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8/11/2019 Material Testing Lab Lectures
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Faculty of EngineeringIslamic University of Gaza
Materials & Soil LabsCivil Engineering Department
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Sampling
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- Sampling from Roadway (Bases & Subbases)
- Sampling Stockpiles- Belt sampling
- Tube Sampling
- Quartering or Splitting Samples
- Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures
Sampling
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!"#$"% '"()*+,-
-Two random samples shall be obtained from different areasof the lot and Tested separately.
-The samples shall be a minimum of 30 kg. each.
- The sample shall be Taken for the full depth of the layerbeing sampled using a steel sampling ring approved byThe Department. No sample shall be taken from within(0.6 m) of the edge Of The spread of material.
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!"#$%&'"( *&"%+,'-. */0,-'(1- Obtain the sample from an area that represents material.
-The material should be approximately one loader bucket load.
-The loading unit shall dump the material on the ground .
-Strike off and level to approximately half the original pile height.
-The flat surface shall be divided into four sections.
- Identify sampling areas as A, B, C, and D, as shown below.Opposite quadrantssuch as A and D, shall be used To acquire the sample
Material first dumped Material after being
on Ground Leveled off and sectioned
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2.-& */0,-'(1
-Two random samples shall be obtained from differentportions of the lot and tested separately .
-The samples shall be taken from the conveyor belt before theMaterial has passed through the pug mill.
-The sample is obtained by isolating a cross section of thebelt and removing all material inside of the isolated cross
section.
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3$4. */0,-'(1
-Fine aggregate samples may be obtained from the stockpileusing a tube approved by the Department. The tube shallbe a minimum of 1 ! ( 30mm) in diameter by 6 Feet (
2m) in length.-The tube shall be constructed of aluminum and shall havesquare cut ends.
-The sample is obtained by inserting the tube into thestockpile
-At evenly spaced locations across the load face of the pile. Aminimum of five insertions of the tube shall be made.
-The insertions are to be made at a minimum height of threefeet from the bottom of the pile.
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Building Materials Laboratory Manual Fall 2007-2008
Reducing Field Sample of Aggregate to Test SampleASTM C 702, D75
Purpose: To obtain laboratory samples of aggregates from stockpiles.
Equipment: Shovel, scoop , boom.
Procedure:1-Obtain a sample of aggregate (about 50 kg) from three places in the
stockpile: from the top third, at the midpoint, and from the bottom third
of the volume of the pile.2- Place the field sample on a hard, clean level surface.
3- Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample three times.
4- Shovel the entire sample into a conical pile.5- Carefully flatten the conical to a uniform thickness and diameter by
pressing down the apex with a shovel. ( The diameter should beapproximately four to eight times the thickness).
6- Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters with a shovel.
7- Remove two diagonally opposite quarters. Brush the cleared spaces
l
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Aggregate Testing
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511!.1/&. 3.6&'(1 Physical: Grading, Shape, Relative Density, Bulk Density,
Water Absorption
Strength: Franklin Point Load
Mechanical: Los Angeles Abrasion ,crushing test,impact
Durability: Sulphate Soundness, Frost Heave, Slake DurabilityIndex.
Chemical: Organic Matter, Chloride, Sulphate or full analysis
Specialist: Petrography, Chemical Test, Mortar Bar and
Accelerated Mortar Bar and Concrete Prism Method
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511!.1/&. /(# 7/&.!'/-6 3.6&'(1
Basic Properties Gradation Moisture Content Bulk Specific Gravity Unit Weight
Dry Rodded Density Absorption Organic Content Clay Lumps Material Finer than 75 m m by Washing Sand Equivalent
Flat and Elongated Coarse Aggregate Particles Crushed Particles Count (one face and two face) Petrographic Examination of Fine and Coarse Aggregates Petrographic Number evaluation of Coarse Aggregates
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Durability
Magnesium or Sodium Sulphate Soundness Testing on Fine orCoarse Aggregate
Los Angeles Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate Aggregate Crushing Value
Slake Durability
Expansion Testing
Freezing and Thawing of Coarse Aggregate
Degredation Test Durability Index
Sand Equivalent
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Alkali-Aggregate Reaction:
Accelerated Mortar Bar Test (ASTM C-1260)
Concrete Prism Expansivity Test (ASTM C-1293
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (by Chemical Analysis)
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete(ASTM C-856)
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Specific Gravity and Mois
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Aggregate Moisture
Absorbed water (n.) water presethe pervious pores of porous aggreparticles.
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Aggregate Moisture
Surface water (n.) water presentthe surface of aggregate particles called free water).
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Aggregate Moisture
+ =
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Moisture States of Aggre
oven-dry SSD
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Moisture Content
Total moisture content (n
.) the weight of water present, expressed
percentage of the oven-dry weight
=
ODaggmtotal MC
m100%
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Moisture Content
Surface moisture content (n
.) tweight of water in excess of that ne
to saturate the sample.
=
Sagg SDmsurface MC 100
m
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Moisture Content
Absorption (n
.) the weight of waneeded to saturate the sample.
=
DSSD O
mabsorption 100%
m
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Achieving an SSD Sta
Coarse aggregate should be soin room temperature water for 24then rolled in a large absorbent clo
remove all visible surface moisture
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Achieving an SSD Sta
Fine aggregate should be brouga moisture content of at least 6% allowed to stand for 244 h. Aggre
is then spread out on a nonabsorbsurface and warm air is blown acr
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Question
A 1-ft3bucket holds
100 lb of aggregate.
How much of the 1-ft3
volume is occupied by
the aggregate particles
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Particle Density
Particle density (n
.) the ratio of thof an aggregate particle to its own
(also called mass density of solids).
partm
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity (n
.) the mass deof an object relative to the mass de
of de-aired, distilled water.
parts m
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Specific Gravity
Specific gravity depends on the vyou assume for the aggregate part
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Measuring Specific Gra
= =
particle in air
swater displaced in air in
W W
G W W W
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Buoyancy
Wdispl
=
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Apparent Specific Grav
=
OD
in air
in
app ODair in water
WGW W
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Bulk Specific Gravity
= in air
in air
bulk SS
O
in water
OD
D
D WGW W
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Bulk Specific Gravity
=
SSD
in air
in ai
bulk SSDr in water
SSD WGW W
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Porosity
Porosity (n
.) the volume of the pepores expressed as a percentage
gross volume.
gross volume net volume
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Bulk Density and Void
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Question
A 1-ft3bucket holds
100 lb of aggregate.
How much of the 1-ft3
volume is occupied by
the air between the
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Void Content
Void Content(n
.) the volume of vspaces between particles expressed a
percentage of the volume needed to c
all of the particles.
voidsV
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Which Void Content?
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Question
What determines the
void content of a givenaggregate sample?
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Effects of Particle Siz
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Effects of Particle Grada
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Effects of Particle Grada
100% CA CA:FA Blend
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Effects of Particle Grada
30
40
Void
Content(%)
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Aggregate Gradation
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Gradation Analysis
percent coarser
or
percent retained
percent finer
or
Percen
are caby ma
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Sieves
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Shakers
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Gradation Analysis - Sieve
Analysis (ASTM D 422)
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Gradation Analysis - Sieve Analysis (ASTM D 422)
1- Apparatus and Equipments
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2- Weigh out about 500g of sandy soil.
Note: The size of the sample depends on the maximum grain size. Check Table in ASTM standards
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3- Determine the masses of the sieves.
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4- Assemble sieves, with the sieves with the larger openings on top and a pan at
the bottom. Place the soil on top
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5- Place lid on top. Tighten down on to sieving machine
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6- Run sieving machine for 4 minutes. Inspect sieves, and visually
assess the masses retained in the sieves
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7- Determine the masses of the sieves including the retained soil
8- Calculate percent passing for each sieve aperture, and draw plot on graph. Determine Cu and
Cc of the soil
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FINENESS MODULUS
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Gradation Chart
20
40
60
80
100
Percent
Passing
Total mass percent passing e
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Gradation Example
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Coarse Aggregate SievSieve
Designation
Opening
(in)
Openin
(mm)3 in 3.00 75.0
2 in 2.00 50.0
1 in 1.50 37.5
1 in 1.00 25.0
3/4 in 0.75 19.0
1/2 in 0.50 12.5
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Fine Aggregate SieveSieve
Designation
Opening
(in)
Opening
(mm)No. 4 0.187 4.75
No. 8 0.0937 2.36
No. 16 0.0469 1.18
No. 30 0.0234 0.60
No. 50 0.0117 0.30
No. 100 0.0059 0.15
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Aggregate Size
Gravel Sand S
4.75 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 0.075
Coarse Fine
Soil Mechanics
Concrete
No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 30 No. 50 No. 100 No. 200
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Range of Sieve SizesSieve
Designation
Opening
(in)
Openin
(mm)3 in 3.00 75.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
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Gradation Chart
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing(%)
20
40
60
80
100
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20
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Open-Graded Aggrega
20
40
60
80
100
Percen
tPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20
open
graded
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Open-Graded Aggrega
Grain-to-grain contaHigh void content
Low but variable de
High stability if con
Low stability uncon
Difficult to compact
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Dense-Graded Aggrega
20
40
60
80
100
Percen
tPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20
open
graded
dense
graded
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Dense-Graded Aggrega
Grain-to-grain contaLow void content
High density
High stability if con
High stability uncon
Difficult to compact
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Gap-Graded Aggregat
20
40
60
80
100
Percen
tPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20
open
graded
dense
graded
gapgraded
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Gap-Graded Aggregat
No grain-to-grain coHigher void content
Lower density
Low stability if conf
Low stability unconf
Easy to compact
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Uniformly-Graded Aggre
20
40
60
80
100
Percen
tPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20
uniformly
graded
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Aggregate for Concret
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Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA 2007)
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Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA, 2007)
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST
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SizePercent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve
Number 4" 3" 3" 2" 2" 1" 1" " " 3/8" No. 4 N
1 100 90100 2560 015 05
2 100 90100 3570 015 05
24 100 90100 2560 010 05
3 100 90100 3570 015 05
357 100 95100 3570 1030 05
4 100 90100 2055 015 05
467 100 95100 3570 1030 05
5 100 90100 2055 010 05
56 100 90100 4085 1040 015 05
57 100 95100 2560 010 0
6 100 90100 2055 015 05
67 100 90100 2055 010 0
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST
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SizeMidpoint Percent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve
Number 4" 3" 3" 2" 2" 1" 1" " " 3/8" No. 4 N
1 100 95 42.5 7.5 2.5
2 100 95 52.5 7.5 2.5
24 100 95 42.5 5 2.5
3 100 95 52.5 7.5 2.5
357 100 97.5 52.5 20 2.5
4 100 95 37.5 7.5 2.5
467 100 97.5 52.5 20 2.5
5 100 95 37.5 5 2.5
56 100 95 62.5 25 7.5 2.5
57 100 97.5 42.5 5
6 100 95 37.5 7.5 2.5
67 100 95 37.5 5
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST
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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PERCE
NTPASSI
1" " " 4 83"
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST
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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PERCE
NTPASSI
1" " " 4 83"
5 6 7
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST
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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PERCE
NTPASSI
1" " " 4 83"
5 7
57
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST
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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PERCE
NTPASSI
1" " " 4 83"
57
3
357
Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST
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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PERCE
NTPASSI
1" " " 4 83"
67
4
467
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Fineness ModulusFineness modulus (n.) an index o
coarseness or fineness of an aggreit is computed as the sum of the fra
retained on each full series sieve sfrom the No. 100 sieve.
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Fineness Modulus
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
+ + + + += =
94 80 58 32 10 0FM 2.74
100
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Fineness Modulus
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
FM
=FM 2.74
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ASTM C-33 Sand
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
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ASTM C-33 Coarse Sa
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
=FM 3.45
Coarse Sand
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ASTM C-33 Fine San
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Fine Sand
=FM 2.15
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Aggregate for Asphal
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Dense-Graded Aggrega
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20
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Fullers Curve Fuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. The law
proportioning concrete," Transactions of tASCE, v. 159, 1907.
=
0.50
ii
dp
D
pi = percent passing
di = opening size of i
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Fullers Curves
20
40
60
80
100
PercentPassing
1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20
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Fullers Curve In 1962 FHWA published a modified vers
Fullers equation with a different exponen
=
0.45
0.50
ii
dp
D
pi = percent passing
di = opening size of i
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0.45 Power Chart
20
40
60
80
100
Perce
ntPassing
"3/8"4830200
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0.45 Power Chart
20
40
60
80
100
Perce
ntPassing
"3/8"4830200
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Aggregate Blending
Aggregate Blending Example
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gg g g p
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Aggregate Particle Shape
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Cr ushing Concrete Slabs M aking Recycled
Aggregate
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Aggregate
Recycled Aggregate Cr ushed PC Concrete
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Effects of Part icle Shape and Surface Texture
of Aggregate on Concrete
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# Rough textured and angular aggregates give better bondbetween the aggregate and the cement paste and thus higherstrength for the same water cement ratio.# However, rough and angular aggregates requires more water
to produce the same workability in a fresh concrete.# The two effects offset one another. With satisfactorygradation, both crushed and noncrushed aggregates (of thesame rock type) generally give about the same strength forthe same cement content.# It is undesirable to have flaky & elongated particles.
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."/01 21!3+*01
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LASS, UT Austin
Automated Quality AssessmentAutomated Quality Assessment
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Image creation
Wavelet AnalysisClassification
Aggregates
Quality report
Laser profiling
4"56-1!7,# 89!,:;#
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3D Image
of Particles
(20 ~35 mm)
=> ?("-0 '0-(0,:":+!, 89!,:;#