carry the sample files, and so on.
G.7 AMS and the user groups The AMS provides excellent technical advice. You can reach the AMS technical staff bye-mail: tech-support@math. ams. org or by telephone: (800) 321-4267
G.7 AMS and the user groups 401
or (401) 455-4080. The TEX User's Group (TUG) does a tremendous job of maintaining TEX,
developing :£b.TEX, and publishing a quarterly journal (TUGboat) and newsletter (TEX and TUG NEWS). Join TUG if you have an interest in TEX or :£b.TEX. The address of TUG is P.O. Box 869, Santa Barbara, CA 93101; telephone: (805) 899-4673, e-mail: TUG@tug. ~rg.
There are a large number ofTEX user associations that are geographic or linguistic in nature. The three largest national user groups are GUTenberg (French), Dante (German), and UK TUG (U.K.); each is represented on the TUG Board of Directors. All the (national) TEX user associations are listed in the Resource Directory, a supplement to TUGboat. For inquiries about TEX user associations, consult the Resource Directory, or write (e-mail) TUG.
APPENDIX
H
I Conversions
There are four groups of experienced users who may want to convert to AMSE\TEX (version 1.2): users of Plain TEX, E\TEX, and AMS-TEX, and users of AMSE\TEX version 1.1.
Conversion has at least two meanings:
1. Reworking an existing article to utilize E\TEX2c: along with the amsmath and amssymb packages (and maybe others).
2. Reworking an existing article to use the amsart document class and the amssymb
package (and maybe others).
The two types of conversions are almost identical except that the first type starts with a template file discussed in section 1.6, while the second starts utilizes a template file obtained in section 8.3 by customizing amsart. tpl.
H.i From Plain TEX To convert an article from Plain TEX:
• Make sure that you do not use any of the commands listed in section H .1.1.
403
• Take your personalized article template, save it under a new name, and type in the article information. Then cut the TEX article and paste it into the document environment.
• Replace the TEX displayed math delimiters $$ by \ [ and \] . • Redo all the section (and subsection) titles as discussed in section 1.7.2, and in
sert the cross-references. • Redo the bibliography as shown in section 1.7.4. Insert the cross-references to
the bibliographic items. • Define and invoke all proclamations as described in section 3.4. • Redesign, if necessary, the multiline formulas using the multiline math environ
ments of the amsmath package. • Convert tables to tabular form.
H.1.1 Tp)( code in MTp)(
Nearly all document and page design problems are addressed by ~TEX or by a package. Therefore, mixing TEX and ~TEX is seldom necessary, and requires a deep understanding of the underlying code. Do not mix TEX code in ~TEX unless you have mastered the internals of both.
There are a number of reasons why a (Plain) TEX command may not work as expected in ~TEX.
• ~TEX rewrote the "output" routines ofTEX, that is, the way paragraphs are formatted. Avoid all TEX commands that directly affect output (see Chapter 15 of [24]).
• LATEX provides a number of environments that make some TEX commands obsolete: tabbing and center are two examples.
• A number ofTEX commands that change the font size are not defined in ~TEX. • Some TEX commands change parameters that are also used by ~TEX. For in
stance, \hangindent in a LATEX list environment will change the shape of the list.
Table H.l provides a short list of (Plain) TEX commands to avoid. In addition, the amsmath package prohibits the use of the TEX generalized frac
tion commands, namely,
H.2 From YT£X
\over \atop \above
\overwithdelims \atopwithdelims \abovewithdelims
The conversion depends on whether you start from ~TEX version 2.09 or ~TEX version 2e.
404 Appendix H Conversions
\+ \fivei \midinsert \sevensy \advancepageno \fiverm \nopagenumbers \tabalign \beginsection \fivesy \normalbottom \tabsdone \bye \folio \oldstyle \tabset \centering \footline \pagebody \tabs \cleartabs \footstrut \pagecontents \teni \dosupereject \headline \pageinsert \topins \endinsert \leqalignno \pageno \topinsert \end \line \plainoutput \vfootnote \eqalignno \magnification \settabs \eqalign \makefootline \sevenbf \fivebf \makeheadline \seveni
Table H.l: TEX commands to avoid in IbTEX
H.2.1 Version 2e
There are just a few adjustments to make when switching from IbTEX2c:. To do the first type of conversion (see the introduction to this appendix), just
add the lines
\usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amssymb}
after the \documentclass line. To do the second type of conversion:
• Take your amsart. tpl personalized article template, save it under a new name, and type in the article information. Cut from the IbTEX article the document environment and paste it in the new article.
• Define and invoke all declarations in the form described in section 3.4. • Do not use a IbTEX bibliographic style if you use an AMS document class; use
the AMS version instead.
With both types of conversion,
• Redesign, as necessary, the multiline formulas using the multiline math environments of the amsmath package. In particular, you should change the IbTEX math environment eqnarray to an amsmath multiline math environment.
H.2.2 Version 2.09
First, you have to convert from IbTEX 2.09 to IbTEX2c:. This is usually very easy. In the preamble, you have to change the
\documentstyle
405
command to
\documentclass
Most of the document style options have become packages, which are invoked with the \usepackage command. You may optionally change the two-letter font changing commands (see section 2.6.6) to the corresponding Ib-TE,X2c:commands (see section 2.6), but this is not really necessary. Some math symbols that were in Ib-TEX version 2.09 are now in the package latexsym (see section H.2.3). Now proceed as in section H.2.1.
H.2.3 The I§JEX symbols
The latexsym package defines 11 math symbols. These were originally part of the standard Ib-TEX setup, but in version 2e they are invoked with the latexsym package. The only frequently used symbol in this set is \Box, which many writers use as the end-oE-proof symbol.
If you follow my suggestion and always invoke the amssymb package in your Ib-TEX document, then you'll have access to all eleven of these symbols, but under different names. Table H.2 presents a rough translation table.
latexsym amssymb
\mho \mho \Join \bowtie \Box \square \Diamond \lozenge \leadsto \rightsquigarrow \sqsubset \sqsubset \sqsupset \sqsupset \lhd \trianglelefteq \unlhd \vartriangleleft \rhd \trianglerighteq \unrhd \vartriangleright
Table H.2: A translation table
The last four symbols in latexsym are binary operations, while their amssymb equivalents are binary relations. So a more precise translation of, say, \lhd is
\mathop{\trianglelefteq}
Although the amsmath package is AMS-TEX recoded for Ib-TEX, there are a number of differences the AMS-TEX user has to get used to. These seldom cause difficulty
406 Appendix H Conversions
since mistakes are caught by IbTEX, as a rule. The major differences are:
• AMS-TEX uses pairs of commands of the form
\ command and \endcommand
to delimit environments; for instance,
\document and \enddocument, \proclaim and \endproclaim.
• Some AMS-TEX commands were dropped because there were IbTEX commands that accomplished the same task.
• Some AMS-TEX commands became optional parameters of packages or commands.
• Some AMS-TEX commands were renamed because there were already LATEX commands of the same name.
• Bibliographic formatting commands.
So here is what you should do when converting from AMS-TEX:
• Take an appropriate personalized article template, save it under a new name, and type in the article information. Then cut the AMS-TEX article from \document to \enddocument and paste in the body of the new article.
• Replace the AMS-TEX displayed math delimiters $$ by \ [ and \] . • Look for AMS-TEX commands that start with \end. Change all these to the
corresponding environment. In particular, redo each proclamation as an environment.
• Completely redo the bibliography. Change the \ci te commands to references by labels.
• Redo every user-defined command. Notice that the syntax changes substantially: change \define to \newcommand and \redefine to \renewcommand.
A number of AMS-TEX commands that affect the style of the whole document became document class or amsmath package options (and two were dropped). They are listed in Table H.3.
The AMS-TEX commands in Table H.4 may cause some difficulties.
H.4 From AMS-YTp;K version 1.1 Despite dramatic changes behind the scenes, users of AMS-IbTEX version 1.1 have very little to change:
• The \documentstyle command must be changed to \documentclass in the preamble.
H. 4 From AMS -ItlTEX version 1.1
Aj\;1S-TE,X command \CenteredTagsDnSplits \LimitsDnlnts \LimitsDnNames \LimitsDnSums \NoLimitsDnlnts \NoLimitsDnNames \NoLimitsDnSums \TagsAsMath \TagsAsText \TagsDnLeft \TagsDnRight \TopDrBottomTagsDnSplits
centertags document class option intlimi ts amsmath option namelimi ts amsmath option sumlimi ts amsmath option nointlimi ts amsmath option namelimi ts amsmath option nosumlimi ts amsmath option dropped dropped leqno document class option reqno document class option tbtags document class option
Table B.3: AMS-TEX style commands dropped in AMS-IbTEX
407
• Most of the document style options became packages, and should be invoked with the \usepackage command. See section 8.4 for the options of the AMS document classes.
• The aligned math environments were redone. Replace the xalignat environment with align, and the xxalignat environment with flalign. The align and flalign environments do not require an argument to specify the number of columns (see section 5.4).
• @ is no longer a special character; typing @ prints @ (make sure that you replace @@
by @ in the \email command of the top matter). As a result, the @- command had to be renamed (it's now \nobreakdash-see section 2.4.8) and the @»> and @«< arrow commands can only be used in commutative diagrams (use the \xleftarrow and \xrightarrow commands, see section 4.10.3).
• There are additional commands to change font sizes in version 1.2. You may want to change \small to \Small, \tiny to \Tiny, and \large to \Large (see section 8.1.1).
• The \bold command has been renamed \mathbf (see section 4.14.3). • The commands
\newsymbol, \frak, and \BBb
have been renamed
\DeclareMathSymbol, \mathfrak,and \mathbb
They are not provided by the amsmath package but by the amsfonts package (automatically loaded byamssymb).
• The following rarely-used commands have been moved to the amsxtra package:
408
\: \adjustfootnotemark \ and \boldkey (math style change) \botsmash
\caption
\captionwidth
\cite \displaybreak \dsize (math size change) \foldedtext \hdotsfor \innerhdotsfor \italic (math style change) \midspace \nopagebreak in multiline math
environments \pretend ... \haswidth \roman (math style change) \slanted (math style change) \ssize (math size change) \sssize (math size change) \spacehdotsfor
\spaceinnerhdotsfor
\spreadlines \thickfrac
\thickfracwithdelims
\topsmash
\topspace \tsize (math size change) \ vspace in multiline math
environments
Appendix H Conversions
Conflict: renamed \colon Dropped: reset the counter footnote Renamed \And Dropped: use \boldsymbol Dropped: use the optional parameter b
of\smash Changed: use the figure environment
and the \caption command Dropped: use the figure environment
and the \caption command Different syntax Trap: place it before \ \ Dropped: use \displaystyle Dropped: use \parbox Different syntax Dropped Dropped: use \mathi t Dropped: use the figure environment Dropped
Dropped: pad the label with blanks Conflict: use \mathrm Dropped: use \mathsl Dropped: use \scriptstyle Dropped: use \scriptscriptstyle Dropped: use the optional parameter
of\hdotsfor Dropped: use the optional parameter
of\hdotsfor Dropped Dropped: use the optional parameter
of\frac Dropped: use the optional parameter
of\fracwithdelims Dropped: use the optional parameter
of\smash Dropped: use the figure environment Dropped: use \textstyle Dropped: use the optional argument
of the \ \ command
Table H.4: AMS-TEX commands to avoid
H. 4 From AMS-YTEX version 1.1 409
\accentedsymbo1,
\sphat, \spcheck, \spti1de, \spdot, \spddot, \spdddot, \spbreve.
See section 4.9 for these commands. If you need any of these commands, add the line
\usepackage{amsxtra}
to the preamble of your document. • \fracwi thdelims has been removed. Code it with \genfrac (see section 4.16). • \lcfrac and \rcfrac are now options of\cfrac; replace
\lcfrac with \cfrac [1], \rcfrac with \cfrac [r]
(see section 4.16). • The functionality of the multiline subscript and superscript environments, Sb and
Sp, is taken over by the substack command (see section 4.8.2). • The environments pf and pH have been renamed proof and proof*, respec
tively. • You may wish to redo some of your font commands to the new ones. If you use
CM fonts, there is no hurry; the old ones should work as before.
APPENDIX
Final word
In this final appendix, I'll outline what was left out of the presentation, and what you might read to learn more about u\TEX.
1.1 What was left out? My goal for this book was to provide the reader with a good foundation in u\TEX and AMS-u\TEX; the visual design of the document is left, to a large degree, to the document class. Keeping in mind this task, what did I omit?
1.1.1 Omitted from YTEX Jb.TEX has some features omitted from this book:
1. The picture environment is a major feature. It allows you to draw simple pictures with lines and circles.
2. The array, tabular, and tabbing environments have a number offeatures not discussed in this book.
3. Jb.TEX makes the style parameters of a document and of most Jb.TEX constructs available to the user. Very few of them are mentioned in this book.
1.2 Further reading 411
4. The "low level" commands ofNFSS provide finer control over fonts.
If you need these features, this is what you should do:
1. Drawing with the picture environment has the advantage of portability. This environment is described in Lamport [30]; many extensions are discussed in Chapter 10 of The YTEX Companion. However, I believe that the correct approach today is to use a drawing program with the capability of saving the graphics in encapsulated PostScript format that can be included in the document using the graphics package (see section 6.4.3).
2. The tabbing, tabular, and array environments-and their extensions-are described in detail in Lamport [30] and Chapter 5 of The YTEX Companion.
3. The style parameters for E\TEX are set in the document class. When the publisher changes the name of the document class, the style parameters are changed to their specifications. If you explicitly change the style parameters in your document, then the journal has no easy way to mark up the source file to conform with their publishing style. If you must change the basic style parameters, advise the editor what was done.
4. There are two types of commands of the New Font Selection Scheme: highlevel and lowlevel commands. The latter are, by and large, for style designers and package writers. Nevertheless, those who want to use fonts other than the standard Computer Modern fonts would do well to read Chapters 7 and 11 of The YTEX Companion.
In this book, I use low level commands of NFSS only in two places: III
section 9.5 and Appendix F.
1.1.2 Omittedfrom 1EX Most all of Plain TEX was omitted from this book. TEX is a powerful programming language; you can design any page layout or formula in TEX. Remember, however, that to change the design features, you should be knowledgeable not only in TEX, but also in document design. Also keep in mind our goal that the journal publisher ought to be able to change the design to its own specifications.
1.2 Further reading Much documentation is included in the E\TEX and AMS-E\TEX distributions; in addition, many third-party packages are well documented. You'll find a lot more documentation on CTAN.
As you have no doubt noticed, there are many references to The YTEX Companion in this book. For instance, a whole chapter (Chapter 4) in the Companion deals with the layout of the page, and several sections (in Chapter 2) show how to change section headers.
412 Appendix I Final word
The J5lTEX Companion is not a beginner's book, but it's indispensable for advanced IbTEX users with special needs not served by document classes. It is also the best overview of more than a hundred important packages. For package writers and students ofNFSS, the Companion is the basic textbook.
It is a bit more complicated to learn TEX. You may want to start out with Wynter Snow [ 42]. It introduces many of the basic concepts of TEX in a very relaxed style with many examples; the IbTEX notes make the book especially useful, and the author gives many examples of macros. TEX as a programming language is not discussed, however.
Raymond Seroul and Silvio Levy [41] give another good introduction; this book also has a chapter on TEX programming. Donald E. Knuth [24] provides an easy introduction to TEX, as long as you avoid the difficult parts marked by "dangerous bend signs". Paul W. Abrahams, Karl Berry, and Kathryn A. Hargreaves [1] explain many TEX commands grouped by topic. It has a very useful, nonsequential approach. Victor Eijkhout [11] is an excellent reference book on TEX mainly for experts. For many tutorial examples, see the articles and columns in TUGboat.
For advice to authors of mathematical articles, see Ellen Swanson [44]; it is interesting to note how many of Swanson's rules have been incorporated into IbTEX. The points of view on copy editing ofthe Cambridge and Oxford University Presses are presented in Judith Butcher [8] and Horace Hart [22], respectively.
Ruari McLean [31] gives a useful introduction to typography, the art of printing with type. See also Alison Black [7] for more about typefaces.
Harley Hahn [21] provides an excellent introduction to Unix; and Ed Krol [29] is a good first book on the Internet.
IbTEX focuses on the system-independent nature of TEX. However, everyone works with a specific computer system, and many tools are available that make one's labor easier. Norman Walsh [45] is an excellent overview of system-specific tools.
Bibliography
[1] Paul W. Abrahams, Karl Berry, and Kathryn A. Hargreaves, TEX for the Impatient. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1990.
[2] American Mathematical Society, AMSFonts version 2.I-Installation Guide. Providence, Rl, 1991.
[3] ___ , AMSFonts version 2.I-User's Guide, Providence, Rl, 1991.
[4] ___ , AMS-b1TEX version I.I-User's Guide. Providence, Rl, 1991.
[5] __ , AMS-b1TEX version I.2-User's Guide. Providence, Rl, 1995. (For additional information, typeset amsmath. dtx and the other dtx documents in the AMS distribution. )
[6] ___ , Installation GuideforAMS-b1TEXversion 1.1. Providence, Rl, 1991.
[7] Alison Black, Typefaces for desktop publishing: a user guide. Architecture Design and Technology Press, London, 1990.
[8] Judith Butcher, Copy editing: the Cambridge handbook. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, London, 1981.
[9] Pehong Chen and Michael A. Harrison, Index preparation and processing. SoftwarePractice and Experience 19 (9) (1988), 897-915
[10] Michael Doob, TEX Starting from [IJ. Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York, 1993.
[11] Victor Eijkhout, TEX by topic: A TEXnician's reference. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1991.
[12] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin, The YTEX Companion. Addison -Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994.
[13] George Gratzer, Math into TEX: A simple introduction to AMS-b1TEX. Birkhauser Boston, Boston, 1993.
[14] __ , AMS-b1TEX. NoticesAmer. Math. Soc. 40 (1993),148-150.
414 Bibliography
[15] ___ , Advances in TEX implementations. I. PostScript fonts. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 40 (1993), 834-838.
[16] ___ , Advances in TEX implementations. II. Integrated environments. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994), 106-111.
[17] ___ , Advances in TEX implementations. III. A new version of J::lTEX, finally. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994),611-615.
[18] ___ , Advances in TEX. IV. Header and footer control in J::lTEX. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994),772-777.
[19] ___ , Advances in TEX. V. Using text fonts in the new standard J::lTEX. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994),927-929.
[20] ___ , Advances in TEX. VI. Using math fonts in the new standard YTEX. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994), 1164-1165.
[21] Harle Hahn, A Student's Guide to Unix. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993.
[22] Horace Hart, Hart's Rules For Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991.
[23] Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming. Volumes 1-. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1968-.
[24] __ , The TEXbook. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. A. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1984, 1990.
[25] ___ , TEX: The Program. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. B. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.
[26] ___ , The Metafontbook. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. C. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.
[27] ___ , METAFONT: The Program. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. D. AddisonWesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.
[28] ___ , Computer Modern Typefaces. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. E. AddisonWesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1987.
[29] Ed Krol, The Whole Internet: User Guide & Catalog. O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA, 1992.
[30] Leslie Lamport, YTEX: A Document Preparation System. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. First ed. 1985. Second ed. 1994.
[31] Ruari McLean, The Thames and Hudson Manual of Typography. Thames and Hudson, London, 1980.
[32] Frank Mittelbach, An extension of the YTEX theorem environment. TUGboat 10 (1989),416-426.
[33] Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley, YTEX 2.09---. YTEX3. TUGboat, 13 (1) (1992), 96-101.
Bibliography 415
[34] __ , YTEX2€-A New Version ofYTEX. TEX and TUG NEWS, 2 (4) (1993), 10-11.
[35] __ , The YTEX3 Project. Euromath Bulletin, 1 (1994), 117-125.
[36] __ , YTEX3 in )93. TEX and TUG NEWS, 3 (1) (1994), 7-11.
[37] Frank Mittelbach and Rainer Schopf, The new font family sclection-user interface to standard YTEX. TUGboat 11 (1990),297-305.
[38] Oren Patashnik, BIBTEXing. Document in the BIBTEX distribution.
[39] __ , BIBTEX 1.0. TUGboat 15 (1994),269-273.
[40] Rainer Schopf, A new implementation of the YTEX verbatim and verbatim* environments. TUGboat 11 (1990),284-296.
[41] Raymond Seroul and Silvio Levy, A beginner)s book of TEX. Springer-Verlag, New York,1991.
[ 42] Wynter Snow, TEX for the beginner. Addison -Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1992.
[ 43] Michael Spivak, The Joy ofTEX. 2nd ed. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.,1990.
[44] Ellen Swanson, Mathematics into Type: Copy Editing and Proofreading of Mathematics for Editorial Assistants and Authors. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1986.
[45] Norman Walsh, Making TEX work. O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA, 1994.
Afterword
This book is based on my earlier book Math into TEX: A simple introduction to AMS-fslTEX [13]. Although the topic changed considerably, I borrowed a fair amount of material from that book.
So it may be appropriate to begin by thanking here those who helped me with the earlier book. Harry Lakser was extremely generous with his time; Michael Doob and Craig Platt assisted me with TEX and UNIX; and David Kelly and Arthur Gerhard read and commented on an early version of that manuscript. Michael Downes, Frank Mittelbach, and Ralph Freese read various drafts. Richard Ribstein read the third and fourth drafts very conscientiously.
The first draft of this new book was read for the publisher by
• David Carlisle (of the Jb.TEX3 team) • Michael J. Downes (the project leader of the AMS team) • Fernando Q. Gouvea (Colby College) • Frank Mittelbach (the project leader of the Jb.TEX3 team) • Tobias Oetiker (De Montfort University) • Nico A. F. M. Poppelier (Elsevier Science Publishers)
Together they produced a huge tutorial on Jb.TEX for my benefit. I hope that I succeeded in passing on to you some of what I learned from them.
On February 8, 1995, a short announcement was posted on the Internet (in the comp. text. tex news group ) asking for volunteers to read the first draft. The response was overwhelming.
I received reports from the following volunteers:
• Jeff Adler (University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA) • Helmer Aslaksen (National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Sin
gapore) • Andrew Caird (University of Michigan Center for Parallel Computing, Ann Ar
bor, MI, USA)
Afterword 417
• Michael Carley (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) • Miroslav Dont (Czech Technical University, Prague, The Czech Republic) • Simon P. Eveson (University of York, Heslington, York, England) • Weiqi Gao (St. Louis, MO, USA) • Suleyman Guleyupoglu (Concurrent Technologies Corporation, Johnstown, PA,
USA) • Peter Gruter (Laboratoir Kastler Brossel, Paris, France) • Chris F.W. Hendriks (National Aerospace Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Nether
lands) • Mark Higgins (Global Seismology, British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, Scot
land) • Zhihui Huang (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) • David M. Jones (Information and Computation, MIT Laboratory for Computer
Science, Cambridge, MA, USA) • Alexis Kotte and John van der Koijk (University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The
Netherlands) • Donal Lyons (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) • Michael Lykke (Roskild, Denmark) • Steve Niu (University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada) • Piet van Oostrum (Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands) • Denis Roegel (CRIN, Nancy, France) • Kevin Ruland (Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA) • Thomas R. Scavo (Syracuse, NY, USA) • Peter Schmitt (University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) • Nandor Sieben (Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA) • Paul Thompson (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA) • Ronald M. Tol (University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands) • Ernst U. Wallenborn (Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland) • Doug Webb (Knoxville, TN, USA)
There were many volunteers, ranging in expertise from users who wanted to learn more about Ib-TE,X, to experts in charge oflarge Ib-TE,X installations, to internationally known experts whose names are known to many Ib-TE,X users; and ranging in background from graduate students, to professional mathematicians, computer scientists, chemical engineers, psychiatrists, and consultants. I would like to thank them all for their enthusiastic reports. They shared their learning and their teaching experiences. This has become a much better book for their contributions.
I also received carefully crafted reports on Chapter 10 from Oren Patashnik (Stanford University), the author ofBIBTE,X.
Based on these reports (ranging in size from two pages to over thirty pages), the manuscript has been rewritten, most of it has been reorganized, and sections have been added or deleted. I felt that as a result of the major changes probably many new errors have been introduced. So the second draft was again sent to
418 Afterword
three readers; Jeff Adler, Simon P. Eveson, and David M. Jones sent me 27 pages of reports, confirming my suspicions. My deepest appreciation to these three individuals for their excellent repeat performance.
In the meanwhile, Merry Obrecht Sawdey undertook the visual design of the book. She also lent a helping hand in the final typesetting of the book.
The manuscript then was sent to the technical editor, Thomas R. Scavo, who flooded it with red ink; it would be hard to overstate the importance of his work. The final version of the book was checked again by him.
Last but not least, I want to thank Edwin Beschler, who believed in the project from the very beginning.
Index
u (space) in a line, 143 in math, 143 in text, 7, 63, 64, 66, 96, 383
\u (interword space), 66, 96,383 #,5,63,74 \# (#), 74, 356 $,5,63,74,141 $ (inline math delimiter), 11, 141 \$ ($), 74, 356 %,5,6,63,74,82,248
commenting out, 6, 81-83, 329 \% (%), 5, 74, 82, 356 &,5,63,74
alignment point, 32, 33, 188, 196, 200
column separator, 133, 188,202 \& (&), 74, 356 , (apostrophe), 148 \' ( , accent), 76, 357 C, 5,62 C (math delimiter), 152, 353 \C (start inline math), 141 ), 5, 62 ) (math delimiter), 152, 353 \) (end inline math), 141 *,5,62 * prompt, 68, 277 $*$ (*),356
*-ed command, 69 @,5,63,74 @-expression, 134 @<<< (extendible <--), 204 @= (extendible =),204 @»> (extendible -+), 204 \@. (end of sentence), 67 +, 5, 15,62, 146 \+(TEXcommand. Donotuse!),403 , (comma), 5,62 \, (thin space, also \thinspace), 165,
353,358 - (dash, hyphen, minus), 15,62,73,
146 \- (optional hyphen), 8, 78 -- (number ranges, en-dash), 10, 74 --- (em-dash), 10,74 . (period), 5,62 \. ( . accent), 76, 357 ... (ellipsis), 17, 150
/ (math delimiter), 152, 353 / (slash), 5, 15,62 \I (italic correction), 75, 86, 383 : (colon), 5, 62 \: (AMS-TEXcommand. Do not use!),
406 \: (medium space, also \medspace),
165,353,358 ; (semicolon), 5,62
420
\; (thick space, also \ thickspace), 165,353,358
<,10,62 =,5,62 \= ( - accent), 76, 357 \= (tabbing command), 116, 117 >,10,62 \> (tabbing command), 116, 117 " (double quote B IBTEX delimiter),
312,313,331,342 "(double quote), 5, 7, 63, 73 \" ( .. accent), 76, 357 ? (question mark), 5,62 ? C (d, 76, 357 ! (exclamation mark), 5, 62 ! C (i), 76, 357 \! (negative thin space, also
\negthinspace), 165, 353, 358
[,5,62 [ (math delimiter), 152, 353 \ [ (start displayed math), 11, 141 \, 5,9,63,68,74
start of command, 9, 68 \ (math delimiter), 152, 353 {, 5, 63 { (math delimiter), 152, 353 \{ ({), 74, 356 { } (empty group), 148 },5,63 } (math delimiter), 152, 353 \} (}), 356 \}(}),74 \ \*,91,206 \\
linebreak, 91,116,132,133 row/line separator, 18, 31-33,
118, 120, 134, 160, 181, 182, 188, 193, 196, 198, 206,245,247
J, 5,62 ] (math delimiter), 152, 353
Index
\] (end displayed math), 11, 141 ',5,63,147 \ - ( A accent), 76, 357 _(unde~core),5, 15,63,74,147 \_(_),74 \_ (_ accent), 357 C (left quote), 5, 62 , (right quote), 5,62 1,5, 10,63,74 $1 $ (I), 356 I (math delimiter), 28, 152, 353 \ 1 (II math delimiter), 152, 353 I (vertical line in tabular environment),
133 \ - ( - accent), 76, 357 -,5,63,74,93 10pt (document class option), 237,
257 11pt (document class option), 237,
257 12pt (document class option), 237,
257 8pt (document class option), 257 9pt (document class option), 257
a4paper (document class option), 237, 257
a5paper ( document class option), 237 \AA (A), 76, 357 \aa (Ii), 76, 357 abbreviation
in B I BTEX, 322 period after, 66
Paul W. Abrahams, 412, 413 absolute unit, 99 abstract environment, 36,214,256 abstract in article, 36,214,256 \abstractname,276 accent
European, 10, 76, 107, 357 math, 16, 161, 355
\accent, 382 accented character, 10, 76, 357
Index
\Acute ( , math accent), 161, 355 \acute ( , math accent), 161, 355 \addcontentsline, 215, 224, 225 \address,247,250 address (author info), 247 address (field of bibliographic entry),
313 \addtocontents,216,224 \addtocounter,286 \addtolength,288 adjusted columns, 181, 198-203 \adjustfootnotemark (AMS-TEX com-
mand. Do not use!), 406 Jeff Adler, 416, 418 \advancepageno (TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 403 \AE (JE), 76, 357 \ae (a), 76, 357 afterpage (package), 241 \aleph (~), 345 align, 31
annotated, 31, 32, 180 simple, 31
align (math environment), 31, 32, 187-188, 191, 193, 196, 206,407
align* (math environment), 196 alignat (math environment), 190 aligned columns, 187-193 aligned multiline formula, 31, 187-
191 aligned (subsidiary math environment),
193 alignment point, 32, 33, 188, 196,
200 \allowdisplaybreaks,206 alltt (package), 241 \alpha (0:),346 \alsoname,276 \alsoseename,276 Ait key, 5, 63 \amalg (II), 347, 350
AMS,380 info, 248, 251 subject classification, 249 technical support, 400
421
AMS document class, xxiii, 79, 243-244
AMS article document class, see amsart ( document class)
AMS file server, 393 amsart (document class), xxiii, 33,41,
77,152,218,235,243-259, 276, 372, 383, 402, 404, 405,407
amsbook (document class), 244, 257, 259,276,407
amsbsy (package), 54, 173,174,261 amscd (package), 203, 261 AMSFonts, 51, 52, 172, 173, 259,
394,413 amsfonts (package), xxiii, 12, 51, 54,
172,173,261,407 amsgen (package), 261 amsintx (package), 150,261 AMS-IbTEX, xx, xxii-xxiv, xxv, 23,
52-54,243-262,381-383, 393,402-406,410,413
AMS-IbTEX 1.1 conversion to AMSIbTEX 1.2, 406
amsmath (package), 15-20,23,30-33, 35,41,50,51,54,74,79, 101,144-146,148-150,152, 153,156-158,160-162,164-166,169,171-175,177,180, 181,188,193,196-199,203, 220, 221, 238, 259, 261, 280, 286, 291, 292, 295, 346,350,353-355,358,382, 402-404,406,409
amsopn (package), 54,157,158,169, 261
amsplain.bst,323, 325,327, 328, 378
422
amsproc (document class), 244 amssymb (package), 12, 15, 20, 23,
35,41,54,128,254,261, 305,346-352,372,402,407
AMS-TEX, xxv, 380, 381-383,402, 406
AMS-TEX conversion, 406 amstext (package), 19,54,261,383 amsthm (package), 50, 54, 130,242,
261,276 amsxtra (package), 161,261,355,409 \And ( & ), 350 \and, 42, 43, 406 \angle (L), 352 annotated align, 31, 32,180 anonymous ftp, 396, 399,400 apostrophe, 62, 148 appendix, 218, 276 \appendix,218,276 \appendixname,276 \approx (::::::), 347 \approxeq, 348 arabic counter style, 285 \arccos (arccos operator), 156, 354 \arcsin (arcsin operator), 156,354 \arctan (arctan operator), 156, 354 \arg (arg operator), 156, 354 argument of command, 9,11,12,14,
69,85,92,105,271 movable, 107,216 optional, 19,69,275
argument of environment, 69, 280 optional, 69
arithmetic operation, 15, 146 array (package), 241 arr a y ( subsidiary math environment),
181,198,201-203 arrow, 164,351
vertical, 204 article, 34-46, 211-232, 235, 239,
243-259,361-371 abstract, 36, 214, 256
Index
appendix, 219, 276 bibliography, 38-40, 211, 256,
257 body, 35,68,211-232 design, 48 info, 245-259
AMS subject classification, 249 address, 247 author, 246 current address, 247 date, 246 electronic mail address, 248 further footnotes, 249 keywords, 249 multiple authors, 250 research support, 248
preamble, 34-35, 125,253,268, 272,287
sample intrart, xx, 34-40, 46, 48,
227,235 intrarti,333, 334, 339, 341 sampart, xx-xxiii, 33,49,50,
128, 131, 227, 230, 244, 323,360-371
sampartl, 323-325, 327 sampart2, 50, 56,276,372-
378 sectioning, 43, 217-220 template, 41---42, 253-257 top matter, 35, 36,41,42,43,
68,107,244-256 ARTICLE (bibliographic entry type),
312,315 article (document class), 34,41,42,
49,51,77,213,218,235-239
article.tpl,41 article2.tpl,41 ascii (ftp command), 395 askinclude (package), 109 Helmer Aslaksen, 416
Index
\ast (*), 350 \asymp (:::::), 347 author, see article, info \author,246,250,256 author (field of bibliographic entry),
313 author info, see article, info aux file, 30, 55,284, 326-328, 385
\b (_ accent), 76, 357 b5paper (document class option), 237 babel (package), 241 back matter, 213, 227, 236, 244,332 \backepsilon (J), 348 \backmatter,236 \backprime ('), 352 \backsim ('-"), 348 \backsimeq (,::::,),348 backslash, 68, 74 \backslash (\), 74, 352 $\backslash$ (\), 356 \backslash (math delimiter), 152,
353 badness, 384 balanced braces, 71 \Bar (- math accent), 161, 355 \bar (- math accent), 16, 27, 161,
355 \barwedge (A), 350 \baselinestretch,93 \Bbbk (Ik), 352 bbl file, 327, 328 \because (":), 348 \begin (begin environment), 68 \beginsection (TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 403 Karl Berry, 412, 413 Edwin Beschler, 418 \beta ({3), 346 \beth (:1), 345 \between (0), 348 \bf (not standard u\TEX), 88, 270 \bfseries, 88, 358
423
bfseries (text environment), 138 bib file, 311-323, 325, 331 \bibcite,328,385 \bibdata, 327 \bibitem, 30, 38,41,45,229, 230,
275,296,328 bibliographic entry
field address, 313 author, 313 booktitle,313 chapter, 313 crossref, 313 edition, 313 editor, 313 howpublished, 313 institution, 313 journal, 313 key, 313 language, 313 month, 313 note, 313 number, 313 organization, 313 pages, 313 publisher, 313 school, 313 series, 313 title, 313 type, 313 volume, 313 year, 313
type, 312 ARTICLE, 312, 315 BOOK, 312, 316, 322 BOOKLET, 312, 322 INBOOK, 313, 322 INCOLLECTION, 313, 318 INPROCEEDINGS, 313,317 MANUAL, 313, 322 MASTERSTHESIS, 313,319 MISC, 313, 322
424
PHDTHESIS, 313, 319 PROCEEDINGS, 313, 322 TECHREPORT, 313, 320 UNPUBLISHED, 313, 321
bibliographic field, see bibliographic entry, field
optional, 314 required, 314
bibliographic style amspIain,323, 325,327, 328,
378 bibliographic style file, 325 bibliography, 38-40,211,256,257,
311-331 \bibliography,69,323,325,327,
378 \bibIiographystyle,323,325,327 \bibname,276 \bibstyIe,327 BIBTEX, 82, 311-331, 386
error message, 329-331 setup, 325
\Big, 154 \big, 155 \bigcap (n large operator), 159, 354 \bigcirc (0), 350 \bigcup ( U large operator), 23,159,
354 \Bigg, 154 \bigg, 155 \Biggl, 154 \biggl,27,154 \biggm, 155 \Biggr, 154 \biggr,27,154 \Bigl, 154 \bigl, 154 \bigm, 155 \bigodot ( 0 large operator), 159,
354 \bigoplus ( EB large operator), 159,
354
Index
\bigotimes ( ® large operator), 159, 354
\Bigr, 154 \bigr, 154 \bigskip,98 \bigsqcup ( U large operator), 159,
354 \bigstar (*), 352 \bigtriangledown(\7),350 \bigtriangleup (6),350 \biguplus ( ~ large operator), 159,
354 \bigvee ( V large operator), 24, 25,
159,354 \bigwedge ( /\ large operator), 25,159,
354 binary (ftp command), 395 binary operation, 164, 350 binary relation, 164, 348
negated, 164, 349 stacking, 167
\binom,16,21,149 binomial, 16, 149 Alison Black, 412, 413 Blackboard bold math alphabet, xxiii,
24,173,296 \bIackIozenge (+),352 \bIacksquare (_), 352 \bIacktriangIe (.),352 \bIacktriangIedown(T),352 \bIacktriangIeIeft ( ... ), 348 \bIacktriangIeright ("),348 blank delimiter, 25, 155 blank line
in text environment, 131 marking end of paragraph, 7, 65 prohibited in math environment,
181,182,188,196 bIg file, 327, 328 Blue Sky Research, 393 blue space, 74 bmatrix (subsidiary math environment),
Index
18,200 \bmod, 158 body of article, 35, 68, 211-232 bold math italic, 173,296,411 bold math symbol, 173-174 bold text environment, 138 \boldkey (AMS-TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 406 \boldsymbol, 173 BOOK (bibliographic entry type), 312,
316,322 book ( document class), 235-239, 276 BOO KLET (bibliographic entry type),
312,322 booktitle (field of bibliographic entry),
313 \bot Cl), 352 \botsmash (AMS-TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 406 \bowtie (CXl), 347 \Box (D), 352 box, 100
line, 101 paragraph, 103 solid, 105
\boxdot (8), 350 \boxed,179 boxed formula, 179 boxed text, 89, 179 \boxminus (8), 350 \boxplus (EE), 350 Johannes Braams, 380 brace, 69, 71
balanced, 71 closing, 14,71 horizontal, 162 nonoverlapping, 70 opening, 71 unbalanced, 70, 83
bracket, 62, 69 \Breve (V math accent), 161, 355 \breve (V math accent), 161, 355
\bullet (.), 350 \Bumpeq (~), 348 \bumpeq (~), 348 Judith Butcher, 412, 413
425
\bye (TEX command. Do not use!), 403
bye (ftp command), 395 \bysame,230,275,296,328
\c ( > accent), 76, 357 Andrew Caird, 416 calc (package), 287, 289 calligraphic alphabet, 28, 172, 173,
261 \Cap (fri1), 350 \cap (n), 350 caption, 223, 225, 386 \caption, 223, 225, 386 \caption (AMS-TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 406 \captionwidth (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 Michael Carley, 417 David Carlisle, xviii, 116, 134, 222,
224,270,306,380,416 cases (subsidiary math environment),
33,180,198,203,205 \ccname,276 cd (UNIX command), 395 cd .. (UNIX command), 395 CD (subsidiary math environment), 203 \cdot (.), 15, 146, 350 \cdots ( ... ),17,150 center, 9,100,139 center (text environment), 132, 139,
297 \centerdot (.), 350 \CenteredTagsOnSplits(AMS-TEX
command. Do not use!), 406 \centering (TEX command. Do not
use!), 139,403 centertags (document class option),
258,260
426
centimeter, 10 \drac, 175 \chapter, 218,236,244 chapter (field of bibliographic entry),
313 \chaptername, 276 character, 4, 62
accented, 10, 76, 357 end-of-line, 62, 64, 80 European, 10,76,357 invalid, 5, 64 invisible, 62 math, 10,62 prohibited, 5, 63 special, 5, 63, 74,107,356 tab, 5, 7, 62, 64
\Check ( ~ math accent), 161, 355 \check ( ~ math accent), 161, 355 Pehong Chen, 332,413 \chi (X), 346 \circ (0), 350 \circeq (~), 348 \circledast (®), 350 \circledcirc (@), 350 \circleddash (G), 350 \circledS (®), 352 \citation, 327 \cite, 30,45,229, 325 \cite (AMS-TEXcommand. Do not
use!),406 \clearpage, 224 \cleartabs (TEX command. Do not
use!),403 \cline, 135-138 \clubsuit (.), 352 cm (dimensional unit), 10,99,287 CM fonts, 51, 84 \colon, 166 column separator (&), 133, 181, 188,
202 columns
adjusted, 181, 198-203
aligned,187-193 command, 68
*-ed,69
Index
argument, 9,11,12,14,69,85, 92,105,271
declaration, 73 delimited, 290, 292 file, 82, 292-296 fragile, 107 ftp, see ftp command global, 73 long, 73 scope, 70 short, 73 start with \, 9, 68 termination, 69 TEX, 290, 291,403 UNIX, see UNIX command user-defined, 268-278
Command key, 5,63 comment (text environment), 82 commenting out, 6, 81-83, 254,329 commutative diagram, 203-205 comp. text. tex newsgroup, 393 \complement (C), 352 Comprehensive TEX Archive Network,
see CTAN computer, xxi
AMS,393 local, 392, 396
Computer Modern (CM) fonts, 51, 84
\cong U~",), 347 congruence, 16, 158,272,291 \contentsname, 276 continued fraction, 175 conversion to AMS-IbTEX, 402-409
from AMS- IbTEX 1.1, 406 from AMS-TEX, 406 from IbTEX, 404 from TEX, 403
\coprod (Ularge operator), 159, 354
Index
\copyright (), 76,357 \cos (cos operator), 156, 354 \cosh (cosh operator), 156, 354 \cot (cot operator), 156, 354 \coth (coth operator), 156, 354 counter, 283
enumi,283 enumii,283 enumiii, 283 enumiv,283 equation, 283 figure, 283 footnote, 283 MaxMatrixCols, 199 page, 283 paragraph, 283 part, 283 secnumdepth, 283, 287 section, 283 style, 285
arabic, 285 lowercase letters, 285 lowercase roman, 285 uppercase letters, 285 uppercase roman, 285
subparagraph, 283 subsection, 283 subsubsection,283 table, 283 tocdepth,283
cross-referencing, 30,211, 220-223 crossref(field of bibliographic entry),
313 \csc (csc operator), 156, 354 CT AN (Comprehensive TEX Archive
Network), 393 CTAN Web Home Page, 395 Ctrl key,S, 63 \Cup (U!J), 350 \cup (U), 350 \curlyeqprec (~),348 \curlyeqsucc (~),348
\curlyvee (Y), 350 \curlywedge (J..), 350 \curraddress,247
427
current address (author info), 247 custom format, 57, 304 custom list, 297-304 customized
preamble of article, 41-42, 253 top matter of article, 41-42, 253
\d ( . accent), 76, 357 \dag (t math symbol), 352 \dag (t text symbol), 76, 357 \dagger (t), 350 \daleth (l), 345 Dante, 401 dash, 10,62, 73
em-dash, 10, 74, 79 en-dash, 10, 74, 79
\dashv (--1),347 database, 311 \date,77,256 date (article info), 246 \datename,276 \day,77 \dbinom, 149 dcolumn (package), 134,241 \ddag (t math symbol), 352 \ddag (t text symbol), 76, 357 \ddagger (t), 350 \ddddot ( .... math accent), 161, 355 \dddot ( ... math accent), 161, 355 \Ddot ( .. math accent), 161, 355 \ddot ( .. math accent), 161, 355 \ddots (··.),151 \DeclareMathOperator, 157, 169,
261 \DeclareMathOperator*,157,169,
261 \DeclareMathSymbol,407 declaring symbol type, 168 dedication (article info), 246 \dedicatory,246
428
\def,290,291 delarray (package), 241 delimited command, 290, 292 delimiter, 16, 152-154, 353
blank, 25, 155 fixed sized, 153 that stretch, 154
\Delta (~), 346 \delta (0), 346 description (text environment), 113,
297 \det (det operator), 156, 354 device independent (dvi) file, 384 \dfrac,28, 146, 175 \diagdown(,,),352 \diagup (/), 352 \Diamond (0), 352 \diamond (0), 350 \diamondsui t (<», 352 \digamma(F),346 digit key, 4, 62 \dim (dim operator), 156, 354 dimensional unit, 99, 287 \displaybreak,206 \displaybreak (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 displayed
math, 11, 141, 144 math environment, 141, 144 math formula, 140
displayed text, 111-123 displaymath (math environment), 141,
144, 180 \displaystyle, 174 \di v (--;-), 350 \divideontimes (*),350 document class, xxii-xxiv, 6, 15,34,
35,42,49,51,86,234-242, 260,380,381
AMS, xxiii, 79,243-244 amsart, xxiii, 33,41, 77, 152,
218, 235, 243-259, 276,
Index
372, 383, 402, 404, 405, 407
amsbook, 244, 257, 259, 276, 407
amsproc, 244 article, 34,41,42,49, 51,77,
213, 218, 235-239, 276, 305
book, 235-239, 276 letter, 239-240,276 proc,240 report, 235-239,276 slides, 240 option, 237-239,257-259
10pt,237,257 11pt,237,257 12pt, 237, 257 8pt,257 9pt,257 a4paper, 237, 257 a5paper,237 b5paper,237 centertags, 258, 260 draft, 8,213,238,258 executivepaper,237 final, 238,258 fleqn, 239, 258,260 intlimits,260 legalpaper, 237, 257 leqno,239,258,260 letterpaper, 237, 257 namelimits,260 noamsfonts,259 nointlimits,260 nomath,259 nonamelimits,260 nosumlimits,260 notitlepage,238,259 onecolumn,213, 238, 259 oneside, 238, 259 openany,238 openright,238
Index
psamsfonts, 259, 260 reqno, 239, 258, 260 sumlimits,260 tbtags,258,260 titlepage, 238, 239, 259 twocolumn,213,238,259 twos ide, 238, 259
document class option, see document class, option
document (environment), 9, 20, 68 document font family, 84
roman, 84 sans serif, 84 typewriter style, 84 upright, 84
\documentclass,12,15,69,81,254 Miroslav Dont, 417 Michael Doob, 383,413,416 \dosupereject (TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 403 \Dot ( . math accent), 161, 355 \dot ( . math accent), 161, 355 \doteq (~), 347 \doteqdot (~), 348 \dotf ill, 99 dotless i (1), 76, 357 dotless j (J), 76, 357 \dotplus (+), 350 \dots (- .. or ... ), 17, 150 \dotsb ( ... ),151 \dotsc ( ... ),151 \dotsi ( .. ·),151 \dotsm ( ... ), 151 double quote,S, 7, 63, 73 double quote (BIBTEX delimiter), 312,
313,331,342 double spacing, 93 \doublebarwedge (A), 350 \doublespacing,93 doubly aligned multiline formula, see
annotated align \Downarrow ( -U- math delimiter), 152,
353 \Downarrow(-U-),351
429
\downarrow ( 1 math delimiter), 152, 353
\downarrow 0),351 \downdownarrows (ll), 351 Michael J. Downes, xviii, 380-382,
416 \downharpoonleft (J), 351 \downharpoonright (l), 351 draft (document class option), 8, 213,
238,258 \dsize (AMS-TEXcommand. Do not
use!), 406 Denis Duchier, 380 dvi file, 385
e-mail, 66, 248, 250, 256 \email,248,250,256 edition (field of bibliographic entry),
313 editor, 46, 51, 56, 80 editor (field of bibliographic entry),
313 Victor Eijkhout, 412, 413 electronic mail address (author info),
248 \ell (e), 352 ellipsis ( ... ), 17, 150 \em, 67, 86, 87, 358 em (dimensional unit), 99, 287 em (text environment), 138 em-dash (~), 10,74,79 \emph, 86, 358 emphasized font shape, 83 emphasized text, 9, 86, 138 emphasized text environment, 138 empty group ( { }), 148 \emptyset (0), 352 emTEX,393 en-dash (-), 10, 74, 79 \enclname,276
430
\end (TEX command. Do not use!), 68,403
\end (end environment), 68 end of sentence, 66, 67 end-of-line character, 62, 64, 80 \endinput, 108 \endinsert (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \enlargethispage,95 \enlargethispage*,95 \ensuremath,270 enter (return) key,S, 62 enumerate (text environment), 112,
297 enumerate (package), 116,242 enumi (counter), 283 enumii (counter), 283 enumiii (counter), 283 enumiv (counter), 283 environment, 4, 9, 67-70, see also
math environment or text environment
abstract, 36,214,256 argument, 69, 280 as braces, 71 comment, 82 document, 9, 20, 68 figure, 225 optional argument, 69 table, 132,223,224 tabular, 223 thebibliography,38,227,229,
256,297,328 user-defined, 279-282, 303
\epsilon (E), 346 \eqalign (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \eqalignno (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \eqcirc (=), 348 eqnarray (math environment), 191 eqnarray* (math environment), 191
Index
\eqref,30,144,177,221 \eqslantgtr C», 348 \eqslantless (Z), 348 equation, 29-31, 144-146,220
labelled, 30, 144 numbered within a section, 220 referenced, 30, 144 tagged, 31, 175
equation (counter), 283 equation (math environment), 29-
31,144-176,180 equation* (math environment), 145,
184 \equiv (=:0),16,158,347 error message, 6, 13,46-48,64,70-
71, 83, 91, 93, 103, 105, 106,114,121-125,134,142, 145, 147, 186, 189, 193, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, 215, 253, 269, 274, 277, 280,282,291,292,343
BIBTEX,329-331 \errorcontextlines,6 \eta (7)),346 \eth (0), 352 eucal (package), 261 eufrak (package), 23, 173, 262 Euler Script, xxiii, 173,261,262,295 European accent, 10,76, 107, 357 European character, 10,76,357 \EuScript,355 euscript (package), 355 Simon P. Eveson, 417, 418 ex (dimensional unit), 99, 287 exclamation mark,S, 62, 64 executi vepaper (document class op-
tion),237 \exists (:3), 352 \exp (exp operator), 156, 354 expanding space, 99 exscale (package), 241 extendible
Index
bar, 163 brace, 162
extendible arrow, 204
\fallingdotseq(~),348
fancyheadings (package), 234 FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions),
393 \fbox,89 field of bibliographic entry, see bibli-
0graphic entry, field figure (counter), 283 figure environment, 225
caption, 225 \figurename,276 file, 327, 339, 385
aux, 30, 55,284, 326-328,385 bbl,327,328 bib, 311-323, 325, 331 bIg, 327, 328 device independent (dvi), 385 font definition, 388 font metric, 383, 388, 390 format, see format
custom, 304 idx,342 log, 54, 55,90, 110,385 lot, 224, 386 read-only, 257 source, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 22, 30,
44,46,48,51,54,64,65, 80,83,109,143,215,383, 385
splitting up, 108 tar, 399 toe, 215, 216, 386
fileeontents (environment), 109, 214
final (document class option), 238, 258
\Finv (.:1), 352 \fivebf (TEXcommand. Do not use!),
403
431
\f i vei (TEX command. Do not use!), 403
\fi verm (TEX command. Do not use!), 403
\fi vesy (TEX command. Do not use!), 403
fixed-sized delimiter, 153 flalign (math environment), 189,
407 \flat (b), 352 fleqn (document class option), 239,
258,260 flushleft (text environment), 4, 67,
138,297 flushright (text environment), 4, 9,
67,138,297 \fnsymbol, 107 \f oldedtext (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 \folio (TEXcommand. Donotuse!),
403 font, 83-89,171-175,387,391
Computer Modern (CM), 51, 84 definition file, 388 family text environment, 138 metric file, 383, 388, 390 monospaced, 84 PostScript, 241, 259, 260,381,
387-391 sans serif, 84 series text environment, 138 serif, 84 shape
emphasized, 83 italicized, 83 slanted, 83 small caps, 83 text environment, 138
text, see text font typewriter style, 84 weight, 84 width, 84
432
fontsmpl (package), 242 fonttbl.tex,75,390 \footline (T£X command. Do not
use!), 403 footnote, 107 \footnote, 107 footnote (counter), 283 \footnotesize,88,244,359 \footstrut (TEXcommand. Do not
use!), 403 \forall (Y), 352 format, 304, 382, 383, 388, 390, 398
custom, 57, 304 LaTeX, xxii, 6, 20,81,239,254,
306,383,388,390,398 plain, 51, 382, 383
formula, see math \frac,15,146
refinements, 146, 175 fraction, 15, 146
continued, 175 generalized, 177
fragile command, 107 Fraktur math alphabet, xxiii, 23, 173,
262 \framebox, 102 Ralph Freese, 416 \frenchspacing,67 Frequently Asked Questions, 393 front matter, 213, 214, 224,236,244 \frontmatter,236 \frown (~), 347 ftnright (package), 242 ftp
anonymous, 396, 399,400 command, 396 directory, 4
gallery.tex,22 \Game (~), 352 \Gamma (f), 346 \gamma b), 346 Weiqi Gao, 417
Index
gather (math environment), 181,205 gather* (math environment), 181 gathered (subsidiary math environ-
ment),193 \gcd (gcd operator), 156, 354 \genfrac, 177,409 \geq k), 347 \geqslant (~), 348 Arthur Gerhard, 416 get (ftp command), 395, 399 get - (ftp command), 398 \gg (»), 347 \ggg (»», 348 \gimel (J), 345 glo file, 344 global command, 73 glossary, 344 \glossary, 344, 385 glue, 278, 384
vertical, 384 \gnapprox (~), 349 \gneq (2:),349 \gneqq (~), 349 \gnsim (~), 349 Michel Goossens, 413 Fernando Q. Gouvea, 416 graphics (package), 224, 225, 241 \Grave (' math accent), 161, 355 \grave (' math accent), 161, 355 Greek alphabet, 172,346 Greek characters, 164 George D. Greenwade, 93 Peter Gruter, 417 \gtrapprox (~), 348 \gtrdot (;», 348 \gtreqless (~), 348
> \gtreqqless «),348 \gtrless (~), 348 \gtrsim (;2:), 348 Suleyman Guleyupoglu, 417 GUTenberg, 401 \gvertneqq(~),349
Index
\H ( " accent), 76, 357 Harle Hahn, 414 \hangafter, 94, 278 \hangindent,93 hanging indent, 93 Kathryn A. Hargreaves, 412, 413 Michael A. Harrison, 413 Horace Hart, 412, 414 \Hat (' math accent), 161, 355 \hat (' math accent), 16, 161, 355 \hbar (Ii), 352 \hdotsfor,28,199,201 \hdot sf or (AMS-TE;X command), 406 header, 245, 256 \headline (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \headpagename,276 \headtoname,276 \heartsui t (Q), 352 Hebrew letters, 345 Aloysius G. Helminck, 390 Peter Hendriks, 417 \hfill, 99, 202 \hfuzz,91 hhline (package), 241 Mark Higgins, 417 \hline, 135 \hom (hom operator), 156, 354 \hookleftarrow(~),351
\hookrightarrow(L4),351 horizontal brace, 162 horizontal space
math, 142,164-166,353 adjustment, 165
text, 96-97, 99,358 expanding, 99 intersentence, 66, 384 interword, 66, 383 nonbreakable, 63, 74 relative, 99
howpublished (field of bibliographic entry), 313
\hrulefill,99 \hsize,382 \hslash (h), 352 \hspace,96
variant, 97 \hspace*,97 HTML (markup language), xxi Zhihui Huang, 417 \Huge,88,244,359 \huge, 88, 244, 359 hyphen, 5, 10,62,73,78
optional, 8, 78, 91 unbreakable, 79
hyphen.tex,78 hyphenation, 78
to prevent, 80 \hyphenation, 78
\i (1), 76, 357 \idotsint (f ... f), 150 idx file, 342, 386 \iiiint (ffff), 150 \iiint (fff), 150 \iint (ff), 150 \Im (8'), 352 \imath (z), 352, 355 \in (E), 164,347
433
in (dimensional unit), 10,99,287 inbibl.tpl,227 INBOOK(bibliographic entry type),
313,322 inch, 10 \include,108,283,385 \includegraphics,225 \includeonly,109,283 INCOLLECTION (bibliographic en-
try type), 313, 318 \indent,93 indentation, 93
hanging, 93 prohibit, 93
indentfirst (package), 242
434
index, 107,211,231-232,332-344, 386
\index,332-344 \indexname, 276 \inf (inf operator), 156, 354 \infty (00), 12, 352 initex, 383,398 \inj lim (inj lim operator), 156, 354 inline
math environment, 11, 141 math formula, 11, 140
\innerhdotsfor (AMS-TEX command. Do not use!), 406
INPROCEEDINGS (bibliographic en-try type), 313, 317
\ input , 108 inputenc (package), 64 institution (field of bibliographic en
try),313 instruction
to :E\TEX, 9,51,67-72 \int (j), 4,17,28,149 integral, 17, 149 interactive IbTEX, 54,277-278 \intercal (T), 350 Internet, 392,412 intersentence space, 66, 384 \intertext, 191 interword space, 66, 96, 383 intlimits (document class option),
260 intrart (sample article), xx, 34-40,
46,48,227,235 intrarti (sample article), 333-334,
339,341 intrarti.idx, 341 intrarti.ilg,341 intrarti.ind, 340, 341 invalid character, 5, 64 invisible character, 62 \iota ([), 346 \it (not standard :E\TEX), 88, 89
italic, 85, 138 bold math, 173,295,411 math, 171,295
Index
\italic (AMS-TEX command. Do not use!), 406
italic correction, 75, 86, 87 italicized font shape, 83 \item,112 itemize (text environment), 112, 297 \itemsep, 297 \itshape, 86, 358 itshape (text environment), 138
\j (J), 76, 357 Alan Jeffrey, 64 Frank Jensen, 287, 289 \jmath (J), 352, 355 \Join (~), 347 David M. Jones, xviii, 382,417,418 journal (field of bibliographic entry),
313
\kappa (A:), 346 David Kelly, 416 \ker (ker operator), 156, 354 Kermit, 392, 397 kerning, 383 key, 4, 10,62-64
Alt, 5, 63 Command, 5, 63 Ctrl, 5,63 digit, 4, 62 enter (return), 5,62 letter, 4, 62 Option, 5,63 prohibited, 5 return, 5, 62 space, 5,62 special, 5,63,74,107,356 tab, 5, 7, 62, 64
key (field of bibliographic entry), 313 \keywords, 249, 256 keywords (AMS info), 249
Index
\keywordsname,276 \kill, 117 Donald E. Knuth, xviii, xx, 379, 381,
382,412,414,416 John van der Koijk, 417 Alexis Kotte, 417 Ed Krol, 412, 414
\L (L), 76, 357 \1 (1), 76, 357 label, 30,43,44,144,217,220-223 \label,30,43,44,144,217,220-
223 Harry Lakser, 416 \Lambda (A), 346 \lambda (..\),346 Leslie Lamport, 380, 383,414 \langle ( (math delimiter), 24,152,
353 language (field of bibliographic entry),
313 \LARGE, 88, 244, 359 \Large, 88,244, 359 \large,88,244,359 large operator, 19, 159,354 large (text environment), 138 \larger,244 \LaTeX, 77 IbTEX, 51, 380
conversion to protectAMS-IbTEX, 404
format, xxii, 6, 20,81,239,254, 306,382,388,390,398
history, 379 how does it work, 379 interactive mode, 54
IbTEX2c:, xviii, 382 \LaTeXe, 77 latexsym (package), 240, 347, 350-352,
405 lattiee.sty, 231, 292-296 layout (package), 232, 242 led (ftp command), 395
435
\leeil ( r math delimiter), 152, 353 \ldots ( ... ),17,150 \leadsto (~), 351 \left, 17,23,24,27, 154 left single quote,S, 7, 62,73 \left ( (( math delimiter), 16, 24,
32,152 \left. (blank math delimiter), 25,
155 \left< ( ( math delimiter), 155 \Leftarrow ( ~), 351 \leftarrow(~),290,351
\leftarrowtail (<-<), 351 \leftharpoondown(~),351
\leftharpoonup (~), 351 \leftleftarrows (t=),351 \leftmargin, 297 \Leftrightarrow(¢}),351 \leftrightarrow(~), 351 \leftrightarrows (t:::;), 351 \leftrightsquigarrow (~), 351 \leftroot, 148 \leftthreetimes (A), 350 \left I ( I math delimiter), 153 legalpaper (document class option),
237,257 length command, 287-289 \leq (:s:), 347 \leqalignno (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 leqno (document class option), 239,
258,260 \leqslant (~), 348 \lessapprox (~), 348 \lessdot (~), 348 \lesseqgtr (~), 348
< \lesseqqgtr (», 348 \lessgtr (~), 348 \lesssim (;S), 348 letter (document class), 239-240,
276 letter key, 4, 62
436
letterpaper (document class option), 237,257
Silvio Levy, 412, 415 \lfloor ( l math delimiter), 152, 353 \lg (lg operator), 156, 354 \lhd ( <l), 350 ligature, 75 \lim (lim operator), 11, 17, 156, 354 \liminf (lim inf operator), 156, 354 limit, 159 \limits, 149 \LimitsOnlnts (AMS-TEXcommand.
Do not use!), 406 \Limi tsOnNames (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 \Limi t sOnSums (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 \limsup (lim sup operator), 156, 354 \line (TEX command. Do not use!),
403 line box, 101 line in text, 90
too wide, 7, 90 line separator (\ \), 18, 31, 32, 91,
160,181,182,188,206 line too wide, 7, 90 \linebreak,91 line break (\ \),91,116,132,133 Linux, 393 list (text environment), 297-304 list (text environment)
custom, 297 description, 113,297 enumerate, 112,297 itemize, 112,297 list,297-304
list of figures, 225, 386 list of tables, 133,224,386 \listfigurename, 276 \listfiles,55 \listoffigures,225,386 \listoftables,224,386
\listparindent,299 \listtablename,276 \11 (<<), 347 \Lleftarrow (~), 351 \111 («<), 348 \In (In operator), 156, 354 \lnapprox (~), 349 \lneq ($),349 \lneqq (;;;;),349 \lnsim (;%), 349 local computer, 392, 396 \log (log operator), 156, 354 log file, 54, 55,90, 110, 385 log-like function, 155
Index
logical unit, 49 \Longleftarrow(~),351
\longleftarrow(~),351
\Longleftrightarrow(~),351
\longleftrightarrow(~),351
\longmapsto (~),351 \Longrightarrow(==?),351 \longrightarrow(~), 351 longtable (package), 241 \looparrowleft (<-p), 351 \looparrowright (~), 351 lot file, 224, 386 lowercase letters counter style, 285 lowercase roman counter style, 285 \lozenge (0), 352 lplain. dtx file, 383 ls (UNIX command), 395 \ltimes (~), 350 lucbr (package), 390 \1 Vert (math delimiter), 153 \lvert (math delimiter), 153 \lvertneqq(~),349
Michael Lykke, 417 Donal Lyons, 417
\magnification (TEXcommand. Do not use!), 403
main matter, 213, 217, 236 \mainmatter, 236
Index
\makebox, 101 \makefootline (TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 403 \makeglossary, 344, 385 \makeheadline (TEX command. Do
not use!), 403 makeidx (package), 241 MakeIndex program, 85, 232, 272,
332-344 \makeindex, 332, 386 \maketitle, 35,236 MANUAL (bibliographic entry type),
313,322 manuscript, 321 \mapsto (r--t), 23, 351 \marginpar, 104 \marginparpush, 288 markup language, xx
HTML, xxi MASTERSTHESIS (bibliographic en
try type), 313, 319 math, 10-33, 140-179
accent, 16, 161, 355 character, 10,62 displayed, 11, 141, 144 inline, 11, 140 italic, 171
bold, 296, 411 roman, 171 spacing, 142, 164-166
horizontal, 164-166 vertical, 169-170
symbol, 62, 164, 346-355 bold, 173-174 declaring type, 168 stacking, 166
math environment, 141-176, 180-206, see subsidiary math environment
align, 31, 32, 187-188, 191, 193,196,206,407
align*, 196
alignat, 190 aligned, 193
437
annotated align, 31, 32, 180 blank line prohibited, 181, 182,
188, 196 displayed, 141, 144 displaymath, 141, 144, 180 eqnarray*, 191 eqnarray, 191 equation,29-31,144-176,180 equation*, 145, 184 flalign, 189,407 gather, 181,205 gather*, 181 inline, 11, 141 math, 141 multline, 181-182 multline*, 182 page break in, 181,205,206 simple align, 31 split, 196 subequations, 177, 181, 187,
286 subsidiary, 33, 180, 193
math font, 171-174 AMSFonts, xxiii, 51, 52, 172, 173,
259,394,413 Blackboard bold, xxiii, 24, 173,
296 bold, 173, 174 bold italic, 173,296,411 calligraphic, 28, 172, 173,261 Euler Script, xxiii, 173,261,262,
295 Fraktur, xxiii, 23, 173,262 italic, 171 poor man's bold, 174 size changes, 174
math (math environment), 141 math.tex (sample file), 11, 12 mathb.tex (sample file), 12, 13 \mathbb,24,173,295,355
438
\mathbf, 171, 355 \mathbin, 168 \mathcal, 172,173,355 \mathfrak, 172,355 \mathi t, 171,355 \mathop, 174 \mathrm, 171,355,406 \mathscr, 173 \mathsf, 171, 355 \mathstrut, 169 mathtime (package), 390 \mathtt, 171, 355 \mathversion, 173 matrix (subsidiary math environment),
18,181,198-201 small,201 variants, 200
\max (max operator), 156, 354 MaxMatrixCols (counter), 199 \mbox, 19, 101 Ruari McLean, 412, 414 Kent McPherson, 232 \mdseries, 88, 358 \measuredangle (L), 352 \medskip, 98,278 \medskipamount, 278 \medspace (medium space, also \:),
165,353,358 metric file, 383, 388, 390 mget (ftp command), 395, 397 \mho (U), 352 \mid (I), 23,155,166,171,347 \midinsert (TEX command. Do not
use!),403 \midspace (AMS-TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 406 \min (min operator), 156, 354 minipage (text environment), 104 minus, 15,62, 74, 146 MISe (bibliographic entry type), 313,
322 Frank Mittelbach, xviii, 95, 380-382,
Index
413-416 mkdir (UNIX command), 395 mm (dimensional unit), 99, 287 \mod, 158 \models (~), 347 monospaced font, 84 \month, 77 month (field of bibliographic entry),
313 movable argument of command, 107,
216 \mp (:1=), 350 mrabbrev.bib, 322 \mspace, 165 \mu (/-L), 346 mu (math unit), 165 multicol (package), 95, 96,242 \multicolumn, 135-138 multiline formula, 31, 180-206
aligned,187-191 annotated aligned, 32 simple align, 31
multiline math, 180-206 \multimap(~), 351 multiple authors (author info), 250 multiplication, 15, 146 multline (math environment), 181-
182 multline* (math environment), 182 multline.tpl, 181 myams. tpl, 254 mylatex (package), 306
namelimi ts (document class option), 260
\natural (~), 352 \ncong (~), 349 \ne (1-), 349 \nearrow (/), 351 \NeedsTeXFormat, 214 \neg (.), 352 negated binary relation, 164, 349
Index
\negmedspace (negative medium space), 165,353,358
\negthi ckspace (negative thick space), 165,353,358
\negthinspace (negative thin space, also \! ), 165, 353, 358
Netscape Navigator, 395 New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS),
381,411,412 \newcommand,268-276 \newcounter,286 \newenvironment, 279, 282, 303 \newlabel,385 \newlength,289 newline, 91 \newtheorem,128-130 \nexists ($), 352 NFSS,381,411,412 \ngeq Ci:), 349 \ngeqq (~), 349 \ngeqslant (1), 349 \ngtr (:;i), 349 \ni (3), 347 Steve Niu, 417 \nLeftarrow (¢'=), 351 \nleftarrow (+f--), 351 \nLeftrightarrow(~), 351 \nleftrightarrow(~), 351 \nleq ($),349 \nleqq (t), 349 \nleqslant (~), 349 \nless (1:),349 \nmid (f), 349 noamsfonts (document class option),
259 \nobreakdash,79,407 \noci te, 325 \nofiles,385 \noindent,93 nointlimi ts (document class option),
260 \nolimits, 150, 159
439
\NoLimitsOnlnts (AMS-TEX command. Do not use!), 406
\NoLimitsOnNames (AMS-TEXcommand. Do not use!), 406
\NoLimitsOnSums (AMS-TEX command. Do not use!), 406
nomath (document class option), 259 nonamelimi ts (document class op-
tion),260 nonbreakable space, 63, 74 \nonfrenchspacing,67 \nopagebreak,95 \nopagebreak (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 \nopagenumbers (TEX command. Do
not use!), 403 \normalbottom (TEX command. Do
not use!), 403 \normalfont,85 \normalsize, 88,244, 359 normalsize (text environment), 138 nosumlimi ts (document class option),
260 \notag,32, 181, 196 note (field of bibliographic entry), 313 note 1. tex (sample file), 6, 7 note1b.tex (sample file), 7, 8 note2. tex (sample file), 9 noteslug.tex (sample file), 8 \notesname,276 \notin (tJ.), 349 noti tlepage (document class option),
238,239,259 \nparallel(~),349
\nprec (f<), 349 \npreceq (:;~), 349 \nRightarrow(~),351
\nrightarrow(~),351
\nshortmid ({), 349 \nshortparallel (11), 349 \nsim (""), 349 \nsubseteq (cJ;.), 349
440
\nsubseteqq(~),349 \nsucc (~), 349 \nsucceq ('i), 349 \nsupseteq (i?), 349 \nsupseteqq (i), 349 nth root, 19, 148 \ntriangleleft (11),349 \ntrianglelefteq(~),349
\ntriangleright (if), 349 \ntrianglerighteq(~),349
\nu (z;), 346 number (field of bibliographic entry),
313 number range, 10, 74 numberwithin,145,220 \nVDash (J¥), 349 \nVdash (~), 349 \nvDash W), 349 \nvdash W), 349 \nwarrow (""), 351
\0 (0), 76, 357 \0 (0), 76, 357 \odot (8), 350 \OE (CE), 76, 357 \oe (CB), 76, 357 Tobias Oetiker, 416 \oint (f), 150 \oldstyle (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \01dstylenums,62 \Omega (n), 346 \omega (w), 346 \ominus (8), 350 onecolumn (document class option),
213,238,259 \onehalfspacing,93 ones ide (document class option), 238,
259 Piet van Oostrum, 417 openany (document class option), 238 openright (document class option),
238
operation, see binary operation arithmetic, 15, 146
operator, 17, 155-158, 354 large, 19, 159, 354
\operatorname, 169, 171 \operatorname*, 169, 171 \oplus (EI:l), 350
Index
option, see document class, option Option key, 5,63 optional
argument, 19,69,275 bibliographic field, 314 hyphen, 8, 78,91
organization (field of bibliographic en-try), 313
\oslash (0), 350 \otimes ((>9), 350 \overbrace,26,162,163 Overfull \hbox, 7, 8,90, 384 \overleftarrow, 163 \overleftrightarrow, 163 overline, 27, 28, 161, 162, 163 \overline, 27, 28, 161, 162,163 \overrightarrow, 163 \overset,25,26,38,48,166,168,
273 OzTEX,393
\P (, math symbol), 352 \P (, text symbol), 76, 357 packages
afterpage, 241 a1lU,241 amsbsy, 54, 173, 174,261 amscd, 203, 261 amsfonts, xxiii, 12, 51, 54, 172,
173,261,407 amsgen,261 amsintx, 150,261 amsmath, 15-20,23,30-33,35,
41,50,51,54,74,79,101, 144-146,148-150,152,153, 156-158,160-162,164-166,
Index
169,171-175,177,180,181, 188,193,196-199,203,220, 221,238,259,261,280, 286, 291, 292, 295, 346, 350,353-355,358,382,402-404,406,409
amsopn,54, 157, 158, 169,261 amssymb, 12, 15,20,23,35,41,
54,128,254,261,305,346-352,372,402,407
amstext, 19,54,261,383 am~hm,50,54, 130,242,261,
276 amsxtra,161,261,355,409 array, 241 askinclude, 109 babel, 241 calc, 287, 289 dcolumn,241 delarray,241 enumerate, 116,242 eucal,261 eufrak, 23, 173, 262 euscript, 355 exscale, 241 fancyheadings, 234 fontsmpl, 242 ftnright, 242 graphics, 224, 225, 241 hhline,241 indentfirst, 242 inputenc, 64 latexsym, 240,347,350-352,405 layout, 232, 242 longtable,241 lucbr, 390 mathtime, 390 multicol, 95, 96, 242 mylatex, 306 psnfss,241 setspace, 93 showidx,241
showkeys, 222, 242, 378 syntonly,241 tabularx, 241 theorem, 242 times, 388 upref, 261 varioref, 242 verbatim, 82, 123, 242 xr,242 xspace, 242, 270
page (counter), 283 page-referencing, 222
441
\pagebody (TEX command. Do not use!), 403
\pagebreak,95 page break in math environment, 181,
205,206 \pagecontents (TEX command. Do
not use!), 403 \pageinsert (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \pagename,276 \pageno (TEX command. Do not use!),
403 \pagenumbering,285 \pageref,220,222,231 pages (field of bibliographic entry), 313 \par, 65,93 paragraph, 64, 93
end of, 7, 65 paragraph box, 103 paragraph (counter), 283 \parallel (11), 347 parameter, 278 \parbox,103, 136, 137 parentheses, 5, 62 \parindent,288 \itemsep,297 \parskip,288 part, 218 \part,218 \part*,218
442
part (counter), 283 \partial (D), 28, 352 \partname,276 \partopsep,297 Oren Patashnik, 311,415,417 pc (dimensional unit), 99, 287 PCTEX for Windows, 393 period, 5, 62, 64, 66-67
after an abbreviation, 66 end of sentence, 66
\perp (1-), 347 personal computer, xxi, 392 Personal TEX, 393 \phantom,96 PHDTHESIS (bibliographic entry type),
313,319 \Phi (<I», 346 \phi (¢), 346 \Pi (II), 346 \pi (7r), 346 \pitchfork(m),348 Plain TEX, 382 plain.fmt,51,382 \plainoutput (TEX command. Do
not use!), 403 plain.texfik, 382, 383 Craig Platt, 416 \pm (±), 350 pmatrix (subsidiary math environment),
18,28,200 \pmb (poor man's bold), 174 \pmod,16,158 \pod,16,158 point (font size), 8, 91, 99 poor man's bold, 174 Nico A. F. M. Poppelier, 416 PostScript font, 241, 259, 260,381,
387-391 \pounds (£ text symbol), 76, 357 \Pr (Pr operator), 156, 354 preamble of article, 34-35, 125,253,
268,272,287
\prec (--<), 347 \precapprox (;;), 348 \preccurlyeq(~), 348 \preceq (::S), 347 \precnapprox (~), 349 \precneqq (~), 349 \precnsim (;;;:), 349 \precsim (~), 348 \prefacename,276
Index
\pretend ... \haswidth(A~S-TEX command. Do not use!), 406
\prime (f), 352 proc (document class), 240 PROCEEDINGS (bibliographic en-
try type), 313, 322 proclamation, 35, 123, 128,254,297
examples, 128-130,254 invoking, 44 not numbered, 128 numbered within sections, 127,
129 setting up, 123-130,254 style, 128-130,254
\prod (TI large operator), 19, 159, 354
product, 19, 159 prohibited character/key, 5, 63 \projlim (proj lim operator), 156,
354 prompt, 54, 68, 277 prompt (ftp command), 395, 397 proof (text environment), 130,261 proof* (text environment), 131 \proofname,276 \propto (oc), 347 \protect, 107 \providecommand,275 psamsfonts (document class option),
259,260 \Psi (w), 346 \psi (7j;), 346 PSNFSS,387,390,394
Index
psnfss (package), 241 pt (dimensional unit), 8,99,287 publisher (field of bibliographic en-
try), 313 punctuation mark, 5 pwd (UNIX command), 395
\qquad (space command), 19, 165, 353,358
\quad (space command) 17 96 165 , , , , 353,358
question mark, 5,64 quotation mark, 5,7,62,63,73
double quote, 5, 7, 63, 73 single quote, 5, 7, 62, 73
quotation (text environment) 118 297 ' ,
quote (text environment), 118, 297
\r (0 accent), 76, 357 \raggedleft, 139 \raggedright, 139 Sebastian Rahtz, 224, 387, 388, 390 \raisebox, 107 \raisetag, 197 \rangle ( ) math delimiter), 24,152,
353 \rceil (1 math delimiter), 152, 353 \Re (~), 352 read-only file, 257 \ref,30,31,44,144,220,229,385 reference in article, 38, 44, 227
inserting, 229 references, 38 referencing
bibliographic item, 45, 229 label, 30,43,44,144,217,220,
222-232 page, 222
\refname,276 \refstepcounter,286 register, 278 relation, see binary relation
relative space, 99 unit, 99
\relax,280
443
\renewcommand, 275,276,285, 290 \renewenvironment 282 , report (document class), 235-239,
276 reqno (document class option), 239,
258,260 required bibliographic field, 314 research support (author info), 248 return key, 5, 62 \rfloor (J math delimiter), 152, 353 \rhd (1)), 350 \rho (p), 346 Richard Ribstein, 416 \right,17,23,24,27,154 right single quote, 5, 7,62,73 \right) ( ) math delimiter) 16 24 , , ,
32,152 \right. (blank math delimiter), 155 \right> ( ) math delimiter), 155 \Rightarrow (=?), 351 \rightarrow (-, also \to), 12,351 \rightarrowtail (~),351 \rightharpoondown(-.),351 \rightharpoonup (~), 351 \rightleftarrows (~),351 \rightleftharpoons (~),351 \rightmargin,297 \rightrightarrows (=4), 351 \rightroot, 148 \rightsquigarrow(~), 351 \rightthreetimes (,,(), 350 \right I ( I math delimiter), 153 \risingdotseq (:::=), 348 \rm (not standard :£b.TE,X), 88 rm (UNIX command), 395 rmdir (UNIX command), 395 \rmfamily,85,358 rmfamily (text environment), 138
444
Denis Roegel, 417 \roman (AMS-TEX command. Do not
use!), 406 roman document font family, 84 root, 12, 19, 147
nth, 19, 147 refinements, 148 square, 12, 19, 147
row/line separator (\ \), 18,31,32, 91,160,181,182,188,206
Chris Rowley, 380,414,415 \Rrightarrow (=t), 351 \rtimes (><I), 350 rubber length, 289, 297 Kevin Ruland, 417 \rule, 105, 137 running head, 107,245,256 \rVert (math delimiter), 153 \rvert (math delimiter), 153
\8 (§ math symbol), 352 \8 (§ text symbol), 76, 357 Alexander Samarin, 413 sampartl. blg, 328 sampartl.bbl, 328, 329 sampartl.bib, 323-325, 328 sample article
for amsart document class, see sampart, sampartl, and sampart2
for article document class, see intrart and intrarti
sampart (sample article), xx-xxiii, 33, 49,50,128,131,227,230, 244,323,360-371
samparti (sample article), 323-325, 327
sampart2 (sample article), 50, 56,276, 372-378
sans serif document font family, 84 font, 84, 171, 172,388
Merry Obrecht Sawdey, 418
Index
\8b (AMS- J!.TEX version 1.1 command. Do not use!), 409
\sb, 148 \sc (not standard LATEX), 88 \scalebox,225 Thomas R. Scavo, 417, 418 Rainer Schopf, xviii, 380, 381,415 Peter Schmitt, 417 school (field of bibliographic entry),
313 scope of command, 70 \scriptscriptstyle, 175 \scriptsize,88,244,359 scriptsize (text environment), 138 \scriptstyle, 174 \scshape, 86, 358 scshape (text environment), 138 \searrow (~), 351 \sec (sec operator), 156, 354 secnumdepth (counter), 283, 287 section, 44, 217 \section,44,217 section (counter), 283 \section*,217 sectioning of article, 43, 217-220
chapter, 217, 218 paragraph, 44, 218 part, 217, 218 section, 44, 218 subparagraph, 44, 218 subsection, 44, 218 subsubsection, 44, 218
\seename,276 sentence, 64
end of, 67 series (field of bibliographic entry), 313 serif font, 84 Raymond Seroul, 412, 415 \setcounter,199,286,287 \setlength, 91, 94, 105,288,289 \setminus (\), 350 sets pace (package), 93
Index
\settabs (TE,X command. Do not use!), 403
\sevenbf (TEX command. Do not use!), 403
\seveni (TE,X command. Do not use!), 403
\sevensy (TE,X command. Do not use!), 403
\sf (not standard IbTEX), 88 \sffamily,85,358 sffamily (text environment), 138 \sharp (~), 352 \shortmid (I), 348 \shortparallel (II), 348 \shoveleft, 184 \shoveright, 184 \show,54,277,278 \showhyphens, 80 showidx (package), 241 showkeys (package), 222, 242, 378 \showthe,278 \sideset, 168 Nandor Sieben, 417 \Sigma (I:), 346 \sigma ((J"), 346 \sim (rv), 347 \simeq (~), 347 simple align, 31 \sin (sin operator), 17, 155, 354 sine, 17, 155, 354 single quote, 5, 7, 62,73 \sinh (sinh operator), 156, 354 size text environment, 138
large, 138 normalsize, 138 scriptsize, 138 small, 138 tiny, 138
\sl (not standard IbTEX), 88 \slanted (AMS-TE,X command. Do
not use!), 406 slanted font shape, 83
slides (document class), 240 \slshape,86,358
445
slshape (text environment), 138 \SMALL,244,359 \Small,244,359 \small,244,359 small caps font shape, 83 small (text environment), 138 \smaller,244 \smallfrown ("), 348 \smallint (f), 352 smallmatrix (subsidiary math envi-
ronment),201 \smallsetminus (,,), 350 \smallskip,98 \smallsmile ('-./), 348 \smash,107,170 \smile ('--"), 347 Wynter Snow, 412, 415 solid box, 105 source file, xx, 3, 5-7, 9, 11,22,30,
44,46,48,51,54,64,65, 80,83,109,143,215,383, 385
\Sp (AMS-IbTEXversion 1.1 command. Do not use!), 409
\sp,148 space, 64, 65, 143
horizontal expanding, 99 intersentence, 66, 384 interword, 66, 383 nonbreakable, 74 relative, 99
in math, 143 in text, 64 key, 5, 62
visible, 63 rules
in math, 143,291 in text, 7, 64, 65, 291
symbol, 63
446
vertical, 10,98 spacebar, 5,62 \spacehdotsfor (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 \spaceinnerhdotsfor (AMS-TEX com-
mand. Do not use!), 406 \spadesuit (.), 352 \spbreve (V math accent), 161, 355 \spcheck (V math accent), 161, 355 \spdddot (... math accent), 161,
355 \spddot (.. math accent), 161, 355 \spdot (. math accent), 161, 355 \special,225 special key/character,S, 63, 74,107,
356 \sphat (~ math accent), 161, 355 \sphericalangle(~),352
Michael Spivak, xviii, 380, 390,415 spli t (subsidiary math environment),
195-198 \spreadlines (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!), 406 \sptilde (~ math accent), 161, 355 \sqcap (n), 350 \sqcup (u), 350 \sqrt (V-), 12, 19,69, 147
refinements, 148 \sqsubset (c:), 347 \sqsubseteq ((;;;), 347 \sqsupset (::J), 347 \sqsupseteq (~), 347 \square (0), 352 square root, 12, 19, 147 \SS (88), 76, 357 \ss (B), 76, 357 \ssize (AMS-TEX command. Do not
use!), 406 \sssize (AMS-TEX command. Do
not use!), 406 stacking
a relation, 167
math symbols, 166 \stackrel, 167 \star (*), 350 *-ed command, 69 \stepcounter,286 stretchable
arrow, 164 string (in BIBTEX), 322 strut, 106, 137
Index
subarray (subsidiary math environment),160
subequations (math environment), 177,187,286
subformula rule, 184, 188 \subjclass,249,256 \subjclassname,276 \subjectname,276 subparagraph (counter), 283 subscript, 15, 147
multiline, 160 subsection, 218 \subsection,218 subsection (counter), 283 \subsection*,218 \Subset (E), 348 \subset (c), 347 \subseteq (~), 347 \subseteqq(~),348
\subsetneq(~),349
\subsetneqq (~), 349 subsidiary math environment, 33, 180,
193,203 aligned, 193 array, 181, 198,201-203 bmatrix, 18,200 cases, 33, 180, 198,203,205 CD, 203 gathered, 193 matrix, 18, 181,198-201
small, 201 variant, 200
pmatrix,18,28,200
Index
smallmatrix,201 split, 195 subarray, 160 Vmatrix,18,26,200 vmatrix,18,26,200
\substaek, 150, 160,409 subsubsection,218 \subsubseetion,218 subsubseetion (counter), 283 \subsubseetion*,218 \suee (>-),347 \sueeapprox (1:;), 348 \sueeeurlyeq(~),348
\sueeeq (e::), 347 \sueenapprox (1;6), 349 \sueeneqq(~),349
\sueensim (!;z), 349 \sueesim ((:), 348 sum, 19,20,27, 159 \sum (I: large operator), 19,20,27,
159,354 sumlimi t s (document class option),
260 \sup (sup operator), 156, 354 superscript, 15, 147
multiline, 160 \suppressfloats,224 \Supset (2)), 348 \supset (::J), 347 \supseteq(2),347 \supseteqq (~), 348 \supsetneq (]), 349 \supsetneqq (~), 349 \surd (J), 352 Ellen Swanson, 412, 415 \swarrow C/), 351 symbol, see math symbol or text sym
bol symbolic referencing, 30, 220-222 syntonly (package), 241
\t ( ~ accent), 76, 357 tab character/key, 5,7,62,64
447
\ tabalign (TEX command. Do not use!), 403
tabbing text environment, 116-118 table (counter), 283 table (environment), 132,223,224 \tablename,276 \tableofeontents,215,386 \tabs (TEXcommand. Donotuse!),
403 \ tabsdone (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \tabset (TEXcommand. Do not use!),
403 tabbing (text environment), 223 tabular (text environment), 132-137,
223 tabularx (package), 241 \tag, 30, 175, 181, 196 \tag*, 176 tagging equations, 31, 175 \ TagsAsMath (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!, 406 \TagsAsText (AMS-TEXcommand.
Do not use!, 406 \ TagsOnLeft (AMS-TEX command.
Do not use!, 406 \TagsOnRight (AMS-TEXcommand.
Do not use!, 406 \tan (tan operator), 156, 354 \tanh (tanh operator), 156, 354 tar file, 399 \tau (7), 346 \tbinom, 149 tbtags (document class option), 258,
260 technical report, 320 TECHREPORT (bibliographic entry
type), 313, 320 template.bib,314, 323, 331 \teni (TEXcommand. Donotuse!),
403 testart.tex,23
448
\TeX,77 TEX, xx, xri, 9, 51, 379, 380, 382,
401,412 Plain, 382
TEX conversion to AMS-LATEX, 403 TEXlog, 54, 55,90, 110,385 TEX software, 393 TEX User's Group (TUG), 392,400 text, 3,4,61-110
boxed, 89 displayed, 111-123 emphasized, 9 in math, 19, 151, 152
\text, 19,23,54,79,93, 100, 143, 152,171,261,383
text environment, 9, III blank line, 131 bold face, 138 center, 132, 139, 297 emphasize, 138 filecontents,109,214 flush left, 138,297 flush right, 4, 9, 67, 138,297 font family, 138
rmfamily (roman), 138 sffamily (sans serif), 138 ttfamily (typewriter style), 138
font series, 138 bfseries (bold), 138
font shape, 138 em (emphatic shape), 138 itshape (italic), 138 scshape (small caps), 138 slshape (slanted), 138
list description, 113,297 enumerate, 112,297 itemize, 112,297 list, 297-304
minipage, 104 proof, 130,261 proof*,131
quotation, 118,297 quote, 118,297 size, 138
large, 138 normalsize, 138 scriptsize, 138 tiny, 138
tabbing, 116-118 tabular, 132-137,223 verbatim, 120-121 verse, 118,119,297
text font, 83, 89 bold, 88 emphasized, 86 italic, 86 PostScript, 387, 391 roman, 85 sans serif, 85 size changes, 88, 244 slanted, 86 small caps, 86 Times, 387, 388, 390 typewriter style, 85
text symbol, 76, 356-357 \textbf,9,88,358
Index
\textbullet (etextsymbol), 76,357 \textcircled (0 text symbol), 76,
357 textenv.tpl, III \textit,86,358 \textmd, 88, 358 \textnormal,85 \ textperiodcentered ( . text symbol),
76,357 \textrm, 85, 358 \textsc, 86, 358 \textsf, 85, 358 \textsl, 86, 358 \textstyle,25, 157, 174 \texttt,85,358 \ textup, 85, 358 TEXTURES, 393
Index
\textvisiblespace (~text symbol), 76,357
\textwidth,288 \tfrac,146 \thanks,107,248,250,256 \the,77 thebibliography (text environment),
38,227,229,256,297,328 \thenumb,285 theorem (package), 242 \theoremstyle, 128-130 \therefore (:.), 348 thesis, 319 \Theta (8), 346 \theta (B), 346 \thickapprox (:::::), 348 \thiekfrae (AMS-TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 406 \thiekfraewithdelims(AMS-TEX
command. Do not use!), 406 \ thieksim ("'), 348 \thickspaee (thick space, also \;),
165,353,358 \ thinspace (thin space, also \, ), 4,
165,353,358 Paul Thompson, 417 Kresten K. Thorup, 287, 289 tie, 63, 74 \Tilde (- math accent), 161, 355 \ tilde (- math accent), 16, 161, 355 \time, 77 \times (x), 15, 350 times (package), 388 Times font, 387-391 times. sty, 388 \ Tiny, 244, 359 \tiny,88,244,359,407 tiny (text environment), 138 title, 245 \title, 42, 43, 100,245,256 title (field of bibliographic entry), 313 title page, 35,236,239,244,259
449
ti tlepage (document class option), 238,259
\to (--+, also \rightarrow), 12,351 toe file, 215, 216, 386 toedepth (counter), 283 \tocname,276 \today,77 token, 383 Ronald M. Tol, 417 \top (T), 352 top matter, 35, 36,41-43,68, 107,
244-256 \ topins (TEX command. Do not use!),
403 \ topinsert (TEX command. Do not
use!), 403 \TopOrBottomTagsOnSplits(AMS
TEXcommand. Do not use!), 406
\topsep,297 \ topsmash (AMS-TEX command. Do
not use!), 406 \topspaee (AMS-TEXcommand. Do
not use!), 406 translator (article info), 245 \triangle (6), 352 \triangledown(V),352 \triangleleft (~),350 \trianglelefteq(~),348
\ triangleq (~), 348 \ triangleright (1)), 350 \trianglerighteq(~), 348 \ tsize (AMS-TEX command. Do not
use!), 406 \tt (not standard l5\TEX), 88 \ttfamily,85,358 ttfamily (text environment), 138 TUG (TEX Users Group), 393,400 TUGboat, 401, 412 twocolumn (document class option),
213,238,259 \twoheadleftarrow(~),351
450
\twoheadrightarrow(-*),351 twoside (document class option), 238,
259 type (field of bibliographic entry), 313 type of bibliographic entry, 312, see
bibliographic entry, type typewriter style, 85
document font family, 84 font, 84
\u ( v accent), 76, 357 UKTUG,401 \unboldmath, 174 unbreakable hyphen, 79 \underbrace, 163 Underfull \hbox, 384 \underleftarrow, 163 \underleftrightarrow, 163 underline, 163 \underline, 163 \underrightarrow, 163 \underset,25,166 unit
absolute, 99 relative, 99
UNIX, 393, 395,412 command,395
\unlhd (:::l), 350 UNPUBLISHED (bibliographic en
try type), 313, 321 \unrhd (r:::), 350 \Uparrow (11 math delimiter), 152,
353 \Uparrow (11), 351 \uparrow ( r math delimiter), 152,
353 \uparrow (I), 351 \Updownarrow ( ~ math delimiter), 152,
353 \Updownarrow(~),351
\updownarrow ( 1 math delimiter), 152, 353
\updownarrow(1),351
\upharpoonleft (1),351 \upharpoonright (f), 351 \uplus (l±I), 350
Index
uppercase letters counter style, 285 uppercase roman counter style, 285 upref (package), 261 upright document font family, 84 \upshape,85,358 \Upsilon (Y), 346 \upsilon (v), 346 \upuparrows (1), 351 \usepackage, 12, 15, 20, 83, 128,
152, 173, 213, 222, 262, 305, 332, 388, 390, 391, 404,407,409
user-defined command, 268-278 environment, 279-282, 303
\v ( - accent), 76, 357 \value, 286 \varDelta (L1), 346 \varepsilon (c), 346 \varGamma (r), 346 \varinj lim (lim operator)), 156, 354 varioref (package), 242 \varkappa (x), 346 \varLambda(A),346,348 \varliminf (lim operator)), 156, 354 \varlimsup (lim operator)), 156, 354 \varnothing (0),352 \varOmega (Sl), 346 \varPhi (1)), 346 \varphi (<p), 28, 346 \varPi (II), 346 \varpi (w), 346 \varprojlim (~ operator)), 156,
354 \ varpropt 0 (ex), 348 \varPsi (If!), 346 \varrho (12), 346 \varSigma (E), 346 \varsigma (c;), 346
Index
\varsubsetneq(~),349
\varsubsetneqq(~),349
\varsupsetneq(2),349 \varTheta (8),346 \vartheta(~),346
\vartriangle(6),352 \vartriangleleft (<J), 348 \vartriangleright (1)),348 \varUpsilon (Y), 346 \varXi (5), 346 \Vdash (If-), 348 \vDash (1=),348 \vdash (f---), 347 \vdots (), 151 \Vee ( ~ math accent), 161, 355 \vee ( ~ math accent), 16, 161, 355 \vee (v), 25,350 \veebar (~), 350 \verb, 122, 123 verbatim (package), 82, 123, 242 verbatim (text environment), 120-
121 verse (text environment), 118, 119,
297 version number, 55 \Vert ( II math delimiter), 153 \Vert (II math symbol), 352 \vert ( I math delimiter), 153 vertical arrow, 204 vertical glue, 384 vertical space, 10,98
expanding, 99 in math, 169
\vfootnote (T£Xcommand. Do not use!),403
virtex, 382 visible space key, 63 Vmatrix (subsidiary math environment),
18,26,200 vmatrix (subsidiary math environment),
18,26,200 volume (field of bibliographic entry),
313 \vphantom, 170 \vspaee,10,98
variant, 99 \vspaee (AMS-T£X commal
not use!, 406 \vspaee*,99 \Vvdash (11f-), 348
Ernst U. Wallenborn, 417 Norman Walsh, 415 Doug Webb, 417 \wedge (!\), 350 \widehat (~math accent), 27,161,
355 \widetilde (- math accent), 161,
355 word, 64 work directory, 4, 6, 7, 9,11,12,20,
41,42,254 World Wide Web, xxi, 395 \wp (~), 352 \wr (I), 350
\Xi (3), 346 \xi (0,346 xr (package), 242 xspace (package), 242, 270 \xvarsupsetneqqx (~), 349
Y&Y, 390, 391, 393 year, 77 year (field of bibliographic entry), 313
\zeta ((), 4, 346
XtX2 + xix~ + X3
IIX3 + xix~ + X2
XIX2 X 3
gather
adjusted environments
(XIX2 X 3X 4 X 5 X6)2
+ (XIX2X3X4XS + X,X3X4XSX6 + X,X,X4XSX6 + XIX,X3 X 5X 6)'
+ (XIX2X3X4 + X,X,X3XS + X,X2X4X5 + XIX3 X 4X 5)2
multline one column, centered flush left, centered, flush right
adjusted subsidiary environments
i_X' if x < O·
fIx) = Q + x. if 0 ~ x ~ 1;
x 2 , otherwise.
matrix multicolumn, centered
cases columns flush left
f(x)=x+yz
h(x)=xy+xz+yz
align
( a+h+c a+b
uv u+v
X-v
array multicolumn
27 ) 134
each column adjusted independently
aligned environments
g(x)=x+y+z fIx) = x + yz k(x) = (x + y)(x + z)(y + z) hex) = xy + xz + yz
g(x)=x+y+z
k(x) = (x + y)(x + z)(y + z)
multi column, aligned fl ali gn
multicolumn, aligned
x = x 1\ (y V z) (by distributivity)
= (x 1\ y) V (x 1\ z) (by Condition (M))
=yVz
alignat multicolumn, aligned
aligned subsidiary environment
f = (XIX2 X 3X 4 X 5X 6)2
= (XtX2X3X4XS + XlX3X4XSX6 + XIX2X4XSX6 + XIX2X 3 X SX6)2
= (XIX2X3X4 + XlX2X3XS + XtX2X4XS + Xt X 3X 4X S)2
split one column, aligned
![[ IMPORTANT TABLES ] MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS Description Symbol€¦ · [ IMPORTANT TABLES ] MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS Description Symbol Less than ... Absolute value of x ... Glycerine 700](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5b0166be7f8b9ab9598c4882/-important-tables-mathematical-symbols-description-important-tables-mathematical.jpg)
