Materials Issues in CO 2 Pipeline Carbon Dioxide Transport ... · PDF fileMaterials Issues in CO 2 Pipeline Carbon Dioxide Transport ... Overview of Presentation S tti Carbon Dioxide

Materials Issues in CO2 PipelineCarbon Dioxide Transport

Materials Issues in CO2 Pipeline Transportation for CCSpInfrastructure for the UK

Dr Julia Race

Research Activities

Dr Julia RaceSchool of Marine Science and Technology

Newcastle University UKat the

Newcastle University

Newcastle University, UK

Newcastle UniversityIPA and UKCCSC CCS Conference1st-2nd September 2011

Dr Julia Race1

Presentation to Sustainable Energy UK13th - 14th May 2008

Pipeline Material Requirementsp q

STRENGTH TOUGHNESS

CORROSIONCORROSIONSCC

WELDABILITY

Dr Julia Race2

IPA and UKCCSC – CCS Conference1st- 2nd September 2011

Materials for Next Generation CO2T t S t (MATTRAN)Transport Systems (MATTRAN)

WP1: CO2 Stream Specification

WP4: Internal Corrosion & Degradation Investigation

Specification

WP5: Internal Stress Corrosion Cracking

In estigation

WP3: Pipeline Specification

Investigation

WP2: Phase & Dew Point Determination

Investigation

WP6: Fracture C t lControl

WP7: Synthesis & Dissemination

3Dr Julia Race3


Overview of Presentation

S ttiCarbon Dioxide Transport

• Scene setting• Effect of impurities p

Infrastructure for the UKEffect of impurities

• Mitigation of corrosion and

Research ActivitiescrackingF t t l

at the Newcastle University

• Fracture control• ConclusionsNewcastle UniversityConclusions• The research environment

Dr Julia Race4

Presentation to Schlumberger15th December 2008

Effect of Impuritiesp

Impurities in the CO2 stream from the captureImpurities in the CO2 stream from the capture process can:• Change the phase diagram and the location of the criticalChange the phase diagram and the location of the critical

point• Affect the solubility of water in the fluid• Affect the hydraulic characteristics (density,

compressibility) of the fluid• Affect the corrosion rate in a wet CO2 environment• Affect the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking

ff f• Affect the decompression characteristics following a pipeline failure

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Sweet Corrosion - Mechanism

1 CO2 gas dissolves in water:

The process can be described as follows:

1. CO2 gas dissolves in water:CO2(g) = CO2(aq)

2 Production of carbonic acid:2. Production of carbonic acid:

CCO2(aq) + H2O → H2 CO3

3. Carbonic acid reacts with steel:

Fe + H2 CO3 →FeCO3 + H2O 4. Carbonate film can form protective or semi-protective

scale on surface

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Corrosion Prevention Optionsp

• Use more corrosion resistant materials• Dry the product stream

– Effect of impuritiesEffect of impurities– Solubility of water in CO2

in liquid and supercritical phase decreases withphase decreases with increasing CH4 content

– No data available for i t f CO /N dmixtures of CO2/N2 and

CO2/H2S• Use an inhibitor

– Limited work indicates that MEG and film-forming inhibitors may be effectiveinhibitors may be effective

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The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To extend the experimental database for CO2 streams for a

f t i l d t i ti t th l f i hibit i t lli

SC3 Corrosion Rig

range of materials and to investigate the role of inhibitors in controlling corrosion during plant upset conditions

SC Corrosion RigDesign and build a corrosion rig capable of conducting corrosion exposure tests in supercritical CO2

WP4: InternalCorrosion & Degradation

Corrosion TestingConduct tests on a range of materials and test specimen geometries in binaryDegradation

Elastomer Degradation

and test specimen geometries in binary and ternary CO2 mixtures

gConduct exposure tests on relevant elastomers to determine suitability for supercritical CO2 service

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Susceptibility to Stress Crackingp y g

If water is presentIf water is present....Sour Corrosion• Occurs in oil and gas pipelines at• Occurs in oil and gas pipelines at

levels of H2S >0.0035 bar• Attack by hydrogen cracking y y g g

mechanisms• Times to failure of days or hoursCO2-CO Cracking• Identified as a potential mechanism in

pipelines carrying gas derived frompipelines carrying gas derived from coke and naptha

• Occurs at low levels of CO

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The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To confirm whether environmental cracking is a threat to i li d t i l i CCS i & th li iti diti

Slow Strain Rate Rig

pipeline and compressor materials in CCS service & the limiting conditions to prevent cracking.

Slow Strain Rate RigConduct initial testing in control environments on relevant test materials

WP5: InternalStress Corrosion Cracking

Stress Corrosion Cracking TestingConduct SCC tests on a range of materials in binary and ternary COCracking

Determination of Limiting Conditions

materials in binary and ternary CO2mixtures

gOnce cracking has been established determining limiting specification and operating conditions to prevent cracking

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Propagating Fracturesp g g

Propagating brittle fracture• Risk of long running brittle fracture due to cooling effects

around leaksPropagating ductile fracture

I i d til f t h t d t 300 i• In-service ductile fractures have propagated up to 300m in natural gas pipelines

• Need to understand the nature the decompression processNeed to understand the nature the decompression process & fracture velocity

• Decompression dependent on gas composition

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Low-Temperature Induced (Brittle) FractureFracture

Need to model or determine:Need to model or determine:• temperature profile near the puncture• crack tip stress under different loadings• material toughness as a function of temperature

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The MATTRAN ApproachObjective: To develop and experimentally validate a model to determine if

d d h t diti th h ll d f t i CO i li ill t t

CFD Outflow Model

and under what conditions a through wall defect in a CO2 pipeline will start to grow and transform into a running brittle fracture

WP6 1 L

CFD Outflow ModelProvides pressure, temperature and other required information for fracture model

WP6.1: Low Temperature Induced Fracture

3D Heat Transfer Calculates pipe wall temperature at and

Propagation

Crack Tip Fracture Model

near the crack tip.

Crack Tip Fracture ModelCalculate the stress intensity factor at crack tip under different loadings

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Fracture Toughness Testingg g

• Compact tension type• Compact tension type specimens with actual pipe thickness at variouspipe thickness at various temperature are tested to give ductile brittlegive ductile brittle transition curveD fi d difi d• Defined a new modified compact tension specimen t i lid lt fto give valid results for actual pipe sizes

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M t i l Ch t i ti

and under what conditions a through wall defect in a CO2 pipeline will start to grow and transform into a running brittle fracture

WP6 1 L

Material CharacterisationConduct tensile tests and chemical analysis on test materials

WP6.1: Low Temperature Induced Fracture

Conduct Standard CT TestsCalculate fracture toughness testing

Propagation

Conduct Modified CT Tests

using standard test methods

Conduct Modified CT TestsCalculate fracture toughness testing using modified test methods

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Ductile (Shear) Fracture

Ductile (shear) fracture is driven by:• Transfer of energy from gas to crack tip causing

bulging behind the crack

Ductile (shear) fracture is driven by:

bulging behind the crack• Cracks can propagate indefinitely even though they

travel at speeds below the decompression speedtravel at speeds below the decompression speed because of nature of the decompression process

• If fracture velocity &• If fracture velocity &pressure wave velocity are equal pressure atare equal, pressure at crack tip will remainconstantconstant

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f C

and under what conditions a through wall defect in a CO2 pipeline will start to grow and transform into a running ductile fracture

WP6 2

Determination of Decompression CurveUsing relevant EOS determined in previous work packages

WP6.2: Prediction of Ductile Fracture

Verify Fracture CurveValidate the fracture velocity curve for

Arrest

Determination of Toughness

use with CO2

Determination of Toughness RequirementsUsing look up tables or relevant equation for specified pipe geometries

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Conclusions

• A wealth of experience exists in metallurgy of• A wealth of experience exists in metallurgy of pipeline materialsM d l d h d i il d• Models and approaches used in oil and gas pipeline engineering should be adaptable to CO2t t titransportation

• We need to validate these processes for CO2with impurities to ensure safe, cost effective and reliable pipeline transportation

Dr Julia Race21


The Research Environment• DNV JIP (PIPETRANS) – Recommended practise for the

d i t ti d i t f CO i lidesign, construction and maintenance of CO2 pipelines• COOLTRANS (National Grid) – Pipeline design requirements,

risk assessment, environmental impact and safe operation of d h CO i lidense phase CO2 pipelines

• CO2 VIP JIP (SPT) – Improvement in hydraulic modelling software including transient and steady state experimentsg y

• SARCO2A and B – Requirements for Safe and Reliable CO2Transportation Pipeline - collaborative European industry projectp j

• IFE Norway – Research on anthropogenic CO2 corrosion with focus on the effect of impurities

• TWI MASCO2T – Materials assessment for supercritical CO2TWI MASCO2T Materials assessment for supercritical CO2 transport

• FP7 Energy Call - Topic ENERGY.2012.5.2.2: Impact of the quality of CO2 on transport and storagequality of CO2 on transport and storage

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For more information….

Publications• Drage, T., Ke, J., Sanchez Vicente, Y., Graham, R.,

George, M. and Poliakoff, M., “Measuring the Properties of CO2 Mixtures for CCS”, The Second International Forum on the Transportation of CO2 by Pipeline, 22-23rd

June 2011 Newcastle upon Tyne UKJune 2011, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK• Chahardehi, A., “Structural Integrity of CO2 Pipelines – A

Review” The Second International Forum on theReview , The Second International Forum on the Transportation of CO2 by Pipeline, 22-23rd June 2011, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UKp y ,

Website: http://research.ncl.ac.uk/mattran/

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Acknowledgmentsg

MATTRAN WP Leaders:• WP1: Prof Jon Gibbins – University of Edinburgh• WP2: Dr Trevor Drage – University of Nottingham

WP3 P f M i D i N l U i i• WP3: Prof Martin Downie – Newcastle University• WP4: Prof John Oakey – Cranfield University• WP5: Dr Alasdair Charles Newcastle University• WP5: Dr Alasdair Charles – Newcastle University• WP6: Prof Haroun Mahgerefteh – UCL• WP7: Dr Julia Race – Newcastle Universityy

Research funders:• E.ON and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research

Council

Dr Julia Race24


Dr Julia Race25

Presentation to Sustainable Energy UK13th - 14th May 2008

Documents

Materials Issues in CO 2 Pipeline Carbon Dioxide Transport ... · PDF fileMaterials Issues in CO 2 Pipeline Carbon Dioxide Transport ... Overview of Presentation S tti Carbon Dioxide