Mat Duong Lat Gach Tu Chen San Bay Hong Kong - Marked

ng dng mt ng lt gch t chn sn bay Hng Kng

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Ti liu nghin cu

Sn bay quc t Hong Kong

K THUT LMNG BNG GCHB TNG T CHN

2 ENGINEERED PAVEMENTS Hong Kong International Airport

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Xy dng cho tng laiSn bay quc t Hong Kong l mt trong nhng cng trnh thi cng mt ng phitrng ln nht bng gch t chn s dng thit k v k thut thi cng hin i.

Trong nhiu th k, v tr ca Hong Konghu nh c xem nh l cnh ca caquc gia n g dn nht trn th giiv l l i vo ca u my kinh t caTrung Quc. Vi t l tng trngkinh t ng kinh ngc , Chnh ph c tng v mt sn bay mi vonhng nm sau ca thp nin 1980. chon thnh vo nm 1998, sn bay quct Hong Kong c thit k nhm phc v45 triu hnh khch (nhiu nht l 87 triuhnh khch) v hn 3 triu tn hng ha hngnm (nhiu nht la 9 triu tn) . Sn bay tr gi49.8 triu la HK (6,46 triu la M) nmtrn hn o Chek Lap Lok c ni vi khutrung tm Hong Kong v Kowloon bng ccng cao tc v ng st nhanh c chiu di21dm (34 km) . c vn hnh bi Cquan qun l sn bay Hong Kong, snbay mi c m ca vo thng7/1998 v thay th sn bay Kai Tak c,cht hp vi ch mt ng bng trung tm Kowloon.

Hn 39 triu feet vung (3,7 triu m2) mtng phi trng phc v cho 180.000 lt ct cnh& h cnh hng nm. Mt s my bay thuc loimy by thng mi nng nht hot ng snbay bao gm B-747, MD-11, v A340. Vi ccmy bay nng nht B747 ti trng 992.250 pound(450 tn), v cnh si 213 feet (65 m), sn bayc thit k nhm phc v cho loi mybay nng 1.700.000 pound (77 tn) v cnhsi di ti275 feet (84m). p lc ca lpmy bay trn mt ng s vt qu 250 psi(1,8 MPa).

Cc phn ca 2 hn o c o xi v cs dng tn dng t t i dng trong khi khuvc cn li ca o sn bay l phn t ln bin calnh th Hong Kong.

Hnh 2.Cc mt ng gch b tng t chn c la chon bichng chu c ln xung quanh nh ga sn bay v c khnng phc v tt cho sn bay .

S kt hp ca vic no vt bin v lp cc ni otrn bin to thm 4,8 dm vung t (1.255 ha)cho sn bay. Hnh 1 cho thy quang cnh nhn tkhng gian v d n xy dng tng th.. o h trmt bng cho: Nh ga sn bay 555.400 feet vung (51,600 m2),cc thp iu khin, khu vc vn chuyn v u xe Hai ng bng chnh, mi ng bng di 12.500feet (3.810 m) c ri nha asphalt vi 2.6 million m2 7,53 triu feet vung (700.000 m2) ng ln vkhu vc u my bay vi b tng c ti ch.

5 triu feet vung (464.000 m2) mt ng lt bng gch btng t chn khu vc u my bay v khu vc bc d hng,mt cng trnh ng dng ln nht i vi khu vc thuc ni u ca my bay sn bay cho n nay Hn 1 triu feet vung (100.000 m2) ng lt gch b tng tchn cho khu vc thuc nh ga sn bay .Mt ng lt gch b tng t chn hin iK t khi phn ln sn bay c xy dng trn nn t lnbin,ngi ta ch n tnh trng ln ca nn.Tnh trng ln nh c d on i hi mt ng nha asphalt mm nn c sdng cho ng bng hn l mt ng b tng cng.

Hnh1. Sn bay quc t Hong Kong nm t rn nn t t nh i n t 2 hn o v t c no v t t b i n

ENGINEERED PAVEMENTS Hong Kong International Airport 3


Hnh 3. Cc chn thng bng bng thpdi thit b bc d hng ha tp trung cc titrng im trn mt ng

Hnh 4.Ti liu bin son v kinh nghim v cc mt ng sn bay c thmbng gch b tng, c gii thiu hi tho quc t vo nm 1994 (1) v tti liu ca ICPIs v thit k mt ng sn bay (2).

Nu c bin dng xy ra, mt ng nha asphalt c thc sa cha nhanh chng bng vic lt li vo ban m,v vy gim thiu vic ng ca ng bng. B tng ximng thng thng l la chn truyn thng cho khu vcu my bay v cc khu vc xe bi n ngn ctnh trang xung cp do nhin liu v cho php chu ccc vt ln nhiu hn do bnh xe ca cc phng tingiao thng.

Mt ng bng gach b tng t chn c la chn vmt ng cng PCC khng chu c ln ca nnng vi cc s c nghim trng nh hng n hotng ca sn bay. Mt ng mm c lt bng gch btng t chn l mt gii php hp l cho cc khu vc u my bay cn c vo cc ln khc nhau nh cc khuvc xung quanh khu vc o lp nh ga sn bay pha trncc hm. Xem hnh s 2.

Lp thm gch t chn b tng to ra b mt c khnng chu c s r r nhin liu nhiu hn b tng nhatrong khi c tnh linh hot ca b mt lt gch b tng tchn ca cc lp thm cho php chu c ln nhiuhn l mt ng b tng cng. Nu mt ng ln lmcn tr hot ng ca my bay, lp thm gch b tng cth c tho ra, cc khu

vc c xc nh li t c cao chp nhn c,v cc lp thm gch t chn c lp vo li. Khc vib tng nha asphalt, lp thm gch b tng ngn ctnh trng xung cp do xng, du, nhin liu v cc vt lilm do ti trng bnh xe vt qua 50.000 pound (22,680kg). Tng t, cc lp thm c th ngn nga c ccvt li lm nh cc tr chng c s dng cnh cc thit b bc d hng ha ngoi my bayra. Hnh 3 th hin thit b bc hngThit k, cc chi tit v tiu chun k thutVo nhng nm gia thp nin 90, Larry Mujaj cng vi BanQun l sn bay Hong Kong nghin cu phng php ,vic thi cng v s vn hnh mt ng gch b tng tchn cho cc phi trng Anh, c, Na Uy, v Hoa K.Nhiu thng tin c gii thiu vo nm 1994 ti Hingh Quc t ln th 2 v lt gch b tng Oslo, Na Uy.Hi ngh ny c cc phin lm vic chuyn su v cc kthut lin quan n thit k, thi cng v vn hnh mtng gch b tng t chn cc phi trng trong miiu kin thi tit , cng nh gii thiu v ti liu thit k

Theo k s Larry Mujaj, trng ban thit k ca Cc qun l sn bay v cc khu vc u ca my bay ca d n,Mi loi mt ng- nha asphalt, b tng v gch thm - u c mc ch ring ca n. Chng ti chn gch btng t chn cho cc khu vc ni cn c b mt chu c nhin liu v ni m mt ng b tng s b gy do cc ln khc nhau . Hn na, gch t chn to thun li trong vic gim i s ln ngng hot ng v s ln ngca sn bay trong sut thi gian sa cha do c th thi cng c nhiu khu vc nh trong cng mt lc.


3.125 in. (80 mm) thick concrete paversLp thm b tng dy 3,125 in. (80 mm)

Lp ct m dy 0,75 in. (20 mm)0.75 in. (20 mm) thick bedding sand

Lp a k thut v lp trng ph nha asphaltGeotextile and asphaltic tack coat

7 in. (175 mm) cement-treated base

Mng c x l bng xi mng7 in.(175 mm)

Hnh 5. Mt ct mtng tiu biu chomt ng thmgch b tng t chn

10 to 18 in. (250 to 450 mm) crushed aggregate baseLp mng cp phi dm t 10 n 18 in. (250 n 450 mm)

10 in. (250 mm) crushed aggregate baseLp mng cp phi 10 in. (250 mmm)

Compacted subgradeLp nn c lu ln cht

mt ng sn bay bng thm b tng (Phin bn ti M)ca Vin nghin cu mt ng b tng t chn (ICPI).Nh c nu ra trong ti liu ICPI, thit k kt cu cho ttc cc mt ng sn bay k c mt ng lt gch b tngt chn ti sn bay Hong Kong u theo phng php thitk cho cc mt ng mm ca Cc Qun L Hng KhngLin Bang ca Hoa K (FAA) (3). Lp thm dy 31/8 in. (80mm) v lp ct m dy 3/4 in. (20 mm) c xem nhtng ng v mt kt cu vi lp thm nha asphalt ccng dy ca sn bay. Thit k mng theo di lpthm v lp ct m bao gm nhng lp nh sau (xem hnh5): Lp mng c x l bng xi mng dy 7 in. (175 mm) Lp mng cp phi c lu ln dy 10 n 18 in.

(250 n 450 mm) ty thuc v o c c ngdng v t i t rng

Lp mng di cp phi c lu len dy 10 in. (250mm) Lp nn ct c lu ln vi t l chu ti California l7%

Cc mt ng nha asphalt v b tng c s dngtrong cc sn bay thng mi v qun s trong nhiu thp kvi s ci tin lin tc v thit k, cng vi vic kim sotcht lng v m bo cht lng trong sut thi gian thicng. So vi mt ng nha asphalt & b tng, mt nglt gch b tng t chn kh mi i vi cc sn bay, cgii thiu ln u tin vi mt sn bay thng mi vo nm1983. Giai on gia nm 1983 v 1994, khong 5 triu feetvung (464,000 m2) mt ng b tng c dng cho ccsn bay thng mi v qun s trn ton th gii. Mt scc d n ny thnh cng v mt s khc l c h i hchi kinh nghim. K inh nghim v mt ng b tng snbay quc t Caims, ca c v ti liu v cc d n sn baykhc c bin son bi ng Mujaj trnh by cc d nthnh cng ph thuc vo cc tiu chun k thut phhp , vic tun th quy nh v tay ngh v cc dung saicho php trong qu trnh thi cng (4).Bng vic thc hin qunl cht lng nghim ngt v cc tiu chun k thut m bo chtlng ti sn bay Hong Kong, trnh c cc s sut xy ra

trc y.Thit k theo FAA i hi cc mt ng phc v cc

my bay trng ti trn 100,000 pound (45.000 kg) c giac bng xi mng hoc nha asphalt.. Vi yu cu thit k nhvy, lp nn cp phi dm nm ngay di lp ct mc gia c bng 3% xi mng. iu ny to nn cng nn ti thiu 7 ngy cho lp nn c x l bng xi mng(CTB) l 725 psi (5 MPa).

Mt l do khc cho vic s dng CTB l cc nghin cuch ra rng cc bin dng do s c gi mc di 1/16in. (1.5 mm) trong sut thi gian tn ti ca mt ng btng gch t chn. iu ny v c bn s lm gim nguy cmt ng b b vn, gy, v cc h hng ca my bay docc tc ng bn ngoi. t c cc yu cu nghimngt v cao v b mt phng mn, cn phi t tt c cclp mt ng di lp thm b tng bng cc thit bc iu khin bng tia laser. Vic ny s to nn b mtphng mn u cho php lp ct m c dy u 3/4 in.(20 mm) nm di 115 mu (47 ha) mt ng lt gch btng t chn.

Cc vt gy t do co gin hoc chuyn ng chc chns xy ra lp mng c gia c bng xi mng theo thigian. Cc vt gy t c th to ra cc khng gian cho ctm di chuyn xung. Vic mt i lp h tr di lp thmtheo s dn n s bin dng ca b mt v h hng cth xy ra. gim nguy c ny, vi a k thut c ttrn b mt ca lp mng c gia c bng xi mng v cc nh bng lp trng ph nh tng bitumen ngui.Bitumen c s dng thm v c php ngm vo vi ak thut..

tng cng s hnh thnh cc vt t gy co gin v to ra cc vt gy t nh, CTB khng c bo dngsau khi lu ln. Hn th, n c lm gy t trc sau khixe lu rung ln c dng cho CTB . Cch lm ny ngn ngac tnh trng gy t thnh nhng mng ln ca CTB.

Hnh 6. Lp trng nha bitumen gi cho lp vi a k thut nm v trpha trn CTB. Sau lp ct mng c ri ln gi vt liu bitumenkhng b dnh vo ng v lp xe.



Hnh 7. My ri nha asphalt c iu khin chnh xc bngsng m c s dng, lpct m dy 3/4 in. (20 mm) c riln b mt phng mn ca CTB

Hnh 8. Lp ct c sang phng c duy tr dy ng nht nh b mt ca CTB nm trong phmvi dung sai v phng mn.

Lp vi a c ngm bitumen to nn lp chn mmkhng thm qua c ngn khng cho nc mt v ctm di chuyn vo bt c vt gy no . Hnh 6 cho thylp trng ph bitumen c dng cho lp vi a k thutph ln trn CTB.

Kinh nghim cho thy cng cha , phn loi chau, hoc dy qu nhiu ca lp ct m di lp thmb tng c th gy ra h hng. Nhng iu ny bao gmlun c dy v cht khc nhau, tnh trng bo ha vs xung cp do tp trung nhiu ti trng, khng lu ln uhoc ct m di chuyn vo cc vt t gy hoc khe ni.Nh cc tiu chun k thut i hi lp ct ng nht dy3/4 in. (20 mm) c lm t cc vt liu cp phi c phnloi tt, sch, v mnh, trnh c cc li trong cc d ntng t ti sn bay Hong Kong . Trn b mt lp CTBphng mn c th dng lp mng ny. Ct m c ri vc lng phng n dy u 3/4 in. (20 mm) bng myri nha asphalt c iu khin bng sng m. Hnh 7 chothy my ri nha asphalt ang ri ct v hnh 8 cho thycn cnh ca lp ct m c lng phng.

Vic sng lc ct lm vt liu cho lp m t ctiu chun k thut v sn lc v cng. Tiu chun kthut v sng gi cho vt liu vt mc 200 (sng 0,075 mm)n mc thp hn 3%. cng c kim tra bng thnghim ph hoi Micro Deval c iu chnh. Ct c novt bin a phng cc k bn khi c kim tra bng thnghim ny. Tuy nhin, vic phn loi loi ct ny khngc chp nhn v vy n c sy kh v c sng tc ng phn loi. Vic ny c thc hin trmtrn nha asphalt trc khi thc hin sn xut nha asphalt.T l sng t. mc 200 (sng 0,075 mm) c quan st lintc v gi di mc quy nh.

Cc k s thit k, tri qua cng trnh c hhon thnh sn bay Quc t Cairns, c, chn lpthm hnh rng ca trn m hnh xng c. M hnh

xng c to nn lin kt mnh nht c gia tng nh hnhdng ca cc vin gch thm. Cc qun l sn bay yu cunh thu xut bin php kim sot kch thc cagch thm trong sut qu trnh sn xut do mc tng vkch thc ca gch thm bi khun bn ngoi (kch thcca gch thm tng nh do c khun bng thp cng) rng ca khe c u trong sut qu trnh lp t . Ccgch thm c o thng xuyn nhm m bo sng nht v kch c trong nh my. Tt c cc kingch thm c giao vo cng trng c km theongy sn xut , cng , v c tnh v kchthc.Cc ki n gch thm c cht trong nh khocng trng theo l i din cho cc t sn xut hngngy. Gch thm nhn chung c lp t theo th tngy sn xut gim dn v kch thc, v d: gch thmhi ln s c lp t v tr bt u ca khu vc vtip tc thm bng cc vin gch c kch thc gimdn.

Tiu chun k thut cng i hi nh thu phi mphng bng ton hc v tc dng ca k hoch c nhthu xut kim sot cc sai s v kch thc trnhtrc khi thi cng. Vic m phng ch ra khong cch khet 1.5 mm n 4 mm trong tiu chun k thut ca d nc th t c u n trong sut qu trnh m rngnhiu ca mt ng thng qua s kim sot cc sai s vkch thc i vi di v rng ca mi vin gch.

Gii hn ca ton b chiu su mp ng b tngln n 5feet (1.5 m) c quy nh nhm hn ch gchthm v nn mp ng. nhng ni khc, mng cata nh ga sn bay cng c cc gii hn. Cc mp nghu nh cc im cao ca lp thm trong khi cc imthp c gii hn bng cc knh thot nc. Tt c ccknh thot nc c sn vi l thot ng knh 11/4 in.(32 mm) c c gn vo tng khu vc gia cao 3feet (1m) ngang vi lp ct m nhm h tr cho victhot nc. Xem hnh 9. Nc ma ng li c thotra trn lp mng v lp ct m qua cng trong sutqu trnh thi cng . giai on ban u ca mt ng


Hnh 9. Chi tit l thot nc cc knh thot nc

c lt, cng thot nc lm gim i lng nc ngli lp ct m, nh lm gim kh nng gia tng plc l hng v gim nguy c ct b tri qua cc khe . m bo lp ct m khng b tri qua cc l thotnc, lp vi a k thut c tip tc ph ln b mtca cc knh thot nc n 3/8 in. (10 mm) d i bmt .Thi cngVic thi cng c s h tng ca cc khu vc thuc ni u my bay sn bay bt u vo thng 5,1995. Vic lpt gch thm b tng bt u vo ma xun 1996. K sJohn Howe, Gim c d n cng vi n v Lin danhcc cng trnh sn bay ch o nhm thm gch btng t chn v s dng cc thit b c kh thm chokhu vc ln ca sn bay. Thit b c kh nht v thmkhong 1 yard vung ( 1 m2) gch b tng t chn

Hnh 10. Vic c gii ha cng tc lp t y nhanh qu trnh thm bng vics dng 3 my thm lp t cc lp thm theo m hnh xng c cuicng. Lu cc kin gch thm xung quanh v nhm cng nhn angcanh chnh cc hng khe v ni cht gia mi lp thm vi lp bn cnh.

1.25 in. (32 mm) diameter UPVCHoles at 3 ft. (1 m) centers castinto drainage channel wall

c gi l lp hoc cm c xp theo m hnh xng csau cng. Nh c cp trc, vic quan st dung s aiv kch thc gia cc gch thm nh my lm cho milp va kht vi lp tip theo trong sut ton b qu trnhthm.

ng Howe lu rng , Vic lp rp bng thit b c khl cn thit v k hoch thi cng yu cu mi ngy thm mtkhi lng ln cc gch thm c lp t trong thi gianyu cu, v iu ny dng nh khng th t c nu rpth cng trong khi vn phi m bo vic tun th cc chitit k thut. .Chng ti loi tr cc kh nng xut hin cckhong khe ni rng gia cc lp thm v m bo tuntheo cc tiu chun k thut nghim ngt bng thi t b ckh. Lin danh AWJV dng 3 my lt gch lt cln n16,145 feet vung (1,500 m2) cho mi ngy lm vic10 ting vi trung bnh m i ngy thm c c 10,700feet vung (1,000 m2). Khi lng cng vic bao gm trilp vi a k thut v ph lp trng nha, san phng lp ctm, thm v lu ln gch thm b tng, v hon thnh victhc hin ct vo khe. Hnh 10 cho thy lp gch cthm bng thit b c kh trn lp ct m c sanphng.

Do lun quan tm n cht lng sn phm v vic lpt, ng Howe phi hp cht ch vi cc i tc TrungQuc sn xut gch thm b tng nhm m bo vic tun thcc chi tit k thut sn phm v cc tiu chun c th trongd n ca AWJV. My bay hng triu la s dng mtng ny v n phi c thi cng m khng c bt c lino. Mi n lc c thc hin nhm m bo cht lng lpt cao nht, ng Howe ni.

Vic sn xut gch thmti cng trng cxem xt n nhng b loi b do cc hn ch v vnchuyn trong vic th it lp nh my v cung cp vtliu th. Gach b tng c dy 31/8 in. (80 mm)c sn xut gn Shenzhen v c xp bng tay theomu c hnh xng c sau cng. Mi lp gch b tng



gm 41 vin. ni m n gi nhn cng cao hn nhng nc khc trn th gii, vic xp th cng lkhng c hiu qu v kinh t. Hn na, mi lpc sn xut theo mu hnh xng c c snsng lp t khi c s dng cho nhiu d nthm mt ng cng,cc d n thng mi & cngnghip.

i vi d n sn bay Hong Kong, mi lp bao gm 4 vingch cc gc c nh hng li trong sut qu trnh lp t to nn mt ng gch b tng t chn ni gia mi lpvi cc lp bn cnh. Cc vin gch ni gn lp thm vi cclp bn cnh. Hnh 11 th hin s dch chuyn ca cc gchthm gc v v tr ca cc gch ni gn lp thm vi cc lpbn cnh.

Cc lp gch thm c xp li thnh tng kin hockhi, c buc cht vo cc tm pallet g v c ch bngx lan n sn bay o theo nhiu t vi 54.000 feetvung (5,000 m2). Mi lp thm c 12 thanh nh v dcnh ra t pha bn cc lp thm 1.5 mm. Cc thanh nh vny trnb mt trn cng vi 3/16 in. (5 mm). Cc thanhnh v m bo khng c lin kt trc tip gia cc lpthm khi c lp t, nh lm gim cc nguy c b tgy v nt v.

Nh c cp trc y, c c vt gch b tng mtng thng hi m rng v chiu di v chiu rng so vilp thm d kin ca d n ln do vic sn xut bngkhun. S thay i dn dn v kch thc ny lm cho gchthm kh va kht vi m hnh thm. Thi gian cho vic iuchnh ti cng trng c th lm gim hiu qu lp tthng t c bng my thm c kh. Nhm trnh nguyc ny, vic ly mu v o cc gch thm trong sut qutrnh sn xut c duy tr tun theo cc gii hn quy nh.

Gch thm c sn xut nhm t chun phin bn1993 theo tiu chun Anh 6717 i hi cng nntrung bnh ti thiu l 7,100 psi (49N/mm2) v t l ximng khng thp hn 640 pound cho mt yard khi (380kg/m3). Tiu chun Anh cho php cc dung sai v kchthc l 2 mm and 3 mm v dy. Tuy nhin, kinhnghim ca nh thu v kt qu t vic lm theo m hnh ch ra vic kim sot cht ch hn l cn thit . Ccdung sai c iu chnh khng ln hn mc tng v chiudi v chiu rng l 1,25 mm v gii hn v dy l 1.0mm.

Cc tiu chun k thut ca gch thm cng i hib mt phng mn nhm t c mt b mt khng bgy v khi s dng. Th nghim o bng phng mtng BTN c iu chnh c pht trin oc phng ca b mt lt gch v c cc k sthit k ng chp nhn v tiu chun. Vic th hinCc tn hiu giao thng trn lp thm c lp t gnk vi cc thit b thm v cng trng nhm lm ccmc o

Nhm th 4 Nhm th 3

Second Cluster First ClusterNhm th 2 Nhm th 1

Inserted stitch block These blocks are turned90 degrees and relaid

Gch t chn Nhng vin gch ny c xoay 90 v c lp li

Hnh 11: Khi my thm xong mi lp gach trn lp ctm, cc vin gch cc gc c nh hng li v cc vingch ni c chn thm vo hoc xoay li to nn bmt u, khp ton b vi nhau ca mt ng

AdministratorHighlight


8 ENGINEERED PAVEMENTS Hong Kong International Airport*The current British Standard requires tensile splitting rather than compression testing to characterize the strength of paver, and the cement contentrequirement has been eliminated.



Hnh 12. Mt t mu ca cc vin gchtt, trung bnh, v khng chp nhn cc nh my s dng v cc cng nhncng trng dng mt chp nhn ktcu b mt ca vin gch y l mt phn caton b chng trnh kim sot cht lngtng hp v cc phng php m bo chtlng c thc hin trong ton b d n

Hnh 13. Cc vin gach c ctkhp vi xung quanh c b tng cc ct v cc cu trc tin ch

xc ng nht.. Tt c cc vin gch cct ln hn25% vin gch nguyn vn. Ccmt b ct lun c gt li ti to linh cc mp trn cng ca cc vin gchnguyn vn. Xem hnh 14.

Cc vin gch thm c t trn lpct m bng vic s dng my m inng 990 pound (450 kg) trn tm cao su truyn lc nn ly tm 9.000 pound(40kN) hoc 11.6psi (0,08 MPa). My mln v khu vc m ln lm cho vic lu lnu hn v nhanh hn. Bt c nhng vingch no b nt hoc h hng clp tc ly ra v c thay th. Saukhi khu vc c thm v lu ln, khuvc c lp tc kim tra v ctin hnh ri ct chn khe nu khu vcc thm p ng y cc tiu chunk thut. Ct chn khe c qut v clu ln bng cng mt my m rung chn vo khe cho n khi y ct. Xemhnh 15.Quy trnh t nghim thu quan trng nht lcng tc trc khi chn ct vo khe.

Hnh 14. Na bn tri cho thy vin gchc ct bng my ct c b mt cgt li mp ct. Na bn phi cho thyvin cch c mt ct th c ct bng dngc ct tay. Khng c mt vin gch thm no Hong Kong c ct bng dng c ct tay.Cc vin gch thm c ct bng my ct vcc mt c o gt nhm loi tr nguy ccc mnh b tng gy vn lt vo ng cmy bay

Cc lp thm, cc khe h, b mt trn phng v vic tun th chung cc tiuchun k thut u c kim tra. Bt c im no khng p ng tiuchun k thut u c s a cha l in trc kh i t i n hnhchn c t .Tng t nh ct m, khng c loi ct no thch hp csn ti a phng, v vy vic thit lp c s sy kh,sng lc ct, v ng bao l iu cn thit i vi AWVJnhm tin hnh chn ct c no vt vo khe ti cngtrng. Hnh 16 cho thy ct chn khe c phn loi tthn ct m. Hnh 17 m t cng tc lu ln ct vo khe.

Hnh 15.My m bn nng 9,000 lbf (40 kN) c s dng lu lncc vin gch thm vo lp ct m, sau mt ln na luln ct cc khe. Hai ln c kt hp l i s m l i h iuqu cao hn.

lng cho vic lp rp v cho cc cng nhn lp rp. Hnh 12 th hin 3 vingch thm c kt cu b mt khc nhau t loi chp nhn c (muxanh) n mc va chp nhn (mu vng) v n mc khng thchp nhn c (mu ) . Do cc gch thm khng c chp nhn c loi ra ti nh my, khng c vin gch thm no b loi ra ti cngtrng do khng p ng v kt cu b mt, cng nh cc dung sai v kchthc . Cc bng tn hiu v vic kim tra kch thc ti nh my l mt phn cah thng m bo cht lng ton din c pht trin v thc hin ti cngtrng theo tiu chun ISO 9000. Cc t t nghim thu v kim tra c ghi li c thc hin tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh thi cng.Vic lp t gch thm thng bt u mp gii hn. Cc gch thm c bit cc mp c lp bng tay v c gia cng thnh cc na vin gch cdng bt u m hnh xng c. Cc na vin gch c gia cng (gi lvin na hoc vin gch na ) c s dng kt thc vic thmmt ng cc khu vc mp ng. Cc vin gch thm c ct clp nhng khu vc cn thit ti cc v tr kt thc cc mp, xung quanh cch v cc ming cng, cc cc neo, v cc v tr thay i theo hng mhnh xng c.. Xem hnh13. Ca hnh thoi ct cc phn vin gch nhm mbo b mt trn phng, sch, cng nh cc khe v cc khu vc tip



Hnh 16 v 17. Ct chn khe sy kh c ri trn cc lp gch c lu ln v c lu ln vo cc khe cho n khi nao c c khe yct.. Cp phn loi ca ct chn khe tt hn ct m.

Vic kim tra ngu nhin cho 10 feet vung (1 m2) chomi khu vc 2.700 feet vungmt ng (250 m2)c thc hin nhm xc nhn khong cch gia cc khe htheo quy nh t 1,5 mm n 4 mm. Cc t kim tra mtng sau cng bao gm vic m ln kim chng cgim st cht ch bng xe lu nhiu lp chy bng hi vi plc bnh xe l 116 psi (800 kPa). Xem hnh 18. Phng thnghim c lp kim tra s u n ca b mt. My obin dng b mt c tin hc ha c pht trin v sdng nhm xc nh mt ngnm trong phm vi gii hnnghim ngt ca b mt theo yu cu. (s chnh lch ti al 1/4 in. cho 10 feet ( 7 mm per 3 m) i vi mtng sn bay. Cc phng php ny c thc hin trnkhung li c din tch 15 x 15 ft (5 x 5 m), t Bc nNam v t ng sang Ty trn ton b mt ng. V ick im t r a k c c chnh l ch dung s a i ca bmt v t rn phng c th h in h nh 19v h nh 20 nhm m bo mt ng trn phng . Cc l n kim tra khng chnh thc bsung c thc hin bi AWJV v cc nhm ti cngtrng HKAA.H kim tra cc khe mt ng saunhng ln ma to nhm m bo khng c khu vc nothnh vng nc.

Nh mt bc cui cng, ct chn khe c gi bngcht kt dnh urethane. Cht kt dnh gi ct li trongkhe, khng b thi bay ra do kh thi t ng c my bay.ng Howe pht trin thit b tri v kt dnh cho20.000 feet vung (2,000 m2) mt gi.

Cht urethane pre-polymer do c nht thpc tri ra trn b mt v c php thm vo bntrong ct v c nh ct trong cc khe. Cht kt dnhthm vo bn trong khe trung bnh gia 3/4 in. v 11/4 in.(20 mm v 30 mm). trnh c tnh trng thm su hn

bi nu iu ny xy ra gn l c thot nc lp ctm, lp vi a ph trn cc l thot s bt li v khngth thm c vo su hn. Cht kt dnh chu c ccvt nh du bng sn. Cht gi ct trong khe c chol tn ti t nht 10 nm.

D n lp k lc ny c m ca hot ng vothng 4 nm 1998 v sn bay m ca ton b hotng thng mi vo ngy 6 thng 7nm 1998. Cng gingnh cc sn bay thng mi khc, sn bay Hong Kong pht trinh thng qun l mt ng c tin hc hanhm gim st tnh trng mt ng v lp k hoch chocc hot ng bo dng. H thng bao gm cc tiu chunkho st v cc chng t nghim thu nhm thu thp thng

Hnh 18. Xe lu nng 44 tn ln trn ton b b mt ca lpthm (trc khi s dng cht ni khe) kim chng cclp thm c lp v cc khe y ct.




Hnh 19 and 20. Kim tra dung sai cho php ca b mt bng thc thng v kim tra phng mn trn ton b mt ng nhm m bomt ng chu c khi my bay li trong sut thi gian tip nhin liutin v cc h hng v cc iu kin khc nghit c th ivi mt ng gch b tng t chn. iu ny to iukin cho vic thu thp thng l thng tin v t nh trngmt ng vi cc loi mt ng khc nhau.Vo nm 2003, cc thnh vin ca nhm thit k v Nhthu ban u gp g ti sn bay nhm nh gi hot ngca mt ng. Ni dung sau c trch dn t bo coca vic kim tra (6): Mt ng hot ng rt tt phn ln cc khu

vc ca phi trng Mt s cc khu vc nh b ln i hi phi c bc ra

v lp li . Nhng khu vc nhn chung nm xungquanh cc ming cng trn ng pha u cakhu vc u ca my bay c nhiu xe c qualibn cnh nh ga sn bay. Ngi ta quan st thyv tr ca cc ming cng b h hng nm trc tiptrnng bnh xe ca phng tin giao thng trnng . Con ng ny l li i vo chnh cakhu vc u my bay i vi tt c cc xe cphc v cho sn bay bao gm xe ko my bay, xech khch, cc xe ko container, v.v

Hot ng ca mt ng lt gch b tng t chn cc bi ch khch ca my bay v khu vc u lmt dn chng. Cc vt chy nhin liu thy ctrong khu vc my bay ch khch dn chng chothy khng c tc ng ln no t nhin liu ca mybay n cc lp thm.

dc c thi cng khu vc u pha Tysn bay dng nh c phn thp hn mt khuvc ch nhm gi ct m trong tnh trng boha v xut hin mt vi vt ln. B phn bo trthuc c quan qun l sn bay nhn bit cvn v bc ra 3 feet (1m) l p thm xy

cng thot nc nm di b mt bng ht th.Mt ng c lp li v hot ng tt t .

Mt vi du hiu mt ng b gy xut hin di cctr gia c c s dng cho vic c nh cc thit b bcd hng ha bn cnh my bay. B phn bo tr angnghin cu v th nghim cc phng php ci tinhot ng khu vc ny bao gm vic s dng cc vingch thm c ct i v cc tm b tng nhng vtr c th..

Cc nhn vin ca c quan qun l sn bay Hong Kong lu rng cc vn nh c m t c c tnhkhong 2% din tch ca ton b mt ng gch b tngt chn. N hot ng tt hn so vi cc loi mtng khc ..

Mt khu vc mt ng c din tch 32.000 feet vung(3000 m2) gn y c bc ra thi cng cc lpmng v cc dch v nh mt phn ca d n m rngnh ga sn bay. Cc vin gch c lp li. Chtlng nhn chung ca phn c lp li l chp nhnc mc d vic gn kt vi phn mt ng khng bnh hng v vic ct xung quanh cc khu vc i vomt ng khng c tt.

Tnh trng hin ti cho thy cht lng ca vic sacha mt ng bng tay bi cc nh thu bo dngca c quan qun l sn bay khng ging nh mccht lng t c trong qu trnh t hi cng caln thm mt ng ban u.

B phn bo tr ang ln k hoch thc hin vic nili cc khe mt ng nh mt phn ca cng tcbo tr mt ng c d kin. H lc quan tinrng vic ny s lm cho mt ng tip tc hotng tt.


Vic ci tin trong phm vi thit k c th bao gm: V tr cc ming cng trn ng pha u ca khu vc

u my bay c th c iu chnh s nhm mbo chng khng nm trn ng bnh xe ca phngtin giao thng i trn ng.

Cc cng thot nc ni b sung xung quanh mingcng dng knh c xy bng ht th nm di cclp hoc l thot trc tip vo ming cng s lm chovic thot nc lp ct m nhanh hn v ngn ngatnh trng ln xy ra cc ming cng tp trung nhiunc.. Cc phng php ny s ngn nga nc b gi li lp nn v gim nguy c b ln trong tng lai.

Vic nh r cc vin gch c mt c o gt sc thi cng cc c b tng c ti ch xung quanhming cng s lm cho cc vic nt g y t xy ra hntrong sut qu trnh thi cng v cho php kim sottt hn rng khe ca cc gch thm vi ming cng.

Cc ci tin trong phm vi thi cng c th bao gm: Gim st nhiu hn v ch nhiu hn vo vic lu ln

phn t p li xung quanh ming cng nhm lmgim tnh trng ln cn d xy ra trong cc khu vcxe c qua li nhiu.

Thi cng v bo v cn thn c b tng xung quanhming cng s ci tin c hot ng ca cc cht ktni khe ming cng, ngn khng cho nc xm nhpvo lp ct m v khng gi li b mt ming cngto ra vt ln khi ng c nhiu xe c qua li

Cc ci tin trong vic bo tr c th bao gm: Hun luyn tt hn cc tay ngh cng nhn cho vicsa cha mt ngCc ci tin c xut l nh so vi tnh trng hot

ng rt tt ca mt ng quan st c. Chng c thl cha kha t ti mc hot ng tt 100% trong cc dn tng li.Sn bay Hong Kong mi l mt trong nhng sn bay hng

u ca th gii v s lng hnh khch v hng ha vnchuyn v qu cnh. Vic xy dng sn bay Hong Kong mitrn mt bng ch yu c hnh thnh nh ln bin dn nvic s dng nhiu mt ng gch t chn trong cc khu vcb ln.Cc tiu chun k thut cao c thc hin xuyn sut

t giai on thit k n giai on la chn vt liu, vsau c thc hin trong sut qu trnh thi cng to nn mt ng hot ng rt tt. .Cc tnh trng bnngoi ca mt ng ban u 5 nm sau khi lp t cquan st thy vn cn tt nh khi mi c lp t. .iu ny l nh s phi hp cht ch gia n v thit kv n v thi cng trong sut qu trnh thi cng. H to nn mt ng tip tc phc v tt cho sn bayHong Kong trong tng lai.

Ti liu tham kho1. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on

Concrete Block Paving, June 17-18, 1994, Oslo,Norway, Norwegian Concrete Industries Assocation,Oslo. See pages 106-126 and 372-420.

2. McQueen, R. D., Knapton, J., Emery, J. and Smith, D. R.,Airfield PavementDesignwith Concrete Pavers (U.S.Edition), Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute,Washington, DC,Third Edition, 2003.

3. Airport PavementDesign and Evaluation, FAA AdvisoryCircular 150/5320-6D, U.S. Federal AviationAdministration, Office of Airport Safety and Standards,Washington, DC, July 1995.

4. Mujaj, Larry and Smith, David R.,Evolution ofInterlocking Concrete Pavements for Airfields, inProceedings of the U.S. Federal Aviation AdministrationWorldwide Airport Technology Transfer Conference,Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 1999,AmericanAssociation of Airport Executives, Alexandria,Virginia.

5. Chek Lap Block, Pave-It magazine, November 2003,Issue Two, pages 8-9, Interpave, Leicester, UnitedKingdom, .

6. Report from Ajaz Shafi entitled Hong Kong Airport Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement, Kowloon,Hong Kong, 2004.For information on Hong Kong Airport visitwww.hongkongairport.com


1444 I Street NW, Suite 700 60 Charles StreetWashington, DC 20005 USA Leicester LE11FB, England Tel: 202.712.9036Tel: +44 (0)116 253 6161Fax: 202.408.0285 Fax:+44(0)1162514568www.icpi.org www.paving.org.ukEmail: [email protected] Email:[email protected]

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