materialsScience_Piezo

7/31/2019 materialsScience_Piezo

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piezoelectricity materials & applications

today and in future

Ceren Burcak DAGElectronics & Communication Eng.

+ Physics Majors040100531


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Content

Mechanism of Piezoelectricity Types of Piezoelectric Materials

Processes of producing an artificial piezo material

Piezo Applications Piezoelectricity as a renewable energy source Piezo Researches & Piezo Industry all around the world and Turkey

Piezo & its Challenges in Future Piezotronics, Piezoelectricity in Medicine,

A Detailed Reference Table


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Mechanism of Piezoelectricity

In 1880, Jacques and Pierre Curie discoveredthe principle on quartz crystalline minerals.

Greek word piezein , meaning to press orsqueeze, so it means pressure electricity.

Converse Effect was

deduced fromfundamental

thermodynamicprinciples [by Lipmann]


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in atomic sizes?

Blue atoms are Pb (lead). Green atomsare O (oxygen). Orange atoms are eitherTi or Zr.

Linear and reversible,Magnitude of polarization is dependenton the magnitude of stress and the signshows you if the stress is tensile orcompressive.


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In 1917 Paul Langevin and his coworkers developed

an ultrasonic submarine detector, which consisted of a transducer made of thin quartz crystals carefullyglued between two steel plates [1]

With this success, sonar, ultrasonic transducers,microphones and accelerometers are developed atfirst time.

In 1950, PZT is discovered. In 1980, an adequate phenomenology of

piezoelectricity in PZT system is formulated.


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Types of Piezoelectric Materials

Natural Piezo Materials Lab-made Piezo Materials

Formed in NatureQuartz

Rochelle salt

Turmalin

Crystals

Galyumorthofosfate

(GaPO4),quartz derivative

crystalLangasite

(La3Ga5SiO14),quartz derivative

crystal

Ceramics

Barium titanate(BaTiO 3)

Lead zirkonate titanate(PbTiO 3)

potasium niobate

(KNbO3)Lithium niobate (LiNbO 3)

Lithium tantalate(LiTaO3)

sodium tungstate(Na2WO3)

Polymers

PVDF(Polyvinylidene fluoride)


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Traditional single crystal materials do notshow a powerful piezoelectric effect & havelow mechanical strength.

No endurance for extreme conditions: limitedT range.


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Piezoelectric ceramics exhibit large andstabilized piezo effect (high electromechanicalcoupling)

Mechanically strong, hard

Chemically inert and immune to humidity


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Non-reactive, resistence toacids, bases and high heat

Best in the fluoropolymerfamily about electromechanicalconstant, but low with respectto piezo ceramics

Elastic, low Young Modulus [7]


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Process of Piezo Material Production

Raw Materials Mixing Calcinination & Milling

Granulating with blinder

Electroding

Characterization

Machining Sintering

Shaping

Poling


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Electromechanical properties are highlyinfluenced by processing conditions.

Poling Process : an external electric field canorient the ferroelectric domains in the grains.

Before poling, it does not show piezoelectricproperty because of the random grainorientation. After poling, it has a spontaneous

polarization in the direction of the poling field.

* Temperature and electric field components

can vary from material to material.


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Piezo Applications Sensor systems

Accelerometers, pressure/force sensors Generator systems: generation of high voltages/frequency

Energy Harvesting Systems Actuator systems

Active vibration reduction, nano-positioning etc.

Transducer systems Sonar systems: production and detection of sound Distance-meters Transformers


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basis of a number of scientific instrumentaltechniques with atomic resolution

Scanning probe microscopy Ignition source of cigarette lighters

Push-start propane barbecues


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Nano-positioning: an actuator app.


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Actuator Applications

Piezoelectic strains induced by an electric fieldare used in actuator applications.

As high voltages correspond to only tinychanges in the width of the piezoelectricceramics, this width can be changed with aperfect precision.

In optics, astronomy, fluid control andprecision machinery


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Piezo Sensors

is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect tomeasure pressure, acceleration, strain or forceby converting them to an electrical signal.- have extremely high resonant frequency- have linearity over a wide amplitude range

- Rigid, hard, not deformed easily- High precision, exact measurement- Cant be used for static measurements but can

be used for quasi-static measurements


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On the other hand, high temperaturesdecrease its internal resistance.

Detection of pressure variations in the form of sound => piezoelectric microphones & piezopickups for electric guitars.


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Piezoelectricity as a renewable energy source


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Piezo Applications & Production Companies

Piezo Production Companies: AmericanPiezo Company, PiezoCompany (mostly ceramics), Smart Materials (compositesincluded), PiezoTech (piezo polymers) etc.

Make custom piezos as well as standart piezos Different shapes, varied properties Counselling

Piezo Application Companies: Innowatech (piezo roads),Barantech (piezo keyboards, touchpads), Arveni (piezo

buttons) etc. produce their own piezo material and implement them into

specialized areas Selling the technology


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in Turkey?

There is no piezo industry and applicationcompanies in Turkey. Only distributor companieswhich sell everything, indeed.

That means Turkish engineers who desire to

develop high tech smart technology should getthem from out of the country with considerablyexpensive prices.


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what about Piezo research in Turkey?

One research group in GYTEunder Prof. Sedat Alkoy producesand tests piezo materials in theirlabs with their equipment.

Some research assistants makepiezo materials in Chemistry &Metallurgical Faculty of ITU, butcant test, since they do not haveequipment for characterization.

There are Turkish piezoresearches in different countries.

The thesises of some graduatestudents around Turkey.


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PERSPECTIVE:How to choose a piezo material? After deciding on your application, you should clearly

state what you want from your smart material to do? Find the most suitable material for your properties

with reading about materials structure and carefullylooking at the constants of materials.

Consider the mechanical constraints.

LETs EXAMINE THE WHOLE PROCESS FROM APCDIRECTORIES


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PERSPECTIVE:Buying a Custom Piezo

Your application may force you to design a new kindof material. You do not need to buy a standard piezoeven though it is the cheapest way.

You should design your material in any kind of 3Ddrawing program such as AutoCAD.

The company will produce the exact sizes that youlike.

MOST EFFICIENT WAY: MAKE, TEST & USE YOUROWN PIEZO IN YOUR OWN COUNTRY!


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PERSPECTIVE: What knowledge do you needfor a piezo project?

the mechanism of the piezoelectric effect energy conversion efficiency the proper selection of suitable materials Circuitry knowledge: the smoothing of the

power output via AC-DC conversion and otherelectronics systems


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PERSPECTIVE: How to use Piezo material?

- You should not touch a piezomaterial with a bare hand,since it is possible to damage

the electrode layer.- You should watch the

temperature carefully whileworking with them. Passing thecritical temperature destroysthe piezoelectric property.


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Piezo & its Challenges in Future

Concern regarding the toxicity in lead-containing devices [regulations]. Lead-freepiezoelectric ceramics are searched widely.

Piezoelectric composites Development of more resilient piezo ceramic

materials used for operation under severeexternal conditions (T, P, chemical).


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Nano Piezo Science

fabricating a flexible , wearable or implantable energy harvesting system with realistic power outputs , based on highly efficient piezoelectricnano assemblies.


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Piezoelectric fiber composites Piezoelectric polymer based generators with

enhanced piezoelectric coefficients Nanowire generators based on integrated arrays

of wires on a flexible platform Piezoelectric ribbons printed from thin films onto

flexible and stretchable substrates


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Piezotronics

ZnO nanowiresare used inproducing piezo

diode , transistor ,power-generator ,supercapacitor,logicnanodevices,sensors etc .

Reference to [12-17]


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Example of a Nano Sound Generator:


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Piezo in Medicine

PVDF is light, flexibleand biocompatible ,rendering it a goodcandidate for wearableor implantable uses.

implanted PVDF films in a

dogs rib cage to harness energy from respiration,1984


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Converting bio-mechanical energy into

electricity


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Aim in the area: tomake the pacemakersneedless of a battery.

Most intriguing is the possibilityof utilizing work

produced by the human body viaeveryday activities, such

as breathing or walking. Forexample, the heel strike during

walking is a particularly rich sourceof energy with 67 W of

power available from a briskwalker. 2 Harvesting even

1-5% of that power would besufficient to run many bodyworn

devices such as mobile phones.Similarly, lung motion

by breathing can generate up to1W of power. [8]


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Piezo as a Science-Fiction

Making use of every movement in a humanbody, not just his breathing, walking but also

blood movement, teeth, muscles etc.=> Transforming human into a electricity

generator in the futur e


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A Detailed Reference Table[1] Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials, Zhu, Processing, Properties, Characterization and Applications[2] Piezoelectric Materials, Ed. Nelson

[3] Piezoelectric Sensors, Springer[4] Piezoceramic Sensors, Springer[5] Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, Erturk, Inman

[6] Nanotechnology-enabled flexible and biocompatible energy harvesting , McAlpine, Qi, Royal Society of Chemistry

[7] Piezoelectricity of PVDF /PUE, PVDF/PMMA and PVDF/PMMA, +BaTiO3 Laminates, Karol Mazur[8] Piezoelectric Ribbons Printed onto Rubber for Flexible Energy Conversion, McAlpine et al.

[9] Converting Biomechanical Energy into Electricity by a Muscle-Movement-Driven Nanogenerator, Wang et al.[10] Self-powered nanowire devices, Wang et al.[11] Microfibre nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging, Wang et al.

[12] Sound-Driven Piezoelectric Nanowire-Based Nanogenerators, Cha et al.

[13] Strain-Gated Piezotronic Logic Nanodevices, Wang et al.[14] Piezoelectric Field Effect Transistor and Nanoforce Sensor Based on a Single ZnO Nanowire, Wang et al.

[15] Piezoelectric and Semiconducting Coupled Power Generating Process of a Single ZnO Belt., Wang et al.[16] Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays, Wang et al.[17] Fiber Supercapacitors Made of Nanowire-Fiber Hybrid Structures for Wearable/Flexible Energy Storage,Wang et al.

[18] Energy harvesting from a backpack instrumented with piezoelectric shoulder Straps, Granstrom et al.

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