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mastering arabic 2
jane wightwick
& mahmoud gaafar
the complete
second level
cou rse
Mastering Arabic 2
Jane Wightwick &
Mahmoud Gaafar
Review Panel
Dr Otared Haidar (DPhil Oxford Univ. 2005), teaching at the
Department of the Islamic World and the Middle East,
University of Oxford, UK
Dr James Dickins, Professor of Arabic, School of Languages,
University of Salford, UK
Ali Almakhlafi, Teacher of Arabic, Institute of Communication
Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany
Sanaa Nounu, Lecturer in Arabic, UWE Language Programme,
University of the West of England, UK; Head of Languages
Department, Andalusia Academy Bristol, UK
Omsa\ama Ahmed, Teacher in Arabic, Joseph Chamberlain
Sixth Form College, Birmingham, UK
palgrave m cmill n
II CC" lone Wightwick Mahmoud GaafM 2009
o
rights reserved, publication muy
reproduction, tmnsmission of without wriU(ln permission.
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The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the uuthors of this (lccordance with Copyright, Desigm Potents Act 191'11'1,
�lusic composed
First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Gaafar.
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toZeinah
iv
Contents
Acknowledgements Introduction
Language units
Unit 1 Myself and others Uj;:" Ylj wi
Talking about yourself � d- �I Asking others �� �I JI;" Talking about nationality �I d- �I Greetings wWI Conversation UJ�I My family �lL REVIEW: Pronouns ��I Describing character ;;�, o.;,'�,11 d- �I
, ,
Talking about childhood U..,illl u.c. FI The Arab World", A look at Egypt � � b� ",��I �WI Vocabulary in Unit 1
Unit 2 House and home �IJ ).l-ll ,
Talking about rooms ��I d- FI ,
Describing your home dl";""O�.J
Conversation UJ�I REVIEW: The plural �I Adjectives and plurals �1.J:l...i....::J1 For rent ,J�)ll
x
xi
2
2 4
5 6 8
10 11 12 14 16
18
20
20 22
25 26 30 32
Contents
Arab World ... A ���.
in Umt
Suudi rJL.J1
v
Unit 3 Work and routine �JWlj J.u..J1 38 ,
Talking about work ��, U-' F' :lR in the life oj � ��
about hOllsework �j:..J1 Jl.u:. ":il �I , ,
Talking about your CV (resume) �I.:JI <.!l:i..>:!-" ,j£. �I 46
Conversation uJ�1 78 Present verbs
Sittliltlons vacant �U;" Arab World ... A look at Syria
L......)-"", � �� ... ��I rlL.J1 Vocabulary in Unit 3
Sport and ,
about sport ,j£. FI Talking about preferences �I,j£. FI REVIEW: Verbal nouns & participles
"'.J JJ�a:J I" � UJ IJ about free tJjiJl �.:, ,j£. about going (Jy:J1 ,j£.
52
54
58 62
Conversation uJ�1 67
The Arab World ... A look at Morocco
�L.JI
Unit 5 Travel and tourism a...:.. 4 .. " .. Jlj �I ,
Around town �..wl JY'" Conversation uJL"-,,,H
of transportatlO!1 J..WI �L..." in the Arab
70
74
74 78
vi Contents
REVIEW: Past verbs 82 :; _ t
Sohair's blog 84
Describing the past �LJI.....i....:..,J 86
Letter of complaint '7' I...b..:.. � <s§.::.. 87
The Arab World ... A look at Tunisia 88 �y � ;;� ... ��I rJ�1 Vocabulary in Unit 5 90
Unit 6 Food 92
92
Talking about 94
At the greengrocer <?�I � 96
Conversation �.jb.Jl 97 ,
Reserving the table ;;..J.>LJI � 98
Conversation �.jb.Jl 99
In the restaumnt 99
REVIEW: Forms 102
The month of 104
The Arab World ... 106 u� � ;;� ... �yJl ��I Vocabulary in Unit 6 108
Unit 7 Review �1.rJ1 llO
Conversation �.jb.Jl 113 Vocabulary in 117
Unit 8 Clothes 118
Talking about 118
Describing the 120
Describing colour u...,.uI.....i....:..,J 122 -
At the clothes shop U"-!)lJ I � � 124
Contents
Conversation �..JL...JI wedding
, REvrEw: Doubled verbs -...kLo-JI �I
The clothes show .. l,0 �I �J' The Arab World ... A look at Jraq
�.;� ' rIL.:t..l1 in Unil
Unit 9 Education and training �-J�IJ �I School and university �4JIJ �j.wl
about subjects
Conversation �..JL,..A!I
Munira asks for advice � -.,.Jb:i .;� Weak verbs �I
examination �L..:.l::..:i..o 'il iJL.c,
Giving instructions rlJ �I )..4<:>! The Arab World ... A look at Algeria
..r>1.J..:J1 � .;� ... ��I �wl
in Unit t)
Unit 10 News and media i"�>'1 J:iL....", .)��I Talking about the news L...::... �I' .1<�1j .) . uL \'"""'"' Broadcasting �1.j)'1
. Formal Ambie ,
on the Worldwide Web 4Jwl
Comparing media r)\.L)'1 tYL..J �ju.. The King's speech ..dW1....,l..h::...
Arab World .. . A Gulf and
�1� ��l tlwl
vii
129
1 30
132
136
1 36
140
141
145
1 50
1 54
1 54
1 57
162
164
Vocabulary in Unit 10 168
viii Contents
Unit 11 Climate �I ·w....J1 ... J r. 170
Talking about �1(y.�1 170 Holiday plans 4...1bJ1.b.h::.. REVIEW: The future �I
>
174 175
Talking about possibilities ,::.S�),I U£. �I 176 Al-Mustaqbal Beverages Company �I u4.Jy;...., �y;, 178 Talking about processes
Conversation
The Arab World . . .
W � ;;).:..', �
Vocabulary in
Unit 12 Health and happiness ';Ju ... , •. JlJ �I .
Talking about the body FI (y. �I .
Talking about illness u-O�I (y. �I At the pharmacy ��I � Conversation
Talking about
Abdul Aziz asb
The Arab World. .. ulJyJl � ;;.);.:. ... ��I rJWI Vocabulary in Unit 12
Unit 13 Arts and cinema �IJ u..,.:.iJ1 .
Talking about culture ULillI (y. �I Conversation
Film genres ('"
Talking about
Reviewing lli'l The Arab World .. . A look at jordan and Palestine �.J 0J-J �I � ;;,):U . . . �y.ll �WI Vocabulary in Unit 13
179 180 182
184
186
186 188 189 191 192 195 198
200
202
202 205 206 176 210 214
216
Contents ix
Unit 14 Review �I�I 218
Conversation �..J�I 220
Vocabulary in Unit 14 224
Suggestions for further study 225
Reference material Answers to exercises 226
English-Arabic glossary 281
Grammar index 298
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Review Panel for all their invaluable contributions. Their combined expertise has helped make this course more relevant and accurate. We would also like to thank everyone at Palgrave Macmillan, particularly Helen Bugler, Isobel Munday and Phillipa Davidson-Blake, for their continued support for our efforts.
We are grateful to the following for their help in recording samples of regional Arabic dialect: Emad Iskandar, Ahmed Meliebary, Najiba Keane, Mourad Diouri, Sami Dadi, Emilio Sawaya, Ali Basim AI Sawad, Radio Kesseiri, Eman and Mohammed Yafai, Adam Gargani and Abdul Rahim ibn Daw, Ashraf Abdelhay, Youssef Saadi.
The authors and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag for material from Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Arabic,
ed. J. Milton Cowan, 1991; Dar el-Shorouk and the estate of NagUib Mahfouz for an extract from www.shorouk.com; Beity Magazine for a schedule and home page from www.beitymagazine.com; Jobs for Arabs for an extract from the website www.jobs4Arabs.com; BBC Arabic Service for an article from their website www.bbcarabic.com; the World Economic Forum for a photo from Forum on the Middle East (2006), Sharm EI Sheikh.
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity.
x
Introduction
Mastering Arabic 2 is an intermediate course designed to work for a wide range of learners, including those studying for general interest or those following examination courses.
Mastering Arabic 2 follows on from Mastering Arabic 1 and its companion books Mastering Arabic Grammar and Mastering Arabic Script (published in the US as Easy Arabic Grammar and Easy Arabic Script). However, it is also suitable for anyone with some prior knowledge of Arabic.
The course presents Modern Standard Arabic in an accessible and engaging way. A topic-based approach ensures that you will be given the opportunity to develop your skills and language within the framework of up-to-date themes relevant to the modern Arab world.
As in the first level course, when we present dialogues or situations in Mastering Arabic 2 where the colloquial language would naturally be used, we have tried to use vocabulary, structures and pronunciation that are as
close to the spoken form as possible. In addition, we have included end-of-unit regional features that
include samples of regional dialects. The purpose of including these is as much to emphasise the similarities between the different types of Arabic as it is to show their differences. An understanding of a particular dialect is often a case of accustoming your ear to pronunciation and some vocabulary variations. The dialects all have their positions within the spectrum of the Arabic language and we hope the samples will encourage you to view them this way.
How to use Mastering Arabic 2
This course has over two hours of accompanying audio and access to these recordings is essential, unless you are studying in a group where the tutor has the audio. Those parts of the book which are on the recording are marked with this symbol: ®
We are assuming when you start this book that you have a basic knowledge of the Arabic language and script, but that you may be working by yourself. Mastering Arabic 2 is suitable for classroom or home use.
xi
xii Introduction
In this level course, a particular on developin�l your understand more extended ond sophisticated langu(l(Je. have included tips and help you achieve this end. It is possible for you to concentrate on the areas that are of particular interest to you, but you should not skip entire sections as there is a carefully built-in progression.
These sections review at appropriote
points course. You will qrammar before, here it is presented in a summary form that you can use as a checklist and refer to during your studies.
Conversation sections These social
your conversntional Arabic in \ovill usually to take
in a conversotion related to of the unit.
Additional notes These occur at the end of some units and contain useful additional informution. hut will be you in developinSj ond in recognising of the finer points
The Arab world These end-of-unit features focus on different regions of the Arab world. They include:
map of the sample of ond translation;
rmd towns; diolect with notes.
• a final article, many from authentic sources, with comprehension questions. The article links the theme of the unit with the focus region.
Review two points in course. They will useful to you
for how well you what you leornt. If you find you have problems with a particular exercise, go back and review the section or sections that deal with that area.
ready to continue leorning with enjoy the next your journey.
ilrabic 2.
Language units
, .'
· 1··· ·\ . ) ,/ :l
Myself and others - - .. �J��tJ ut
.�..;iJ1 � � L.>-!G L:.i ... � L.>-!! � �G L:.i My son and I against my cousin ... my cousin and I against the stranger. (ArabiC proverb)
_ L _ Talking about yourself �:,.c �I
Listen to these s imple expressions you can use to talk about yourself:
(ana ismT) . . . �� wi My name is ...
' . t (uqTm fT/asku n fT*) ... � �I / � �I I l ive in ...
, (t.unwanT) .. . �I� My address is . . .
(ana) ... wi I am ... + nationality/job
(ana (a�l an) m in) ... ().4 (�I) wi I am (originally) from ...
*Tip: �i (askun) is usually used in a more specific sense. �i (uqim) can be used more generally.
Remember that there is no equivalent of the Engl ish words 'am', 'is' or 'are' in t his kind of simple, non-verbal sentence, nor are there separate words for 'a' or 'an' (indefinite articles). In addition, i f you are female you need to add the feminine ending b (ta' marbota) to most adjectives and
nouns such as nationalities, jobs, etc., when you are talking about yourself .
2
-
. J!.s1ri/�..ri wi I am American.
(ana amrTkTy/amrTkTyya) (masculine/feminine)
.�� / �� wi I am a student.
(a na tal i b/tal iba) (masculine/feminine)
·0l.4.L ,cl.W1 t.)Wa '\ �I� My address is 6 Al-Malik
(t.unwanT sitta sharit. ai-malik, t.amman) Street, Amman.
Myself and others
Exercise 1 ,�� Look carefully at the speech bubbles below. Then put each of the
statements into the correct category, as shown in the example:
1 .i..4IJ)'1 ul..S.4\ iE!.ace of residence)
I ,
I UI�ll
(address)
I �'11
(name)
3
J
" '
4 Unit 7
Asking others �� \tl JI�
- . � �Lb u.:al J.,.ll ."J.,.ll (question marker) ... are you a student?
�� l.4 , .. 1.4 what? (+ noun) ... what's your job?
�"""J..u Ij1.4 . ..Ij1.4 what? (+ verb) . . . what are you studying?
, . �� 0-:11 ... 0-:11 where? .. where do you live?
-�JWI # . . . # how? .. how are you?
�J=..1J1 ,..,; J.u..:i Ij� . ..Ij� why? .. why do you work at night?
-�1j.A � ".� who?" who's this?
��� �:, �i '" (�i) �i which? (fern.) . . . which boy is your son?
Exercise 2 'l' �� Fill in the correct question word to match the answers, as in the example .
. � �I wi �cl4.wI_L.
.�I �I .,j.A ��I. �
.�..I�I � �i � �-- � �Jj
.j� wi ,'1 �..,...* u.:at __
.��I illll ..,...j..ll ��l?J1 ,..,; """J..u
'j�4 �� ��J..I-4-I1 .,.!! u��
.� � �t �i 0"1 ���I ..,...j..u
t
v
, .
Myself and others
. �
5
Talking about nationality 4.!1ft i'!t1t � �t There are two main ways of expressing
'where you are from in Arabic, as
there are in most languages:
I'm+nationality d!".i?1I +wi I'm from + country J...4.l1 + ().4 wi
Na tionality 41", "I? II -+ Country J...4.l1
(How to form nisba adjectives)
1 Remove JI al- (the) from the word;
2 Remove any;; a, I a , or � ya from the end of the word;
3 Add:" -Ty (or � -Tyya for feminine).
Lebanese (masc./fem.) -+ (lubnanTyya) ��/(lubnanTY) �� -+
Lebanon
(Iubnan) u�
, Sudanese (masc./fem.) -c:- Sudan
(sudanTyya) �IJY-'-'/(sudanTy) �IJY-'-' -+ (as-sudan) ulJy.o.Wt American (masc./fem.) -+
(amrikTyya) .1�<!.JAi/(amrikTy) �...jAi -+
Note this important exception:
English (masc./fem.) -+ (ingilTzTyya) �')#!I(ingilTzTY) �,)#l -+
America
(amrlka) l..S..:!j4i
England
( ing iltara) I�l
6
Exercise 3 "'. -�j4J Rephrase the sentences and questions, as shown in the examples:
Unit 1
I'm Iraqi .�IJ"'/�IJ"' ui � I'm from Iraq .JI.,,;aJ1 � ul ,
She's from France .L...U.} � � � She's French .�� �
.�y.� �Ls..Jy.u � �i J.t �
.1�1 � y.V
�� � J.t A
Greetings ��I
.�;' ul yo
.4Jl.b.:!! � � t
Arabic greetings are many and varied and could fill up an entire book in their own right.
There are universal greetings such as �i (ahlan), hello; �,)-" (mar�aban), welcome; � �j.l.J1 (as-sala mu ta1aykum), peace be on you; and �I .. L" .. <Ic� (�aba�/masa' al-khayr), good morning/evening. The universal greetings also have a large number of regional alternatives.
In addition, there are more elaborate greetings used in formal situations, such as at the beginning of news broadcasts. For example � � �� .JJI �j (ast ad allah �aba�akum bi-kulli khayr), which literally means 'May God make your morning happy with every goodness'.
Special occasions often have their own greetings. For example, on someone's birthday or for the New Year you might say � u.:,i,J �lL � (kull t a m w-anta/anti bi-khayr), 'every year and you are well'; on a religious feast day, ..:.1,,)4-0 � (tTd mubarak), 'blessed Eid'; or at a wedding, ..:.1,J."H-O (mabrOk), congratulations.
Other events are also worthy of their own greetings. For example you can send someone off on a journey with b� u",,,) (ri�la satTda), 'happy journey', and greet them on arrival with �j.l.J1 � .uJ �I (al-�amdu lillah t ala s-salama) 'thank God for the safe [arrival]'.
Myself and others 7
, Exercise 4 t �fi Listen to two people talking about themselves and fill in the information on the forms below.
: .. .. .. . .. ..... . . . .. , " : . ..... ... .. .. . . .. . . .
... . ,. � •• '.� �.'.: �".:.'.� :.'.�: . . � .J.ey . . �.� . . . . . . . ��\
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . , . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
· . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
· . . , . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
· . . . .. , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
: . .. . ... . . ........ ... . ..... .
.. ............. 1'""''11 : . . " .. . . ... .. . . . .. .. ". .. ...... 4.ali)'1 .;,�
: . . . . .. ............. ';'Ipil : ... . '" ........... ....... �I . . . ... . . . .. . . .
Exercise 5 0 �� Complete these two paragraphs using the information from Exercise 4.
, 0A�I ---
, � wi"
.dWA wi"
.��I)..ul,
___ ..uG.. �I wi
0'11 �i
,.0 i*1� .d�
�� wi
� 0'11
tJL1 vo
8 Unit 7
Exercise 6 i· -�..)-4J Fill out this form with your own details .
. . . ... . ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ... .
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • �\�\
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • �\
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • , 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • �\
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . �
Now write a paragraph about yourself using the models in Exercise 5 as a gUide.
tit " Conversation
You're going to meet someone for the first time and talk about yourself. Prepare what you might s ay, using the information in the form above and thinking about the corresponding questions. Note that you will also need the phrases w':;":; (tasharrafna), 'pleased to meet you', and '�(ta?Tm), 'great!'.
Then take part in the conversation on the recording, following our prompts. You can try this several times until you feel confident.
Tip: In some phrases an active participle (fatil) can be used instead of a
verb, although this is generally less formal:
Active participle
(ana sakin) �L... l.1 (ana kha rij) (.)l:... l.i
Verb
(askun) �i (akhruj) (�1
Meaning
I am living/! live
I am going out
Active participles behave like adjectives and you need to add the usual feminine and plural endings:
.:U.::.. � UL... l.1 (ana sakina ff shaqqa) I (fern.) live in an apartment.
.�.)l:... � (hum kharijOn) They are going out.
Myself and others
My family �� Arabic is very precise in how it expresses family relationships. A vague concept such as 'my cousin' is replaced by an exact relationship, for example 'daughter of my paternal aunt' ( i .e. my father's sister's daughter) or 'son of my maternal uncle', and so on; 'my brother-in-l aw' is replaced by 'husband of my sister' or 'brother of my wife'.
Listen first to the core vocabulary for family members:
.JJIJ / �I (ab/wal id) father
�.JJ1J/�1 (umm/walida) mother
[I (akh) brother
�i (ukht) sister
LHI (ibn) son
�I ( ibna) daughter
� (jadd) grandfather
�� (jadda) grandmother
Other family relations
� (�afTd) grandson
�� (�afTda) granddaughter
JG (khal) maternal uncle
.uG (khala) maternal aunt
� (tamm) paterna l uncle
� (ta mma) paternal aunt
� (�am) father-in-law
�� (�ama) mother-in-law
9
To create family relationships outside the core terms, you need to use a n ��! i(;Wa construction to combine two or more nouns . Remember:
• Words in an i9afa are put directly together.
• b (ta' marbOta) needs to be pronounced when followed by another noun in an i9afa or by a possessive ending such as ':? (-T, my).
• Only the final word in an i9afa can have JI (al-, the) or a possessive ending.
�i �Jj (zawj ukhtT)
��I ( i bnat tammT)
(.)'o'��1 �i LHI (ibn ukht al-mudarris)
the husband of my sister
(my brother-in-law)
the daughter of my paternal
uncle (my cousin)
the son of the sister of the
teacher (the teacher's nephew)
Tip: '" (-0) is added to...,..i (ab), father, ti (akh), brother and � \�am),
father-in-law when they are the first nouns in an i9afa : .J� yl Khalid's father, �..lL:.,y...i Nadia's brother, J�.J-"-"'- my uncle's father-in-law.
10
Exercise 7 v· -4.H.jo4J
Unit 1
Look at the family tree below and decide what relationship each of the people shown are to the main character (l,i 'me'). For example:
my niece ('daughter of my brother') :(ibnat akhT) �i �I ,
Exercise 8 A �� How do you say these in Arabic?
1 My mother is fro m Lebanon.
2 My husband is French.
3 My grandfather is originally
from Egypt.
4 My brother's wife is English.
5 My mother-in-law is a teacher.
6 My nephew (sister's son) is a
correspondent in Qatar.
REVIEW: Pronouns 7 7
Pronouns��1
You have met the two types of Arabic pronoun: subject pronouns (equivalent of 'I', 'he', 'we', etc.) and attached pronouns (equivalent of 'my/me', 'his/him', 'our/us', etc.). The attached pronouns are joined to the end of the word - as their name suggests. With one small exception for 'my ' and 'me', the same attached pronoun is used for both possession and the object of a verb.
Subject pronoun
you (m.) you (f.)
he/it (m.) she/it (f.)
we
you (m. pI.) you (f. pI.)
they (m.)
they (f.)
L.1 ana ::..:,i anta
u:.i anti - , �huwa
� hiya
'. � nahnu � .
.' , �I antum
�i antunna
I"'-" � , �
Attached pronoun my, me i.,? T = my / � nT = me
your, you d -ka (-ak)
your, you d -ki (-ik)
his, him/its, it <L -hu (-uh)
her/its, it 4- -ha
our, us L.:... -na
your, you � -kum
your, you � -kunna ,
their, them 1"'+ -hum
their, them � ) � -hunna
Arabic also has a 'dual' form for talking about two people or things; made by adding -a (a) to the masculine plura ls : �i (antuma) you, L...,S.. (-kuma) your/you, W (huma) they, � (-huma) their/them.
Exercise 9 '\ �� Replace the underlined words with the correct pronoun, as in the example:
(He's my son) .�I JA � (This boy is my son) .�I .l-lJ-lI I�
. .;�� �� 0-!1 ;; J� '\
·41 � JAJ ui V
��I � �JjJ �o.!!J JA A
.�I � u�lrJl y
.��I � JA I� Y'
12 Unit 1
Describing character '4 J 'o�1 � �I Look at the following words that describe appearance and character.
�j (waft) loyal � (�akTm) wise
� (muc;l�ik) funny � (t anTd) stubborn
..)� (makkar) cunning �,) (raqTq) delicate
, Exercise 10 ,. ��
f;
� �1� ,c
�,) (rashTq) graceful
�.j-4l� (mawhOb) talented �� (ma�bOb) popular
�� (karTm) generous J� (kasol) lazy
� (nashTD active �j (dhaki) intelligent
Listen and fill in the missing words according to the descriptions you hear.
1 My mother is very graceful
2 Her father is _____ and ____ _
3 Our uncle is an d ____ _
4 Your mother-in-law is ____ _
5 My brother is _____ and ____ _
6 Their grandfather is very ____ _
7 Your cousin is ___ _
Myself and others 73
Improving your written Arabic Now you have mastered the basics of Arabic, you can find ways to improve your style. One of the most important ways of achieving this improvement is through the use of 'connectors' such as � (fa-, and so) and � (th umma, then). Short, unconnected sentences are not considered good style in written Arabic. Mastering Arabic 2 will introduce you to a variety of connectors and stylistiC devices you con use to improve understanding and written style.
inna/wa-Iakinna �.J / ::,! The Arabic particle �! does not have any specific meaning, alt hough historically it has been translated as 'verily'. It is used to introduce a sentence and is usually followed by a noun or an attached pronoun. Starting a written sentence with -JA or ::..:.1 can be considered ungainly in Arabic, whereas �! (innahu) or d.! (innaka) are more graceful. �,J (wa-Iaki nna) works in a similar way, carrying the meaning of 'but' .
. � 4...lSJJ F 'l� 0! My grandfather is wise
( inna jaddT �akTm wa-Iakin nahu t a nTd) but he's stubborn .
. .tJ� �J 492.\) � 0! My cat is graceful but
( i nna qi��atT rashTqa wa-Iakin naha kasOla) she's lazy.
Tip: ,)5J,J / J! (inn T/wa-lak i n nT) and �,J /�! (innanT/wa-lak i nna nT) are
alternatives when joining the attached pronoun for 'I'.
Exercise 11 , , �� Make sentences about the characters of family members, as in the example. (Take care to use the feminine if necessary.)
J..,.....s/�JAy.
��/�
�/ -- �
��,
�i y
. � ' If "oil L.H
��t
'l� "
Can you use similar sentences to describe yourself and other members of your family?
t . . "'10
. '
74 Unit 7
Talking about childhood A!¥WI � �I Listen to these phrases you can use to talk about your childhood.
"'r"LL (,)"'Ju V ,.; ��J I was born on March 7
(wul idtu fT sabt a maris t am) in the year ...
. .;� �� ,.; �� �i I spent my childhood
(am<;Jaytu �ufOlatT fT qarya �aghTra) in a small village .
. 0�i � �i 0LS My father was a
(kana a bT �abTb asnan) dentist.
.� �i ��LS My mother was a
(ka nat ummT mughanniya) singer.
'''r''LL �WI �! u,..1i:U! I moved to the capital
( i n taqaltu i la I -t a� ima tam) in the year...
Notice that in Arabic you add � ('in') in front of the dote but, not the year.
In Arabic the years are expressed as whole numbers using .....ill (alf), a
thousand, or �i (alfayn), two thousand. This is in contrast to English where years are generally expressed as pairs of numbers ('nineteen eighty
five', 'twenty twelve', etc.).
'�A" r"LL t am alf wa-tist mi'a wa-khamsa wa-tha manTn
y • ,y r"LL tam alfayn wa-ithnatasha r
Tip: there are two common words for 'year' in Arabic: � lc. tam and � sana:
" • ' " � (sanat alfayn wa-ith natashar), the year 2012.
Exercise 12 ' " �� Write down the dates of birth you hear on the recording, for example.
'�V" r"LL �I� ,t
Exercise 13 H' �� Use the example sentences above to give details of your date of birth
and childhood. Try saying them out loud initially, and then write them
down as a paragraph, using as many connectors as you can.
Myself and others
Omm Kalthoum, 'Star of the East' «�I yS.JS)) ,�.JilS�i Read the paragraph below about the famous Egyptian singer, Omm
Kalthoum, using the additional vocabulary and tables to help you.
� (shahTr) famous
�1Il:;J..l (da l ta an-nil) the Nile Delta ,
� / � (ghannaj yughannT) to sing
�\ 'rylS' ri u�; � � ,��\ �yJ\
I�.i, rk �� .t:� LJ.) � 4J yi ��
o �\5..., ,(..))\
',-:?...,� � v-:� �?l;,j\ Jl rylS' ri �\
15
�JL. (malabis) clothes
� (�abTy) young boy
�"..l.! (badawTy) bedouin
Uh. (Gafla) concert, party
.;;.,�/.;;.,� (mata, :.*- �\5 if J��\ �\ � � � 0\5..., ,IH. rk
yamOt) to die �,)4 (jinaza) funeral � (shakh�) person
� .t:�-, �/ ,��..., A..:y!' /' �\5 �l .�)I�
.r=--, I�Vo r� �� r � "0�\ �})) �L. . � . .u'>l- �J \ .-",L:.-v V_"O v �/ .
-u:, IS. / u IS.
(kana/kanat)
he/she was
... 4J ulS./tJ ulS. (kana lahu/kana laha)
he/she had
... �i/�i (amc;Ja/amc;Jat)
he/she spent
Exercise 14 ,t· -�j4l
(read table from right to left)
... �h'u. (tam/sanat)
(in) the year
... u�� ;:�� (wulida/wulidat)
he/she was born
-... .:::..:;L.... / uL....
(mata/matat)
he/she died
. . ... Jl �I / Ji:U1
( i ntaqala/ i ntaqalat ila)
he/she moved to
Now find out details about the life of a famous singer you know and write a similar article about him or her.
@I
� J"''' � ;i� . . . �.-J1.J1.cJ1
� (The Amb Wo,ld ... A look 0' Egyp')
Lib Y a
0-o� Siwa
o .:.l> I,J I The Oases
�
1 :'1 . �* River Nile .b�lo
Asyut
��Io Luxor
E gyp t
0b�1 Sud a n
� � � � � � � � � Arabic in Egypt � � ��I � 'Egyptian' dialect usually refers to the spoken languag e of Cairo and
� the north of Egypt. Dialects i n other reg ions will vary more or less.
ii!1 Egypt has traditionally exported films, popular television programmes @J� and songs to the rest of the Arab world. The advent of pan-Arab satellite ii!1 channels has exposed people to a greater variety of accents, but the @J� Eg yptian dialect can still claim to be the most widely understood. ii!1 Egyptian dialect shares some features with other dialects, e.g.: @J • replacement of J with a g lottal stop ('), e.g . u.9.J (time) as wa't
� • pronunciation of -:.. as 't', e.g . � (ma ny/ a lot) as kitTr
ii!1 Features particular to Egyptian dialect include:
@J • pronunciation of C as a hard 'g', e.g. �I (Friday) as ig-gumt.a � • use of specifically Eg yptian expressions, e.g . �..,J..l dilwa'tT (now), � ',?..,..i 'awl (a lot, literally 'strong'), �y. t. arabTyya (car) @J�
• extensive use of foreign loan words, e.g . J.:!�-JA mobayil (mobile)
ii!1 Listen to Emad talking about himself in his Eg yptian dialect. • ' You will find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
\" \ \ �LL�.j \ \ �..J� •
'" �luJl II I�"'I ",UWI . .cJ . � L . 1· t' - . 15. � f"-' - . � tF � � �I
� ·"II�'I" " . \"r'1 LL� · -�lIwl�L::;S L ... • � - YW.Y'"'-'.J � � . .
" (..... yy ahya') district,
,�\,� ,.,a , .
area . .
" (bada'a, yabda') to beglO
\,),o.!',.I.! ., • �' _ .. (qissa, qi�a�) story
� ,-",-- ., . " . (nashara, yanshur) to
�'r publish �jli (thulathiyya) trilogy
• ,� (I)a�ala, :al)�ul
.>- �. t win (0 prIZe, etc.)
e.a1a) to obtom, 0
-lIyya al-t. abbaslyya Note: aI-gamma I
'n districts of and al-�usayn ore 0
Cairo.
( Questions) .:i..ll...u'11 �.L;� � ..J; � ,
��l.:&J1 f..l..! � '( �b�l�iJl��r'
kJ L., lr.! i f.
'''O,�LL
� .L;� � ..:;.,L., •
b..>-AliJ� � ,(" '�LL
Jb1
(adapted from www.shorouk.com)
In 1988, at the age of 76, the Egyptian writer Naguib Mahfouz won the Nobel prize for literature. He was the first Arab author to win this prestigious award .
His most famous work is the 'Cairo Trilogy', following the story of a family in Egypt from World War I to the 1950s.
As well as writing extensive short stories, novels and film scripts, Naguib Mahfouz worked in a variety of government positions, retiring from the Ministry of Culture in 1972.
Naguib Mahfouz died in 2006 at the age of 94.
78
Vocabulary in Unit 1
Nouns s:.��1 address (0->..J�) ul� residence (wi) �u! apartment (�) ii:. village (�;) �j district/area (��i) � family (wi) �l£.
,
childhood (wi) Ufo
father
mother
brother
sister
(�/ '-.JJ) �'..,/(��D ,:",1 (wi) :;�I..,/(w�f) �f
(:;�n tf (wI;;..f) �f
son (� L.:....f) . 1 . LH, daughter (wi) �!
grandfather (.jl�f) � grandmother (wl):;� grandson (.jlb.i) � granddaughter (wI);;� maternal uncle (JI�f) J� maternal aunt (wi) U� paternal uncle (?,�f) r.:c paternal aunt (wi) � father-in-law (� �f) F mother-in-law (wI�);;k husband (( I..,)) (Jj wife (wi) �..,.)
Unit 7
year (�) �/(?,Iy.i) �l£.
thousand (.j'iD ...iJ1 , ,
singer (�/ '-.JJ) � dentist uL.:..... �I ("t+i) � clown (�/ u..,) (';;.0 young boy (u�) � concert/party (wi) uh funeral
person
clothes
story
trilogy
Adjectives loyal
cunning
graceful
funny
wise
delicate
stubborn
talented
popular
generous
lazy
active
intelligent
(wi) ;;.)4 C.o�i)�
u�1
, U";!)l.,
, ,
(�)� (wi) ��
tFJ ,
).{., �j
,
�
� �j
�
':"'.J-A>y
':"'�
�J. J� �
-
��
Myself and others
famous
bedouin
Verbs JI.d�1 l ive/reside
7 9
publish
obtain/win (a prize, etc . ) ,
die
spend (time)
move (house, etc . )
� ,� � 'I"uj
� ,�f Other phrases 05..» �I ':'I.J�I originally �f
sing
J.i:U.:! ,Ji:U I i " , :;; '
� , � Nile Delta
[ was born
beg in i� .i� he/she was born
::".JJ� u��/ ��
Additional note: Vocabulary
Vocabulary l ists appear at the end of each unit, and there is also an
English-Arabic g lossary at the end of the book on page 28l . English eqUival ents are g iven according to usage i n this course.
Other meanings may also be possible for individual words.
As a g eneral rule only vocabulary new to Mastering Arabic 2 will
be listed. Refer to Mastering Arabic 7 for vocabulary already covered
i n the first level . The main exception will be if a word is part of a
wider vocabulary set, where there may be some repetition for the
sake of completeness .
Nouns are listed with their (most common) plurals in brackets
and verbs are shown in both the past and present tenses.
You should make learning vocabulary part of your routine. You can
j ust try to learn from a list but consider also these different ideas:
• Write out new vocabulary on bi-l ingual cards and use the cards
to test you rself (see Mastering Arabic 7 ) . • Make yoursel f a presentation o n your computer (see Mastering
Arabic 7 for tips on keying Arabic) . You can illustrate the words
with clipart to help you remember them .
• Use one of the language learning sites on the i nternet that
enable you to key in your own words to create virtual
flashca rds and vocabulary learning activities .
• Challenge yourself to make sentences using as many new
words as possible from a l ist .
. '
House and home
LL:.�Jt-, jt�t
.)..J I � .J4J1 Th e neighbour before the house{ho/d). (Arabic proverb)
Talking about rooms ��t � �t
Look at the il lustration below while you listen to the recording .
4j).. balcony
t l� garage
2 0
�� rre\ � roof Il�/J
first floc
Hou5e and home 2 1
Tip: � �). (living room) can also be called (.)",.,1;.. �). (sitting room) .
, Exercise 1 , �� An estate agent is showing you around an apartment. Put the places in the order that he shows them, as in the example.
A I ..... .u . , .u � - '-""'r-:- �
Exercise 2 Y ��
_ �u...:.. _ �Y .u"" - .;�
Do you remember these items you can find in or around a house? Match the English with the Arabic.
a bed
b car
c cha ir
d clock
e cupboard/wardrobe
f desk
9 picture
h table
television
� ';�1.4 �
0�� 0J� �L.... �r
,.. t 0
"i
V A 0,
bicycle ';Jt.;.... , . k computer
I trees �� 04-1�J
" , Y
Here are some more useful words for items around the house:
�G......J (sata ' i r) curtains �J (dush) shower
J� (sajjad) carpets � (t ushb) grass/plants
.;fjA (mir'at) mirror JJ.j (ward) fl owers
� (mi�tad) lift/elevator �)/� (kanaba/arTka) sofa , ,
�L......L (ghassala) washing machine 4 � (tha l l aja) fridge
�.P (�aw9) sink 0Y' (fu rn) cooker
22
Exercise 3 ," ' .. ��
Unit 2
Use the vocabulary in the box on page 21 and in Exercise 2. Decide on the
most l ikely place for each item, as in the example. (You can put an item in more than one place and you do not need to include � lift/elevator.)
/��I - /��I h�I �� tl�1 �I ��I U"I#I �� �
..2.r-»
Describing your home i.!.IJ� �� H ere are some adj ectives you can use to describe your home :
6.:!� (�adTth) modern
�� (taqlidTy) traditional
\.sJUl (had i ' ) quiet
�JjA (m uzda�im) crowded
� IJ (was it) spacious
�lj (fakh i r) luxurious
� (basT�) simple/basic
z;-a..r (murT�) comfortable
Y""" w (munas ib) s uitable
�G.. (kha��) private
�G.. tl� garaj kha�� (Private Garage) ,)l.b:i.:I'il t� I,," tafwan mamnut al- i nti?ar (Sorry No Waiting)
House and home 23
Tip: There are many different words to describe dwellings in Arabic. Common words for 'house' or 'home' are � (bayt), and ) J (dar) familiar th rough place names such as Darussalaam ( f"UI )J 'house of peace' ) and, less obviously, Bethlehem (� � 'house of meat') . Casablanca i s a Spanish translation of the Arabic name � � I ) ..J I (ad-dar al -bay<;Ja') , 'the white house' - not to b e confused with the US presidential building which is translated as � �I �I (al-bayt a l - abya<;J) .
Other terms for dwel lings include J� (manz i l , 'place of staying' ) and ,j5.......o (maskan, 'place of residing') . fu (shaqqa, pI . shuqaq) refers to an apartment or flat, and b.!� (t imara, pI . -at) to an apartment building.
Listen to Sherif describing where he l ives.
, ;;.J� 0A �I�I �1..bJ 1 � u..::.
I A ':< I � • � • '. I .ii.. �j • . � U. · .� �j (.s'JU � t.JL.t..J1 �i . u....,.r
. ;;# ul.J� ..:.JWA
� .�� J..i� 0A � ujS'j'j .l-?'-�j ��j � J..i.;l. .�
J4-wj ;;�Li ,;a� �j� J3,�, 1 \ .�� � � J..i� �i !� U!b!,T,·. /1 �w � ..:.JJ�j ;;.JLu.J1 � � .l-?'-� '1 .��
, , . . · � u�/uA
(yatakawwan/tatakawwan min)
it (mase/fem.) consists of . . .
, , . . . u-k Jb::. / � (yuti ll/tutill ta la)
it (mase/fem.) looks onto . . .
� . . . J I 0.> lhJ l � (fTHabiq il . . . m i n)
on the . . . floor of
. . . �� [�] ( [ Iaysa] hunaka)
there is, are [not] . . .
. . . �y/�� Pi] ( [ Ia] yOjad/tOjad)
. . . can [not] be found (rnase/fern.)
. . . 4J/oJ [�] ( [laysa] lahu/laha)
it (mase/fem.) has [doesn't have] . . .
24
Exercise 4 t · -
��
Unit 2
Look back at the description of Sherif's apartment on page 23 and decide if these statements are true (V') or false (X) .
� j �� ().4 U..wl 0Js.:u V
. ��j
.�u........J� Wj� �l A
.�� J�I �
: . . . . . ' I . l..J..UJ � w..,. �I , •
r..r:- � ..J . .
�j am ma/..:.u.:u l i d h a l i k
-.bJlill &!1.hJ1 .; a..wl �
.(..s'JLA �I ,.
.�I .; .;� J.?''':; '1 0
. ';�j �Ij a..wl i
The description of Sherif 's apartment contains two more useful connectors:
.(sJUl � tJWJ1 �i (amma sh-shari t. iQ- h uwa had i ' )
!hli0!h!.�!i l l �w..,. � ..;JJ� (li dha l i k iQ-h iya munas iba
l in -nas hT�ln faqat)
As for the street, it's
quiet.
For that reason it's
suitable for active
people only !
Gi ( 'as for') is used when you are moving on to a different aspect of the same topic; -ill ll ( ' for that (reason) ') is used to connect cause and effect. Both are usually followed by � ( 'and so' ) .
Exercise 5 0 �� Rephrase these sentences using . . . .:a . , . Gi, as in the example.
. \ \\ - \.hl\ � u.Jil9 cUi.uu\ (.\ . 1 · 1 \ - LbJI . .l§.t.J1 � ..r &? _ c,r- t-! ..r � � . �� J�I �
House and home
NO SMOKING FLOOR
tabiq l i -ghayr il-mudakhkhinTn (floor for non-smokers)
Exercise 6 "\ �� Listen to S herif telling us who lives on the other floors of h is apartment block. Write t he correct names on the name
plates, as in the example.
_ " Conversation
o 0�;[ ® �:(
. OJ 0
-JJJ-'" �� _1. } (!): == 1.--[ __ --=-:....:....,.Jf � ®� �'--_--.--..J� I
� @�=f - \ ] G
Describe your new apartment in the prompted aud io conversation . Prepare the Arabic to describe these featu res:
• 3rd floor
• no l ift
• large hall
• spaci ous living room • small but modern kitchen
• 2 bathrooms • modern and comfortable
• 3 bed rooms • balcony overlooking street
25
2 6 REVIEW: The plural
� The plural �I <: There are three different methods of making words plural in Arabic and 1""'1
:E these methods in turn have variations. This summary will help you to consolidate your knowledge of how Arabic plurals are made.
You need to try and remember a word together with its p lura l . Gradually you will find that you get a more i nstinctive grasp of the patterns and are able to 'feel' which plural might be right for a particular word .
Sound (external) 1 Sound masculine plural (SMP) �/ U.J- ( -On/-Tn) • Used al most exclusively with words referring to groups of people of
whom at least one is male. • Commonly used for nationalities, j obs, attributes derived from forms of
the verb (beginning with -.:. m u -) .
• U.}- (- O n ) is the 'default' ending in Standard Arabic. lr!:- (-Tn) is used in
particular structures - see additional note on page 5 5 .
( m u ra s i I O n/-Tn) cr./ uJlwlj4 ...... correspondent ( m u ras i l ) �I� ( m u s l i m O n/-Tn) cr./ u� -c:- Muslim (mus l im) �
( lubnanTyO n/-Tn) cr./ u�� ...... Lebanese ( l u bna nTy) �� 2 Sound feminine plural (SFP) ul (-a t) • Probably the most common Arabic plural . • Used for words referring to groups of people al l of whom are female.
(m uma rr ic;Jat) uL.,.:,� -c:- nurse (fern.) ( m u m a rr ic;Ja) W� (mu�rTyyat) u4� -c:- Egyptian (fern.) (mu�rTyya) �
• Used for some other masculine and feminine non-human words, especially longer words derived from forms of the verb and imported words of foreign origin.
( � a m m a mat) u14� -c:- bathroom ( � a m mam) �� (ijt imatat) uu.�1 ...... meeting ( i j t imat) t�1
(ti ITfizyOnat) uU�� ...... television (t itTfizyOn) u��
Broken (internal) • Plural made by identifying the root of a word and chang ing internal
vowel sounds (similar to Engl ish 'goose/g eese' or 'mouse/ mice ' ) .
• About twelve common different patterns, plus a few other less common.
• Patterns defined using root letters J.U (e. g . ��i 'pens' = Jwi pattern).
REVIEW: The plural
o Broken plural is used with many words referring to non-humans :
(pattern = Jwi) (afran) ut�i ..- cooker (fu rn) u) ,
(pattern = JU) (ghuraf) ..9..;L ..- room (ghu rfa) J.i..;L ,
(pattern = J,.,.....a) (buyot) u� ..- house (bayt) U-:!-!
(pattern = JU) (kutu b) y:iS ..- book (k itab) ",:,US
(pattern = J�) (d iyar) J4..1 ..- house/home (da r) }..! ,
(pattern = Jd .. a",) (makatib) �� ..- office/desk (maktab) � " .
2 7
o Broken plural can also be used with words referring to groups o f males (in preference to the SMP) :
(pattern = J�) (rij a l) J4-� ..- man (raju l ) �J ,
(pattern = .. �) (wuzara') � t.;jJ ..- minister (wazTr) �...jJ (pattern = Jwi) (a�fad) ..Ilbi ..- grandchild (�afTd) �
Collective o Collective nouns are masculine singular but have a plural meaning. o Add (; to make a feminine singular noun referring to one of the group. o Natural features that come in groups (plants, animals, etc.) are often
collective nouns.
g cow (baqara) .; � ..- cows (baqar) � Q tree (shaja ra) ';� ..- trees (shajar) �
o Other items that come in groups can be collective (e . g. carpets):
9 carpet (sajjada) ';..I� �- carpets (sajjad) ..I�
Plura ls i n the dictionary p:... 1>"'1>",' pI . J;L. 11Wna,:ir' sight ;
view, pa.norama.; look(s) , appearance. aapect i prospect, o u tlook, perspective
);\.j na?ir pI. .J\.!aj n14¢r observer, viewer, spectatOr, onlooker ; overseer, supervisor ; inspector ; ma.nager, director
� rUlzl/ pI. .W;.; """,/ii", j llo; ni¢/ clean, nea.t, tid y ; well-groomed,
welHended
� I an�f2 cleaner, nea.ter � tamel/ pI. -at cleaning, cleansing I
.JUk'i 1 � manicure
P lu ra l s are shown after the s ingu l a r in the most popu la r Eng l i sh-Arabie dictionary (A Dictionary of Modern Arabic, Hans Wehr) . Note that the entry above for � (clean) has a l ternative p lu ra l s . A few words have these a lternatives; the most com mon is used in Mastering Arabic.
28 Unit 2
Exercise 7 v �� (You will need a dictionary to complete this exercise.) Find the plurals of these words you have met in this unit, as in the example. You could also try and guess at the plural before looking it up.
Meaning �, Plural �I'
pictures
-
Word �,
. -
Now check your answers in the a nswer section before moving on.
Tip: I n some spoken dialects you may only hear the U::- (-Tn) ending for
groups of people , even when the group consists entirely of females.
So U=J� -::.. 41 1 (a l -banat mashg O ITn) could be used to mean 'the girls are busy', rather than the more g rammatically correct -::.. ;{� -::..�I (a l -banat mashgh Olat) .
House and home
�, Exercise 8 /I. �� Listen to Samya describing where she lives and put a tick next to the features of her home, as in the example.
apartment
garden
hall
flowers
old couch
Exercise 9 � . -�j-4J
small house villa V' garage view of sea
dining room two bathroo ms
trees grass
mirrors desk
Complete this descripti o n of Samya's vil la using the words in the box.
-
2 9
.u�1 ..I-?'� �1,yS �� � �Ij ..j� u..,s..:u j)�..I-?'
�I .�WI ().4 �j --- �.lA � � � �i
6� '(.)'01* �-'" ,�� ().4 --- j J4?J1 � Jw
-- 4J �I .��J -- � 'r-�
�� . . . �.li �)j �..j4 --- � (.)'01# 1 �-'"
. '1 M .. .. .. < .uk. � ___ � .� I � I . Q A . . . , :.a1 , '0..4 .� ,;-J� M • -.J "'."." "Ii' .....,.-
Tip: )� (bi-ti raz) = in the style of
, You can check your description by listening to Samya in Exercise 8 again and by looking at the Answers section.
Exercise 10 , • �� Now describe your home using the vocabulary and models you have met so far. Remember to vary the phrases you use and try to include some of the connecting words you have met.
3 0 Unit 2
Adjectives and plurals F1J � I There i s not really a grammatical d ifference between nouns and adj ectives in Arabic. Adj ectives such as active (� nashTt) or popular/loved (�� ma�bOb) can also be used to mean 'an active
person' or 'a popular/loved one' . Adj ectives need to be made plural when referring to groups of people.
Some adjectives use a sound plural, others use a broken plural. The plural
of a n adjective may follow a di fferent plural pattern from the word it is
describ ing .
(awlad �iwa l) J IJlo J�Ji tal l boys
(a l -kurama') �14'p1 the generous (ones)
(an-nas a l -mashghO IOn) 0J-l�1 (.)'01 WI t h e busy people �
( i nnahum nashTtOn j iddan) . I.lo?- 0� �t They are very active.
For a n al l -female group, the adj ective can be made plural by using the
Sound Feminine Plural .
(a l -banat at-tawl1at) .:"�.,,w l .:,,�I t h e tal l girls ,
(mumarri<;lat mashghO lat) .:" '1 � .:"LA j44 busy nurses
Plurals of non-human objects and ideas are grammatically a single female!
House and home
Non-human plurals Remember that plurals not referring to people are treated as feminine singular in Arabic. So an adj ective describing a g roup of obj ects, such as 'chairs' or 'pictures' needs .;, as for a single feminine obj ect.
(a l - ka raST a l -�adTtha) ��1 �I,foJi the modern chairs
(a�-�uwar jamna) .� �I The p ictures are
beautiful .
Exercise 1 1 \ \ ��
3 7
Make these descriptions plural as in the examples . You may need to use your dictionary to look up some of the plurals.
(They are busy. ) .0.J-l� � ...(- ( He is busy . ) . J� .j-4l (The tables are new.) ';..I.:!..l-?'- ..u1�1 ...(- (The table is new) ' ';..I.:!..l-?'- ,; ..u W I
,
.�.j-4l¥ � �! '\ ,
.J.:!.jb ,,� 0! V
.Jj�I r.} �� ';..l� .!.I� A
32 Unit 2
For rent j�?U Look a t the four notices advertising property to rent.
kareem@msarabic .eg
�u.. (shati ') beach
b4- �� (�ammam siba�a) swimming pool
� � (ma l t ab tennis) tennis court
,
w� .�L... (sakin, su kkan) resident
�L.:....) (rukham) marble
t-i� (mawqit) location
J-J...;-1 1 ..; �� J� �� ��
� . � l..=...J �...r ...J.;i. V .�I.J J�I � � ,�
- ��I )):J� J...J� �.)4--J� 4 L... .�Ij:!l ..)�
.�..uJ1 L,J U-<>
A V ,\ i. · o :�LA AV'\i. 0 "\ :�u
J:...� (madkhal) entrance
� I.J-A � (takyTf hawa ') air
conditioning
��1 (ar-rTf) the countryside
� (man?a r) view
J� .Jh (�aq l , �uqul) field
(�) �LA (hatif (ma�mOI)) (mobile) phone
House and home 3 3
Exercise 1 2 \ '( �� Decide which property would suit the followi ng : 1 Family with four children and a dog . Prefer rural setting but must be
within 60- 75 minute commute from town for husband's wo rk.
2 Young professional couple working in the hotel business in a popular resort. Prefer modern apartment. Keen on sports.
3 American diplomat looking for quiet, spacious upmarket villa with entertainment potentia l . Pa rking essential . Garden a bonus.
4 Businesswoman - currently working from home - looking for offices for her accountancy business.
Exercise 13 \ 'I" �� Now complete the chart showi ng the facilites of each property, as in the example .
.;� .u...::. iJ'� J;U 4:.Jl4l � �� � 1( 1( 1( V' �
�..I."'-
C IJ:"-� 6,j " Y"'
�1 i ' L..� J U
.J�
�� � I � JA --
I"' l.:;.-> b� l"'L....:..
. - � u-u-' .
Exercise 14 \ t �� Write an advertisement for a property to rent with these features :
I
• large furnished apartment · third floor · two eleva tors · four bedrooms • three luxurious bathrooms • balcony overlooking countryside Add two more features of your own and a mobile telephone number.
\),),....." Sudan J eddah
...i�1 AI-Jawf
o
Jot> Ha'i l 0
O �JlI Med ina
.3 1.;-&11 I r a q
o �J Rafha
o O-':!.r. Buraydah
.:....�, Kuwa it
o ...,.=.l:!}' Riyadh
4..l�1 ��I � Iull K i n g d o m of S a u d i A r a b i a
,"I}A�I Emi rates
wL...£. l:!fi}
.;,I� J iz�n O m a n
E r i t r e a � I Y e m e n
, -Arabic in Saudi Arabia �..l�1 "j �j-1-l1 .u..ul The Arabian peninsula, which now forms part of modern Saudi Arabia, was where the Arabic lang uage originated and where the prophet Mohammed was born in the 7th century AD . Arabic spread with the rapid Islamic co nquests, but the spoken language of the Arabian peninsula can still claim to be closer to the Classical than that of other more distant reg ions that were open to diverse l ing uistic influences . Features of Saudi Arabic include:
• pronunciation of J as a hard 'g ' , e . g . �� (co ffee) as gahwa • pronunciation of ..!l as 'ch' , e . g . � (fish) as s im ich • use o f feminine plural in spoken language • less use of imported fo reig n words
Listen to Ahmed ta lking a bout himself in his Saudi dialect. You , '
will find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
bL. (baDa) courtyard
_ . \..:. (natura) fountain O)Y
, \ - � \ (ikhtalafa , � � yakhtalif) to vary
, "hdam) is used �� (yusta"
\ (sirdab) cellar . • )�l; ,,\ �\... uPJ> �y- ...k...." J" ,01 � ..... J.,)'" �I+> (nahar) day(time)
. . . (khazn) storage . . , ' . _ _ . ' _ . u� � , u:ll l � ,,€J..il l J )L:l1 \... 1" -,>1" iY.\l, 4J <...A:)I . • � J .r.+-=JI � � � - �Iy. � "i �) 4li ,$ ;;�" -
\...\" · i".JJ E-JI" � J"'� �L)I" , �I )� J J"'� ,-:-,IJ �I i. Jr:JJ ,-:-,IJ�I" i".JJ :Q>-I ..ul wyAJl,, )�1 J J"'� �L)I i� �l:...!J 1 J
Better known these days for its ultra-modern skyscrapers , Saudi Arabia also retains some fine examples of traditional buildings, particularly in the older towns such as Jeddah and Mecca. These tall town houses generally look inwards to a central courtyard and can consist of several floors .
���I ��I �I � yo \"'" ,
��4J1 .h....J � �y- I j \...., " -
��I w.)+! � �lb � r
� �� � �I � .J..iI 1 �I t"'1 yo \...., f.
�JL+JI � �liZ.J1 � u� 0:!i 0
3 6
Vocabulary in Unit 2
Nouns ���t house/home CJ.jl}'�::l) ).j
(J.; L:.:.,) J� - ,
house/residence (�L.:..) �
location (et;.o) �;." apartment building (u I ) ;;.)�
floor/storey ( - I .L) - lb � Y'" � entrance (J:... t�) J=..� hall (u I ) ;U� stairs (i":')L.) �
roof ((�) � room (.j).) u� bedroom �y u�
living room � u�
sitting room U"'A u� dining room (..;:, 1 ) .;� kitchen (�lh..) � bathroom (uI) �G::... toilet
balcony
garage
cellar
garden
mirror
o� (uI) ';.JJ�
(u I ) U). (uI) C l..}./Cl� (�.j l;") -,-.1.j.J:'"'
(�I;"') �;,.. (u I ) ;;f�
Unit 2
sofa (�I)) �..)/ (d) � fridge (uI ) 4-� cooker (ut)1) u)
curta ins < li.. J!
shower
carpets
grass/plants
flowers
smoker
swimming pool
tennis court
air-conditioning
res ident
marble
beach
countryside
view
field
courtyard
fountain
storage
phone
mobile phone
.j.)J (�/UJ) ��
b� �� � �
� I..,A � (u�) �Lw
�u..� (�I;-") �u..
();L:u,) fo (�) Jb.
(uI) b4 (d) ;;.)�L:.
Uj.6.. (.....i:i l�) .....i:iu
- -
Adjectives u�t lift/elevator (.��) � modern
washing machine (uI ) UW traditional
sink (� IJ-"'"f) �p quiet
House and home 3 7 ,
crowded � JjA vary � ,�I
spacious t:"'" I", Other phrases 1$..» �t ut.J�t l uxurious ' u � g roun d floor �.;)11 0-!LhJI simple/basic � first floor J:,)11 0-! LhJ I comfortable C;-:!..>A can be found �.Y/�.Y-suitable �\i.,
is used r'\:"�"'� /r� private �L.. for rent .;4-:!)ll forbidden t� in the style of. . . . . . :>'-� Verbs JI.d�t in the day(time) .;4J1 � consist (of) (U-c) ufo '� as for . . . L.,! look (onto) (�) � ,JL,i for that reason c1l l jJ
face (towards) (�) �� ,�� non -/not ,
.Y.:L
Additional note: Case endings
You will probably be aware that formal standard Arabic includes case
endings added to nouns and adj ectives. You may hear these endings
in scripted news bulletins, formal speeches and similar situations.
As a general rule , the case endings do not affect the spelling and
you need only recognise them when you see or hear them. The most
common exception to this is the additional a l if known as a l it ta nwTn
which is added to the indefinite accusative :
nominative
accusa tive genitive
indefinite ( 'a boy ' ) .. ..JJ wa ladun . I..J", waladan
..JJ waladin •
definite ( 'the boy') , ..J�I a l-walady
..J�I a l-wa ladg
..J�I al-waladl
Note that a l if tanwTn is not added to a word ending with til .
ma rbOta : U.,;. g h u rfata n .
Mastering Arabic 7 Structure Note sections g ive more details about
how the individual cases are formed and when they are used.
Alternati vely you can consult a good reference grammar.
Work and routine ;;�Wtj �t
' �J � U-<> Whoever strives, finds (wha t he wan ts) . (Arab ic proverb)
Talking about work J,.a}1 � �I Exercise 1 , �� How many of these professions do you remember? Write the meaning and
the plural (using a dictionary if necessary) . Then check your answers .
Meaning �, Plu ral F-' teacher
3 8
,
Word �,
� '. j
�
� . � [ .
W .) .
Work and routine 3 9
� Here are some more professions with the ir plurals. Notice how many of the words a r e formed either with the fatta l pattern or wi t h an active participle (fati l or m u-) .
, ( �u�ufTy, - un/-Tn) rY.:-/ u.J- ,� j ournalist
(tablb, at i bba') �uki , � doctor . . . . .. . (mu�amin, m u �amu n/-Tn) rY.:-/ UJA� ,?� lawyer
(mu�am m i m, -un/-Tn ) rY.:-/ u.J- ' � designer
(mandub, -u n/-Tn) rY.:-/ u.J- '�J� representative -
(fannan, -un/-Tn) rY.:-/ u.J- ' u� artist
(ba n na' , - un/-Tn) rY.:-/ u.J- , �� builder
(sa ' iq , -un/-Tn) rY.:-/ u.J- ,�L..... driver
(�aris , � u rras) \.)'J I� ' \.)'JJG.. guard
(mudTr, mudara') � IJ.l.4 'J":!.l.4 manager
(m usat id , -u n/-Tn ) rY.:-/ u.J- , .lL L...u...:. assistant
(t a m i l, t u m ma l ) J� ,J,.4u. worker
J�i ul�J J�J rijal wa-sayyidat atma l (business men and women)
4 0
Exercise 2 y ' -�...)-4J �� La What do they do? Make sentences as in the example.
'\
II v
Unit 3
Tip: There are a few Arabic words that end with - in , written with two kasras : � (mughan i n , singer), t� (mu�am in , lawyer) . When these words are made def inite or have a l if ta nwTn added, the ending becomes T, written wi th ya' : �I (a l -mughannT) , �� (mu�amTyan) . The ya' also appears in the feminine: � (mughannTya , female singer); but not in the mascul ine plural: UJ-.o� (mu�amOn , lawyers) .
Work and rou tine 4 7
We have already seen how you can use a simple, non-verbal, sentence to talk about occupations:
(ana mu�a m m i m) .� wi (ukhtT tablba) .� �i
. .;� .\.s� � �j� j-A (h uwa mandOb fT shari ka kabTra)
, , ' ';J�I � 0"'1.r'" �l (i nnahum � urras fTs-s ifara)
I'm a designer.
My sister is a doctor.
He's a representative in a large company.
They are guards at the embassy.
You could also use the verb � (yat. ma l) , meaning 'to work', followed di rectly by the job. As a verb is used, the job needs the (accusative) tanwTn , or the sound p lural -Tn ending (see pages 37 and 55) :
.� � � L.� �i [ work [as] an eng ineer (at. mal mu hand i san fT ma�nat. kabTr) in a large factory.
j�b ,0 ��Ij � My mother works [as] a (tat. ma l wa l idatT �u�ufTyyata n) journalist.
.L� I ($J-I �� 'i�lj J..u...:! My father works [as] (yat. ma l wa l idT m u�am iya n lada a lawyer with the
l - hukOma) government.
.��I �IJ+-l 0! U""H 0� They work as designers (yat. ma lOna m usa mmTn l i -baram ij of computer programmes.
i l - kumbyOtar)
Exercise 3 y �� Make sentences using � (yat. ma l) , as in the example. Remember to make the occupation and the verb feminine or plural as necessary.
-+- (�i) �...j4i ",g'�!i,,,A/� .�...j4i ",g'�!i,,! A � � �i �
(My sister works as a doctor in an American hospital.)
(wi) .;� .\.s�/ .. � t
(�) �U:u...r.U1 ';).i�I/&L...u 0
(�G..) U-.I...PJI / J..... I,JA �
(�i) � (J�/0"'JL.::.. (.;�) .u.1,;jJ1 ';)jjf?'� y
(�i) �� �/0"'� r
42
. , ' A day in the life of. . . . . . ;;� � f'�
Unit 3
Listen to Nadim talking about his daily routine (read from right to left) ,
� :-ilyla�4 WI..! ts�1 J I� Ju.i �� � '0� �J �I J� 'J�I � �wiJ � I
f o D
� .r.!�1 � � wi , �� 6� ��
�J , � JSf �.j� C4W1 � �i d.lj ..lL.! Y""'�I � �i � !JSf 01 �i L �I ,�I �J=-I WLi , �'j,)iJ1 �IJi � �J
, �i �.j� (.)04 _
�iJ � I � .r� ,�W ��I
�! �J� .jjii �I wij ��
�.jl,rll �! y::s) � , � J L.....J I
,� �ij �IJji
Work and rou tine
when?
. . . J I � (fTI...)
in the " .
. . . J I J I� (�awa l a l . . . )
all " . [long]
� (qabla)
before (+ noun)
(batda) after (+ noun)
. 1 I . � U �
(qabla an) before (+ verb)
ul � (batda an)
after ( + verb)
� (hatta)
until
. . . � L....J I (as-sat a)
at . . . o' clock
.. what?
�1 (at ma l )
I work
�I (astayq i?)
I get up
t L:.I (anam) I s leep
(-!) (s�1 (abtad i ' (b i -» I begin ( by)
�I (utidd)
I prepare . �i
(una�if) I clean
�) (u ratt ib)
I tidy
�r (aku l )
I eat
�i
(ugh l iq) I close/ lock
.
�..)� ..J�1
(aqod sayyaratT) I drive
4 3
..- how often?
. . · tY- � (ku l l yawm) every day
·
. . . � I ..J (da ' iman)
always ·
. . . i> ..JLL (tadata n)
usually .
. . . l. 4=:-.1
(a�yanan) sometimes
·
. . . 1..) ..J1. (nad i ran )
rarely -I .l.!i . . . 'i
I ( Ia . . . (verb) abadan)
never
Tip: The position in a sentence of the frequency words in the right-hand column is somewhat flexible and depends on what sounds natural in a particular context. You'll develop an ear for this over time.
. '
44
Exercise 4 t · .. ��
Unit 3
Match the English to the Arabic phrases in Nadim's routine.
a the guest' s invoices
b supervising the night workers
c sometimes I forget to eat
d a list for the wholesale market
e I t idy my papers
f I l isten to the radio
9 they clean
Exercise 5 0 ��
�f ui �i L�i \
�JI�I ..,J! �I �
.,'1;U1 �I� r
,
,
• A"'!.:. · .. � U.,,---::
�I J� � .,jlyl:o:-JI 0
�I J� Wl..i \ �IJji �) V
Now try to fill in the gaps in Nadim's routine without looking at page 42. Then listen again to check your answers.
Tip: Notice that to express 'while/as' , for example 'I drive while listening . . . ' , 'I supervise �� they are cleaning', Arab ic uses l:.l.J ( 'and I'), �.J ( 'and they'), and so on.
j � I JI�
Work and routine 45
Exercise 6 "\ �� Make sentences with these meanings, using the table on page 43 to help you.
1 Sometimes I get up befo re seven o' clock.
2 I rarely sleep in the day.
3 Every day I clean the table before dinner.
4 I usually prepare t he invoices before six 0' clock.
S I always lock my house before I drive to the o ffice.
6 I never eat in the morning .
Talking about housework �j:J.1 J��I � �I
Exercise 7 v · -�jo4J
'; �I � J - -
Fill in the chart below depending on how frequently you carry out these tasks. Then make sentences to match your answers. For example,
.J4k'11 J.......'. \ L�\ S ometimes I wash the dishes.
You can also complete the chart for a friend or a member of your family:
. i�j � � I �j i,ffo 'J My sister never irons the clothes .
4 6 Unit 3
Talking about your CV (resume) a.;il.:ul '!'u� � �I
Exercise 8 A �� Look at the CV and find the equivalents of these headings :
1 Qualifications 2 Nationality 3 Address 4 Gender/Sex
5 Skills
f \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
6 Work experience 7 Date of Birth
; .. J:�\ �\ �.)L; :r'1 \ W\.,r'- :4-J.-\ \ o... A'f/ o / \ A : �")IJ\ t-Jl:i
.�\ ' jUJ.I tj� , t : w 1yAlI
• • . " - II - .) \� �G. , :\.-41 J.)s � . .r...J,..A.......J . .
" First Certificate " • .)� - <)\.1..,fi,\ �\ :�\ o� \
� /
.. I . I I " I ' - . ... � c: . " • • V - " • • , "'-"� OJ j) 0J. :-r---' .
, ' Exercise 9 ,, �� Dina is going over a CV that arrived today, with her manager, Mr Farouk. Listen to them talking about the CV and fill i n the details of the candidate opposite .
You may need to l isten several times in order to note all the details for the CV.
Work and routine
r
\ \
�, �, o�' .. ..
j'� :�1
:4...J.. I
_ " Conversation
l :r� 1
� -yy. I tulJ I : iJ 1y.AJI I
:�"M� \
: - � . · v
Ta l k about your da i ly rout ine, whether at work, co l l ege or in the home. Prepa re the fo l lowing i nformation i n Arab ic and then take part i n the in teNiew on the record i ng .
what time you usually get u p a n d g o t o sleep
what you usually do after breakfast ().hi)!1 �) 2-3 things you usually or sometimes do in the day (at work, college, etc.)
a household task you always do/you never or rarely do
Note that it is common i n spoken Arabic to express t imes by us ing the regu la r (card ina l) numbers: as-sat. a s i tta ('the hou r six'), rather than the more formal as-sat.a as-sad i sa ( ' the s ixth hour' ) .
4 7
4 8 REVIEW: Present verbs
� Present verbs t,JWalI <:: Arabic verbs can generally be classified into 'basic' and 'derived' . Basic
verbs are those that carry the root meaning and have a stem using the three root letters vowelled only with short vowels .
Derived forms have different, but predictable, patterns with long vowels, non-root consonants or doubled root letters interposed between the basic root. A detailed summary of the derived forms is in Units 4 and 6 .
H ere i s a table showing a l l t h e parts o f t h e present verb, using the basic verb c:��.! yafta� (open) . The present stem is � fta� and the prefixes and endings are arranged around this stem. The less commonly
used feminine plurals and duals are in l ig hter type.
example ending prefix
( I open) afta � (u*) �j a- i l.:.i
(you m . open) tafta �(u) � ta- ...:; �i
(you f. open) tafta �lna �.!> �Q� , u:.i -Ina 0:! ta- ...:;
(he/ it opens) yafta �(u) C:�Q� ,
ya- � �
(she/it opens) tafta�(u) � ta - ...:; � (we o pen) nafta�(u) � na- ...:. c
�
(you m. pl. open) tafta�Ona � , :. . i -Ona UJ ta- ...:; ru (you f. pl. open) tafta�na � -na u ta- ...:; Jui (you dual open) tafta �an w� -an w I ta - ...:; L...u.;i
(they m. open) yafta � O n a �� , , ,
- Ona L0 ya- � r" (they f. pl. open) yafta� n a � ;; ,
-na u ya- � 0A ,
(they dual open) yafta�an w� -an w I ya- � W
* The full pro n uncia tion includes a final u, b u t this is not normally heard
except in formal con texts.
Notice that the prefix for 'you' verbs is ta- and the p refix for 'he' and 'they' is ya-. The additional endings show the gender and number: -una for mascul ine plural, -na for feminine plural and -an for dual .
REVIEW: Present verbs 4 9
Th e prefix for some o f the derived forms o f the verb i s vowelled with a damma rather than a fatha (e . g . 1!rs i l , I send , Y1!rs i l , he sends, etc . ) , but otherwise the prefixes and endings are standard for Q.l.l. verbs.
Negative You can make a present verb neg ative by putting ':I in fron t .
.�I �� �i "1 �Jl£ Usually I don 't work
(t adatan la at ma l yawm as-sa bt) on Saturday .
. I.l-!i �I � "1 My son never cooks .
( l a yatbu kh i b nT abadan) ( "doesn't cook ever" )
Irregular verbs: general notes Some verbs behave somewhat differently due to features of the root . H ere is a reminder of the three ways i n which a root can be i rregular: l one of the root letters is a ha mza ( ,,) 2 the root is "doubled" , i . e . the second and third root letters a re the same 3 one of the root letters is "weak" , i . e . J or '?
The ma in consideration with hamzated verbs is how to write the hamza (':'1 ts Ij Iii i) . Other than th i s, they m a i n ly behave as reg u l a r verbs .
. �liJl �t.........J 1 0'L....iaJ 1 J,S;l.:a We eat dinner at
(na 'ku l a l -tasha ' as-sata ath-th a m i na) eight o ' cl ock .
. JLi.b� 4A ';�I olA �Ji This woman writes books
(tu ' a l l if hadh i h i s-sayyida kutuban l i l -atfal) for children.
Doubled verbs generally follow a simple rule: if the stem is fol lowed directly by a consonant (non-vowel), the second and third root letters a re written and pronou nced separately. If not, they become a doubled letter written together with a shadd a . Looking at the table opposite, you can see that the only end i ng in the present tense beg inning with a consonant is -na, associated with the two relatively uncommon feminine plurals . Excluding these, present tense doubled verbs in most forms are characterised by a doubled letter written tog ether with a shadda .
, .�I � �",...wl JW The balcony looks
(tu�i l l a sh-s h u rfa ta la I -ba � r) onto the sea .
. 0'''1� �IJilI �i I prepare the invoices
(u tidd a l -fawatTr l i n -nuza la ' ) for the guests .
5 0 REVIEW: Present verbs
That leaves the third, and trickiest, category: weak verbs. The 'weak'
letters J or r.s can appear as any of the three roots and are very fickle in how they behave. Depending on the pattern and the position of the weak root, the J or r.s can be pronounced ' w ' or 'y' , become a long or short vowel, or disappear altogether ! Gradually you wil l become more familiar with the various possibil ities. For the moment we can generalise that weak "assimilated" verbs (with the weak letter, almost always J ' as the first root) lose the J altogether in the present tense. 'Hollow verbs (with J or r.s as the middle root) and weak 'defective' verbs (with J or r.s as the finai root) are characterised by a long vowel in the middle or at the end respectively .
. u........UJI �L..JI JI.bi.JI � The train arrives at
(ya� i l a l -q i �a r as-sata at-tasita) nine o' clock .
. �I �1 �J4,... J�i �J'-' I usually drive my car
(tadatan aqOd sayya ratT i l a I -makta b) to the office.
�.\..i.l. � 0� J..t Do you (pi.) l ive
(ha l tuqTm O n a fT shaqqa 7) in an apartment?
.�I JJ-"U 0A J�I �� We buy the vegetables
(nashta rT a l -kh udar m i n sOq i l -j u m la) from the wholesaler.
Exercise 10 , . �� Complete these sentences with the correct verb, as in the example.
(JJi..:!) .� �I ';}';�I ';� ;)� �� Js (�) . ��I � �I Jl.U...J1 01 y
(�) .� �� Js .*i'jiJl ���J wi r
(�) .��I .s..l-l �� �i t
(��) ·c�' � ;;�.)'?o f�i » wi �
(�..r.!) 1�� Js �",L �i J..t '\
(1;91;"'1) .�L...J' �L...JI WIJ u�1 01 V
(�) 1�J�1 � � �i J..t A
(�) .� ��, �iJ �i �J'-' �
(��) 1� u........UJI �L..JI � �i J..t , .
Work and rou tine 5 1
Situations vacant ;;�L:1 ��� · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
· .
•
� � � :. \ � � .M .
-) . � � .r..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�� � ,?�I �I � JL�j � ,�LJj
.; . . -' I I - I -
. I I . ' � � ":-'-' ..J ' Q� ..J.4lJ ��j G� �LJ�I '; ..I � I : '
'-;-'� (ma�IOb) wanted, sought
�U;.j '¥j (wafTfa, wafa' if) position, (job) situation
d ,J� (maja l , at) field, sphere
u� (mabTtat) sales
�..w..... (handasa) engineering
� IJ (rat ib) salary
Exercise 11 , , ��
�,� � �� �� �y;.. Y-� � l,j J� � �� .J I� �
.� I� r � � 'i �41 '�� ��'jI WI
�lat� �J W l>' Ji:i '1 �� .�I';�I J� �
�� .� � [yW .�I� " . ��I � �IJ .�4J1 lJ.4
� W=-oG (ta'mTn � i� �Ty) health
insurance
�I.:w , b�.:w (tadhk i ra, tadhak i r) ticket
� (�asaba) according to
UL JjJ / � 'i ( Ia yaq i l l/taq i l l tan ) not less than
(yJ:. (tamO�) ambitious
1 Which of the vacancies above would be most suitable for the applicant with the CV on pag e 46? Give reasons .
2 Wh ich would be most suitable for applicant with the CV o n page 47? 3 Which would ou prefer and why?
Exercise 12 , y �� Using the above as models, write a notice advertising the following position:
assistant to head accountant/five-star hotel/Damascus/not less than three years'
experience/university graduate/fluent English spoken and written/ambitious
-
L.S' .
.
.. .r T u r k e y
Arabic i n Syria w . � .• I I .iilJ 1 '!.).,..... � -.r-
Dayr az-Z wr
Syria forms part of the 'Levant', an area to the East of the Mediterranean that today also includes Lebanon, Jorda n and Palestine. The dialects of the Levant share characteristics and are mutually comprehensible, although there are local di fferences . Features of Levantine Arabic include:
• softer, non - guttera l sounds and lyrical intonation • p ronunCiation of b as 'eh' o r 'ee', e . g . � ..l...:> (town) as medineh/-ee • p ronunciation of j as ' d '
, e . g . l iA (this) as hada • use of particular expressions, e . g . (5 ..1..! biddT ( I want, derived from
,-?�y b i -waddT, 'by my wish ' ) -
. '
Listen to Sahar talking about herself in her Syrian dia lect . You will find a transcript and translation in the Answers section .
� _________ ...a:._· ·lL>.,J1 �1 � 1 YJJyJ' � � <
MABeo A#'
.:,,� U,j-llG � ,� J...c. yll..b «
! U4
,AA ,j di.i I -k � u,lb.o
( .»-! (ba�th) search
I , I - - \ (ihsa'lyat) statistiCS .:.U � , . ,
•
- ) password � (kalimat murur
JJf" k � �lb (�alib Umal) job see er
(www.jobs4arabs.com)
SAWA ISP
A number of online recruitment sites specialise in the Arab World. The site above advertises vacancies primarily i n Syria and Saudi Arabia. Arabic and Engl ish scripts and termino logy are o ften mixed together on this kind of s ite . Can you spot the English words 'graphic' and ' flash' wri tten phonetical ly in Arabic script in one of the job titles?
5 4
Vocabulary in Unit 3 Nouns � L.....".it
l ife (d�) ii� routine, habit (d) ii .llL position (job) (...i.>��) �� sphere/field (d) J� j ournalist (�/�) � doctor ( ,,4bf) � lawyer (�/Uj) f� designer (�/Uj) � representative (�/�) '7'j� artist (�/�) u\Sj. builder (�/�) ,,� driver ( " / . ) � L.. � w ,
guard C, ... I:p.) U" -.J l...o..
manager (" I-.Jl.,) � l..,
assistant (�/ Uj) � L..:. worker (J�) J..>lL businessman J�i (J4-�) �� businesswoman J�r (d) ii;;' company /business
eng ineering
experience
salary
qual i fication
skill
('7':' Ij) '7':' I-.J (d) �� (d) ii-.J�
Unit 3
invoice (�I�) ii">y �
list (..::.. I ) �U
ticket (fil�) ii�� paper Cj l-.J)) ,j� guest (hotel, etc . ) ( ,,;()) J.� (some)thing ("�i) ,,j..
supervision ...j l - I .Y-" •
cooking � search ( , ' ..:.,�) �
Adjectives u�t wonted/sought
ambitious
Verbs Jld".il
get up
begin
prepare
tidy :: -- � ... ;:; ...
�� '�-.J make the beds J... I�I ';;' ,�� iron
lock
drive
forget
listen
i.?� '<5fi
� ,iki
(ii-.J4...J I) .l� , .l U � ... " "
� ' �
� ,�!
Work and routine 55
Other phrases .s��l ulj�1 gender/sex � I O//resume �Ij b� date of birth J�I C:-:!.JL:;
, , computer programmes not less than . ' �/� 'i u.c. , , _
-�I I Y _ . e y. according to '--'""'""'"
, wholesale market �I -. �Y'" all . . . long . . . J I� sales/ retai l w� ,
always w l J health insurance . G ,
� � usually b ..ll£. � �Lb ,
job seeker sometimes L.l..,p.l ,
statistics w L;i L..o..::.. ! rarely 1.J;l L.
JJ;' � , ' .
password never 1 ..l.! 1 . . . 'i
Additional note: Sound Masculine Plural (SMP)
Unlike the most common case endings, those for the Sound
Masculine Plural behave i n a way that affects the spelling and basic
pronounciation of the word:
• The nominative case ending w (-On) changes to 0:! (-In) in the
accusative and g enitive cases :
·u� r--' They are designers .
(hum mu�ammimOn)
��.l.4.1J �� ..!Il..:...A jA Is there a floor for
(hal hunaka �abiq l i l -mudakhkh i nln) smokers?
• The final u (n) of the SMP is d ropped when combined with a following noun i n an iQata construction :
,-;-,..rJI ..,.L Ij4 � They a re war
(hum m u ras i lO I -�arb) correspondents .
. ,-;-,..rJ1 �I� U.;-i.l I l>.i.A This room i s for t h e war
(hadh ih i I -ghurfa l i -muras i lT I -�arb) correspondents.
Sport and leisure � . � tt �LJ . t t
_ J-W � .. 'J-'
.�I �I � �I JhJI A sound mind i n a sound body.
t . ' Talking about sport ��,..>ll � �I
Here are some popular sports :
G ro-.liJ1 o-fo (kurat a l -qadam) (0 W � I (a l -mu l akama)
� football (soccer) lif LV boxing
��4=J1 (as-s iba�a)
svvimming
r'f'1 �I (at-tan is) "�
tennis
,.9,ci ....iJ,P.-l1 (ai-gO lf)
� . " golf
� ui:a1��1 (a l - i skwash) 7 squash
� �I 0 -fo (kurat a l-yad)
� handball
UJi: JJ�I (a l -j OdO)
� j udo
::f.( ("S'jiJl '-;:Iwi (altab a l-quwa) � o.;Jl..b.J 1 ';�I (a l -kura a�-
/ f� athletics . Wira) volleyball ( 'flying ball ')
,
J"J G a.l.....J 1 o-fo (ku rat as-sa l l a) op�JI.hlI � (tan i s
l-eY basketball -<-' aHawi la) table tennis
5 6
Sport and leisure
General concepts Unlike Eng lish, Arabic often uses a definite noun C!hf swi mming , the health, etc . ) when referring to a g eneral concept:
,
. 4 ,> .0 I I ,; � .b.�1 [the] Swimming is
5 7
(as-s iba�a muffda I i �-�i � �a) beneficial for [the] health .
. .b......J� 1 �I .; '-;I� �I�:tl [the] Squash is popular
(a l - i skwash ma�bOb fT sh-sha rq i l -awsat) in the M iddle East.
Exercise 1 , �� Write the sports on page 56 in the correct column depending o n whether they are team sports (�4 w�L....j riyaQat jamat!yya) or individual sports (�..l� w�L....j riyaQat fardTyya) . An example has been done for you .
5 8 Unit 4
t Talking about preferences J.J to " itl � �I You can use these phrases to ask about and express preferences:
� " j " I � . . . . t ·� � iJ"" � . Do you (masc./fem.) l ike . . . ? (ha l tu � i bb/tu � i bbTna)
L� d:!iJ L4 What's your (masc./fem.)
(ma ra 'yak/- i k fT) opinion of. . . ?
(( Ia) u� i bb . . . ) . . . �i ('1) I (don't) l ike . . .
(ufa<;l<;l i l . . . ) . . . �i I prefer. . .
( I a ahtamm bi- . . . ) . . . � �i '1 I ' m not interested in . . . ,
(akrah) . . . o,fol I hate . . .
Tip: Remember that you don't need to use a pronoun such as l.:.i (ana, I ) with a verb s ince the prefix (and ending) of the verb shows the subj ect . However, sometimes the pronoun � used, especially for emphasis: �L..-.JI �i L.:.i (ana u� i bb a r-r iya<;la, I l ike sport) .
• ' Exercise 2 y �� Listen to two friends, Jamal and Nura, discussing what sports they l ike . F i l l in the chart below depending on whether they are positive (Q) , negative (8) or neutral (Q) about each sport, as in the example .
Tip: �= exciting; � = boring; � = enjoyable; � = entertaining
fflev . . 9 .. ct � � 1 0 N - -� ,I � ", "
© J�
Q o J.J-J
Sport and leisure
• & Giving reasons ":J�'JI � �I
l i ' a nna/b i -sabab �/�':J
5 9
The Arabic word � 'x ( I i ' anna) , meaning 'because', is fol lowed by an attached pronoun in the same way as �J (wa- I ak in na, but) - see page 13 . Alternatively you can use the phrase � (b i -sabab) meaning 'due to', or more literally 'by reason [of] ' .
. � �� it.w.J1 .;� �i I l ike basketbal l because
(u� ibb kurat as-sa i l a l i ' annaha musalTyya) it's entertaining .
. �I � W�II o�i I hate boxing due to
(akrah a l -mu lakama bi-sabab i l -tunf) the violence .
. .w..a ,;..u� '1 � � ....iJ �I .j.J)L.Jj\ '1 I don't watch golf
( Ia u shah id a i -go l f l i ' annahu la because there's no
fa ' i da m i nuh ) pOint t o it .
. - -- -
-�
. '
6 0 Unit 4
Exercise 3 T · -�j-4J Here are some of the reasons Jamal and Nura gave as to why they l iked or disl iked certain sports. Listen again to their d iscussion in Exercise 2 and note whether it was Nura or Jamal (or both) who expressed the opinion, as in the example .
Exercise 4 t ��
. I� ;;� 41.l �� ��I ;;� �i �
.� ;;.uLi 'j �� ��I ;;� o�i '"
_ . lJ.?- � 4-=a� -s�1 '-:lwi �l t
'�J �� 41.l �� .,jJ�1 ..IAwl 'i 0
In the first row of the chart write five sports in Arabic about which you have varying opinions. Then put 0, Q or 8 i n the second row, depending on yo ur preferences .
:�u�1
�© . V
�G �8 . "
Now talk about your preferences, giving reasons. You can use what Jamal and Nura said as models . For example :
I don ' t watch table tennis because it ' s boring .
Sport and leisure 6 7
Read this paragraph about Jamal .
I A .,'1 .)iJ1 � .< 1 .-;,,, , � . n ., -: I La J� � � � � ..r � J u-- . . �
iis..JJ .,jJ� 1 �i J4 � .�jJ � 14 ��
� � '1 J.J J l.bJ 1 u-u.:u '1 J � �I JA l.W.:! '1
, . . W4,.rl1 j)� j)� � ��I �WI 1.41J .�I
.� �� I..i '1J 14 � �IJ � �'J
kama a n n a ::'i L.s �I L.5: (kama an na, and also/ j ust as) is another way of connecting your ideas and improving your style . The use of ui L.5: kama an na avoids having to repeat j wa (and) too many times . It is often followed by an attached pronoun as i n the paragraph above .
Exercise 5 O �..".4j Write a similar paragraph about what sports Nura likes and dislikes and mention why she feels that way. Don't forget to change the verbs and pronouns to the feminine and to make use of connecting words and phrases .
Now write about your own sporting likes and dislikes, using your answers in Exercise 4 to gUide you. You could start like this:
. . . �i �J . . . � �i
62 REVIEW: verbal nouns and participles
::tl Verbal nouns & participles � J�tJ �l.4ttJ J�t I'TI -< The key to progressing in Arabic is a knowledge of how to use different I'TI root p atterns to form related words and recognise unfamiliar vocabulary. � You can think of every verb as a door to a complete set of inter-related
words. With the exception of the verbal nouns for basic verbs, most of these patterns are entirely predictable . For example, if you know the word for teacher is U"�..Lo (mudarr is) , you will be able to predict with confidence that the verb ' to teach' would be U"�..I.;! (yuda rri s) and that the noun meaning 'teaching' would be (J"-'....) ..G (tadrTs) .
Probably the three most useful patterns are the verbal noun (known in Arabic as .J � I a l -ma�dar) , the active participle (Jd..iJ 1 a l -fati l) , and the passive participle ("-! �I al -maftO I b ih i ) .
verbal noun = act ion ca rr ied out by verb, e .g .
� ( Iatib) playing
W� (mu lakama) boxing
�J.u (tad rTb) training
active participle = (the one) carry ing out the action , e . g .
� '1 ( Iatib) player
�� (mu lak im) boxer
'-:IJ.l.4 (mudarr ib) trainer; coach
passive participle = (the one that is) the object of the act ion, e .g .
J� (mash g h u l) (the one) occupied, busy
� (mufa<;l<;la l) (the one) preferred, favourite
'-:IJ.l.4 (muda rrab) (the one) trained, coached
Nouns and participles from basic verbs Verbal nouns from basic (form I) verbs cannot be predicted, although there are common pa tterns . You will need to check in a d ictionary for the pattern associated with a particular verb . H owever, the participles are predictable : the a ctive is formed by putting the root into the pattern jL u (fati l) and t h e passive b y putting the root into the pattern J� (maftO I ) .
Nouns and participles from derived forms Nouns and participles formed from derived verbs are almost completely predi ctable. The main exceptio n is the form I I I verbal noun which has alternative patterns (see table on page 63) .
REVIEW: verbal nouns and participles
The active and passive participles are simple to form from derived forms: take the present verb of the derived from and replace the prefix with ':'" (mu-) . For the active participle, make the final vowel kasra ( i ) ; and for the passive change this final vowel to fat�a (a) .
Here is a summary of the patterns for forms I-IV. The other derived forms will be covered in later units .
Form Present verb Verbal noun Active Part. Passive Part.
J.U.:! varies �\j J� � ,, -, . ' , � '" ,
II J.U.:! � j.UA j.UA , , , , , ,
III Jdi.a J�/lliLi4 �Li4 �Li4 . � , , ,
IV J.U.:! JW! � j.UA . �
Exercise 6 '\ ��
6 3
Fill in the gaps in the table be low. Use a dictionary if you need to check the correct pattern for the verbal noun .
Form Present verb Verbal noun Active Part. Passive Part.
. ,
J� (photograph)
�� (go) ,
J:"l� (view/watch)
yS:.>:! (ride)
�.>:! (send) , ,
� (prefer)
j� (read) , ,
� (camp)
When you've completed the table, check your answers and then say them out loud so that you begin to hear the patterns.
Tip: Not every verb will have an active and passive participle in common use, although it is theoretically possible to form both . For example, the form I V verb � (yus l im , to submit [to God ] ) gives us the verbal noun i"�l ( i s lam, submission) and the active paTticiple � (mus l im , one who submits) . However, the passive participle � m us lam, theoretically meaning 'submitted', is not commonly used.
::0 1"'1 <
64 - �
Talking about free time t.t...�1 u:iJ � �I Unit 4
�\ � �ayd as-samak (fishing) �I '-:l.JS,J rukQb al-khayl (horse riding)
. ' Exercise 7 v �� Listen to eight people talking about what they l ike to do in their spare time. Write the correct number next to each i l lustration, as in the example.
Sport and leisure 65
You can follow a verb such as � (yu� ibb , like) or � (yufaQQi I, prefer) with either a verbal noun or �ith wi (an , 'that' ) plus another verb .
Arabic makes extensive use of verbal nouns where in English we might use on infinitive ( 'to go', 'to p lay', etc . ) . Verbal nouns are considered good style and are often used in preference to a second verb .
Notice that if the first verb is fo l lowed by a second verb, then the second verb must also match the subject :
. ;;� I�I �i I l ike reading .
(u� ibb a l -q i ra 'a)
.j:!�1 � �ljA w! My hobby is
( i nna h iwayatT h iya t-ta�wTr) photography.
'<lJWI �! yA� wi � She likes to go to
(tu� ibb an tad h-hab i l a n-nadT) the club . -
.(.�I �I ,-:,l4l,jJ1 w� They prefer going to
(yufadQ i l O na dh -dhahab i l a I -masra�) the theatre .
Exercise 8 A �� Make sentences about what the people opposite like doing, based on what you heard them say in Exercise 7, for example:
-He likes reading . . ;; � I�I �
-' ---- .. to J ..
I hate to love like [other] people uU1 � ��1 l) b'�1 ..J � .. ..J •
I hate to write like [other] people uU1 � -�1 0 1 b'�1 I wish that my mouth were a church U . A � -. IS )" � -1
_ � u '.) � ..J ;
. . . and my letters bells u 1y.l �r � . . . F rom � I ,-;-, L:;S (Book of Love) by N iza r Qabban i (Syr ian Poet, 1 92 3-1 998)
6 6 Unit 4 �
Talking about going out �I � �I
, . . . �! �� �
Shall we go to . . .
. . . .J I r-� at. . . o' clock on . . . day Shall we meet. . .
. . . ��,iJ /�.; �
. t!b\"j '1 ,�f/�J Sorry, I can ' t .
'"
�j l� .��/J�
Thank you but I 'm busy.
��� �
" ' � � When would suit you ?
Days of the week ��I r�i Remind yourself o f the days of the week.
Sunday ��I �� Thursd ay
(yawm a l-a�ad)
M onday �'il �� Friday
(yawm a l - i thnayn)
Tuesday >,tj� 1 �� Saturday
(yawm ath-thu l atha')
Wednesday >'�,)� I �� (yawm a l-arb it a')
Do you want to . . .
1 M " .: .<� . 1> � �...;-:!"
Good idea !
!j� ljA That' s excellent !
. �j !'�,'!;! !
I ' d love to .
( ' I ' l l be honoured' )
�I . �� (yawm a l-khamTs)
�I �� (yawm a l - j umta)
�I �� (yawm as-sabt)
J
Sport and leisure
Tip: It is opt iona l to include the word tY- (yawm, d ay) when talking
about days of the week: �I as-sabt, Saturday; � I a l - khamTs, Thursday.
Exercise 9 "\ ��
6 7
Listen to two sets of friends arranging to meet, a n d make notes about when
and where they decide to meet and what they will be do ing .
- " Conversation
An invitation Put a l l you've leamt in th is un i t to good use by i nviti ng a (ma le) friend to the c lub . You ' l l need to th ink about how to say the fo l lowing in Arabic :
- Good morn ing . How are you?
- Do you want to go to the club on Fr iday?
- Does Thu rsday su i t you?
- Sha l l we p lay golf?
- Sha l l we meet at my house at s ix o'c lock7
- Good idea .
- Goodbye. See you . ( .,�I �!) Now jo in in the conversat ion on the record i ng, saying you r part i n the pauses.
68
J L.b.eJ I �a.i.A al�l �aW
..::J")\jW! 0u.. J � J.)-I �§J
r "
J L.b.eJ I �a.i.A
�
:i...oL.:.,:U (ruznama) calendar, schedule
u� ,� (fann , funOn) art
(r-/ u� 'uG (fa n nan , - On/-Tn) artist
�i..>-" ,�..>-" (markaz, marakiz) centre
�..) Lo....:. , �r-o (matrid , mata rid) exhibition, show
wL ,� (maktaba, -at) l ibrary
&i.J..::o.. , �.J..::o.. (�adTqa , �ada ' iq ) garden, park
..)� ,�u. (ta ' i r, tuyO r) bird
Unit 4
\.I�I Jla �I
.\"i1...,J I � G..i.I I J�1 J> 1�l op IfJ.,J1 0 J l&
\.I�I Jla
JW,�I �
Exercise 10 , • �� Look at the calendar adapted from the lordanian mag azine Beity ( "My house") . It shows activities planned for the first days of Ramadan .
fill o u t the chart opposite, as in the example . You ca n use the additional vocabulary on the left to help you.
Sport and leisure
..
Le ! .. .
\ '.J
J� � �I i>)oIMJ)
��I � J.:f' � � .r-"
• IJ,.;,aJ1 J la J� � Ail \,ijJ I is JoO
�))) \I I �I �)IJ
Activity
Ramadan tent
Horse riding
Exhibition of Iraqi artist
Children's l ibra ry
Exhibition of drawi ngs from children's books
Comic play
Children's Ramadan party
History of European art
Bird Show
Yoga
�.,)I � �.,...) �� JW,\l 1
Day Venue
Thursday 12 Palace hotel
6 9
Suitable for family
At lan tic Ocean � Mel�a (Spain ��I �I �Ta7g i s-c
.b4) 1 Rabato ° . OJ.>,oOujda .A J"l! Fez •
<�I )JJ/ Casa61anca o �l safio ��I
�I.r" Marrakesh M 0 r o c C 0
fi��1 Agadir
4!;iJ1 . I�I Western Sahara
, ,
� Figuig °
�1.r.J/ A l g e r i a
Arabic in Morocco '-;I�I ,.; ��I Morocco lies at the western extreme of the Arabic-speaking world . It is from here that the Muslim 'Moors ' crossed the Mediterranean and occupied southern Spain for most of the Middle Ag es . The spoken language has been greatly influenced by the local Berber language, Andalusian dialect and European languages, especially French which is a second language for almost the entire popu lation . Moroccan Arabic can be difficult to understand, even for other native Arabic speakers . Features of Moroccan Arabic include:
• disappearance of short vowels resulti ng in many consonants pronounced together (also a feature of Berber)
• ' k' sound in front of some present verbs (k-y i kOn = is) • extensive use of Berber, French and Spanish vocabulary ( l isten for
the French word 'te' (tea) in the extra ct)
· ' Listen to Mourad talking about himself in his Moroccan dialect. You will find a transcript and tra nslation in the Answers section.
[!]
r$ , � "410 Jo...A.. JL..JI r2007�,(. 14 - �1428 ...... 24 .L..J"
I � �I ""WI � J:i �."ill t..�1 �
.I.> , �.1 (da[3ma, J 'i.JJ � 6 5 � ;:d�m) to support �
. \....0 . � (mablagh, � �abaligh) sum (of money) _ �
. ( �adda' , .un/ - In)
� :.r.. / U.J ' ''' � I...
� runner . '. '. (waqqa[3, yuwaqqlU � �Y- ' �.J
oo � . � '. 1 (ittihad, -at) union,
� .;..I • .I� . association � .;..1 .:;\i:;1 (ittifaq, _�t)
.
agreement (�)) �.vSJ1 j' � -.r..r'1f . f.....n �) • ....,.... ® � J.lw. \...0 (ma YU [3d ll) �
equivalent to J..;..u; - �4)1 � "l.bWI "L...... ",,,ill "=,,W\' �..,All Jb.:l�I.., �.;All t.foJI ..:.sA.., � ",,,ill "=,,WI t..dl:!J �� t.foJi �� Uliil 200 7- 3 - 1 3 � ul! J,...Ai �L.. tl� t.JI.iII �I uly....J I J� J�I ';' ii!I
' (J1,J � 6 5 ) JJIAt t.. or.";" I""JJ � 5 50 � �------------------------------(-WWW--'-Ql-Qr-Q-b�-Q-. n-et-) � �� Morocco has a long tradition of ii!I success in athletics, particularly ��I � middle and long-distance running . � Olympic gold meda l ists include
� ;U li.J 1 �...)L:; ,JA L.. ' ii!I Said Aouita (5000m, 1984) , Nawal � e;� , t.} "" � '.,JA � " �� el-Moutawakel (400m hurdles, 1984) _ _ ii!I
and Hisham el-Karrouj ( 1500m/ �JU:;;{I �� I utiJ � r � 5000m, 2004) . Training is supported - , � by the government and the athletes
� .I W ;{ ' I"'""" ,JA L.. t � are treated as national heroes . �rA")��J �..) ;{J.J� t4J1 � 0 ii!I
72 Unit 4
Vocabulary in Unit 4
Nouns � �Io:it l ibrary
leisure
free time
activity
hobby
health
ball
football (soccer)
basketball
handball
volleyball
tennis
table tennis
swimming
athletics
training
boxing
squash
judo
golf
horse riding
fishing
photography
player
runner
boxer
coach/trainer
artist
w -- Y
U�I �J (�I) .b�
(w i) �IY'
centre (� I;') :j.;' park (� I;"') �;". club (�t.�:') ;\..:, union/association (..::..I ) .J�!
� show/exhibition C,"",.)b) u-O� (w i) ;,,,t. calendar/schedule (..::..I ) :\....o\..:,j� ,,":ill I ;,,,t. art (�) ,� illl ;,,,t.
�I ;,,,t. �.>?lhJl :;�I
U::,UJI u..;.i b L...,
(5�1 ,:-,WI
...J..I .P.-
J:=JI ':-'�� � I �
, Y-Y-"'>-'
�'l ((Y.. / UJ) � I�
((Y.. / UJ) �'}L., ((Y.. / UJ) ,:-,�'l.o ( . / . ) . � � oJ u
bird
sum (of money)
agreement
violence
Adjectives ul.4....att beneficial/useful
individual
team/ collective
exciting/moving
boring
enjoyable
entertaining
favourite
busy/occupied
sorry
excellent
Verbs Jldlo:it l ike
prefer
C�) �lb (�t..;.,) �
(-:.,1) J�!
- '. ,-?J�
�4 � �
F �
� J�
Sport and leisure
hate
watch/view
tra in/coach
photograph
camp
ride
send
� 'F�;, ,�� J..,; ,J.:,)
meet i"Sii�l� ,�! be able to/can � ,t l..bi...,! suit
support
Additional note: Subjunctive
73
s ign
Other phrases �� �I wl..J�1 I 'm not interested in � �i 'i
due to � . . ..:
no pOint to it
good idea
I 'd love to ( , I ' d be honoured') -:: -' � .-
�� and also/just as �i � equivalent to J.:l� L.,
A modified version of the present tense, known as the subjunctive, is
used after wi (an , 'that') and other similar particles. The most
s ignificant modification is that the final nOn disappears from the
feminine 'you', the masculine plural and the dual:
subjunctive ending prefix (you f. open) tafta�T � -T i,? ta- j u:.i
(you m. pl. open) tafta�O I� -0 I" ta- j ':. . j � (you dual open) tafta�a � -a I ta- j Lwi (they m. open) yafta �O I� -0 I"
, ya- � f"""
,
(they dual open) yafta�a � , -a 1 ya- � W
Tip: Many spoken Arabic dialects use this modified subjunctive form
of the present tense in all contexts, for example �y:..J tashrabTna (you fern. drink) becoming tashrabT, and UY.� yashrabOna (they
drink) becoming yashrabO. Another feature of some dialects is that the masculine plural
verb is employed for all plural or dual subj ects rega rdless of gender. This means that the feminine plural and dual verbs are a consistent
feature only of Standard Arabic.
. '
Travel and tourism
. �� j� � .jJ�1j U:,.-.; . . A journey of a thousand miles starts with one step. (Arabic p roverb)
Around town �..Ll.I J� Look at these places downtown and listen to the recording :
[IJ
?!/-l05I \:Y '
�:
���I jS.j4 (markaz ar-r iya<;Ja) sports centre
J".....u..J 1 jS. j4 (markaz at-tasawwuq) s hopping centre
.1.hytJl jS.j4 (markaz ash-shul\a) police station ( 'centre ' )
bw......J 1 � (maktab as-s iya ha) tourist office - . .
01#1 � (maktab at-tayra n) airl ine o ffice
J.:!J+-l1 � (maktab a l-barTd) post office
, ().J�I � (ma�anat a l-banzTn) petrol station
,
JI..bi.JI � (ma�attat a l -q i ta r) train station
-�4J1 � (ma�attat a l -ba�) bus station
:;;'y (markaz, centre) and � (maktab, o ffice) both make their plura ls using the pattern Jd_i .... (m�fat i l ) : J�I jS ly (marak iz at-tasawwuq, shopping centres), ul�1 �� (makat ib aHayran , airline offices).
The plural of U:...:........ (ma�atta , station) is ...:.,L.b..:......, ( ma�atta t) : -.; lhiJ l ...:.,L.b..:......, (ma�atta t a l -q i tar , train stations) .
74
Travel and tourism 75
Exercise 1 , �� Complete these sentences using one of the p laces opposite, as in the
example. '"
)\.h.til\ d b""'. � JI..biJ I .fol� 'l� ,
------ � 0-:!�1 'l� � . :' 1 .. < ,,8 1 � Y' � � � , . ------
� .;,;sLbJI .fol� 'l� t ------
-----
-----
/ /
� �l..:i4J1 (enquire about) 6£ .;cyst .. !" C)
------ � � � I 'l� '\
/ /
� (stolen items) ulj�1 6£ J,},S;" .... ·t V .'
� (postcards) �.l-t...r.J 1 ulj�1 �;. A
��I .b� 1 al-khu�O� at-tun islyya (Tunisian airlines)
76
Asking the way �..;.Wj � Jj�j You can use these phrases to ask for directions:
, /(ayna) L 0-:11 Where's . . . ?
Unit 5
(m in ayna) �0-:11 0A . . . (lit: ' . . . from where?' )
, (kayfa a� i l i l a . . . ) L �t �I # How do I get to . . . 7
(ayna aqrab . . . ) L "-;I�i 0-:1i Where's the nearest . . . ?
L �! C9-:!�1 � 1l4l JA Is this the way to . . . ? (ha l hadha h uwa �-ta rTq i l a . . . )
Exercise 2 y �� Test yourself by asking these questions .
1 Where's the train station?
2 Is this the way to the sports centre?
3 How do I get to the theatre?
4 Where's the nearest shopping centre?
5 How do I g et to the tourist office?
6 Where's the nearest bus station?
I'll show you the way �..;.Wj � '!'U�i ui
�L.:JI .w. J,b � (ti nda n -na� iya) (ta l a tO I )
at/on the corner stra ight on
..)jyJl ;;..)L:..l .w. � (tinda i sharat a l -m u rO r) (yamin)
at the traffic l ights right -
�I� ..)� (qab la I -ma�atta) (yasar)
before the station left -
ul..t:-JI � t..)L:.. JlJjJ} ( batda I -maydan) (awwa l/thanT sharit)
after the square the first/second street
. . . ��I/�� I ( idh-hab/idh-habT)
Go (rnase/fern.) , ,
. . . �I/�I ( ittaj ih/ i ttaj i hT)
Turn (rnase/fern.)
. . . (,?�/� ( khudh/khudhT)
Take (rnase/fern.)
. . . (,?..>tL I j..>tL I (Ut bu r/ut burT)
Cross (rnase/fern.)
Travel and tourism 77
., Exercise 3 'f �� Listen to five people asking for directions and decide what the numbered features ore on the mop below. The first is completed for you .
.. a/I -----------------
•
n .
L..:iA u,.jl ..
(you are here)
"\ )9�\ ii» LW \ ,
V Y
A f
� t
, . :>
h
78 Unit 5
� " Conversation
You are go ing to d i rect a man to the c inema and a woman to the nearest hotel . Prepare for the conversat ion by looking at the table on page 76 to work out how you wou ld say:
Go stra igh t on at the traffic l i gh ts .
Tu rn ri gh t a t the squa re ( ' i n the sq uare') .
The c inema i s on the corner, oppos i te the a i r l i ne office.
Tu rn left at the traffic l ig hts .
Take the second street on the left .
There's a hotel o n the rig ht after the tra i n stat ion .
Means of transportation J4,:J1 �l...iJ
Exercise 4 t �� How many of these means of transportation do you know? Match the Arabic with the pictures, for example a ' . .
j� � J.4...? 0
�w , . �j4 '\ � " jl...b.i V
41,.)..1 ;; ,ial..b Y
;;jt;.... Y'
- Li:s � I l...b.i A � J ��Jj/�4 £
e c::;:::, 0
� ' I :>-
d� f
�/
Travel and tourism 79
Remember that bi- ( ' with') is used with means o f transportation to mean 'by'. When d i rectly before a l -, the combination is pronounced b i l - :
·�4J4 a.......,)..\.4.l1 .,-11 �� �� � Every day he goes to
(ku l l yawm yad h-hab i l a I-madrasa b i l -bas) school by bus.
�';}� . ..J4 W4.;.11 jS.j4 .,-11 J..oi # How do ' get to the
(kayfa a� i l i l a markaz i r-r iya<;la b is-sayyara) sports centre by car?
,
To say 'on foot' or 'walking' you can use the expression �L:. (mash iyan) :
d ... � . .114 J,.J�I � .,-It J..oi # How do I get to the
(kayfa a�i I i la ma kta b i l -barTd mash iyan) post office on foot?
The Transportation Game J.4,:Jt ¥ Here is a game to help you remember places and means of transportation. You can play by yourself or with others . The board is on page 80. You will need : o one regular dice o transportation dice below
(cut out, stick o nto card and make into a cube) o one or more small counters or buttons
How to play: o Put your counter on -41�1 (the start) .
o Roll the reg ular dice and move the number of squares indicated.
o Roll the transportation dice and ask the appropriate question.
For example, if you land on the picture o f the tourist office and
the transportation dice lands on the underground, you should ask:
� " Li:a�1I lhl...a uL..a.......J 1 � 1 1 I . -I � � ,) . " . 'S, u-- " ( H ow do I g et to the tourist office by underground train?)
• I f you can't ask the question, go back to the square you came fro m. o You must rol l an exact number to reach -4�1 (the finish) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . · · · · · · · · . . · · · · · · ·X· · · · ·
l � i
i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _! . . . . . _ .. M ••••••• _ . . . . . . .. . ...... + ..
1.a... 1 � , c§b f.t i� ! , L. . . . . . ..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . 1 .. ",_" ... ,,, ... ,, .. . . . " ... .. . . . . L ... . .
8 0 Unit 5
The Transporta tion Game �I � See page 79 for instructions on how to play the game.
��I ~ '" ~ u-0 - 0 Wl :if.
[( Jm, �m ~ �� � -"'� i
~ ... . ' --
� ~ [( r'f '" j! 0 0
0 - 0 � t --' -� . Ci_- -=:
~ •
Wi -y& ~ ~ �1J+l1
}<C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tra vel a n d tourism 8 7
Travel in the Arab World ��I �WI ��I There are many reasons t o travel to the Middle East. With the Red Sea, the Meditteranean, and the Gulf all on offer, beach resorts have sprung up in the reg ion at a phonomenal rate in the past few decades. In addition, the Middle East has a huge wealth of sites of histori cal interest, from the
ancient Egyptian monuments, to the Islamic sites and Crusader castles.
The Hajj �t The most significant journey in terms of sheer numbers of people is the annual pilgrimage (�I a l -�aj j ) to "Revered Mecca" ( �JS-.J I � makka a l -muka rrama) in Saudi Arabia.
One of the five pillars of Islam is the duty of every Muslim who is able to
"perform the obl igation of the Haj j "
(� I �� (S�� yu'addr farT<;lat a l -�ajj ) at least once In his or her l i fetime.
Millions of pilgrims converg e on Mecca for a few days where they perform a series of rituals. These include circl ing seven times the ancient black stone known as the Ka'ba (�I a i -kat ba) inside the al-Hara m Mosque (� Iy:J1 �I a l -masj id a l -�aram), running between two hills, drinking the waters of the Zarnzam well (�j..o.j � b i ' r zamzam ) , visiting Mount Arafat
(w�� � jaba l t arafat), and throwing stones at a symbolic devil .
� Exercise 5 0 �� Anwar has j ust returned from the pi lgrimag e. Look at the various stag es in his journey, and think about in which order they m igh t h ave occurred. Then l isten to Anwar and write the correct number, as in the example .
u4-4-j 6� �J �J -. ��j � 0A � 1.4
�J�I ';J�I �l �j -. (visa) .;�l.:i �'1
, . wJjj �I �� ��i _
. � I�I �IJ 4ill1
.� �l.b. �J�f _
�! .;� 0A �4-I1 w�j -. L� I �
0A �I �I� Lu .. J:i."::d. .�u...........J I � - .
ui �iJ �iJ wi w� .L . �WI IjA �I �j (.jJ�
. .;� �! ySj4-1 1 �J -
82 REVIEW: past verbs
� Past verbs �U, J.U.J' <: Arabic has only two basic tenses: the present (or imperfect) and the past,
� although there are variations on and combinations of these tenses . The past tense is used for completed events. Endings are a dded to a
past stem to show the subj ect. There are no prefixes as there are for the present tense . Here is a table showi ng all the parts of the past verb. The less commonly used feminine p lurals and duals are in l ig hter type .
example
( I opened) fata�tu :-,.." "1'9 (you m. opened) fata�ta :- , .... "1'9
(you f. opened) fata �ti ,- , .... "1'0 (he/ i t opened) fata�g �
(she/it opened) fata�at , - ,' .... "1'g (we opened) fata� na �
(you m. pl. opened) fata�tum r;,>;'Q (you f. pl. opened) fata�tunna 0;'>�'9 (you dual opened) fata�tu ma �
(they m. opened) fata�.Q " I� (they f. pl. opened) fata�na �
(they dual opened) fata �� �
ending ,
-tu ..:..
-ta <.:J
-ti ..:.. , -a -
-at ..:..
-na l. , -tum �
, . -tunna u:;
-tu ma L...3
-na u -a 1
" The extra alif is a spelling conven tion and is not pronounced.
�i �i
Most basic verbs have past stems vowelled with two fa t�as (e:i" fata �, opened; .;.s katab, wrote), but a few are vowelled fat�a/kasra (�):.. sharib , drank) , or less commonly fat�al9amma c;..;;. kabur, to be big) .
Derived verbs have their own distinctive past stems but , as for the present tense, the subj ect endings are standard for a l l verbs :
,,":,�I � ��J .L.:U,;aLb u.)Jl.i. Our plane left and
(g hadarill; Wiratna wa-tawaj ja hna na�w we headed towards
a l -gha rb) the west.
REVIEW: past verbs 8 3
Irregular verbs: general notes Each type of irregular verb will be looked at in more detail in later units, but here are some g eneral gUidel ines o n what to look out for.
Hamzated verbs As with the present, the main consideration in the past tense is how to write the hamza . Other than this, hamzated verbs behave mainly regularly.
Doubled verbs Doubled verbs in the past follow the same general rule as present verbs (see page 48) . Subject endings starting with a consonant (non-vowel) result in the second and third root letters being written and pronounced sepa rately. Subj ect endings beginning with a vowel g enerally result in the doubled letter being written together with a shadda :
(atdadtu �aqa ' i bT) .�l...i=a.. u.l�i I prepared my bags.
(�a I l O a l -mashaki l ) . JS w....J 1 I..,.h. They solved the problems.
Weak verbs Assimilated verbs (weak letter as f irst root) are al most entirely regular in the past . Defective verbs (wea k letter as last root) are generally characterised by a long a, ay, 0 or aw replacing the final root l etter.
( ishta rayna at-tadhak i r) .�I.:u.J1 l..:i..:!� 1 We bought the tickets.
(masha b i - su rta) . .u.� � He walked quickly.
Hollow verbs have two stems - one 'open' stem with a long a i n the middle for subj ect endings starting with a vowel; and one 'closed' stem with a short vowel for subject endings starti ng with a consonant.
Negative
(zu rna a l -qa lta) . .LUi..J1 wJ,j We visited the fort.
(za rO I -mat�af) .� I Ij)j They visited the museum.
The most common way of making a past verb neg ative in Standard Arabic is using � ( l am) + present verb :
( l am yat ma l a l -furn) .0�1 � � The cooker didn't work.
( l am naj i d tha l jan) .� � � We didn't find ice.
The present verb used after lam is a modified form known as the juss;ve
(see Addit ional Note page 9 1 ) .
84 Unit 5
Sohair's blog � �J� Sohair is on a four-day university tr ip to Al-Qusair � I), an Egyptian town on the Red Sea south of Hurghada (U..l.ftll al -ghardaqa) . The trip also takes in the desert to the west. Every night she writes her blog on the web .
hnp : t /WNW.arabi cb log fisah ra.hlm l l ,
�I ' , " r.? �
u-:'JJ L.� :i.........LJ..I u.LJ I L-,;L1 w��l..i-- :�I . ,)..5 L�I ! ! ..,.., I..wl if u.L ..::.....;l5' . u.L � :Oj,.,.;JI J !
JI L � - -a: IL 0 - - A..A..;l..;.. � ..ill..J [J....:.. C.J� y .. . . J""-- J J . .. �..L.o J! :OJ ,.,.;JI )_1.. .. if ,-"",WI � � r.;G-i . J...L.. )1
- , . · ..l:..AJ1 JI L...A,� .!lb :u.LJ1 :L...LJ1 l; . . . .. : I I () , . J .. )) �
if -J-:S\Jl5' : l� wl5' . 1-* 1 � ! r� o).'>J o� ..::.....; l5' b). :�I wl5' 0 L:J 1 . . . � ..::.....;l5't�1 LjLJl5JI ! r�i � � OJ J ;u,.LJ1 :i...; 1.ri1
J...L..) �Li..:.. 0j.u! . LJI � !L...L � �J :G..;lj ..::.....;l5' 'J'"..,<J 1 uSJJ C)'o . f.u . 1r-aJ1
(
, - -:i...> 1) l;)j . 4..WI JL.. ;l wW) Jl0-I) o)�1 ;u,.LJ1 �UI � l;,tiL
)-411 - �I J )-411 t" US!) �I • L.. if �r . . 1r-aJ1 � . I�
r� j � ! 0 ,;l1J1 � .r. �)� HI J..S.r :?J J � W) . LI? lyl5' .. ... . . . • 1r-aJ1 J..,J � r� � 'J' . . . � ..::.....;l5' r �I)
Travel and tourism
,":,I� (t adhab) torture
�l..:I.. (kha' if) afraid
� � .� (shat a ra,
yasht ur bi-) to feel
� (t a�abTyya) nervousness
.:,, 1 • .i.b..,) (ri � la, at) journey
t � . � (qalt a, q i l at ) fort
� (fa jr) dawn
?-?"W .� (manjam,
manaj i m) mine
Exercise 6 "\ ��
.,)J-?'+4 (mahjur) abandoned
JL.o."J1 u� .� (kathTb,
kuthban a r-r ima l ) sand dune
.:,, 1 .�IJ (wa�a, at) oasis
� .� (nakh la, nakhTl)
palm tree - -
.,s;� . .,s;j (dhakkara, yudhakk ir)
to remind
85
� (tajib) wonderful, amazing
tA 'J ( la m iV shining, bright
Tick the pictures representing features mentioned in Sohair 's blog, as in the example.
D�\ �
D
�\ �'VJ�I . I
Exercise 7 v �� Now identify al l the post verbs you can find in the blog and soy wha t they mean, for examp le u�JlL - it [ o u r plane] left.
8 6 Unit 5
Describing the past �UI �J Simple descriptions in the present do not need an equivalent of the verb 'am', 'are' or 'is' in Arabic. However, in the past you do need to use uLS: (kan) in the appropriate form t o mean 'was' or 'were' . u LS: ( kan) i s a
hollow verb with the stem changing to ....:.5: (kun) when you add an ending beginning with a consonant, e . g . a (kuntu, I was) - see page 83 .
An adjective following u� (kan) wil l have the accusative ending -an . I n most cases this is written on a l if tanwin ( r ) i f t h e adjective doesn't e n d with
ta' marbO�a . Compare these descriptions in the present and in the past :
( in the past) �WI � .i� �l ul,.S;
The fi l m was exciting .
. WG. �I,.S; She was afraid .
. I� � I was happy.
, , ·� t W I �1.S
The forts were wonderfu l .
..
II(
(now) u�1 . :. .... I .0. 1 1 � ("""":""""
The fi lm is exciting .
. �G. � She is afraid .
.� wi I (masc.) am happy.
, II( .� tWt
The forts are wonderful .
Tip: I n Modern Standard Arabic the usual word order is verb + subject +
rest of sentence (i� �t u � The film was e;<citing) . However, in less
formal contexts you may see the subject first ( t� u l.5; �I), reflecting the usual order i n spoken dialects. Remember: the verb will be singular if it comes before a plural subj ect: LI� � J4-.)1 but LI� J4-.)1 ,',l.5; (The men were generous) .
Exercise 8 II �� Find these past descriptions in Sohair's blog , as in the example.
-::; --' . 1 The tea was cold . . b)4 6U c.?Lilil\ 2 The cola was warm.
3 The Bedouin were g enerous.
4 The air-conditioning was laughable.
5 I was afraid .
6 The stars were amazing .
7 Our room was small and very hot.
8 The wind was very strong .
Travel and tourism 8 7
Letter o f complaint y � � .s� Sohair has decided to write a letter of complaint to the hotel manager in Al-Qusair about the problems (�L;;....J I , a l -mashak i l ) she and her fellow students encountered during their recent stay.
� � (tah iya �ayyiba) : . . . . . . . ,� � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . - .
l iterally 'fine greeting' - a Lb. j . \1.1 t �I j - dl j U· ·
common way to open a letter L :; - � /:-' - '-' - '/-' . . . . . . . tjLJI ')",cAl\ � r :. e �,) W'£ . �'>.U . �L{. I .....k..)u ( l i l -asaf) : . .
. . unfortunately
. . �i r-i-...J ( rag hma an na):
in spite o f [the fact] that . . .
. . . � .!l�j uj :::, J) (aradtu an ukhb i rak hatta ) :
I wonted to inform you so
that . . .
Exercise 9 '\ ��
.�UI � Jc �,., I� �� L:.-Jts'
,Lui � � �I JJ,., ,LL.. u-illl L>ts' \\� j ( . ts' <0i �
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H . . ' . � () . . \ ;)
L>ts' � \lJ JJ,., �KlI J� �� C UI � �.) �I �,., '�vG y.il L>ts',., L}J LfLJ\
� �,., :6b L:.-Jts' �}JI JJ,., �Kl� J� .lJ:;
<J i .. -' � �
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,J5L41 . � � . Jf . . �H A�\ .0.L0.�)
,�", uJdl\ � �
You stayed last month in the same hotel with your family ( in room 5 1 2 on the fifth floor) . You were also unhappy because:
• the room was cold and overlooked the bus station
• the weather was cold and the heater (;;\,j.l..o m idfa 'a) never worked
• the coffee in the cafeteria was cold and the pizza was small
• you didn't find any soap in the bathroom
Write a letter of compla int to the hotel manager, using Sohair's letter as a model .
W j}! Bizerte �-"""�" -T .0., �� UniSO _
j'. .: _ D wLo�1 Ha(lil ooamet .... 6_ ouggao .. jJ .:J • L\...u�0S0usse
I,h�1 Kairouan 0
.,.:.Ir.--ll Algeria
L...J Libya
Arabic in Tunisia �� .} ."4-!�1
b:.,:;'. I I . �I - II :r-' � .r-:' Mediterranean Sea
Tunisia is the smallest of the North African countries, lying between Algeria and Libya. As in its two neighbours to the west, Morocco and
Algeria, in Tunisia there is a very strong French influence on both the culture and the language. As well as using French and Italian
words such as 'piscine' (swimming pool) and 'cucina' (kitchen) within spoken Tunisian Arabic, Tunisians might also switch entirely between speaking French and Arabic, sometimes in mid-sentence.
Some of the features of Tunisian dialect are:
• Use of the verb t� ('to serve') with the meaning of 'to work' • Use verbal prefix"':' n- to refer to 'I': t� n ikhd im (J work)
• Use of specifically Tunisian expressions such as �..>-! barsha and and j"'� yaaser, both mean i ng 'very' or 'a lot'
• Dropping the 'd' sound in � , e.g. tanina ('we have')
Listen to Abdelhaq talking about himself in his Tunisian dialect. You will find a transcript and translation in the key.
L..) I L.:::. ' l..iJ I l...:i..::...1 � , j-! U .J 0 _"' '0"11,-,0'._11 y.��.:r-- 0 �
� . « J�» �i � JL..:..;--JI u� �J .::;L".IJ
...jU.j.uL;....,.Y� �J '-' . '- II ' ..L.>...l.L ,� t..F <? -
, 0 " 'I .�.:J-'-' Ui:,. L.:::. .' j-! �J r'���� � � �jLilI�,J-:! ,
.o���1
� ,� (tamma, yatimm) to be completed, to en d .bli:>11 (iltiqa�) shooting ..l..AL.:...o,� (mash-had, mashahid) scene � ,�I (istamarr, yastamirr) to continue
Juj (zifaf) wedding party
ffi1 (Adapted from Sayyidati magazine, 17/5/2008) � Tunisia, with its long sandy
�
� . ' ''11 beaches, has long been a popular � �
tourist destination. It is also an
�
�_� ',�' .I 1�1 ... 1.o' attractive location for f ilm and � \ ..r-
music video producers, with �� �I rw1JA l.o r ��
pristine desert and green oases, ii!I The extract above reports on a � �I.J� U:!I r � music video being shot amongst � the dunes and palm trees of a sili"J1 j-!L.:::. � � f.
� Tunisian oasis . Sili"J1 U:!I 0 ii!I
90
Vocabulary in Unit 5
Nouns �L.,...,�I
travel
tourism
journey
visa
centre
sports centre
shopping centre
police station
office
tourist office
airline office
post office
station
train station
bus station
(wi) �..> (wi) ��G (�I�);S�
L..:. L-.J I jS. jA J�IjS.jA �.;iJ I jS. jA
(��)� b�l� L",,-�I�
.l.>�I� (wi) �
-L.JI� � .
Unit 5
transportation
(air)line (.b�) 1.::.. underground train Ju:. �I..>� pilgrimage
postcard
problem
torture
stolen items
ice
nervousness
dawn
wedding party
F �.l.>�(wI)u�
(�u..:..)�
shooting (film, etc . ) .bli:J1 scene ( film, etc . ) (-l:"L..:..:..) � clip (video, etc . ) (wi) �
petrol station u->�I � Adjectives ul4..al1
square
corner
traffic l ights
forti castle
way/road
C:�.l t..;.,) U I..\.�."" (�I;') �l.
.).j;,.tl (wi) <;..>U:..!
(t�P-�.li U�)��
sand dune Jlo.)1 (uL4) � oasis
palm tree
well (water)
mine
(wi) bl.J (�) u...:,
C�Dh ( t..:.:.,) - . � �
afraid/frightened
abandoned
wonderful/ amazing
shining/bright
happy
Verbs JL.a.e�1
enquire � ,�I show (the way) (J-.JJI) J� ,J� leave/ depart
head (towards) (�) �� '�.Y
Travel and tourism 97
undertake/perform '?�� '(5�i go! (mlfJ �j!/�j! solve � ,J". take! (mlfJ 'fhfh buy (5� ,(5;':"1 - - , turn! (mlfJ ' :lf�1 �, "
, feel -:!fo 'fo .. ,
cross! (mlf) 'f�lf�1 '1 ,,", ,,:;; .-
remind , � ��,�j towa rds � inform/tell .' ". i -
�'� on foot/walking �L. , , f inish/complete &-'� unfortunately �� continue �,O�,q� ,�! despite
;;. " .... ul�� Other phrases .s..» �I ul.J4-a!1 'fine greeting'
" stra ight on Jy,� (opening for letter) 4:bW
Additional note: Jussive with the past negative
A modified version of the present tense, known as the jussive, is used
for the past negative after � ( l am). The jussive is very simila r to the
subjunctive in that the final nOn disappears from the feminine
'you', the masculine plural and the dual (see page 73). For regular
verbs, this is the only significant difference.
However, if fully pronounced the other parts of the jussive end
with a sukOn: � (yaktub) rather than � (yaktubu). This has
the effect of shortening the long vowels in weak verbs. For example,
..)J� (yazOr, he visits) becomes..)� (yazur) in the jussivej �i (amshT, I wa l k) becomes J...oi ( amshi).
Look at these examples of negative sentences in the past:
( lam yadh-habO) .IJo+A� � They didn't go.
�y:aLbJI I./� �i Didn't you (f.) prepare
(a- lam tutiddT a l-�aqa'i b) the bags?
( lam nazur tunis) .�,,:a � � We didn't visit Tunisia.
( lam ashtari at-tadhakir) . .,sI�1 �i � I didn't buy the tickets.
. '
Food and cooking fttbttj ��btt
, . ...JJ.?�I� The loved one's onion is [/ike a whole] lamb.
Talking about food �1.aW1 � �I Exercise 1 ,�� How many of these items of food and drink do you remember? Write the Engl ish next to the Arabic, as in the example.
,
� 11 Ii k
� �. �j
'" ,
� '. �
jJ.4 /
U� �
� ��J �
fo
��
� . �
.n
t l.i:1 ,
;J-!j '"
'
jji ,
JI..ij , -.H ��
�
�
�l.4.b 'lJ�j
,
� /
� Now check your answers by listening to the recording. You could also replay the recording without looking at your l ist, pausing after the Arabic for each item to see if you can remember what i t means.
92
Food and cooking
Food shops �laWl u�
� (makhbaz) bakery .; .)I..J..? (jazzara) butcher shop , .u� (baqqala) grocery '-!� (khuc;!arTy) greengrocer
, ,
�� (samma k) fishmonger 04J (Iabban) dairy/milkman
Exercise 2 Y �� Write the items of food and drink from the l ist in Exercise 1 below the place you would buy it, as in the example.
93
D F/'-lVl � � Ql� � '77."'7 .' :..;-> . . .
-, � -
C,..\ !�
Now make a sentence for each item follOwing this model: , .041J1 ().4 �I '-!� We buy [the] milk from the dairy.
94 Unit 6
Exercise 3 r · -�� Match the Arabic to the correct picture, for example no.
�, n U
b �. � �d ()�
f
�
,#f �y. t
r" I..)-?'- , • • 0
�'\ �V
. �:' 9 UJ : , . '
,#�A L - ; �
-� ,#��,.
LJ:. � " 'rF ' #J ' �
Talking about measure �I 0&. �I Remember that to express the concept of la ... of .. . ' you simply put the measure word directly in front of the food word in an ic;liifa construction. If the measure word ends with tal marbOta, this should be pronounced -at:
, (kTIO tuffa�) C Li:i,# a kilo of apples
(kTS sukkar) � � a packet of sugar
(zujajat miyah) o� 4�j a bottle of water
An adjective describing the measure follows the complete ic;liifa: (kTS mil� saghTr) � � � a small packet of salt
(zujajat kola kibTra) .;� '1y. 4�j a large bottle of cola
If you want to say Ithe bottle of . .. ', 'the small packet of ... ', etc., you add alto the final word in the ic;liifa construction (i.e. the food item), and also to any following adjective.
Food and cooking 95
(kTS a l - a ruzz) � '11 i.>4 the packet of rice
(tulbat at-tTn a�-�aghTra) ';�I �I 4k. the small box of figs
Exercise 4 t �� How do you say these in Arabic? 1 a packet of coffee beans 5 a kilo of chicken 2 a can of tomatoes 6 a loaf of bread 3 1/4 kilo of figs 7 a small tin of fish 4 a glass/cup of yoghurt 8 the large bottle of juice
Exercise 5 0 U-J� -r:::-f-�-r:=r-.r-f-��f-f-f��I�l��j
WLiJI .,j,A ��I" ��I .�
Leila went t o the shops today and took this list with her.
Look at the shopping Leila came home with and tick off the items you can see. Then describe what she remembered, as in the example.
, ,
oub Lh" 94J' �
� 94J�) �\j��
'\)���j - ./ <::..J...!��
.�I � 4illJ u..a,.jJ1 � �ft� Leila remembered the oil but she forgot the eggs .
V�j��j Q���
Jw _\.-r ...r! �
j�94J'�
. '
96 Unit 6
At the greengrocer ';�I � Leila has gone back to the greengrocer to buy the fruit and vegetables she forgot. Listen to the conversation .
, . ' , • <I .• :.. I I I � � "'�J u '.r.-- >'� -
. >' 4J:o� 1 � � � �i .�I..w 4 J�I >'� _
!uij �i
. � ().4 �� .# � .l.:!) -
��lj >'� .�I..w 4 .:.lj4i � _
���� JA.�.��I � w� � .�I..w 4 J..uf wi -
��I � ... �� �I �J
'��J .1''Io';'! �.� .. IIJ u-a� ��I. uw� �) �! �i ��iJ . .. �.¥JI �L. .� -
�.;� Ji .;� � � . ... � ... uw� �) -
���I � ... � ().4 .;� -
(hal tindakum ... ) � ... �� JA Do you have .. . ?
((Iaysa) tindana . . . ) ... w� (�) We (don't) have ... ?
(sa-akhudh ... ) ... �L. I' l l take .. . (a�taj ila . .. ) ... �! ��i I need . . .
(shay' thanT) ��lj >'� Anything else?
(bikam al-... ) � .. . -.JI � How much is/are the . . . ?
(kam al-�isab) ���I � How much is the bill?
Food and cooking 97
Tip: If you wantto say 'this . . . of ... ' or 'these . . . of . . . ', you need to put I.:u. or ".:u. after the ic;lafa construction : I.:u. �I ,-:"s;. (kOb a l -a sTr hadha, this glass of juice); ".:u. U:!.)I �4-j (zujajat az-zayt had hi hi, this bottle of oil);
".:u. U:UJI � (tulab at-tin hadh i hi, these boxes of figs).
Exercise 6 '\ �� Decide if these sentences about Leila 's visit to the greengrocer are true or false, as in the example.
1 Leila went back to the greengrocer in the morning. 00 2 She forgot three th ings from the greengrocer. D 3 Le ila asked for two kilos of tomatoes. D 4 The greengrocer didn' t have any mangos. D 5 The Turkish figs cost less than the Tunisian figs . D 6 Leila took a box of Turkish figs. D 7 She took the small box. D 8 She also bought four lemons. D
.. " Conversation
Leila has asked you to go back to the grocer and buy these items she forgot from her list: • a large box of eggs • a bottle of water • a packet of biscuits
Look at the l i st on page 95 andthe conve�ation opposite and prepare what you might say. Then fo l l ow the prompts on the recording.
�� 44-j zujajat m iyah (a bottle of water)
98 Unit 6
You say tamatim, I say tamata There are some var iations in the vocabulary English-speakers use for everyday items such as foods. For example, the vegetable the British call 'auberg ine' the Americans call 'eggplant'; 'chips' to the British means hot potato fries, but to the Amer icans it means salted potato crisps in a packet. These types of regional variations also exist in a more pronounced way in the Arabic-speaking world since the number of countries and influences involved a re greater. So me vocabulary sets are more affected than others. Food and clothes are two topics that show sig nificant reg ional differences.
The variations can be small: r-b� (�amatim, tomatoes) can also be lb� (�amata); �� (batatis, potatoes) can be lb� (ba�ata), which in turn can sometimes be used to refer to sweet potatoes.
However, alternatives do not always sound similar: a third word for 'tomatoes' is bJ.J� (banadura); yo ghurt can be (5..14':' (zabadi) or � ( laba n), the latter also sometimes used to refer to milk.
[n addition, the same word can have different meanings in different places: �� (karafs) can refer to celery in one area or parsley in another; t� (khawkh) can be peaches in some places or plums in others.
In g eneral, the various nationalities of the Arab world will use the term most fa miliar to those they are addressing. Some foreign words adopted into Arabic don't have a 'standard' version and you may find va riations even in more formal contexts such as newspaper articles. You should be aware that alternatives are possible and try to fa miliarise yourself with the most common.
Reserving the table ;;�UI � . ' Exercise 7 V ��
Listen to three people telephoning the Nujoum restaurant and fill in the chart with the details of their reservations, as in the example .
�UI ��I o-a�\tl�� ��jJl 1'-"'1 time day number of people customer name
A: '1) �\ <\ 6U..r. ,
'\
'(
Food and cooking 9 9
Tip: The plural of � (shakh�, person) is ��i (ash-kha�): U""'�i ��-u '1 (;�L.:. (ma'ida l i-arbatat ash-kha�, a table for four people). Remember the dual ending for two people: u2''''-> t.1 ;;�L.:. (ma' ida l i-shakh�i!)'Q, a table for two people).
� " Conversation
You are going to telephone the Nujoum restaurant to make a booking. Follow the prompts on the recording. Here are your requi rements:
• a tab le for f ive people • Thursday • 8.30pm
Now replay the conversat ion, this time changing the requi rements. You can try th i s several t i mes unt i l you a re confident.
In the restaurant �j � It's Friday evening and Mr Barakat has arrived at the Nujoum restaurant with his wife.
. '
100 Unit 6
Exercise 8 A' -�� Mr and Mrs Barakat are welcomed by the maitre d' (;;...JI). Look at what they said below and think about in which the order the phrases might have come. Then l isten to the conversation and mark the correct order in the boxes, as in the example.
..;:.,LS..H D !�I �L...w [I]
. .lu"·l1 �� .La . � A·lI -:'.r... D '-! .j' tA �� ?':r.- � . � � ,,� 44-j .l.:!isJ .�I �Lw wi D
.�� �J ;;�u .I� . .;:.,LS..H � 4 �J �i D .<>� 44-jJ �� � .l.:Io.IJ ,� cl4...u .l.:Io.IJ ... � D
�?,-*,I � Y. u , � � ... (,s...t D �cl4...u �� JA .cl.4.w..l1 �i wi ��� � D
����'11 D �.;:.,LS..H � 4 clJ�J .jw- � cl4...u w� .�� 4 � D
,01'°':" ,�d ;;�u w� .�I ",L...w D
Food and cooking 707
Methods of cooking �I �L....i 'i� (mashwT) grilled � (ma�shT) stuffed
� (maqlf) fried � (mukha l l al) pickled
� (mu�ammar) (pan-)fried
J� (masluq) boiled �I � (tn-furn) (oven) roasted
Exercise 9 '\ �� Read the Arabic dishes and match them to the equivalent English.
For example, , f
a grilled chicken
b pickled cucumber
c potato chips (fries)
d fried fish
e stuffed tomatoes
f boiled eggs
9 creamed carrot
� A I."A • , tJr-- � ��y
4!,r.> 4 �LW Y' \.J"'j��t .s� ��J �
, �
.;���, �J�V
, Exercise 10 , . �� Mr Barakat's bill h�s arrived, but there's a mistake ( l...h::... khata').
Listen once without looking at your book and see if you can decide what mistake has been made.
Then listen again and fill in the missing words from the transcript below.
----
� � d� 01 �i !� 4 -
��4�4S��I�j ��uf_
----��I !'i� 4 �f -
.(an excellent meal!) !';j� 4'; !� 4 � -
102 REVIEW: Derived forms v-x
:::0 Forms of the verb ...u..J.it J.a.4!t M <: We have seen how Arabic verbs have varied 'forms' which carry related M meanings. We have also looked in detail at verbal nouns and participles :E for forms II, III and IV (see pages 62-3). The other five significant derived
forms fall into two groups that share characteristics: forms V and VI; and forms VII, VIII and X (form IX being very rare).
Forms V and VI are characterised by being vowelled entirely with fatha
in both present and past tenses:
. t �tj u��t uJS� She remembered ((orm V) (tadhakkarat al-kammon wan-natnat) the cumin and the mint.
.,,�I � � 4 j JJL.:U..j We eat (form VT) a l ight (natanawal wajba khafifa ff1-masa ') meal in the evening .
. �ll. '11 � � l,.,.:sjw They cooperated (form VT) (tatiiwano mata mufattishT I-aghdhiya) with the food inspectors.
Forms VII and VIII and X are characterised by the intial alif (voweJled with kasra) in the past, and fatha/fatha/kasra vowelling in the present:
.� �I � �I �I The plate broke (form VTI) (inkasara aHabaq ff1-�aw<;i) in the sink.
,"":,�I � � ..:J� ul �I I believe (form VTII) that
(attaqid anna hunaka khata' ff1-�isab) there's a mistake in the bill .
. .,)La ...... 81 rj£ t..:a�1 We enquired (form X)
(istafsarna tan al-astar) about the prices.
Remember that the subject prefixes and endings are the same whatever the form of the verb (see pages 48 and 82).
Verba! nouns from forms V-X follow predictable patterns as they do for other forms (see pages 62-3). Active and passive participles also follow the same principle, starting with � (mu-) and having a final kasra
for the active participle and a final fat�a for the passive .
. � � WIJ "'-'6 i··· 0 " The consumer is always
(al-mustahlik da'iman tala �aqq) right.
.ul.:L ... }/4 �� u4.#1 J�L.:U Eating sweet (things) is
(tanawul al-�alawiyat <;iarr bil-asnan) bad for the teeth.
REVIEW: Derived forms V-X 703
Here is a summary of the patterns for all the forms of the verb:
Present Past , "
Ju II JU..:! , ,
III J.d.iJ Jd.i , "
, , <
IV JU..:! J.UI , "
;. � .-' � =- ... '" V J.U.:4 JU:i
VI JL� JLW
VII � J.U.:a1
VIII � �I
X � Jili.,ul
Exercise 11 "��
Verbal noun ,
� . ,
J�/�Li4 JW!
t .- ...
JU:i , ,
JLl.i:i
JLu.:d Ju...:;.il
JL.U:i......1
Active Part. Passive Part. , ' , � jUA
, ,
�Li4 JLLi4 ,
� jUA '! ,.. ,.. ,
;;. "' ... }
� �
�� JL�
� �
� �
Copy out the table below and fill in the gaps in the patterns for the four verbs. Use a dictionary to check the meaning.
Present verb
Past verb
Root letters
Form VIII
Mean ing
Verbal noun
Active Part.
Passive Part.
:::0 CTI < CTI �
704 Unit 6
The month of Ramadan �l....a.4 ... L� Eating patterns change throughout the Islamic world during the month of Ramadan. Muslimsyerform the fast (��I a�-�awm) from the da.wn call to prayer (p.....QJ1 ul.:d adhan a l-fajr) until the sunset call (,-:",�I ul.jl adhan al-magh ri b). At sunset, the main 'breakfast' meal () . .w! if tar) is served. There is also a lighter meal eaten just before the dawn call to prayer.
� Jl.W>,1 ;;�l.o J� �WI � uL.o...aJ � .) / / .��I u1jl �J �I u1i l.J-4 Jl+J1 f"�
;;�I UJ�� � ,�I �\ "i} �� u,yUkJl � ;;�LJI � � dlj �J
�/ uJ ,�� (�a'im, un/fn)
person fasting
.:i�"'.!'�1 Jl.W>,1 �J J�L:uJ :i Q.! Q .:" (S�i �J I!I�J ;; J.L::, � UJ a! ,,, J I 4J J �
'«J,.,.� ... :, •. H» � I �I �� �II!I�I �� �J� �J U�J.) ":"�,J-_b_IIJ
!f"�I��i
..::JI� ,.;� (�a lah, salawat)
prayer
� ,�i (aftara, yuftir) to eat breakfast/ to break the fast
J,..I...J.:! ,Jlj (zada, yazTd) to increase
�ll.i (agh-dhiya) food(stuffs)
u4� (�alawiyat) sweets/ desserts
� (tamr) dates
4� (taq lTdTyan) traditionally
Food and cooking 705
Exercise 12 \y �� Read the article about Ramadan opposite and decide if these statements are true (�) or false (Lh.::...).
D
D D �->t..W>'1 ;;..w� J� �WI � r'
D D
D D
D D
.�I 01.:J
1. ;; -� 'I G..u.li:i· e L.o..lI 1.l..:Lu £. �� - - u� w -.;;�I
.;..;sf ��i�LJI 'f� �J� \ . �y.oJ l �
�I at-tamr (dates) - tradit ionally eaten w ith milk to break the fast
1.1 L.. Tripoli 0 <J""'7 .r-' J..> -*1 AI-Hirmil 0
\l""'WIfi' River Oronles
I� Sidon 0 Syria
Arabic in Lebanon u� .j �.jLl1 Lebanon, part of the Levantine "fertile cresent", l ies along the shores of the Eastern Mediterranean. Its position and varied history have left Lebanon with multiple religious and cultural communities. For much of its recent history it has been under the influence of France, and French is still the strongest outside influence on the local dialect. As in parts of North Africa, many Lebanese are equally comfortable speaking French or Arabic.
Lebanese Arabic dialect is part of the Levant group and shares many features with Syr ian Arabic (see page 52), but with a greater French i nfluence.
. ' Listen to Fouad talking about himself in his Lebanese dialect. You will find a tra nscript and translation in the Answers section.
�I ' -�
�I t-" �JII�I ,
·�t.9
b-W �I� � �I t�i I� f. .�Uj�
I,?j�j.ll t-" b..)�1 b)�:-=JII�I 0
.t L.:u.:J1,) ��I,) �l....hJI,)
JL. (<;!a'nT) lamb/mutton t�i,� (sikh, asyakh) skewer �J� (mafrOm) minced . ..I...,hhl (ikhlitO) mix .. .
� (mabshOr) grated ... I�j (a<;lTfO) add .. . � (muqattat) chopped ... I� (qassimO) divide ...
("y � (fa�� thOm) clove ofgarlic ... I� (<;! a t.0) put...
Lebanese food is famous
throughout the M iddle East and
beyond. Lebanese cooking has
influenced the rest of the
Mediterranean, and in turn has
absorbed features from other
countries such as Turkey and
Greece. Minced meat is a key
ingredient, as are cracked wheat
(burghul), mint and parsley. Above
is a recipe for the classic grilled
'Kofta' kebabs with yoghurt salad.
108
Vocabulary in Unit 6 Nouns �L.....�I
food (��i) "I� .(�i) rW, shop/store (wi) � bakery
grocery
fishmonger
(o�) 0 ' 0 ' j-! �
(wi) uC:4 ( 0 / 0 ) �L..::.
(J':! u.J
butcher shop (wi) ;;)� greengrocer C:J-!./ u.J) �� dairy/milkman C.J-!./ u.J) uW measure/quantity (wi) �
, l method (�L.I) ";-'�I preparation
glass/cup (measuring) (";-'I..,si) ";-'..,s ( - �) Uti., spoon � .
skewer
minced meat skewers � lamb/mutton oL,
� salad (wi) �)L cucumber L.....:.. ..) -cumin uy,5. mint t� garlic ry clove/seg ment (U""�) � dates � sweets/ desserts wL.�
Unit 6
meal (wi) �� person (U""�i) � consumer (u�/u.J)� bill/check
price
mistake/ error
tooth
fast(ing) person fasting
call to prayer
prayer
(wi) '-:-'� U-�",i)�
( " L.h.:;. i) 1..b ( 0 L.:.....i) '0
u �
f'� ( - j" ) 'L.o (J':!u.J("::'
Jjf (wI;Lo) ;;)G.
Adjectives u�1 gri lled cs� fried �
;:; " , fried/pan-fried �
boiled J� stuffed � pickled , , � creamed/mashed U'"' .J->6-'>
minced I"".J.P grated � chopped
� ,,�
� harmful/bad (for) (� ) �L:, correct �
Food and cooking
Verbs forget � remember �� ,�i;
� " � .... ...
eat/partake JJ� ,J.,L:u eat breakfast � consume � break/be broken � ,�!
bel ieve/think � ,.J..i:i.c.! "
dif fer �,�, increase ..l.:!'>::
Other phrases .s� �I ulJ�1 dish of the day i"�1 &lo
bottle of o�
baked ( in u)J1 it's nothing ('easy') �
right/correct � � traditiono lIv
mix. ..
add . . .
divide ... , , ... I�
put...
709
. '
Review 4·�t�..tt
Exercise 1 ,��
Listen to Najiba introducing herself. Write down her details on the form below, as in the example .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
................... C.l\J�.d � !�) . . . �'i\
. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�"'N-\�JIJ
�"'N-\ iJ�
iJly.al1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • 0 0 •
• • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • �I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. ........... . �I� . . . . . . . . . . \ . . . . . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .. . . 0 . · ·
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. , .. .. . ... .
�I
Now write a paragraph about Najiba, using the information on the form. Try to use some of the connecting expressions you have met. You could
start like this:
770
, , ... y.h. �.l-4 � '�A,\ �l.L j:!1� '\ �� UIJ� � �.uJ
Review 7 7 7
Exercise 2 y . -�..)-4J Write the plurals and meanings of the words in the table, as in the example.
, /
Meaning �I Plural FI Word � I ---
stars
Choose one of the plurals above to fill the gaps in the sentences below.
(You may need to add JI depending on the context.)
-.J�I jJ 'r �)..:.IUA ��I ojA � .>,I�I J.:!..l � �'j
·ul�jj ���- ��r .i..:i� -.11 � t 'T' �
�� 1 � J.b:i J.?o jj Joll 0
.i..:i� . J ' L � u i..:i....1 i j � � .;s- t-!J . - �
·4l..b.:!! >'4Ji J1J � u� V .��I � ;;� u-a�
�'-l� � � �J.iJ1 ��I
1 72
Exercise 3 '1" -�J-4-' Join the verbs with the activities, as in the example.
��I �1�JIJj�1
Jy.uJ1 ().4 �lj�1 ��I �.;S
� W I j:! J..4.1J f J,£ l.........4 �I
�I
Unit 7
� . -
Now decide how often you do the activities using one of the frequency words (see page 43). Make sentences that apply to you, for example:
. ....bW Jjji L�i I sometimes visit museums.
Exercise 4 t�..,,4s
How do you say these in Arabic?
1 Sometimes we play basketball in the club.
2 She rarely helps with the cooking.
3 The manager usually drives his car to the office.
4 We always eat breakfast before seven o'clock.
5 Every day I work until half past five.
6 They never tidy their rooms.
Review
Exercise 5 o· -
��
7 13
Put this conversation in a restaurant in the correct order, as in the example:
.. ·u� �)J � ��J '��J �IJ ·"ij!D .�il>i tA '.J� J..:a"':; � f'�1 � D
. � �j <>,u1.4 .I� ·u1jJ.! � 4 �J �i D
�f'�1 � J-A l.4 ,� � .. ..i� D !l>:!J�1 � � � �r [IJ
���J �� � .��J.l1 �i wi �'.J� �D !<>ju.- 4j u.:aLS !j� D
!� � �l.w..=.J1 !� 4··· D ·u� � �) ��J .�I �L..... ul..:i..4J1J wi D
U1jJ.! f"-"''il .��i �..)'-J <>,u1.4 w� .� 4 �I "'� D .I� ��l.w..=.J1 D
�f'IJ.4 4 ili�J .ju.- � ��J w� ·u1jJ.! � 4 � D
I, Now listen to the recording and check your answer.
- " Conversation
You have just entered a restaurant with two friends. You want to order the fo l lowing. Prepare wha t you might say i n Arab ic.
• gril led kofta
• rice and sa lad
• pickled cucu mber
• a m int tea
• a bottle of wate r
Now follow the prompts on the record ing.
t � '.JW:. shay b i -natnat (mint tea)
7 74
Exercise 6 '\" .. v:U·4ol
Unit 7
Hisham is on a Meditteranean cruise, starting from the port of Alexandria. He has written a postcard from each port of cal l highlighting what he and the other passengers (,-,��JI ar-rukkab) did on the tr ip. ���I �� mina' al-iskandarTyya
(the port of Alexandria) Look at the postcards opposite and answer these questi ons . 1 Who are all the postcards addressed to? 2 Which two ports does the ship call at before retu rning to Alexandria?
(Tip: ul.�1 ai-yOnan = Greece) 3 What did the passengers buy in the market in the first port of call? 4 What did they not have time to do on the first visit? 5 What famous landmark did they visit at the second port and how did
t hey travel there? 6 Where did Hisham meet Adnan and what interest do they share? 7 What food reminds him of Egypt? 8 How did he pass the time during the journey to the third port? 9 Where and what did they eat in the third port? 10 How will Hisham travel home from Alexandria?
Exercise 7 v �� Read the account below of the first leg of Hisham's cruise . Then continue the account using the information from the second and third postcards . You can use some ad ditional sequencing words and expressions you know to l ink the events.
4illj .;� wj� �! �..us.....�1 � � ().4 [1'Lla..t �,) �LS ';,;l . .J..jJ �� "-:ItSyl J;a 'Jji ·�4 .u �,) Jji �\t ';fo
�li:ij ';l:!lJ w� .:.JL..:s.A Ij�1 . Jy.o.J I � I-*�j wj� . uij-J I � � �I �! �l:! � [1'Lla..t USJj .� i.+a�
. .u.uJI . . . L:u.:ii 11 - - w � I w .lu.
- �.r - (.s" , � j� - ,)
Review
- t I I ' I I . � I '-f" ' ) j(� � . . 1 . · (" \ " " J . . .. " "\ I . ·t� i<" ;;� �j C� uj� ' ! "")�<l .. � :..ro rJ "::""';U
UJJ� ;;)�) \;..!..:-.,., '-:-"'tS)I t4 '�} .�� J 4.b-) Jj'i �\r .� GU �\.,jj • ..i..,..iJ .. L\� L:., - "\ . J Ii . t : .:'" . . . . . , ,, � -r--- .r-'"" r-' � .,..... y,
).) \;:"'" . U JJ \ J.;-P � � \ Jl "7� �i r-1 � SU ,-?CS:J3
.!.IlA :..ro � �L . �i J! � �I uj� �I •
>
----- i� -- ______ ',-::�e r----------------------------------------,� ,L;�.LI ,-?I.lllj
..u.., <......-S. 11 .. L \�. 0\.;� .J.,J.:li -.a., ...\...,.:> �. � . -Ai . . F L'" L;"" . ' LY'-;' 1-. ' u < -j. -.:. ..u.., . \jY\,b\.) iL � .J. �I ,;. ..... L,L<.; . .. L.:.,J\ JJ " � .r:-' ' ..4i \ J..J ' U ..)
�L ' LU51 .l..=.;..;;J!4..:..,.llI\.; �.LL... L,l.p ''i L? -� J . . )) ", � j �
Jl t:' ... � !;;jl:;,( �j"::""';LS . .. \;)1 h...j '-::� � � . !ll� �I :..ro )\1aJ1 .l.->-Lj r"J1 ,LA �)-��!
i� ... .. lilli Lll
775
176
On this day ... ��I 1j,A � t.}
0Y��.l-<> � .Uh.lI\�tO • .d....:.U·"i1
')'JLu.:; W 0 II � � II LuUi : \W� • u . _ .>-'"'"'" j _ . .r"-' _
4J��I�),1
� �)l1 �r'�1 �)I'W". -. i,j"-JJ)I y..:J. .(i ..>�j i� Y..>\.$
jl.�),1 (".lL. JJJ W �y, .J.> : , �A r • . �J.J:L> � t:>WI
� ��I J�i J:;) i,Uj �'�AV. (ubiJl dlo L.::.� ��) �� �1
�j�! ";-'L.s:..> io)l.b �r .. v • vrv �y. )yb Lr
(Adapted from Al Ahram, 7/3/08)
Exercise 8 II ��
Unit 7
1 '.1 . ...i.h (Dam, y�' -
hulafa') aUy, allies
;
.
_ ; I� _ \ (ihta\la, yal!ta\l)
�'v-- . to ;CCUpy (land, etc.)
�\�\ (i�iraf) recognition
- i (asbaq) former &.-'"
W (qirnrna) summit
.��\ ("� (t'ldarn al-..> - l"gnment inDiyaz) non-a I
i.Uj (watat) death
� (taDa��urn) crash
Scan the article and the vocabulary above. Write the correct year next to the events below, as in the example. Try to say the date out loud in Arabic.
, � V� Visit of former president Jimmy Carter to Egypt
____ Death of Egyptian businessman, Mohammed Ahmed Farghali ___ Birth of British foreign minister, Ernest Bevan
___ Crash of Indonesian Boeing 737
_____ Allied occupation of Cologne
___ New Delhi summit of non-aligned states
___ East and West Germany recognition of each other's sovereignty
Exercise 9 '\ ��
Now see if you can find these Arabic phrases in the article:
1 cotton king
2 passenger plane
3 for the first time
4 non-aligned states
5 of the make/type
Review
Vocabulary in Unit 7
Nouns �L...,..�I port (f)
passenger
Greece Athens
ally
summit recognition
death/fatality crash
Adjectives ul.4..arl former
t:/�) �� (,:-,8:] �I.)
• L.:. . . \I u � l:ujj
(�Lih)� ( - -) w � -
.jl�! (u��) �u�
(d)�
Verbs JLd�1
disembark, get off
meet
occupy (land, etc.)
177
J�,Jy �� ,�LJ ... ,... " .-
�,Jh! Other phrases ($"» �I ':'1..>4at'
lack of time ..::..])1 � sunset
,
atoll LJ)lb! non-alig nment j�!,1 ("�
. . '
Clothes and colours �t��tJ � �t
, " · uu L.:J1 � L.. � IJ � L.. � - . . Ea t what pleases you and wear what pleases [other] people.
Talking about clothes � �t � �t Look at this list of cloth i ng and l isten to the record ing :
� (qa mT�) shirt ", I � (� id ha ') shoes
uw.w.i (fusta n) dress J� (�anda l ) sandals
JI.J)"-'J / u� (banta I On/s i rwal) '-;IJ�.?- (jawarib) socks
trousers � Ij...:l. (h izam) belt
-(,�/� (jTba/ta n n O ra)
skirt (,� (sutra) j acket
� (m ittaf) coat '-;I� (� i jab) headscarf
, .u.l-! (bad la) suit ';..)l.h:a (na�a ra) glasses
Tip: Probably the most common g eneral word mean ing 'clothes' or 'clothing' is (.)"-! )l.. (ma l abis) the plural of � (ma lbas), an item of clothing . You may also find '-'� (th iyab) the plura l of ,-,y (thawb), a robe, and "l:!) (azya') the pl �ral of �j (ziyy), an outfit �r uniform.
7 7 8
Clothes and colours 1 1 9
Exercise 1 \ �� Circle the items of clothing in the word square and write them next to the picture, as in the example. (Words can run right to left or top to bottom. )
r -.j wi' I� 1 ..) r"""" '-! t r" :;/
'-! I.J"" t .10 U ..) � IJ'" o!.I J
� J r r .. 1 j r .;. � ;; ..) U IJ'" u-'> r ..) .:. 1 U
-.j J .. 1 j � J 1 -.j .10 u t J -.j .10 t r" IJ'" J J
'-! j � I.J"" t ;; '-! .;. o!.I j .10 IJ'" r" 19 .. 1 I.J"" r" t. u ;; t � 19 o!.I u-'> 19 ;; r .:.
U ..j .;. ..) U 1 u IJ'" -.j r
Aflf Ti � �f.r, \"' \�
qfj}J J§h [j � 4!J �
Traditional and Western clothing The terms used for items of clothing show significant reg ional variations even within 'Standard' Arabic. Roug hly speaking, there are three categories of words:
• words such as � qamT� (shirt) or r- '.? � izam (belt) that can be used to describe both traditional and Western items of clothing;
7 2 0
• words used for traditional Arabic items of clothing, such as ,-:-,y thawb, �� tabaya and �� j a l i abTyya (all meaning either robe or cloak); �� kOfTya and t l....,.;;.. shimagh (different kinds of men's headscarf). Exact use of these words will vary from region to reg ion;
• words adopted from European
Unit 8
languages and used to Traditional clothing for sale in Tunisia describe Western items of clothing, such as u� banta l O n (western-style trousers) and � jTba (skirt) from the French pantalon and jupe, or w�-� tT-shTrt (T-shirt) and w,,)y:... shOrt (shorts) from the Eng lish. The terms used vary across the Arab world depending on the history of a particular reg ion.
Exercise 2 y �� Here are some more familiar words for clothing . Can you work them out?
Describing the outfit �jlt �J The most common way of describing what someone is wearing is to use the verb � ,� ( I abisa, ya lbas) - from the same root as (...)"-! � (ma labis) . � ,� is used with the meaning of to wear or to put on .
. �� �� oi,rJt � (ta l bas a l -mar'a j a l l abTyya taqtrdTyya)
� o}lli � JA (ha l ya lbas na��ara)
, ,
.�J 14�I � ( l ab istu I -b i j ama wa-n i m tu)
The woman is wearing a traditional galabeyya .
Is he wearing glasses?/ Does he wear glasses?
I put on [the] pyjamas and went to sleep.
Clothes and colours 7 2 7
In Modern Standard Arabic, you should add a l i f tanwTn ( I -an) to the object of the verb (in this case the item of clothing) i f i t is indefinite ( i . e . the meaning i s 'a/an' or 'some ' ) . The main exceptions are i f the object word ends in ta' marbOta (;;) or if it is a foreign loan word that sounds awkward with the a lif tanwTn ending . Spoken dialects don't generally use the a l if ta nwTn in this way but you should try to include it when you are writing, or speaking in a more formal context .
.0�j L.......... lj � �i I 'm wearing a loose shirt (a lbas qamT�an waSitan wa-su9ayrTyya) and a waistcoat.
.�.jb L� � � She's wearing a long (h iya tal bas fustanan tawT1an) dress .
I, Exercise 3 '" �� Listen to the four descriptions and write the correct number next to each picture .
Now describe what each person i s wearing, for example:
·4�j ';jj.4j UsJk .;.Ju .;j�1 � , The woman is wearing a long skirt and blouse and a headscarf.
7 22 Unit 8
Describing colour w�I ...4-J
There are six basic colours that are made by putting the root letters into the pattern afta l . These six colours are amongst a handful of Arabic adj ectives that cannot be made feminine by adding ta' ma rbOta . They have a special feminine form using the pattern fat1a ' :
colour masculine feminine + plural (non-human) red �j a�mar " I� �amra '
. " u-J� za rqa ' blue J�) azraq . " I� kha<;i ra ' green �I akh<;iar
yellow �j a�fa r " I� �afra'
black JyJ aswad ,, 1 ..1""'::' sawda'
white . / j � abya<;i ,,4 bay<;ia'
Other colours are often made by forming nisba adj ectives from natural items, in the same way as happens with nationalities (see page 5) :
�J14.) (ramadTy) l i ght grey ( 'ashen' ) -0(- J14,) (ramad) ashes
�J...>J (wardTy) p ink ( 'rosey') � J.)j (ward) roses
� (bun nTy) brown ('beany') � � (bunn) coffee beans
Exercise 4 t �� Make nisba colours from these natural items (see page 5 for rules) :
violets � 0 lemons u�
honey � i oranges JI..i.J..r! � /
si lver � V apricots � f
gold �j t
Clothes and colours 7 2 3
Exercise 5 0 �� Colour the picture of Amir and Amira with their daughter Fi fi, using the key provided below.
�i ,
\ I -0 -( ,
Read this descr iption of what Amir is wearing .
. �l.jJj � �JJ "" ,rJQt�! Q � tA �L.....:,J 0� .):!-4i �
.�� '-;I)� tA � � o)� l� LA!
Now write a s imilar descript ion for Amira and Fifi .
724 Unit 8
. ' At the clothes shop � �I � � Amir is in the clothes shop buying a new summer shirt and a sun hat .
, � , � �d..u� rs- . � � � Ubi 0LAd w� .� -
.�j " ."t.i4J1 -
��l.l::.j:I-ll �I tA �WI � � I � I� � .:l.:!iJ 14 -
. ", I�I ."t.i4J1 tA �J14.rl1 �i wi . i� �Ij u l��' .'1 .'1 -. �j , '\ ,-"",LL �J14.rl1 �I , . . � -
.�..rj �i �I I� " '� -
��tj "'� -.� �� � �! ��i .� -
, �.\.AI.u1 ",Li.»JI . . �� '-;l.J:?' us.- . . . . � �I .,� -
I � - - , .... at.. f 1 .';..;.-: _ , - � � � . . . . �
Clothes and colours 1 25
(maqas) (,)'oIl.i..a size (dak in ) 0SIJ dark (colour)
(kumm) rU sleeve (zah i n) <> 1,,) bright (colour)
(yaqa) 4,j4 collar (ta rTd) �....;S- wide
(jayb) � pocket (dayyiq) � narrow/tight
(taqm) � outfit/set (anTq) �j smart/elegant
(fat i�) &Li l ight (colour) (u jarr ib) ,-:,�j I try (on)
Exercise 6 "\ �� Fill in the information from Amir's visit to the s hop, as in the example :
Type of clothing
Size information:
Colour offered : Colour preferred:
First item
sUrrzmeE §I:!�rt
411t " Conversation
Second item
You need some new jeans and a sh i rt. Prepare your part fi rst by looking at the gu ide below and the conversat ion opposite. Then take part in the conversation on the recording . (Note : � (jeans) i s singular i n Arabic.)
Ask 'Do you have jeans ? '.
- �<.!L.\..L, � .�
Give the shop assistant your waist size.
- �US:I.J..l 1 J,;j �I ��I I.iA .; �i,; L..., Say 'No. The colour is very dark . I prefer the light blue one(s) . '
- . <.!L. \..L, 1.iA Say 'Yes, these jeans are comfortable. '
- \iU �� Say 'Yes, I need a short-sleeved shirt {'shirt with half sleeve ']. '
- �J�I Say 'This shirt is tight. Can I try the orange one with the green collar?'
- ' � �i � . �
7 26 Unit 8
At the wedding party �ua].tt � � Amira is showing a friend this picture token at her brother's wedding party ( , .... HjjJ l ili.:... �af lat az-z ifaf) . She is pointing out who is who.
. ' Exercise 7 v �� Look at the names of the people who appear in the photo in the table below. Then listen once to the conversation and wri te the correct number in the box on t he photo above next to each person, as in the example.
�/ � j;Jo:!oAi �� ��t wearing rela tion to Amira name
�\ 6� t'!)\ �9j \ i. !� � ,
c.?.:U» <\
�j '(' d.".&\ <i
c.?j� E)
d� ! .,as ,
cFLw V
�\ A
9 � C\ Now complete the tabJe above, as in the example .
Clothes and colours 1 2 7
Identifying (relative pronouns) English words such as 'who', 'which ' or 'that' are used to identify people and things: 'the woman who is wearing the shawl', 'the red hats that are on the shelf', etc. These words are called relative pronouns.
Here are the most important Arabic relative pronouns :
'1�1 (al lad hT) masc. sing.
�I (aliatT) fem. sing. (+ non
human plural)
0-:!.:J1 (al l ad hTna) masc. plural
(people)
��I (aliatT) fem. plural (people)
Arabic relative pronouns change according to the gender and number of the person(s) or thing(s) being identi fied :
.�i � Jt.....i:J 1 � �I ;;i�1 The wo man who is (al-mar'a aliatT talbas ash-shaal h iya wearing the shawl is my
ukhtT) sister.
� ;; �I ,,} 0-:!,j,J1 iY"WI The people who a r e in the
(an-nas al ladhTna . ;;�i �Jl.ii photo are Amira's
fT�-�Ora h u m aqarib amTra) relatives .
. �i <.:.HI jA � '1jJl ..I-ljJl The boy who is smiling
(al-walad al l adhT yabtasi m i s my nephew (son of my
huwa i bn u khtT) Sister) .
Exercise 8 A �� Pretend you are Amira descr ibing the people in the wedding photo . Use your notes opposite, for example:
.� , �i 4Jj � �� I 0� 1 � �I ;;i�1 The woman who i s wearing the white dress is my sister- in-law, Helena .
Tip: '7'1 ab ( father) and [1 akh (brotherl change to ,J;!i abO and ..,..=..1 akhO when the fir
,st w�rd of an i<;lafa, but to �I abT and �I akh! wh�n the second
word: oY-A I ..,..=.. 1 akhO amTra (Am ira's b r,oth,er) but oY-A1 �I �J.J zawjat
akhT amTra (Amira's brother's wife); oY-AI .J-! 1 abO amTra (Amira's father) but oY-Ai �i �..40 �adTq abT amTra (A�ira;s father's friend) .
7 28 Unit 8
I f the person or thing being identified is not the subject of the rest o f the sentence, as in 'the man whom we sow' ( 'we' is the subj ect, not the man), or 'the shirts that I bought' ( ' I ' is the subj ect) , then Arabic wil l phrase this as 'the man who we sow him' , or 'the shi rts that I bought them', using on attached pronoun:
j)�iJ ,?,�I J.?,.,.JI the man whom we sow (ar-ra ju l a l l adh l ra'aynahu)
-
� .. �,'::a I �I u�1 the shirts that I bought (a l -qum�an a l lati i shta raytuha)
The relative pronoun is not included if the subject is indefinite ( '0 man', 'some shirts' , etc . ) :
j)u.:iJ J.?J a mon whom we sow (raj u l ra'aynahu)
�Pl u� some shirts that I bought (qu m�a n ish taraytu ha)
Exercise 9 '\ . -�� JOin the two sentences or questions using a relative pronoun (if appropriate), as in the example.
·Uu.....i.l l �I � .uu.....i.l l U-ipl Y
.�I � I�L.S: J'ij"Jl �J'ij"J l t� � ,.
.�� ��I � � .�.lA �! �� (>
. ;;� �Jj � �UJ"J I � . �UJ"JI j�i � '\
REVIEW: Doubled verbs 7 2 9
Doubled verbs � L.:ai l J.a.4!1 D oubled verbs have the same consonant as the second and third root.
Generally, doubled verbs fol low the rule that the second and th ird root letters are written separately if the word pattern dictates that:
• the third root letter is followed directly by a consonant, or • the second root letter is doubled, or • the second root is fo l lowed by a long vowel .
Doubled verbs
Present Past Verbal noun
I (to block) � � (varies)
, , I I (to design) � � � I I I (there are no common form flI doubled verbs)
- , <
IV (to be determined) � �I ,)I�! ::; ... ..- ,.. ;; " � " ...
V (to hesita te) JJ� JJ� JJ�
VI (there are no common form VI doubled verbs)
VI I (to join) � . ' I � - u......:u l � , -
VII I (to occupy) � �I J�I , X (to continue) � �I .,t�1
Doubled verbs behave entirely regularly in Forms II and V, with the second and third roots written separately. For other verbal forms, whether or not the second and third roots are written together depends on the particular pattern and any end ing added. For example, 'he liked' is �t a�abba but ' I liked' is �i a�babtu - the two roots separating as th�y are directly followed by the end ing ::" -tu which starts with a consonant . You can see that the patterns for the verbal nouns from the derived forms largely dictate that the doubled root letters are written separately.
Other word patterns follow the same principles. For example, the pass ive participle from � yasudd is ..l.J .1=4 masdod (blocked) , with a long vowel between the second and third roots. However, the active participle has a short vowel in this position and so the doubled root is written together "J L... sadd (blocking) .
7 3 0 Unit 8
The clothes show �l:U�t �� An Iraqi fashion designer, Tariq Zakariya, is showcasing his latest designs. The show's commentator is introducing four g irls modelling the outfits .
. ' Exercise 10 , • � � Firstly, listen once to the commentator and write the name o f the model under the correct outfit. Don't try to understand every word, j ust the gist .
A B
c o
Clothes and colours 1 3 1
Exercise 11 , , �� Match the Arabic words and phrases to the English, for example ' c . (You can use the i l lustrations opposite to help you and l isten again to the commentary for the context.)
a embroidery JIJ,ji b those who wear the hi j aab f',';' j > Q " c buttons
d neutral colours
e hand made
f sapphire
9 business women
h modest
natural
silk
Exercise 12 , y ��
Jl.4.L� 1 ul� � � t
j-I� '\
�� V �4 J� A ;;J.:!� ulJ-lI �
u�4-I1 , .
Finally, write the outfit reference next to the descriptions used by the commentator, as in the example,
C� �IJ � " � .L"..,...j4 J ;;J.:!� u IJ-l i �
,
�IJ �I ..,..k j-I� � f
�j J.:! � � uJ-l-l1 �j � I� 0
�Li,;jJ1 uJi4.J1 �� � ;;� �j ;;J� '\
�iJ f' , 7.j > Q V -.jLij.J1 u� �WA A
' J,...t...li:i ...M... � 'I * r-
� I J.l.?J1 � Jl.4.Li � , ·
m
� ';I�I � a.,l::..i . . . ��I �ldl
� � � � � � � � � �
l..S -.. .r T u r k e y
�.rall 4>,.....J1 S a u d i A ra b i a
� Arabic in Iraq J I�I � ��I
.!I�� Kirkuk 0
.ljAl... o Samara
:WL.....L.J I o S�laymaniyah
rn:I Positioned between the Arabian penisula and the Levant, Iraqi
.:/�! I r a n
rn:I Arabic shares features with both . Iraq is a large country and there is � variation in accent and dialect. 'Standard' I raqi is generally regarded as
�� the dialect of the capital, Baghdad. Iraqi dialect is closer to Modern
� Standard Arabic standard than many other dialects, both in the � pronunciation and in the use of vocabulary. Features include:
rn:I . use of the feminine plural inthe spoken language (many dialects
� employ the masculine plural for both genders) � • pronunciation of j as a true ' dh ' , e . g . l .i..b (this) as hadha
� • use of particular expressions, e .g . Lr'-.J zayn (fine/good);
� fii :::::�:'::::::::�:
h
:::�t
t
�;�:e:�: :i: ::: :::I�;i:ou .nil
� . ' find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
I� - - I - I I . G�I �I lJ-':;" � 13 ..>"-' t.F - - �
�..>-'.j.:J1 J.J� �� � ��I � )WI .�I", ��I
. , � I :: L I I � G.o )W I � - . "' � . �
� �).:JI �I .)� � I>� L.o�", �I", �j L,.S ,�I ;;:r..i
. 1> 1*1 �� � uhiJ l U-o ��'" . Jlo}l ) C:-:!.)I ) �I U-o �� U"'i.)1 ;;.!!o� � I U-o
, J:jJ 1 � �L;.. I� ..l.)� 1> 1�1 'p' �'" � I> L.:>.:.J I ut > . ...j�1 U-o �� �� U"'L.:JI � dl ll",
.�I Js ("Sk:::'", L.o �", ;; o>�,>'o �i I> L...:J I � �
Ji.> (mithl) like/similar to
. . . �� (baq1) the rest of . . .
� I (a i-bra) the environment
� ,� (takasa, yat,kis)
to reflect
Iraq is a large multi-ethnic country, and the clothing
reflects this divers ity. In the
cities, Paris fashions and the ubiquitous western j eans and
T-shirts mix with traditional robes and headwear. Further north, Kurdish baggy trousers and colourful dresses and headscarves add
local flavour.
.
...,.=.l..i...<...A (fa<;lfa<;l) flowing/loose
(J) � ' � (sama�, yasma�
( I i)) to aIlow (for)
� � (�imaya) protection
.j� (�Of) wool
�4i ' � (j i sm, ajsam) body
�� � � (J"-!)lJ1 UJS.:i 1 .j L.J r
� ;o� 1 � �I ufi.:! -¥ r �� ;o�1 (J"-! � j.A t
� �L..:J I (J"-! � UU.JI �.J -¥ 0
7 3 4
Vocabulary in Unit 8 Nouns �t-..�I
clothes
outfit
size
body
shirt
dress
trousers
skirt
coat
suit
shoes
sandals
sock
belt
jacket
, "L.....:,i ''-:-'� ' U"j �
(tfo) � (w i ) U"1i.,
( t4i) ,� ( o �) "
u � ( 0 oW) o W � u
, (w I ) u� (J.....J I;") J lj.J:'"
(w i ) o� , (w i) �
(��) � (J�) 4J�
(��i) " I �
(J�b) J� (,-:-"",,;,,) '-:-'j;'
(w i ) t l.J;=>-(w i) �4- ,(;":) ;;�
headscarf/ hijab (w I ) ,-:-,�
tie � (.b�,» �� waistcoat (w I ) ��
pyjamas (w i ) 4--0� boots w.)-! sweater (w I ) �Y'"
pullover (w i ) �..,.G shawl (u�) JL;:.. blouse (w l ) ;;�
Unit 8
j eans (w i) 0 0
� glasses (w i) ;;j �
sleeve (t�i) � collar (w i ) d..jl:! pocket ('-:-'�) � button ( )j)) �! embro idery j..a� wool -.J� sapphire w�l:! traditional robe/ cloak
('-:-'�) ,-:-,j; , (w i) �� , (wi ) �� traditional men's headscarf
(w I) �� ,t� people U" L.:.
woman ( "L:.) ;;i�! woman who wears the hi jab
::; -" � (w I ) �
environment (w I ) � summer � winter ,, \..:;;;.
- , ray �i ,t� protection ��
Adjectives uL4-r1 grey �JL.,� pink (5 Jjj orange (adj) JU:i ' Yo violet (adj) �
Clothes and colours
lemon-coloured
apricot-coloured
si lver (adj)
gold (adj)
honey-col oured
(lead) dark grey
l ight (colour)
dark (colour)
loose
wide
narrow/tight
bright (colour)
smart/ eleg ant
summer (adj)
modest natural
neutral
flowing
��
� � �j
� �L.:.�
- Wi c::' US1J t":' IJ
�J-, -
Verbs Jla.J"it
wear/put on
try (on)/test
design
reflect
al low (for)
smile
block
be determined
hesitate
j oin
7 35
� ' �
� ,� (J) � ,�
- - 1 � '�-
o lj Other phrases ..s� "it ut..)�t like/similar to Ji...
� the rest of . . .
� really!
� short-sleeved
.l:!� handmade -
� l..L::...Q clothes show
. . . �� , I �
� � �� J�
.,.l,0� 1 �;c.
Additional note: Irregular words referring to people
Note these irregularities with some common words referring to
people:
I,)'oIU (nas), people, has no Singular
.;ir, ( imra'a), woman, changes slightly when written with
a l- becoming .;irJ' (a l -mar'a)
the plural of .;ir, ( imra'a) is the unrelated word �L.,..U (nisa'), women
Education and training �J..LJt J f'o:.d. -Jt
, , .�I � �I � �I � �I Educa tion in yo u th is like carving in stone.
, School and university 4aA�tJ �J..ltt
languages
(thanawTy) �yl,j seconda-ry
( itdadTy) �J I..L'! middie
( rawc;Ja) W."" kindergarten
( i bti da'Ty) �t� primary
Tip: � .. d .ll. ! ( itdadTy) l iterally means 'preparatory', and caters roughly for
ages" 1 1 -14 . This stage is also referred to as 6.,,:;..0 (mutawassi�) .
Remember to add tal marbO�a i f describing something feminine or plural :
(at-tatITm al - i bt ida 'Ty) �I�'jl �I [the] primary education (a l -mar�a l a ath-thanawTyya) �LiJI �rJl the secondary stage
(mada ri s itdadTyya) �JI..L'! (j'J).l.4 middle schools
(�aff ibt ida'Ty) �I�I ,J....:, primary closs/grade (�ufOf ibt ida 'Tyya) �I�I -...9� pr imary classes/grades
1 3 6
Education and training
School and university are divided into classes/g rades or years :
(a�-�aff a l -awwal) J�� I � I the first class/grade
(as-sana ath-th an iya) �WI �I the second year ,
(a�-�aff ath -tha l i th) .:.,.JWI �I t h e third class/g rade
t Note the feminine of awwa l (fi rst) is J,., I O l a :
(as-sana a l - O la ) ..,.Jj �I � I t h e fi rst year
Exercise 1 , . -�...)-4J
Mrs Mabrouk is talking about her five chi ldren . Fill in the chart below with their details as i n the example .
�I/�I 4aA�I/4-J...Ll1 �I �".il class/year school/university age name
d 9 '1) \ d..i..ul.l \ d.x...�\ \ � .. � x u, ,
\
'('
i
()
J�� r.,rJ1 �j.) rawc;Jat a l -mara� l i l -atfal
(Al-Marah Kindergarten for children, A l Ain, United Arab Emirates)
7 3 7
1 3 8 Unit 9
Exercise 2 y ' -�..)-4J Read this description of Saeed Mabrouk.
Can you make four similar descriptions about the other children, using the information in the table on page 1 37?
Tip: Remember that a plural noun is o nly used after numbers 3 to 10 : � , • ( ' 10 y-eaJ:�'), but � , \ ( ' 19 year' ) .
Exercise 3 T �� How many of these school and univers ity subjects do you recognise or can you work out? Write the equivalent Engl ish subject, as in the example.
Tip: r-1:. (c]lm) means 'science' .
��I (�) ��I (�)
�I
l;�11
.:i....u�1
J��I �
t��I � �I �
11 i s to ry . UJ I t;J..J
�I�I "
A A I I ��
U�lj F.rll u��.rll
.11 ·IJJ..l 1 �.JLII ��I (.:u..ul)
�I
�4.rl1 �,;JI
��I (.:u..ul) ��YI (�)
. ' Now listen t o the answers o n the recording. You can also use the recorded list to check yourself, pausing after the Arabic for each subj ect to see jf you can remember what it means.
Education and training 1 3 9
Talking about subjects � I,il � �I You can use the phrases you know for expressing likes and disl ikes when talking about school or university subjects. You could also use one of the following phrases :
(ana u jTd ar-ra sm) .��I �i wi . �y:J1 � ��� �
(h iya mawhOba fTl-mOsTqa)
.u�u...} 1 � J� �i 0 l ( i n na a khT m utafawwiq fTr-riyac;Hyat)
. L '· , 1 - "'1 1 ' (;; )� wi . r.-:- , � . (ana c;lacIf(a) fTl- ingi ITzTyya)
.�I � 41 ',!,0 1 1 J..ilJ1 u i �i (a?unn an a l - Iugha a�-�TnTyya �atbat
at-tata l l um)
" Exercise 4 t ��
I ' m good at drawing .
She's talented at music.
My brother excels at maths .
I ' m weak in English .
[ think that the Chinese language is difficult to learn.
Listen to Munira and her friend, Akmal, talking about how they think they'll do in their final examinations (wl..:,Lu..,. 1 i mt i�anat). Copy the table below and note which they are feeling positive (�4-=D or negative (�) about, as in the example.
- -
�i ;;� � �I ..,r. , . , � �I ..,r. , .,
��� \ � -
� " Conversation
You are going to take pa rt in a conversation wi th Muni ra about which subjects you enjoy.
-.../"------
• choose two subjects f rom the l ist on page 1 3 8 that you are good at • choose two su bjects that you are not so good at • prepare some statements about your subjects usi ng the phrases a bove Now join i n the conversati on on the recordi ng. You can try th is severa l t imes, changing the subjects you talk about.
1 4 0 Unit 9
Two Arabic roots closely associated with education are !J" / -J /..l (connected with studying) and d J / t (connected with knowledge). From these two roots come a host of useful items of vocabulary:
I ,,"( i � to study (J'-l � � / (J'-l J J to know �/�
(J'-l � � / (J'-l � J , �
to teach to instruct �/� 0 0
lesson(s) ((J'-l J)) (J'-l J J to learn �/� studying .L.... IJo:' knowledge/ science( s) (��) � tuitional �IJo:' scien tific � teacher(s) (�/ 0.,.) (J'-l�� instructor/teacher(s) C�/ 0".) �
-teaching (.)'.I-:!JJ-I education/instruction � school(s) ((J'-l)..L4) .\...u J � educational �
) scholastic �J..L4 (process of) learning � student(s) (�/0"') (J'-l)J scien tist( s) (>,�) ��
Exercise 5 o · -�j4J Choose a word from one of the lists above to fi ll in the gaps below. (There may be more than one possible answer. )
.l...i.::I......J..L4 ;;Jw...)J .G.� �WI �l....J..l 1
�i 'i wi ,
.J I jf)J ��I � t
.JI ��I iJ.+:! 0
.JI � � >'4�IJ >,�I 0y...aJ� 4lbJ1 '\
.JI CJ.4 ;;� �� � a l....JW )) JJI..SJ V
Education and training Munira asks for advice 4> "oj . . I L .., _ • - � I>� Exercise 6 i U-J�
7 4 7
Mu nira has written an emai l to her older b 1 What final exam did she tak t d rother Sa eed aski ng for a dvice
2 . e yes er ay? ' Why lS she enrol l ing in a summer Engl ' h 3 Wh d lS course'? at oes she want to study at universi nex ' '? 4 What does her father think'? What b ttyh
t year . S Wh t · M . , a ou er mother'? a lS um ra 's a mbition after university?
'
,� �I �i
�I �I ..J� (� , .�I o.)lo J ,jl$) �bbwl .»1 04 ..r-'i �! I - , I . � � � ' � u-.JI I " · \ ."L ' 12.� I Wll o .) , I
� - � " ""\;o' _� )) .;
I J ij� �t 44 J� , � \ rWI ��I J 9J.l.I ��I V'" ).)i ,ji --':!) J .:.Jli lolo �) . �l.:..:- d:..,�1 � J d:.., 1)..u1 jl) , u�4) 1) r"wl
/1 �)J:j ji � � ���I �W �) J../) �I; � d:..,�1 o� 4 »
I . � J loJ:! J-:J ;;)�I )I .)��\ � Ji. �W.I .)1.,l.1
.. ,, ? " " ;,5 y!M t: �I ,jl � �I �� � �4-t �)I : � 1 �4: � � 4 wi) . • I..,...w.u o� u� �I) }l..,� .�I J� J 4l�
ul 'w�1 (imti�an, at) examination . . � ,� (sajja la, yusajj il) to register, to enrol
ul ,i) .)JJ (dawra, at) Course �J4.II J.....,�I (al-handasa al-madanTyya) civil eng ineering
. j&-� J J )l:>-I .»1 J �( , �� t:
;; . d::>i · �
J+La (muqbil) coming, next ,":,1""':; (turab) dust � � (yanbaghT ta la) should, ought to
(.':':') � ,� (na�a�a, yansah b l ) to advis e . . I " l u ,� I (umn iya, at) wish
7 42 REVIEW: Weak verbs
::::tl Weak verbs �I J.a.4t1 rrI <: Assimila ted verbs
� Assimilated verbs have one of the weak letters waw or ya' as the first root consonant. In practice this is almost always waw. Assimilated verbs generally behave as regular verbs, the main exceptions being :
• the initia l waw drops out in basic present verbs in almost all cases:
�/�j (wa�ala, ya� i I ) to arrive
�/ �j (wadata, ya<;Jac) to put
• the waw changes to a double ta ' in Form VI l I : � / �I (itta�a la , ya ta�� i l ) t o contact
�/ �I ( i tta<;Jata, yatta<;J ic) to humble oneself
Hollow verbs Hollow verbs have a weak letter as the second root consonant and fall into two main categories depending on whether the middle root is waw or ya' . The rules for how hol low verbs behave are somewhat complicated and you will need to consult a grammar reference for the detai ls . However, here are some gUidelines.
In the present tense, hollow verbs with middle root waw are general ly characterised by a long u in place of the second root letter and those with middle root ya' by a long T. There are a few hollow verbs that are characterised by a long a in the present tense, for example ya nam (sleep) :
- " . . t_ "· �1 1 " . " " I i J -. �,;-:-:- , tF � �, (,F! �
(yaqu i abT i n nanT <;Jat!f fTI - i ng i ITzTyya) �l..:i...!) � l u� JA
(ha l yabTtUn al-kutub huna?) , .,",�I J lfo � ('L.:U
(tanam q ittatT tawa l an -naha r)
My father says that I 'm weak in English.
Do they sell books here?
My cat sleeps all day.
In the past tense, hol low verbs d isplay a long a when the suffix starts with a vowel, but a short u or i when the suffix starts with a consonant:
.� � � �! �i u.J1.j (qa l at u m mT i n nanT kuntu tif la n nashTta n)
. �}J I '-,,4 �J u.:+ll � (b itna a l -bayt wa lak in nahum batu a l -a r<;J )
My mother sa id I was an energetic child .
We sold the house but they sold the land .
REVIEW: Weak verbs 1 4 3
Defective verbs Defective verbs have either waw or ya' as the final root letter. As with hollow verbs, the rules associated with defective verbs are somewhat complicated but some general characteristics can be identified.
In the present tense, the final waw or ya' is replaced by 0, i or a , and in the post tense by a or iya . However, when suffixes are added the sound
can change to aw, ay or I , or drop out altogether.
. ,<i..J1 I I t � '.rr-- 'J" ' � " (mashayna ams i l a I -maqha)
..I.4-1.J A< . �.-: . i . . .� .r-- U � (yanbaghi an ta shkO l i l -m udTr)
.J�I 4£.:iLA �t � (nasiyat ukhti hat i f(a)ha a l -ma�mO I)
Weak in the derived forms
We walked yesterday to
the cafe .
You (mose) should complain
to the manager.
My sister forgot her mobile
phone.
Defective verbs are irregular in all the forms. Hollow verbs are irregular only in forms IV, VII , VlII and X. The irregularities follow a similar pattern to the basic verb form, with the weak root letter changing to a long or short vowel depending on the pattern associated wit h the particular form. Whether the weak root is waw or ya' , the irregular derived patterns will be the some.
�/..l�i (ajada/yu jid) to be good at; Form IV: root j/w/d ..lY."[�/ [l.:...::.. 1 ( i �taja/ya�taj) to need; Form VIII from root �/w/j [-P�/ ..lU:i..... 1 ( i stafada/yastafTd) to benefit; Form X from root f/y/d � !,?�/ (Sy.:.. 1 ( ishta ra/yashta ri) to buy; Form VI I I : root sh/ r/y !,?y., �/ �i (atta!YUtti) to g ive; Form IV from root t/Vy � .
Weak verbs in the jussive In the short jussive form of the verb (see page 9 1 ), those ports of the
present tense that do not have a suffix (ending) are written with suko n . I n hollow and defective verbs this sukon shortens the long vowel:
.� �t � US-!j �l � ( l am ansa wa l a k i nn l am aqu l shay'an)
. ��I Js � ,;� � � ( l am tuj i b mu nira ta l a ku l l i I :as ' i l a . )
I didn't forget b ut I didn't
soy anything .
Munira didn't answer all
the questions.
. , '
7 4 4 Unit 9
In the examination hall �u��t 4r� �
Munira is taking her final school examinations in the exam halL The invigilator is g iving the students instructions before the start of the examination
, :�I u�1I o)jA �! I�I '�j u�L..... u��1 ;;�
,.u.� I+a� �L.L.. � ��I ..j,j1*1 1� •
,."44-)'1 �Jj ..,.k �#I �U), t:-'..JL.:iJ1 1# i •
" ... 1 1 1 � - i I . .. lliw�1 � l AO Iii': 'j . �r.- � (.) � Jj .r.-
, o)� �� � �� <J.4j 'u�'jl �wi i,j�! I� 'j . ,� �j �IJji �! Ijfo 'jj . ,bU �IJji ..,.k Ij),; •
,��4 Iji.l-!I � . i� 4-JS lliw�1 Ijl�� •
, ° L.:ui II .wI �w. - I ,� A': III � _ � (.) o ...:r.:-� _
u� (tat'fmat) instructions
t� (mamnot> forbidden
�#I �J ( raqm a l-ju I Os) candidate ( 'seating') number
."44-)'1 �Jj (waraqat a l- i jaba) answer paper
��I �Jj (waraqat a l -as' i la) question paper
� .� (qa laba, yaq l ib) to turn over
�IJ-?oi .� J-?o (ja ras, aj ras) bell
�wi (ath na') during
��j .J.:!,4j (zaml1, zumala') colleague, fellow (student)
Education and training 7 45
Giving instructions J.Atj�t jt . .. \.�! It is relatively straightforward to turn a verb into an instruction (impera tive) , For the majority of verbs you can follow this simple p rocess ,
What is the (short jussive) p resent verb for w.:.i anta?
� � < "
j5..,;. -
� (you write) (you open) (you concentrate) (you put)
I
, Y � Y - . - ._- -- - - -
Remove the p refix .:i ta/tu (and a ny initial hamza)
� < ,
� j5..J � (ktub) (fta�) (rakk iz) (c;!at)
l l , l Does what remains start with two consonants?
YES NO
I Is the verb vowelled with c;!amma?
YES NO You have your instruction !
l � ,
Add 1 (u) Add � ( i )
l l I�i I :" 1 'F ,
(u ktub) ( ifta�) Write! Open !
y " -1j5. ' .J
(rakkiz) Concentrate!
y '� (c;!at) Put!
These instructions are masculine sing ular. To make feminine s ingular, add ,? T: �I ifta�T; to make p l u ra l add I" 0 : I�I ifta� O ,
1 4 6 Unit 9
Note that Form I V verbs start their imperative with a- rather than u- or i - :
P resent Imperative , �.,,:; (tu rs i l ) you send !�) (ars i l ) send !
The verb that is fed into the top of the chart on page 145 should be the short (jussive) form of the verb - the same form that is used for a past negative after � l am (see page 91 ) . For regular verbs this distinction is not significant, but for hollow and defective verbs, the long vowel of the present tense may become short in the j ussive, and so also be short in the imperative . Look at how these common verbs are made into instructions:
Present Imperative (m/f/p l ) , J� (taqu l ) you say/tell ! 1.jJii / �.ii / Ji (q u l /q u lT/q u l u) say/tel l !
,.r"':; (ta rmT) you throw ! �¥J�/ �J�/ r-J� ( i rm i/ i rmT/ i rmu) throw!
� (tujTb) you answer ! I�i / �i / �i (aj i b/ajTbT/ajTbu) answer!
Making a nega tive instruction Negative instructions are made by using ';/ la plus the (jussive) present verb - this time including the prefix .:; ta/tu :
( I a taktubT i sm i k) !cl4..w1 � 'i Don't write (f) your name !
( l a taq u l lana) !UJ Ji.j 'i Don't tell (m. ) us !
( la tata ka l l amu) ! I� 'i Don't talk (pl.) !
Exercise 7 v ' -�� Look back at page 144 and identify the following instructions the invigilator gave to the students . (All the instructions are in the plural . ) 1 Read a l l the questions wel l . 2 Put your mobile phones in your bags. 3 Listen to these important instructions. 4 Don't talk at all during the exam. S Concentrate on your (own) papers . 6 Don't turn over the question paper. 7 Write the date. 8 Don't look at your fellow student's papers . 9 Begin with the easiest.
Education and training 7 4 7
Exercise 8 II iH� Make instructions from the verbs below, as in the example . Use the chart on page 145 , your dictionary and the notes opposite to help you .
Past Present Instruction Negative
draw �J �� mention .foj study (.)'.IJ..I explain [� fil l � use J..u,:i.wl
complete J..UI colour 0Y describe �"
close/switch off �i stop �J
.
,�, aJ�' ..iJ,�,
7 4 8
Exercise 9 '\ ' -�.j4J
Unit 9
Some of the instructions from the exam question paper have been shredded by m istake . Can you j oin the two halves correctly as in the example? Use the extra vocabulary in the box to help you.
� ,� Uumla, jumal) sentence .::,, 1 ,}p (� iwa r, -at) dialogue lliwi , J I� (su'a l , as ' i l a) question Ul.a..4 ,� (matna, matanin)
' meaning �� ,� (na��, n u�O�) text .::,, 1 , .i..A � (ta l ama, -at) mark/tick
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . , . .
. . " ' . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. , . , ' . . . . . . . . . . . . " , . . . . . . ,
' JWI I A ..... I I : : . '.T ..) .r- : : . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
j ·�f � �UI,.,iJI·/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
).-:!..IWI u�1 � \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . : ................... : : : : : : : : : : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �
: .�WI �I \ ' ::I �! I · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.::,, 1 ,t'-� (faragh, -at) blank/gap �L.:UI (at-ta li) the following
\ �1 �1 \ : ; : . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . .
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : · . : fol : · . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: . . . . . . , . . . ' . . . . . .
Education and training 1 4 9
uW� '1 1 .u � � fT �a lat i l - imt i �anat (in the examination hall)
Exercise 10 , . ��
How would you give these instructions in Arabic?
1 Turn over the picture. (to a male)
2 Read these books . (to a group)
3 Switch off the television. (to a fema le)
4 Draw a picture of the room. (to a group)
5 Send me an email . (to a female)
6 Don't use mobile phones. (to a group)
7 Write a suitable word in the gap . (to a male)
8 Listen to the conversation. (to a group)
9 Tell me the meaning of the word. (to a ma le)
10 Don't answer these questions. (to a fema le)
�.rLJ1 M o r o c c o
�tl:!J¥' Mauritania
."JLo M a l i
o
b:..�I ��I �1 Mediterranean Sea
_,,-- �� Annab
.$,>I,JI EI O�e(j 4tl> .f Ghardaia 0 .::. .rU Touggourt
o 0
J� Bechar mJ, Wargla
o ,,� nmimoun
l i b Y a o 1:;:L:. � In-Salah ��! l IIi�
�1r.J1 A l g e r i a
-
.::..-wl:i Tamanrasset o
�I N i g e r
Arabic in Algeria "':'1j.?J 1 � ��I
Algeria was the last of the North African countries to gain independence in 1960. The fierce struggle was made more comp licated by the fact that Algeria was considered a 'departement' (an integral part of France) rather than a colony.
French has left its mark in the spoken d ialect of Algeria, in a similar way to the other francophone North African countries . The Berber language is also a n influence.
Some features of Algerian d ialect are : • use of verbal prefix � n - to refer to ' I ' : � n� i bb (J l i ke) • specifically Alg e rian expressions such as � ba��e� (but) and
� L:... � t alakha�r (because) • extensive use of French vocabulary ( l isten for the French words
'Aotit' (August) and ' famille ' (family) in the extract)
· ' Listen to Radia talking about herself i n her Algerian dialect. You wil l find a tra nscript and translation in the Answers secti on .
�',F.J' UoY,;\.1.&l4 a .. ai.Dt..�' � ,�J''i' ;� �I ..... .]I.)1A:i
:c:..JJ!I i J� � ul� L....-�
�,;; (ta rbiya) education, upbringing (sometimes used as an alternative to F) t.r> 1"-4 (bad'an min)
starting from , -
� (sa-yu�abbaq) will be applied �.j� (na mOdhajTy) model (adj)
_ .1.": ' 1 � . • .c . 6.J � .-: 11 • Jt! r:r- W. ' _J.JT � J"":..J> ' _ • ...J'*" �..JJ J U4�.,l1 � � � �-.J'1..A'i 1
� � � � � V-J ,�j�l .01..AJI �l:!�.jll
� � &Ut..'i l U:-a"yI..P.J1 � �J oiiJ � (tat mTm) general , � V- � JT 'c...>"j.l.&ll � �.Jt..'i l application , , . U! JolI.jl1 V- tt.1.i..!.
�J:! '�J ( ra��ab, yura�� ib) to welcome � U;.. (sh ifahatan) orally ( 'by lip')
'1.:I1jA � u.- "'J (tl.... 25) �..;S Jfo.J : �U:lI JI.,.. � J..a.:JJ ,�IJ"'p ��J �
I II �L'i l ' A . 1.-: . , tZi.l _ .1.": - . \ J..t..:I. . � .. , u...... �...J r:r- � W _ . l.rl .. II � Uwi.I.I , I.i....::aJI • _ J
'Berber' is a term used by outsiders from the Romans to the Arabs. The Berbers themselves prefer the indigenous word t-'-.Jloi a mazTg h (Tamazight) to describe their ethnicity. The Tamazight language is still widely spoken and in some places is part of the curriculum. The article above concerns its introduction into Algerian schools.
��· lo�I � . I.� i ............... - , - _J \-'"'"""" . _ � ��J..Lo u::"yo �i t.r> r
�<?y l:r.J1 �yJ I J-'-.JJ f"-"'I J-O'I lo r ��I�I � u��)1 � � ,l!b�, . j.lI f.
1 52 Unit 9
Vocabulary in Unit 9 Nouns � t......�1 Chinese ( language) �I �I education � exam (d) u�� training �,) ..l:i student (�/ u,,) U",,;i..l education/upbringing d....... --,.Y instructor/ teacher (�/u") � teaching �-> ..l:i instructions u� studying �I,)..l ,,'
scientist ( �Lili) �� stage (d) 6.b.;" colleague, fel low (student) class/ grade ( . " ) ' . , w� � ( �i.,�) J¥� kindergarten C_�L-» L;",,� sentence (�) � course (d) ;;,)JJ question (ili .. J) J I� age Cl=j) � text (��) � subject (� I�) ;;�lo mark/ tick (d) �Jk science (("�) � dialogue (d) )'p biology ���I � meaning (;>�) � physics �l:!� 1 � blank/gap (d) t l� chemistry ��I � wish (d) �f economics ..l L..o..:;j 'i I rk bell (U" IR-� U"? sociology t�!I � general application �
,
, dust ,-:-,1->-, pyschology �I � philosophy :u...w l Adjectives uL.4...ar1 medicine �II primary , ' I � I
� , ' , law J�I middle (school) b...Jl., /�..l I..lL l l iterature �I..l� 1 secondary �ylj business studies ;;,)� I talented (at) C;) ,-:-,y.� engineering ��I excell ing ( in) ( ) < , , '
� J� civil engineering �.wI ��1 difficult to learn
� " .-�I � algebra � I positive ' � I � . - .
Education and training
negative
scholastic/school (adj) I.,?'""..)..l-t> educational scientific
com ing/next forb idden
model (adi)
Verbs JI.d�1 be good at
think/believe
know
instruct
learn
teach
enro l advise
put, place
give
turn over
concentrate
contact
� � �
t�
� '.J4-i � ,J; � ,f.:k � ,tk
� ,�
� ,, � ,, :>, ... � ,� (::-,) � ,�
� ' t-'-""j � ,�1
� ,� :;� ,J.�
J o�� ,�1
7 5 3
complain
benefit (from) (0-0) � , .JUi..... 1
mention
explain
f i l l
use/emp loy
complete
colour close/switch off
stop
apply
welcome
, C� ' Cy..
� ,'jL, � ,�I , -
� ,�i � ,� � ,�j
Other phrases .;� �I ulJlfa!1
should/ ought to � <,> i'! ,,� examination hall uL.:,�;lI ;Ulw:. candidate number U".#I �� question paper �4-;'1 u�� answer paper u:...... � I u� starting with 0-0 1.,..4 , orally u�
Additional note: Exercise instructions For the final units of Mastering Arabic 2 most of the exercise instructions will be in Arabic. This will help you to understand
written instructions in materia l for native speakers and when Arabic
is used as part of examinations for learners of Arabic.
I f necessary, clarification or additional details will be included in
Engl ish in the instructions .
News and media ��:S-t J;i�JJ J��t
, , � ...
'Uu� �� " 'U"� ��I J-P. � News tha t costs money today . . . tomorrow will be free.
(Egyptian proverb) . �
. ' Talking about the news ..j�"il � �I
� �J�I J��I � (a l - akhbar ad-duwalTyya)
international news
I§]�I ��I _ J .
. � . (a l - akhbar a l -ma�a l lTyya)
local news
4:. .iw1....w.J 1 �f (as-S i�asa)
L.......-.-J politics
f2.. JWIJ .lLAi,i':i1 � (a l - iqti �ac;l wa l -ma l)
economics and finance
\ J; �4.,.J1 � (ar- riyac;l a)
sport
7 54
I" '" t 0 i ? aJl " � \j I� (a l -m u j tamat) 6 .
society
I';;;;:'I:J � I J J..i L.ll.J I � (ath-thaqafa wa l -fa nn)
culture and art
, , 4 .. � .. ,.,� .. l IJ �I (aqi bb wa�-si h �a)
medicine and health
;, � � .,�S:i,lIJ � �I B;;! (a l -t u l Om wal-taknO IOj iya)
science and technology
-' \ / tL:�.4..IIJ �I � � -/"'C;)...... (at-taqs wa l -munakh) / ( I • .
weather and cl imate
News and media 7 55
Exercise 1 , ��
.Jt..:W1 c} �j-4 � lAS .pl t� �Ij (headlines) �..jULJI �j,J) �I Don't worry about understanding every word . Try to categorise the headlines according to the topics on page 1 54, using the extra vocabulary below to help you .
- . G \ \ . 1Ua.a� 1 �I . ' � �WI Q �I , d..J.I?_ •. ; 4!" _ � � U _ _ J
. � . �I.WJI . • -: :" ' 1 . . • • 1 . ,, ( � � U � _ . U"... (JA� J'!!':'" t .
.y� � � � �J �I,..., , . /\ Q1O' r
�WI 4.i-J1 � ��I � t�J I t.
�I �� �Ij �Iji � 0
-- � � � �� ��jll � " Ql�1 ���I � 6.A� �J� �;.o V
- • t.:...J I I.�"a.n!l 4.1 - ' :. .. L.. ' . . :.. ' I .. \.ok. /\ � J . .� U�� �
��i QJ4 Q�lAll Jla.,i �� ���I �I �
��I JJ�I Ut=ali � �� UW�I , •
w\..QJ 1 � I �� �1 Q\.QJ , , j�1 JJ��I (J4 � u�jll � , �
, �JA\ JJ� � �1i�1 � ��I Q�� , r
.; J� (khasara) defeat, loss J4£.:a1 (infijar) explosion
�� . �� (�awwata,
ya�awwit) to vote
t 4-=a (naja�) success
t li:iJI ( i rtifat.) increase
� (n i sba) proportion, percentage
J� (ta1aq) divorce
..uljA .,;..uLa (fa ' ida, fawa ' id) interest, benefit
�I,ji 'u�li (qanOn, qawanTn)
low, statute
� ,� (�adda, ya� idd)
to l imit, to restrict t ,; � (tawattu r) strain, stress
7 5 6
Exercise 2 Y �� - - ,
Unit 70
.JLWI � �� � u.s ,�'jl �4-! 4-a.rJ1 (phrase) ;;",�1 �I You ' ll find al l the phrases in the headlines on page 1 5 5 .
1 harmful cholesterol
2 sleeping early
3 silent movies
4 traffic law
5 the needs of women
6 the Big Bong
7 the Ita l ian cup
8 level of humidity
9 last year
10 strain in relations
11 a g reat success
12 interest rates
News and media 7 5 7
Broadcasting �I��I Ara? ic us�s the word � ma�ana (p I . w� mahattat) t o refer to a radIo statIon b�� bW qa nat (pI . dy:g qanawat) to r�fe�· to a te levision
statIon. In addItIon, television channels can either be - ' . i d-( 'earth] ' t t . /) _ , �J ar Iyya
? ' . err�s ria or �� faQa'Tyya ( 'spacey', satellite) . The·
transmISSIOn (�I a l-bathth) can be ' � hayy (live) and " I m b- h · (d . t) 1 '_ _
.... -•
Y"' Lu> U as I r I rec , or � musajja l (recorded) . -
.
�4-�)o. 19 , 0 5
4S... 2 2 , 0 5 t.....;J1
�1
9/ 2 6
1 7 , 5 5
1 8 , 00
18 , 0 7
18, 1 5
18: 30
19, 00
19 , 5 7
2 0 , 00
2 0 , 0 5
2 1 : 00
2 1 : 3 0
2 2 , 00
2 2 : 0 5
2 3 · 00
�t
9/ 2 5
14 , 5 5
1 5 , 00
1 5 , 0 7
1 5 , 1 5 1 5 , 30
16, 00
16 , 5 7
1 7 , 00
1 7 , 0 5
18 : 00
1 8 , 30
19 : 00
19 : 0 5
2 0 , 00
�4-�)o. 19 , 0 5
4S... 2 2 , 0 5
'�j�1
9/ 2 4 9/ 2 3 9/ 2 2
�1 a\.a
..,..� j� - 19 4 8 '::;:6 "Iill �.;All j�� I �,..
,..H.all � i.??
��)J ;� I r�1 �t.......;.l'il
,WI I� ;.>.!'�I ..,..»J I .ij \.:.. .w
j�\'I �,. 2 [ �y..\' I � -�UJ ��y.
j�\,J ;� �I , ljJ t..
)�\'I �.,.. 'f'��1 � - �J':":" � A
� ..JI �t...- �
(� �1 ��) �2000-2008 0 a..,.... �I J.,l. �
( www.a/Jazeera. net )
1 5 8 Unit 7 0
Exercise 3 'I" ��
:."4JL.:i.l1 ��I � �ij , � V � � (schedule) Jj J..?-l1 �! fol
1 What is the sig nificance of the two columns of nu mbers on the left of the schedule on page 1 5 ? ?
2 How many programmes are live this evening?
3 What Arabic word is used meaning 'repeat'?
4 When is the only repeat showing? Wha t is it a bout?
5 How many news programmes are shown in the schedule?
6 What do you think the word ?y mOjaz means in the phrase .) L..p. �I ?y?
7 Wha t time is the programme Behind the News?
8 Is the programme Eye on the World live or recorded? Wha t a bout Without Limits?
9 What is the name o f the programme concerned with the economy?
10 When can you see the latest sports news?
1 1 What time is the weather forecast?
12 The programme (51.; ,:y. ;.s:1 is advertised at the top of the schedule for later in the week. What kind of programme do you think this is and when is i t showing?
# '�j..ul Doha) Qa tar Qatar is one of the Gulf coun tries home to pan-Arab satellite TV companies.
REVIEW: Formal Arabic 1 5 9
REVIEW: Formal Arabic �1 I t is common to think of Arabic as having a clear divis ion between the formal Modern Sta ndard Arabic (MSA) of the press and official commun ication and the informal colloquial dialects o f everyday speech. In reality this is over-simplistic . The distinction has always been b lurred and is becoming more so in the age of i nstant i nformation and l ive broadcasting .
There are broadcast programmes both in colloquial (films and soap operas) and MSA (news and current affairs) . Standard Arabic itself works on several different levels. At the top end is the 'high ' Arabic used in formal scripted speeches and by scholars and media professionals. I n the middle is a version used for educated live deb ate and spontaneous discussion. Finally at the lower level there is a uti l itarian vers ion - often a mixture of MSA and colloquial - used by many Arabic-speakers for panArab communication. Within one programme - a l ive debate and listener phone-in , for example - it is possible to hear all these different levels from the various participants.
Mastering Arabic concentrates on teaching the less formal version of Standard Arabic, the 'middle way', si nce you are unlikely to need to produce 'high' Ara bic unless you are planning a career as a news announcer or an academic scholar! However, it is important to be able to l isten to and understand the more formal version.
Althoug h there are some phrases restricted mainly to fo rmal MSA, understanding 'high' Arabic is largely a question of recog nising familiar vocabulary with fully pronounced endings. These endings represent:
1. Grammatical cases on nouns and adj ectives Most words take the case endings shown below. (More details of how the cases are fo rmed and used are in the Structure Note sections of Mastering
Arabic 1 . ) indefinite definite � ,
nominative ..JJ wa ladun ..JY I a l -walady
accusa tive I..JJ waladan ..J� I al-waladf!
genitive ;JJ waladln ..J�I a l -wa ladl
(Tip: I f the case ending is added to a word ending with ta ' marbOta the final t is pronounced: madrasaill.Q, a l -mad rastu, etc . )
2 . Final vowels o n present tense verbs Present verbs with no suffix end with r;iamma (-u) when fully pronou nced: �� (yash rab1!, he drinks) . This becomes fat�a (-a) in the subjunctive �� (yashrab� and sukOn in the jussive �� (yash rab) .
See pages 73 and 91 for more details of the subj unctive and jussive .
" '
7 6 0 Unit 7 0
Listen to these news headlines from earlier in the unit delivered firstly in formal Standard Arabic by a radio announcer, and then less formally, as if read out loud by someone to a friend .
. � . .tuL..:s..ill 1 . A ',';' 1 1 · . • • 1 � .. < - W u � _ " . �..:r- �r- � t . A great success for the exhibition of Lebanese arts in London
The level of humidity rises every year !
��I -?j�1 �,,:al..i � �� o W"r.U I Parliament votes on the new traffic law
-.s'�i ;;� �.uliJ l Ju.wi �j:! �jSrJl �I The central bank raises interest rates once more
. ' Exercise 4 t �� . JL.:W I � �� � u.s ,v � � �j J� � I �� �I �I Just try to get the gist of each headl ine the first t ime you l isten .
C) � B2] '1 � �X
� ' .... � 0 .... � � 'c7 " " � I ' "l - -'
V , u l�
� u l�
� ul�
t u l�
° u l�
News and media 7 6 1
�, Exercise 5 0 ��
.Jli4.Jl � �j-4 � l.4S ,ul.Ll�1 �IJ .J-?-�1 �l ��i Or �1 Tip: � 1 ;)..lWI 4-:! i ayyuha s-sadatu I -mustam it O n ( 'dear l isteners ' ) is a common way of addressing radio listeners . The television equivalent is u..,..lAL'...J 1 ;)..lWI 4-:!i ayyuha s-sad atu l -mushah idOn ( 'dear viewers ' ) .
(immigration) ')�I
� � '�r Uj3 0;",,, 1 1 ')",l.w..J 1 4-:!1
.4......,. "'l.w..J I �l.w..J 1
(victory) � <I.,j� U:!�I � � 1,i)�1 �JJ 'J.:!J.?-ll
.4b l",i�.lil
�� ..)� JJ� � �j..;-l l (celebrate) Uj 19; => J �WI J,p �u..aJlj ,
.t=s l..;-ll (discovery) ..J WUS � I I�
� (curbing inflation) f':" ';'; I I � � � � Ujl.1.:iJ1
.�fj
j� 1 � l.;I�j (shooting) �uj-I l � .:,, 1..)u)Uj j"'�1 �
--- . . � ��j
U-;!j � I�� �I .b� (a cure) �� �,r,;<! � � .�I � JI..)jij
7 62 Unit 7 0
Arabic on the Worldwide Web �WI 4S:�I/jltt � ��t Like many other languages, Arabic has had to adapt quickly to the terminology of the computer and internet age. Words have been adopted
from English, for example the words w.:...;u! ( Internet), .;;� (computer) and J=�! (email) have come straig ht into Ara bic. Some of the loan words used have pure Arabic equivalents, for example 'computer' is also ,-:-,,,,...b. �asOb from the root �/s/b (to calculate) . The more extreme Anglicisms might not be acceptable in a more formal context, for example Lr.!�) Coniine ' ) or J� ( ' keyboard ' ) .
Existing Arabic words are being applied to new
concepts . For example, ��..w m udawanna, traditionally used to refer to a d iary or journal, is now also used to mean 'blog'; (S ..G.:...o mu ntadan (assembly room) to mean 'forum'; �I.;;..s l ifti ra<;ffy ( imaginary) to mean 'virtual ' ; and � U:; tafat u lTy (reactive) to mean ' interactive' . In addition, new Arabic words are being coined on the hoof to suit the ci rcumstances - for example � maklama ( 'place of talking ' ) for 'chatroom'.
Comparing media ��"t ��.J �..Jw To compare the different news media, we first need to review the two ways of making adjectives comparative in Arabic.
aft al pattern For short, basic adjectives the root letters can be put into the aft a l pattern to produce a compa rative:
, Ji.S1 (a kthar) more � � (ka thTr) many
�j (a �ghar) smaller � � (�ag hTr) small
�I (ash -har) more famous � � (shahTr) famous
Doubled roots are written together in the comparative pattern, and adjectives with a final weak root are written with a l i f maq�Ora :
News and media
J , � I (akhaff) l ighter -+- � (khafff) light (weight)
(j'Jii (aqwa) stronger -+- 'lJi (qawT) strong �I (a� la) sweeter --0(- � (� i lw) sweet
1 63
akthar + noun For longer adjectives, in particular those derived from forms of the verb, the comparative is formed by using a kthar (more) . In these comparative constructions, the adjective needs to be transformed into a noun.
;}�l JiSi (akthar i tharatan) --0(- � (mu thTr) exciting more exciting
�\..i:j JiSr (akthar tafatu lan) -+- �\..i:j (tafatutTy) interactive more interactive
The structure i n Arabic is 'more as to excitement', 'more as to interactivity' . The 'as to' is reflected in the accusative ending -an , carried by a l if tanwin i f the noun does not end in ta marbO�a .
Exercise 6 i �� - -
.J�I � �J-4 � l.4S q.::"u}.L 0�
�\ -+- � (tamTq ) deep ' -
-+- � (ghanT) rich � -
--0(- J � (mu �addad) l imited yo ,
-+- !"To :" , ;"; (ta<;iakh khu mTy) inflationary t --0(- t � (mubd ic) creative �
--+- � (ta � ITtTy) analytical '\
-+- �� (�adTth) modern V
-+- ("t.; > " (mut)tash im) modest A ,
-+- J...u (musa l l i n) entertaining �
7 64 Unit 7 0
The King 's speech � I ":Jlb,;.. S:ud��ts of communicat �ons have been asked to compare the coverage (� tag h� lya) across ?Ifferent media of a speech given by the kin to parlIament. One of theIr reports is shown below.
g
�), I I �L- � ;.; u.:.. i , I,.}-' ) • .J
Js :L.... � :::., 0· ' 1 J..., I.LJI . . J . Y. .. � . . � u)) � y:--�I �I wi �L �y:--l
�) .}..,..� � �I �I � � �r.ll �I � '.r..�1
. ..::...!)I � � � 0J.} t�)1
.. t.:.:l4..J1 . �L � �I ' . . ; 1 - 1 \ " 1 . " . �I " " lJ dI'::' ........ . '-' .. � . . .. ) 0.J-'� '-' y-! � - '-'-') .J
� ul},.,LIJ rWI �1 0-'� ,y- �lh.;..U 04:L.a...J1 � wi J. I�J � � �I.::.i �\ �)�I 01y..;J1 � :)�l jSi �\S 0�IJ �.il1
j J F , , r . �\S .:-;j..;�1 � l+�J �I �\ 0wLJI . ) �I) , J,G-IJ . • LJI
• .PI .I)\tIJ ..::....,�1 (J") J-,� . .i.H.ill .::.J ' 0y-.»JI � �J )U.lA.;jS1
Exercise 7 v �� .J�I ,..; �J-4 � l4S: , v � � � WhICh media are i ncluded in the report?
Daily newspapers � Radio Weekly newspapers 0 WeekJy mag azines
Mobile phones
o o
Terrestrial TV
Satel l ite TV
Internet
o o o o
News and media
Exercise 8 ,, �� . .i:aJI...L �I
7 65
Find a prominent news sto ry i n the Arabic- or Engl ish-language press and compare the coverage of the story in three or or more med ia . Use the report opposite and the table below to help you present your find ings .
� I ' - � (fT�-�a �Tfa)
in the newspaper
-d...h.J1 . . � (fTl -maja l la)
in the magazine
uy-� I � (fTt -ti ITfizyun)
o n the television
u:.y:,),1 � (ta l a I - i n ta rna t) on the i nternet
etc.
I
;jl:i! �1 (akthar
ith a ratan ) more exciti n g
-
� �i (akthar ta�tmyyatan)
more ana lytica l
-)lc.� �i (akthar tafatu lan) more i nteractive
-4W �i (akthar tasl iyatan)
more
entertaining
etc.
u:. � . . . 4bi.:i (tagh� iyat . . .
kanat) the coverage
of . . . was
. . . ::'1 � �J (wajadtu
an na) I found that
. . . ::'i �C ( ra 'aytu anna)
I saw that
- .
. . · u I J I � (bada tT an na)
It appeared to me that
Try to l ink your opinions together using express ions such as � baynama (whereas) and J....O..i.! bifat;i I (thanks to) . For example:
49!, (o l l t.} � ! I! hi �i u,j l..S �.;JI ;;Ju..j � 0i ::'J.?-J �I 4...1iWAJI I . ;':' (
. •
.. :. . r: 1 \ • � ljl ·,;<1 u,jl..S � - � U,j-J..,r::-- tF J • .r- - .
I found that the coverage of the p resident 's visit was more analytical
in the newspaper whereas it was more exciting on the television thanks to the l ive discussion .
Qatar .,hi
4>,-..)1 "';all m..Il K i n g d o m of S a u d i A r a b i a
�I Y e m e n
° llSJl AI-Mukal la
- ,..II Doha �.) Duba; ° 0.."b �I Abu Dhabi
.::.1;l,,�1 Emi rates
0t...L O m a n
° ;U:L, Sala lah °o¥1
A I - G h aydah
° .b..i....o Muscat
Arabic in the Gulf and Yemen �lj �1 .} ��1 The Gulf states cover a wide geographical area and varying cultures and ethnicities . The dialects of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the s even countries of the United Arab Emirates a re reasonably close to Saudi Arabic. Collectively they are o ften termed ' Gulf' Arabic.
Yemeni Arabic has developed more independently and has several distinct d i a lects, some retaining features often found only in Standard Arabic, for example the classical pronunciation of J and the use of vocabulary such as u '; 1 a i - an (now) and ..>:!-'-"-:! /.)L. sa r/yasTr (to go) . In the southern town of Taiz, even the final vowel of the past tense �y:,., sharibty (I drank), � n imty ( I slept), etc. is retained -somethi ng that has died out i n virtually every other dialect.
. - ' Usten to Mohammed talking about himself in his Yemeni dialect . You will fi nd a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
'7'-.? �t..:.:;i �� �-u ... J I ��>'I t l�� �I J,J..l w� d .. :.:! ... ......:;J 1 � (CNN) 01 01 t.,?' bW ,JA �yl ..)� �I ..)� 0\j; � �WI � I
�I '7'.» (�arb
a\-kh�IID the Gulf war (masdar,
J,J..l c::J L, , w U-->,J .�J-" � I �..)�>,I ..)�� wj� ,��I �1 y:U �I
..) ..l � , ..) � .. masadir) source
' .. , J"-"' (mala , yamll ..P-' � . rd nahwa) to incline towa
�I (isti' iar) renting
..)c. � (muta�) availabl.e
� �l......oiJ l �I r" L.. ' b� b� �,J �,J ,�wl J..p.. � I J,J.J I ��
1 . _ . .. _ wLU b "< �i . . Le I r � . � y� �
_ - (tasw1q) marketing Ji..> ,�LJI �I u--> w�1 J)l:... .>.!� .. , ) ' " � (shaiiatil' yushall' t! � ' L... ' to encourage . al
. Go (mahraian , at) festiv wl , u . -*" - visitor
' .. ' I ' (za' i r, zuwwar) )J") ,y ..)
The Gulf is home to many of the Arab world's satellite TV companies . Smaller states such as the UAE and Qatar a re keen to provide backing for this kind of broadcasting as such ventures can enhance their profile, influence and image in the region and beyond. The article above outlines the rise of satel l ite stations i n the Gulf countries .
u--> �I,J �L:......:J I,J �� I b..l�j �! W..l i �I (S� � I ��I
�YI ..)��I ..)� 0\j; L" ��I '7'-.? � wj
�I �I J,J.J I wi..l..! � ��l......oiJ l
�l......oiJ l dy.iJ1 � I� � L, r ��I J��J
7 68
Vocabulary in Unit 10
Nouns �L.,..,�t news item (pi = news) ( �i) ". -.J . � media t�!, 1 �L.J broadcasting � Ij! transmission � coverage ;;+.� analysis � channel ( d�) ;� headline (U-:!"'�) ub� column (�Iy.) .l-J-OLL topic (�I;') t�;' source C;l�) -.J� repeat (d) ;.lLL! broadcaster (U-:!/ u..,) �i.o editor J:!�I ( �L.��) �� l istener (U-:!/u.., ) � viewer ( . / . ) .ut..::.:., u-:! w , politiCS d..u.�1 finance JL.J I society �I tech nology 47-..,J#1 proportion/percentag e �
cl imate (d) eli., defeat (wi) ;-.JL.::.. success (w l ) CW increase (d) t�)
interest/benefit
l aw/statute
d ivorce
stress/tension
need/requirement
explosion
expe riment/test
cholesterol
traffic
immigration
i nflation
curbing
victory
shooting
discovery
cure
computer
blog/journal
forum
participation
rental/renting
marketing
festival/carnival
visitor
the Gulf
Unit 7 0
(� I�) ;�u (�I�) l.>Yu
(d) JJL1 � -' .-
';;y (d) [�! (d) L:...LI -.J " ' ,
(,-:",J�) �� J..,.;;...J�I
-.J..,�I ;� � , ,
� ��
�
�L:.-.J (d) -.J�!
(d) [� (w i) '-:"Y"" L.:...
(d) ��::., ( " ' r " w�� 1.5�
(d) �� � I -.J • , ,
, ��
(w i) u4-* ()�j) � lj
�I
News and media
Adjectives ul..4...at1 international
local
terrestrial
satellite (adj)
daily
weekly
l ive
d i rect
recorded
interactive
popular/public
early
silent
deep/ pro found
avai lable
Verbs JW.�I
cover
compa re
J�� :sL �)
- ' W <..F
-
..r " � Y';' .
� ��
� �
1 6 9
vote
l imit
explore/study
incline (towards) (�) � ,JL.., celebrate
;1 .... , ' ,, � ..... encourage � ,�
Other phrases .s� �I ul..)�1 the B ig Bang
the Gulf War �I '-;-'� , t " ,
again ('another time') (S� I (;y>
news summary j4:;. � I :?Y'
Worldwide Web �WI �<'!'" ,1 I
dear. . . " , (;JLJI �i . . , l isteners �I". . . . viewers
it seemed that
thanks to
UJ..l;AWI" .
u1 I�
Climate and the environment - s:. J · , � t 4.�� tJ r. '-Wt t
, . .) L....:... J.:.....>-! JjLi b � L;,J I " , The clever woman spins with a donkey's leg.
� , ' Talking about weather and climate tLaIJ �I � �I
. �/� � (.c.(/ � �I':::- (shams/m ushmis)
/ 1 .�. sun/sunny
_ I:L .. /"..�,;
�.�,. c....- c....-�:; , �\: (tha lj/m uth l i j )
: : . " snow/snowy /\./-
� ,� � �1JJ (�a �aba, su�ub)
cloud
7 70
.. �")G>'!",'l1 � 1,jL , � � .� ... � (ta� i fa, tawa�if)
..Y _.9 storm
4 ( \ \ '-:-'� ; ! . ' " : " :. (c;Jabab)
t\ -. . -<�/ fog
� �L-' (gha ' im)
overcast, cloudy
Climate and the environment
, z::-a...,J 1 <>�I ( i ttij a h a r-rT�)
wind direction
z::-a...,J1 .u.y.u (surtat a r-rT�)
wind speed
� (kathTf) thick ( fog, etc . )
m u n khafi �a) low clouds
[J',A! '[JI� (tarawa�a, yatarawa �) to vary
'-:I� (mu�tar ib) unsettled
1 7 1
Tip: 'the weather' in Arabic is either � I aHaqs or �I a l -jaww, the latter also meaning 'the atmosphere' . The more general word for 'climate' is t L...J I a l -m u nakh . 'Cl imate change' is t WI � taghyTr a l -munakh .
D D
D
1 " 1 ,� , • l ! � I i " : �T' : lI t" j : ,
"" . ' I - -. .
D
D
. 4 ( ;,;,.;, " a J .i 9/i< �, wI in na s-s u�ub kathTfa wa-m u n khafi �a (The clouds are th ick and low.)
7 72 Unit 7 7
Exercise 2 y �� !, ... ... ' ; " - ' 1 ; , < ;'/ 1 1<, i . - . . . . 0. 1_ 1 1 - 1 " - 1 1 .t.:. : 1 . � 1..a..I -............. oJ .r- � J (.)"-U� � � U J+-I-J 'J" < ..r-
�� �� � ';,) I�I 4,)J (> ��'il
��I � � ';,)�I 4,.,J V
�� � I �� �Jb,.rll 4...u A
· · ___ �·��I 4J-
. . . � La
�� � ';,) I�I 4,)J , ���I r'�
')J'''' " oJ I � ';,) I�I 4,)J Y ��I r'�
�� � I r'� �.,.rll �J"'"" ,.
..11
Tip: Adjectives can be formed from the compass directions, for example: ,-:-,"':"':;" janob (south), �..,:...:;.. janObTy (southerly, or southern); '-:-'� gharb (west), :r.j. gharbTy (westerly, or western).
Climate and the environmen t 7 73
The seasons J�I
'y-I'''''�
~ ��I (a l -kharTf) "u.J:J1 (ash-sh ita')
Exercise 3 'f �� Zeinah is talking about the climate in Lebanon . . .l ,!" o l l �4-�1 plJ �j �! �I
0 - . . . . 4 1 °9 ' ' 0
. . L� u� � t�1 ,
D � � J� . . ·u� � ��yJl � �
D f� � LL D �LL . . . .,P.-I I �I � 'l"
o �J ::,.g4- 0 �J �G. 0 �J JJ� . . . � .l-?'� "u.J:J1 � t
D u�l � 0 J4-I I � D �WJI � . . . J .;�� r W,.J ..1 UA �yJl � L�l "
o '!""'.JobJ D �� D �I� . . . � ��I � ';J I�I 4JJ '\
D 'l" ' J � " 0 � "J � ' D � 'J ' "
, '
1 74 Unit 1 1
Exercise 4 t · -�..)-4J
· u� t� �JI.L .!.I� � tWA..lI � Compare the climates in general and say something specific about the weather in each season. You could start something l ike this :
l.41 .}.�J .:J� �I � �IJ J� l.4� u� � tl..:a4Jl 0t ,�I � � f� � �J J� �I tl..:a4JLi ''i� �
The climate in Lebanon is generally moderate and the weather in summer is hot and dry. As for my country, the climate is also moderate but i t' s very rainy, even in summer.
Holiday plans �, � Maha and her husband are discussing whether to go on holiday to the coast (J.:... L...J I as-sa� i l) or to the desert ( .. I� I a�-�a�ra') .
Exercise 5 0 �� .Jl.i4.l1 � us: , (notes) u � � yAlJ ."L1iWA..lI �t �I Copy the table below and make notes on the advantages and disadvantages of each type of holiday as you hear about them in the discussion.
Advantages Disadvantages
coast J.:... L...J I desert .. I�I coast J.:...L...J I desert .. I�I
short journey peaceful crowded long journey � �
- /'--
REVIEW: The future 1 75
REVIEW: The future There is no separate future tense in Arabic . Verbs can be g iven a future meaning by putting -""'" sa- or -.j,J-W sawfa in front of the present tense .
. �I J..!.i � We will arrive before (sa- na� i l qab la �-�u h r) noon.
-
. a....t GJ uJ� They will find an (sa-yaj i d Ona l ana shaqqa) apartment for us .
. J..:!.lJ4 .j ,oi; " 01 ;;)�I 4.)J u� The temperature will (sa -ta kOn da rajat a l -�a ra ra m u n khafiQa be low at n ight.
b i l - I ay l)
.� �L.... .:\..h..,rI1 � �j'-'J The journey will take (sawfa tastagh riq a r-r i � l a Sat atayn faqa�) two hours only.
Negative You can make a future negative by putting uJ Ian in front of a present verb . Lan is emphatically negative, and carries the implication of 'definitely not' or 'not ever ' . The verb following Ian is the subjunctive (see page 73) , and so any final n O n wil l disappear:
.�I ,.j �wi u-J I won ' t sleep in the ( Ian a nam fTl-khayma) tent.
��I �l...:i u-Ji Won't you (fem.) eat (a- Ian ta ' k lT as-sa m a k) the fish?
.��I ,.j .;:.Q", GJ IJJ..?-:! u-J They won't find a room
( I an yaj idO l ana ghurfa fTl-fu nduq) for us in the hotel .
Exercise 6 i �� How do you say these in Arabic?
1 The weather will be hot tomorrow. 5 The journey will take six hours.
2 It will be rainy on Saturday. 6 He won't sleep before nine 0' clock. 3 I will find a room in a hotel for us. 7 My sister won't arrive before us. 4 We will go to the coast. 8 Won't they eat the meat?
:;t:I rn <:
1 76 Unit 7 7
Talking about possibilities u���, � �I
" ' JJ�j
You con talk about future possibil ities using I j ! idha or ui i n , both meaning ' i f' Cui being a l ittle more formal ) . Notice that the first verb is in the past tense - literally ' i f we went . . . ' , ' i f you drove' - although the meaning is 'if we go . . . ' , 'if you drive . . . ' . I t is usual to introduce the second half of the sentence using � fa- ( ' then' or ' so ' ) :
!.S� ,� I�' �! �j Ij l I f we go to the desert,
( idha dhahabna i l a . .;.# �G.'j (then) we' l l see lots
�-�a�ra, fa-sa-nara wa�at kathTra) of oases .
. i� u� � .';}��I �.li I j ! If you (masc.) drive,
( id ha qudta s-sayyara, fa-satakOn (then) you'l l be very
tat ban j i ddan) tired .
...j.Q.,:a UJ.i . .:i.iLbJI � � � Ul I f we don't save energy,
( i n l am naqta� id fT 'r: l..U..l1 � (then) we won't stop
qaqa, fa - Ian nOq if tag hyTr a l -mu nakh) climate change.
Exercise 7 v �� . JL.:W I � LaS .�I � �U.I�I �I Choose a verb from below and use the correct tense and subject ( in brackets after the sentence) . You can use a verb more than once.
drink ��/�r eat JS;.4/JSi
reserve �r� drive J�/J\..j see !.S�/ !.Sij buy tJ}'T'"!/ !.S�I.
go ��/�j
visit jj�/ j lj
arrive � / J..o j
)
Climate and the en vironmen t 1 77
(F") .�I (statue) J lli;J 1 ...i ,�I l oJ ! Y'
Co.A) . UJ d..i,."t ...i ,� l oJ ! t
(lJ) . 0....... L:UI �L...JI � . Ul-i '';J�I loJt "
(�i) .��I u-Li ��I .; .fo.J.iJ1 � " I '\ u.
The second half of an ' if' sentence can be an instruction (see page 145);
.d..i,."t UJ ,!�Ij ,1..:L.4i �j l oJ ! I f you (fem.) arrive
( idha wa�a l t i qab l a na, fa-�j izT l ana before us, (then) reserve
ghurfa) a room for us .
. ��L...i , 'j� � � loJ! I f you (mase) are not
(idha lam ta kun mashg h O l an , fa-satid nT) busy, (then) help me.
.J o W � ,.J � �
� � . . . � � Gk:. � � 1:>1 I f you 're not [the] rain, my love, then be [the] trees
.� j . . . ��� � Full of fertility . . . be [the] trees .
.J � .J .- .-
� � " '� � � � � 0� And if you 're not [the] trees, my love, then be [the] stones
.� J" '3-:�)� � Full of moisture . . . be [the] stones
_ .J . ..J _ i
� � . . . � � � u-G � 0� And if you 're not [the] stones, my love . . . then be a moon
" , � � . . . . �\ rL. �
In the dreams of a loved one. . . be a moon.
F rom ..)L...::...:,. U l...:,. (State of Seige) by M a h moud Da rwish (Pa lesti n i an poet, 1 94 1 -2008)
. . '
1 78 Unit 1 1
Al-Mustaqbal Beverag es Company �t.47�t u"='.l� as� Listen to the guide taking a group on a tour of a drinks factory.
().4 ,-,0'1:" i,,'!9 �I 14i ' ' ' ':1� I U� 1
ji. r�lj II CUll " IJ"' • • j�
. ...... Ul.l t� �y...J1
� · .;.,u . . :-, . 1 1 � . � .j� . � LlIj-I..j� OJl£! �
. .!:Ij£..u
� 6£FI .b l.....l:U i� . .L.... u-a�
Climate and the en vironment 1 79
Exercise 8 II �� . JL.:w.I I t.} u.s , 4 '1") ' 0 1 1 0J4A-'1 �Ij �I i� 1 Don't try and understand every word yet, just pick out the phrases below.
1 mineral water(s)
2 solar energy
3 organic lemons
4 can be recycled
5 environmentally friendly
6 preventing pollution
Talking about processes u l� I�-J1 � �I Sometimes a process is more important than who or what carries out that process . In this case, we often use a passive verb . Examples of the passive in English would be 'the juice is extracted' , 'the machines are operated by solar energy' ( rather than the active 'we extract the ju ice' , 'solar energy operates the machines' ) .
I n Arabic the passive i s made by changing the vowelling of a verb . In the present tense, the first vowel is changed to a c;iamma and the final vowel to fatha . This is true for all forms of the verb . Basic verbs in the present tense only have c;iamma/fat�a i n the passive; derived verbs retain any additional vowell ing in the middle:
� (ya nqu i ) transports � � (y!J.nqil.l) is transported
(� (yasta kh r i j) extracts -> (� (y!J.stakh rilj) is extracted
� (yu tabb i ' ) packages � � (Y!J.t,a bbQ') is packaged
The final fa t�a vowel o f the passive turns any long vowel in present tense hollow and defective verbs into a long a :
� (yabTU sells � t � (y!J.b�U i s sold
j:!� (yudTr) operates � )� (y!J.d�r) is operated
� (yuc;iTf) adds � ...j� (y!J.c;i�f) i s added
Assimilated verbs drop the fi rst root letter waw in the active present, but the waw reappears as a long 0 in the passive:
� (yaj id) finds � �; (yD.jild) is found
� (yac;iau puts � �; (YD.c;iilU is put
7 8 0
Ex�rc�e 9 '\ �� ·4�1 J.U1
Unit 7 7
Look at the Arabic text on page 178 and complete the English below.
• The company's activities 20 years ago.
• The machines in the factory are by solar energy
because it is energy and environmentally friendly
(10 friend to the environment ' ) .
• The mineral water is from wells in the far reaches
of the
• As for the
. . . . and
• The drinks are
, it is squeezed from organic
to some of our d rinks .
in cartons that can be
preventing pollution.
• Finally our drinks are to the market and
to the public ( ' people ' ) .
• " Conversation
I mag ine you work fo r the Dri n ks of the Future Company and you a re the tour gu ide ta lk ing about the factory and the processes .
• review the gu ided tou r on page 1 78 . Replay the aud io, paus ing and repeat i ng each step out loud;
• try to memorise as much of the Arab ic as you can .
Now de l iver the tou r speech you rse lf . You can use the pictu res o n page 1 78 a s p rompts, but try not t o look at the Arab ic .
Keep repeat i ng th i s u nt i l you a re f luent . Memor i s ing and de l iveri ng a
speech wi l l he lp with your vocabu l a ry and ora l confidence .
There's no add i t iona l record i ng for th i s conversation , but you can rep l ay the tou r gu ide on page 1 78 to check your vers ion .
Climate and the environment 7 8 7
Talking about processes in the past The principle of changing the vowelling of a verb to create the present passive extends to the past passive. As for the present, the first vowel in the past passive is a c;iam ma, but the final vowel in the past passive is kasra . You may also see an additional c;iamma as the middle vowel i n derived forms:
Jt. (naqa/a) tra nsported -� Ji (nllqlla) was transported
�.J (wajada) found � �� (wlljlda) was found
Cfo...! (istakh raja) extracted � c�/ (ustukhrija) was extracted
The final kasra vowel of the past passive creates a long 1 in the derived forms of hollow verbs. However, the past passive of basic hollow verbs has no i n itia l c;iamma, leaving only the long I:
, , j .l i (adara) operated � �..li (lldIra) was operated
Exercise 10 , . i;.J� Convert these past verbs i nto the passive, as in the example .
1 � (�anata) manfactured �
2 ��! ( i stakhdama) used/employed-�
3 Jl.j (qa la) said �
4 �! ( i stakh/a�a) squeezed/extracted �
5 �L.....::. i (ac;iafa) added -�
6 L;c. (tabba'a) packaged -�
Exercise 1 1 , , �� Imagine that the Al-Mustaqbal Beverages factory was forced to close down and that you are now describing the former company. Re-write the description of the processes, this time using past verbs. Begin like this :
� J..il..b �� 41", 0.;-. 1 1 J..iLb.J 4 u�..li �, ,,j u'1Y ' 0
.� ��j
[!J
� 1.1} .! I ..,L1: ji.,.l::lu . . . \oI":'.-J I ..-J ld I
� � � � � � � � �
I t a I y • 0u,�JI ".' e e e c •
� •
'. .b:.�1 ��I rJl
Mediterranean Sea
�I� Ghadames o '":'�! AI-Iaghbub
o �I.r.-JI
A l g e r i a L i b y a �j laltan
.::.li. Ghat o .3j� Murzuk o
ul�1 AI-Qatrun
�I .lL:.:i N i g e r C h a d
� .
o
..5�1 AI·law!
� E g y p t
0b�1 S u d a n
�� Arabic in Libya 4-+tJ � <4-!rJ1 ii!1 Many empires, including the Greeks, the Romans and the Ottoman
� Turks, have left their mark on Libya. More recently in t he first half of
� the twentieth century it was an Italian colony, gaining full
� independence in 1 9 4 9 . Ital ian still influences the spoken dialect of
� Libya, as does the indigenous Tamazight (Berber) language.
Some features of Libyan dialect are:
��
• use of verbal prefix "":' n- to refer to ' I ' , e. g . � n� ibb (I like), in ii!1 common with many other North African dialects
� • use of Turkish and Italian loan words, the latter particularly for
� machinery and technical voca bulary
� . ' Listen to Abdul Rahim talking about himself in his Libyan dialect .
� You will find a transcr ipt and translation in the Answers section .
� (Notice how Abdul Rahim uses � �abtan , literally meaning
ii!1 'of course' or 'naturally', as a general filler word. )
, " (mashr0t., at) .;:. .t.J�
proiect � (sina t.'Y)
.r ade/manufactured manm
d' , .b. (hafara, yal")fir) to 19
� .� , . ", - . i (anbOba,
"-'":H W • "-!,J-!-' �nabib) pipe
� (9akhm) huge
� (quV) diameter
J}> (�O\) height/length
, _ .'\ _ (mitr, amt3r) metre
JUo" .� _ . \ .< (kilUmitr) kilometre
roy-!.-' _ . w (miyah t'dhba) b...! � I> -fresh water
_ (buhayra, at) lake .:.., . I>� .
" ,\ A £. �'"" �1 lS"�1 �I t.".;:....o i..l.! ��I .. I� I � ;)� .)�f .:..�
� � �.)\' I � � �L:.i ��" ,),�,oi � 4J..,b" .)l:i...i �) � �
I�# -.J)'f �) �L..:JI �I J.,b ul �y;J1 ,-:-,�I � ;;fil d..:>o.l" .)�f U-o �
'IF-�1 ,-:-,�I � �"l..".",J1 � .)�f" � � �L:. \' 1 � �.wI I>4-J1 Ji:u
J� u:...) � J�I �. j..:>o. WI .)! .)! 4Jy.o" � ,,4-J1 F .��i �
,�l....:. d� � � J�I The /Great Manmade River' i s an ongoing ambitious proj ect to corry water stored in vast quantities in rock under the southern Libyan Sahara desert to the coastal towns and agricultural areas in the North , The Libyans call it 'the eighth wonder of the world/ , Libya has no major natural rivers and the proj ect has reduced its reliance on expensive desal ination plants .
��I �t."y:..J 1 i..l.! � , �.)� � I .:....;-b. U-:!i �
�4J..,b" � L:. \'1 � ,J-<t> Lo r �:rL.:.....:J 1 �I J..,b ,J-<t> Lo £.
. � 1>4-J1 U:...) J� Lo-,,:! rS- 0
7 84
Vocabulary in Unit 11 Nouns �L.....�I
climate (..;.; 1) tL.{., rain C�i) � snow C:�) � cloud (�) �� wind (f)
fog '-'�
d i rection (d) b�! speed (d) �..;. atmosphere/weather ( .. I'p'-i) �
l " forecast ..;.; I� spring �jl
summer �I autumn/fall �I
Unit 7 7
pipe/tube (�l..J� �J+>i diameter/section ()�i) � height/ length (Jt,bi) J.,.b
metre C)L:u.� � kilometre(s) �#
sunny
rainy
snowy
dry
thick
passing/transient
unsettled/ disturbed
organic
winter , L:L;;.J I -� manmade/manufactured ��
coast
beach
(J::>. I �) J::>. L..
(�I;:') �L;:., desert (f) ((5�� ) .. I� oasis (d) b l,J
lake (d) b� statue (J.:j�) J� machine/instrument (d) ui
huge
tired
Verbs JLd�1 see (5;' '(5i� vary c�t� 'C� I) conserve/save � "p�9� ,�!
power/energy
pollution
proj ect/scheme
(..;.;I) U lb stop/prevent �;. ,�) ..::,� operate/manage y-� ,�I..li
(..;.;I) U';::" extract �� '[�!
Climate and the environment
extract essence of/squeeze ( juice)
package
transport
dig
\ _ :. ' '-'1 -'. :' · 1 U o; , " '1 c �� 11 , ,. ,, :;;; ...
� ,4c � 'Ji.
Other phrases 4S� \'1 ulJ'+at1 cl imate change - t,{J1 � (. .;=--
weather forecast ¥.I ��I recycl ing
environmentally friendly
u......JJ • ' . - '-'= �
mineral water (u� O)L....O .. ... .. ... fresh water �� 0)4-0 in the depths of Jki c,;
. preventing/avoiding . . . J w::..
1 85
Health and happiness .. '"
� � la wttJ � (ott
.��I 'it b l� 'i �� � I U'"Jj� � cl:i �I Health is a crown on the heads o f the healthy tha t only the sick can see.
� . ' Talking about the body �t � �t
�j (wajh) face
uw.wi (asn an) teeth-+.--=--. " �i (anf) nose
.l-:! (yad) hand J..?') ( r i j l ) leg
�
'- -
p �� (qadam) foot
Tip: There are alternative words for some of the parts of the body, two of the most common being J L... saq for ' leg' and ii..l>.-o mitda for 'stomach' .
7 8 6
Health and happiness 7 8 7
Exercise 1 , �� .Jli.J1 .; � .�>'Ij ��I �I
(.u01DJ1Ch�. _ ,
-------''" -----"
J t
_____ t.
____ ----'0 ----_'\
j
_____ 0, -----, .
Supermarket aisle sign: a�-�i � � a wal-jama l (Health and Beauty)
1 88 Unit 1 2
� Talking about illness �-..>lt (fo �t
The equivalent of 'what's the matter' i s �� L... madha bika/ki?, l iteral ly 'what with you?'. Here are expressions you could use to describe your ailments :
(ashtu r b i l -mara t;l) .�rJ4 �I I feel i l l .
(ti ndl �udat> . t l� '-!� I have a headache.
(ti ndT bard/�um ma) .�/ J..)-! '-!� I have a coldla fever.
. . . � (��) �i '-!� I have a (bad) (tindl a lam (shadid) fT . . . ) pain in . . .
(ana mu�a b(a) b i . . . ) . . . � ( ;; )'":'� wi I ' m suffering from . . . ,
(tindl �assasTyya m in . . . ) . . . ().4 �� '-!� I have an allergy to . . .
• . , Exercise 2 Y �� .� I �,.,.JI � I.,, � I Match the ailments with the patients on the recording . for example, ' c .
f h )\ \ 1 � " � \ :.
Health and happiness
" At the pharmacy ��I � 7 8 9
A customer is asking for a dvice at the pharmacy.
�cl�L..ui � .�I C� -. • . A I LJ " i wi �..r- . � -
qt l� cl� JA q�� � I jl.4 _
.�IJjJ �J � � 'if 'i� �iJ ,� -\s�i �1�4 � JA . . . � -
.JSf 01 �i 'i .� � �J.J:, �i 'i� ,� _
��I � u.:aS JA . i� JG.. �I _
!JJ� �y1 wi ,� _
� �l.4 ,,:,�I , " IJ:l.J1 Ij,ol) ":'� .� �-A ":' � .£1 cl.1i _
.�I � ...ji,j 'iJ q" IJ.).I1 � J�I.H cll..:ul JA .J�I�I 0A 4w� 'i� wi -
� � I ;;JW:U.w� �i . fj ! " IJ.).II Ij,ol) �i.::a 'i .� ,� _
.u.iJ tJ"""1
Tip: Parts of the body that come in pairs (legs, eyes, etc .) are usually feminine: ;;� J.:....) r i j l maksOra (a broken leg) . If referring to both parts, you will need to use the dual: ul:i.L� u�.) rij lan tawl1atan ( [two] long legs), �.u � f" �f a lam fT qadamayya (pains in my [two] feet) .
�4 (bi<;l-<;labt) exactly
�I�i (aea<;l) symptoms
JJ� �� (shurtlY murur)
traffic policeman
�IJJ (dawa') medicine
;;J�I (istishara) consultation
. . ,
7 9 0 Unit 7 2
1 What are the first questions the pharmacist asks the customer? 2 What symptoms other than a headache does the customer have? 3 Why does the customer have to work in the sun? 4 What does the pharmacist think he is suffering from? Can you find the
Arabic expression for the ailment? 5 Why can the customer not take the medicine suggested? 6 What does the pharmacist advise he does?
Exercise 4 t �� .JI,i,JI t.} LU ,ul..i. I�1 �Ij �L.:i �� �I Try to complete the exercise without looking a t the transcript on page 1 8 9 .
t.} r- 'i f 'J� �Ij ,� -
\s�i �I�� � � . . . � _
, ��I t.} u:as � . f� wi , lLW
. ul 'J� -
' �I � . . '
Health and happiness
�ayda lTyat suha a l - jadTda; kh idma a rbata wa-tis h rTn sata (The new Soha Pharmacy; 24 hour service)
Exercise 5 0 ��
Write out the dialogue on page 189 again, but change the custo mer to a female .
It " Conversation
/"' � ,.&Jflffi .f5(FEJlt !.:1i�_
You don't feel wel l and you're going to the pharmacy to take some advice. These are you r symptoms:
• a headache
• pa ins i n you r stomach
• a fever
• a bad pa in in you r ear
You a l so have a n a l lergy to pen ic i l l i n (LJ211 '11 ·' ! 1 1) .
7 9 7
Prepa re what you wi l l need to say and then jo i n i n the conversation on
the reco rding , fo l lowi ng the prompts .
1 92 . �
Unit 1 2
Talking about health �I � �I Here are some of the factors that can influence health. Notice how general concepts usually include JI al- (�.iill a t-tadkhTn , [the] smoking) .
(at-tadkhTn) ��I smoking
(akl a l -khuQrawat) ulJ�1 JSI eating vegetables ,
(at-tamrTnat a r- riyaQiyya) �u...;J1 uu.....�1 physical exercise
(ta lawwuth a l -hawa') � '*' 6� air pollution
Exercise 6 i ��
(as-sat-ada) ';Ju...........J 1 happiness ,
(at-tawattu r) �..PJ ' stress
(a l -badana) �I�I obesity
(taqITl a l -m i l �) �I J.:!...li.:i reducing salt
(a l -hawa' at-ta 1q) �I � '*' fresh a i r
. JL.i.J1 � l..t.S ,� I (column) J.j4WI � ulJ4A-J1 �I �u ' w, . J
harmful to health
��\
.. ... . � 4 ' do l l � beneficial to health
6\9�\ J1\
Now make statements about two contrasting factors, a s i n this example :
.� ulJ�1 JSI ui � � �4 j� �w, ��I Smoking is very harmful to health whereas eating vegetables is beneficial.
Health and happiness 1 93
Giving advice You have already met � � yanbaghT ta la (to be incumbent on) and � yan�a� (to advise) .
-
•
Another useful and very flexible structure is u l . . . J ' U--" min a l - . . . a n . Literally this means 'from the . . . that . . . ' . I t can b e used with a number o f different possibil ities to produce the equivalents o f the English 'should',
'must', 'might', etc.
MUST = ' it is imperative that'
NEED TO = ' i t is necessary that'
SHOULD = 'it is incumbent that'
LIKELY TO = ' it is probable that'
MIGHT = 'it is possible that'
! ,
. WI ���I � wi �JJ�I �
wi u.oJ�1 � wj ��I �
wi J.4i>'a l 1 �
. �� I us- �I wi �j�1 ().4 I must give up (min al- Iaz i m an uq l it tan at-tadkhTn) smoki ng .
. � 4S.,iJ wi �JJ�I ().4 You (masc.) need to
(m in a<;i-<;iarurTy an tara �a bTban) see a doctor.
'F' ().4 � wi ��I ().4 You (fern.) should
(m in a l -mafru<;i an taq i l i i tT m i n a l -m i l �) reduce salt.
Ai -:, ,0 ! � <Lsi �..rJ1 ().4 It is likely that it will
(min a l -murajja� annahu sa-ya<;iurr bi-�i �atak) damage your health . . b.i...411 tL.a:i,.>1 � wi �' u-a It might cause a rise
(min al-mu�tamal an yusabbib irtifa t a<;i-<;iaght) i n [blood] pressure.
The combination of ui an and ;I la becomes ;Ii a l i a (that not) .
. ��I �L.....b.J 1 �i..:i ':ii �j�1 ().4 You (masc.) must not
(min al- Iaz im a l i a ta'ku l aHa tam ad-du h nTy) eat fatty food .
. �� Js � ':ii �J�' ().4 You (fern.) should not
(min a l -mafru<;i a l ia tatmatT kul i yawm) work every day.
1 94
Exercise 7 v �� ���4 �I o),lA J� # 1 He should give up smoking .
2 We need to eat vegetables every day.
3 You (masc.) must do physical exercise every day.
Unit 1 2
4 You (fern.) should not eat fatty food. It might damage your health .
5 Air pollution is l ikely to damage our hea lth.
6 You (pi.) mustn't put a lot of salt on your food .
Exercise 8 ,,��
.�G..J:.� I ,,'i.jA F� Try to give them as much advice as possible using the language that you know. There's no single correct answer, but you' l l find some suggestions in the answer section.
Tip: In coll oquial Arabic, the construction 'min a l - . . . an ' is often reduced to just the key word. So min a l- Iaz i m an would become simp ly laz im; m i n ac;lc;larO ri a n would become c;larO rT: laz im taku l a l -khuc;lrawat (you must eat veg etables); c;larO rT aktu b eemayl (I need to write a n email) .
Health and happiness
Abdul Aziz asks for advice hJ ,0 ., � j.J.....).aj1 � Abdul Aziz is waiting for the result of a blood test (�..JI � ta �rn ad-dam) . While he's wa iting he writes a note t o his friend, Safwa n .
, 6 \� C$.:n� � d,;- ! ;.j p.u i ui9 41.h3\ \.,;..g <ll.J �
. �.JJ \ OJ 9_��"J� g--� � 6 \ C. ' ! !.kl\ c) J19 . J.1:!\ \.,;..g � !k.l G � ....... J wi . '\ . \,;. . T.- 9 C,) <.S) 9.r"2J \ I , _
� � \ 6 \ � � o..;i �i ;:f�9 OJ 0..; \ � l.� d;" 1J2.J4 )uP o..;U ��\ . C$� p- U2J\ -c W)\ 4�i
. oPT C$4 .ru»i !) ui 6 \� 4 dO! �\ � J.J s \9.JJ \ J9W 9 i ��\ VA c.. !l..9!) \ ..A...» i li-t t '- I _ � � \ 6 \ ..Io.:?)i9 0-wJ\ � � l" ui
-�
�
. �9-:?
. �� �9 � c)i � i �� � ui � �� i) L. <? C$� �..up �9 �
�L:u , � (natTja, nata ' i j) result
JJ4 ,J"lw (tanawala, yatanawa l) to take (pills)/to eat
'7'J+="- '� (�abba, �ubOb) pill
J '>L:... ,jh (kha la l , kh i la l ) condition/disorder
t lLi) (irtifat) increase/ rise
-! � ,�I (istamtata,
yasta mtit bi-) to enjoy
� � (ta la �aqq) right/correct
� (tanTd) stubborn
� (ghabT) stupid
7 95
1 96 Unit 1 2
Exercise 9 '\ �� :."4JWI ��I � y-?ooiJ , � � � � ,-!�I i,.,il 1 What health problem has the doctor told Abdul Aziz he suffers from?
2 What two things is the doctor suggesting that Adbul Aziz does to
tackle the problem?
3 H ow is Adbul Aziz feeling at the moment?
4 What is his attitude to the doctor's advice?
5 Why does he feel this way?
6 What does he tell Safwan about their friend Hamdy's reaction?
Safwan's reply ul� �J The next day Safwan emailed this reply to Adbul Aziz .
.. l.io.. oJMJ � ..,.J WI J,..jl � .,.. J..,...,J I ,I 0->,.J1 5 : �I : J;l.o.)1 JI' :.>fI,;t1 Ut..l l .. . .... . .;,_ 0
[!)''';:O� __ ...>vo ___ ._Q!'�._ �>!� . ,yj1.l1 ¥ �y-jL
d.sJJ i�!c ::...J �! .�I Y' :i4-:J1 � .. � �r .�I �� � ur �.J�I u-o '�
t U:i) ur F.yoJl u-o LAlJ <) '1 1 u-OyoJ� � ':l .:::.UI .�I � fol �U:.....J ).:w!Y' � ..w: �..J I �
• I I � " . · .iiJ I · • I ;;� . i -.i.. � L.. d...k . . u-o lJ-U'-'J � -r- c- u. � - - � .. IJ..J I JJLw ur �">Jy.-iJ1 u-o l�rJ .dow" � �I
ur �I u-o ..1! j �J .b.i...A.l1 � (. )kJ �..}:! � ! :i� �J �)c :i� �
Health and happiness 7 97
Exercise 10 , . �� .JLWI � l.4.S. ,�)fl." �.rt-JI 0:H �." ul� J.:!lA:!1 i� 1
a in the future
b the doctor's words
c finally
d warning of bigger problems
cl� .b.i.....4J 1 � t � y J!9i".o l l � r
�� �I t e to cure your [blood] pressure problem .l.l1 .b.i...A � I " f" t ;) f the most important thing
9 blood pressure increase
Exercise 11 , , �� .�JU � �GJI "":i�1 i�1 Tip: ..w lj u.JJ (wazn za ' jd) = excessive we ight
�I f"� '\
. • <1 IC � I " ' I V � � J �,
� I �.Y' (mara<;l as-sukkar) = diabetes ( 'sugar i l lness ' )
. " ·�� �i 0i LS .. . .. . ,
�.-' �� �I r l (;> uk U � �41 L. � 0 L 4J.,.::>
'\"'�G I�I
Use Safwan's emai l opposite and the expressions o n pages 192-5 to
compose a reply to Nadia . Take care to use the feminine to address her.
0 1.lrJI S u d a n
-Arabic in Sudan ul Jy...J I � ��I
.,.,-JI "';>ll 4S.I....I1 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
K e n y a
'Sudanese' Arabic usually refers to the spoken language o f Khartoum a n d the north o f Sudan. In addit ion to Arabic, there are over a hundred ind igenous languages, three o f the most widely spoken being Nubian in the north and Dinka and Nuer in the south .
Features of Sudanese Arabic include: • pronunciation of J as a hard 'g', e . g . uAJ (time) as wagt • use of b- in front of present verbs describing habitual actions, in
common with many other dialects, e .g . �� ba� ibb ( I like) • use of speci fically Sudanese expressions, e . g . � �assat (now)
and � I a l-Iayla with the meaning of 'today' .
· . '
, , Listen to Ashraf talking about himself in his Sudanese dilaect. You will find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
� JLik�l lpiJ » .)� � .t#i �l4.wi � « �I
.... . ii l� 1 I � J � 1�1 lJ.4 � l.-=----- �.) . ·U I ..l�I �
. � I 1< l...1..4 . � . � � I II (j4 U-- � (j4 ,..r .J �I� � � UI..I�I � , 4!i",!?�1 u4�IJ
� , I) J �i .:w...... U:!-! �.)�i CjljU � u� t , I)
. � • • v (I' LL �� �
- " � , � (shah ida, yash-had) to witness
� ,� (Iaqqa�a, yulaqqi�) to innoculate
�I (a l-�a�ba) measles
� lb...:.1 (inkh ifa<;l) decrease
.)lL:. (sh ita r) slogan
�j (aghlabTyya) majority
A su ccessful campaign against measles in Africa was conducted in the early years of the 2 1 st century. Sudan innoculated mill ions of children, despite security and logistical challenges. Fatalities due to the disease were reduced by 91 percent.
� (�amla) campaign
� �)4 (bir-raghm min) despite
�j (amn) security -
ul:!� (ta�add iyat) challenges
��I � �I u:.t.s: � , � � I ..) lL:. u t.s: 1 ,jL.., 'I'
�uL.l",...J1 ..; I� 0=.:J1 JUb �I ..l � � r
�r"�j � """ L.., t
�r"�j,J 0
2 0 0
Vocabulary in Unit 12
Nouns ���t happiness
beauty
body
head
face
mouth
teeth
nose
eye
ear
chest
arm
hand
finger
;;.l� J4
(r4i) � t.J" '"':,�) (J" i� ( b��) ��
(b,--�i) � (uL.:.....i) �
t • (.....iY I) ....i:. 1
(u�) � D , t (u lj l uj l
GJ�) ->� (t�ji) t t->�
(;l:!i) � (e-L..:.i) �!
stomach (�) ;; � /(�) � leg (u�) J L./(J.,..)) J.:..-> foot ( r l.ui) r� blood r.l illness (�ljAi) �� pain (r"i0 �i symptom (� I�i) �:;. condition/ disorder (J)l:,.) Jh headache t l� cold/chill .l..)-! fever �
allergy
diabetes
measles
weight
obesity/corpulence
pressure
test/ analysis
result
medicine
pharmacy/chemist
pill
penicillin
smoking
air
salt
increase/ rise
decrease
reduction/reducing
warning
slogan
campaign
chal lenge
policeman
security
maj ority
Unit 7 2
(d) �k > , �I ��
� I
(u 1iJi) uj� d...j l� .h..o
(d) � ( ·liJ) � � . -
(�.li) " I,",� (d) �� (':-'�) �
u.:'� .� .' ) \ I
�..w " I� r:J:o
(d) t �->� (-:.1) ��!
� (d) ) i:.[
(d) ->� (d) �
( -:.l:!�) � L�/w) �)..
Lroi ;j� )'\;. i
Health and happiness
Adjectives ��t suffering
fatty
excessive
stubborn
stupid
Verbs Jla.iI"It g ive up
damage
couse
toke (pi lls)
innoculate
enjoy
yvitness
j,4 ,JJ� � ,�
Other phrases �..» "It utjlfa!t exactly �� fresh air
blood pressure
exercise(s)
must
need to
should
l ikely to
might
r ight/correct
despite
J,11J1
�:.ul
�,-:!; ul:u� ui �))UI U-<>
ui �JJy-<J , ui u-OJ�I
ui ��I U-<> ' i �I ' u V"
� U-<>
20 7
Arts and cinema
.'":-'� I"L:.� I � � �J The best companion of a ll [mankind] is Q book.
& . ' Talking about culture �\.4:-JI � �I Look at these forms of art and artists and listen to the recording :
..:JI , �IJJ (riwaya, -at) novel
..:JI ,�� (masra�Tyya, -at)
play
J�I ,� (s h iU, ashta r)
poetry
, � ,� (q i��a, q i �a�) story
��i ,� (fi lm, aflam) film
0l..i. i ,�i (ugh n iya, aghan in )
song
I..HJ1 (obara) opera
�/ uJ ,..iJ}4 (mu'a l l if, -On/ln ) writer/composer
�/ uJ ,�� (mukh r ij, -u n/Tn)
director
, �/ uJ ,� (mumathth i l ,
- On/ln ) actor
� I� ,�w. (shati r, s hutara')
poet
• �/ uJ 'u-u (mughan i n,
-On/Tn) s inger
�/uJ '�JA (mOsTqTy,
-O n/ln) musician
�/ uJ ,�IJ (raqi�, -On/Tn)
da ncer
Tip: when talking about the author of a work, Arabic uses the expression �\..:; U-o m i n ta ' lTt ( 'written by' ) : .lo� � �\..:; U-o �IJ') riwaya m in ta'tlf nagTb ma�fOz ( a novel [written] b y Naguib Mahfouz) . The equivalent of 'starring' is U� U-o min bu�O la t : c.:.,l:...y.u '?� U� U-o � f i l m m i n bu�O la t shu krT sa r�an ( a fi lm starring Shukri Sarhan) .
202
Arts and cinema
�,l� : dJ l.4jJ I t� m asra � az-zama l i k : tafrOtO (Zamalik Thea tre: ''Afrotto '' (Li ttle Oevil))
Exercise 1 , �� .J�I � Lo.S , (v) Ji v .l.4 � �
2 0 3
v = necessary t o t h e activity (v) = Q possible/secondary participant
Ij!ji ,
�i �Ij.) fo �.) 4.:...� � �
II (II) II (II) , �
,
...ily,
�I.) ,
Ji.<...
r.?-a
J'l!;,.
�Y'
204 Unit 7 3
Exercise 2 Y �� , .JI.i.JI ,..,; �jA jA La.S , � u� Make a list of your favourite works in the categories first and then talk
about them, using the example as a model .
L � jAJl �L:i ().4 «Great Expectations » � J I: 0,9 0/1 �IJ-J
:. " < ' J ', I L.i:U . ,A . �. I I ' . • 1 - ',':i l ..r-:: ..r -J � I.$..r.:-:-,
(My favourite novel is Great Expectations by the famous English author,
Charles Dickens . )
Talking about cultural activities �L;illl ��t � �t Look back at the phrases on pages 58-9 for talking about preferences . You can also use the verb --! � yasta mti t b i - (to enj oy) that you met in the last unit.
�J ul:!IJ"...J 1 ';", I� �j I enjoy reading
.u��4 �i ':i novels, but I ' m not (astamtit b i -q i ra 'at a r-riwayat interested in plays .
wa- lak innT la ahtamm bi l -masra�Tyyat) , ,
�J U.j-J� I ';..\AL...1..a � We l ike watching TV,
.i� �I �! �.:u ':i but we don't go to
(nu � ibb m ushaahadat a t-titTfizyun the cinema often.
wa-Iak innana la nadh-hab i la s-sTn ima kathTran)
� j ,-:,�I �U.4 � �"in; It! i My daug hter enjoys
. I�j � I �i p o p songs, but I (tastamt it b intT bi-aghanT ash-shabab prefer the opera .
wa- lak innT ufa<;Jd i l a i -obara)
Arts and cinema
.��I ,-:,J� I ;;� I� �jj tjnj",! yastamtit. zawjT b i -q i ra 'at a l -adab a l -t.arabiy
(My husband enjoys reading A rabic literature.)
� " Conversation
You're going to ta l k to a n Arabic friend about:
• what type of l i terature you enjoy and don't e njoy
• who you r favourite author i s
• cu l tu ra l act iv it ies you enjoy and someth i ng you don 't do very often
• someth i ng a member of your fam i ly enj oys wh ich you don ' t
2 05
P repare what you m igh t need to say and then jo in i n the conversat ion
on the record i ng, fo l l owing the p rom pts.
206
Film genres f" ��I tl�l
�I� (g haramTy) romantic
�""'L.:i (ta rTkhTy) historical
� YA (hazatTy) comic
I.J I!? "Ii (tasjTtTy) documentary
y.'.) (rutb) horror
�� (�arb) war
� J� (khaya l (:! lmTy) science fiction
Unit 1 3
Arts and cinema 2 0 7
(shaba�, ashbah) C 4<11 ,� ghost(s) (mat:aka , matar i k) cl} ... �..4 ,.is;yu battle(s)
(nar, nTra n) Ul� ,},.,j fire(s)
(kawkab, kawak ib) ySl� ,yS� planet(s)
(asad, usOd) ..I."...... i ,�i hones)
Exercise 3 y ��
. J�I ' L..o..S; , ' I A " . I I ....,.j� ", I ,� I I ' �I � U .r- , . , r-::- t� ,
'. Exercise 4 t ��
},.:wl � �� .is;� y
�,Jj \t I yS � I CJ.4 � ... J l •• , .. -? Y' ... ' u . ' u t u..H � u�
, �WI .; '-;lJ-li C>
Jl..4;1 � ';�I '\ ,
..I."...... \t l !l..l IJ .; � V
. JLi.JI '; L..o..S; ,��\tl uLiJi yAlJ U�J r,!� ��I �t �I
�I �J-:! J � ,, ?o i l �J-:!
V , f -,
��, ... . � t.. . � � ...
}�, � �� ��
\.:. �\.:. u� � ... .
���' l?A� � �
2 0 8 Unit 1 3
Exercise 5 o · -�...)-4<J Nadim and his friend Othman have decided to read the descriptions of the films on the internet to help them make up their minds which one to see . . JI..i4.II � u.s; ,�I ul� �IJ <4Jt.:i..l 1 .:.a1}��1 i."il
http: / /www.arabicblog flsahra.html !
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
---- y , -j ;:...;. , ', � I�i �. : L ' I iJL.> " , i ::"";' 1 h " , I .. ';j.J , IJ _ � � u , C:""'-��. v-
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
- -�
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
______ t
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
I f . . ,
Arts and cinema 2 0 9
Talking about past habits �111 ul�� � �I Look at these phrases from the conversation between the two friends:
.�,.rl l � �i � � (kunta tu� ibb aflam ar- rut b)
!� , t '-!� 0LS W 4-! �i � (kuntu asta m t it b iha l amma kana t u m rT
arbatat t ashar sana) , ,
.� �� js: �I �l �� US; (kunna nadh-hab i l a s-sTn ima ku l l
yawm jumt a )
You (m . ) used to l ike
horror films.
I used to enj oy them
when I was 14 years
old !
We used to go to
the cinema every
Friday.
Although Arabic only has two basic tenses, the verb uLS: kaan (was/were) can be combined with a second verb to modify the meaning :
0LS + present verb = 'used to do ' or 'was doing'
.i,# .:.sl:!IJ,.rl1 i�i � I used to read novels a lot.
0LS + past verb = 'had done' (often combined with � qad) , . . � � J � U-?-� � u.jLS She had gone out before my arrival .
0LS + future verb = 'would have done'
.�� 0j-'; a ;",!", I�LS They would have enjoyed t he fi lm .
Exercise 6 i �J-4j . J Li4..J I " l.4.S - . ..... ! ...... I I J.U.,J I ..;i.S: I � � jA j-4l �-::-- .
� .. S J ....., 1 I used to go to the cinema a lot. . I� �I �l .. _.c ... �.ib1 __ c::.u....l. 2 He used to enjoy sci-fi fi lms . . � J� ��\t� 3 She had read the novel . --- � ---
4 They had seen the fi lm. --- � ---5 We would have gone to the theatre. .C�I�! ___ __ _
6 You (f) would have enjoyed the poetry. .��
2 70 Unit 73
Reviewing �I Your Arabic is now at a level where you can talk or write in a more sophisticated way about books you have read, or films, plays and shows you have seen . You can use the following guide to g ive you some ideas of what you could include in a review.
When?
yesterday
the day before yesterday
on Saturday
last week
last month
Wha t?
I read . . .
a novel/ a short story
I saw . . .
a film/a play
an opera/a show
Who?
written by/ starring . . .
a n unknown writer
a talented dancer
the famous star . . .
�I
�i J�i
�I f"� �WI tJ-+W'i1
�WI �I
, . . . . ul� .;� Wj�ljJ
� jLU.t..Q " � . �rjlJ-!ji
.u At.. . . j�l..:i . .r-: (.)A " (.)A
J� ..jJj.4 �j-4lya � IJ
Arts and cinema
Characters?
the hero/heroine is . . .
a mania boy who . . .
a woman/a girl who . . .
the main characters are . . .
members o f a large family
a group of friends
Story?
the story is about. . .
his life
her childhood
the events of. . .
during . . .
the war
the . . . century
Impression?
I found that . . .
I felt that . . .
i t was moving, etc .
I would have enjoyed it but. . .
i t was longer than necessary
di fficult to understand
2 7 7
-
. . . �\/J.b+ll 01 . . . �j/J..?-J
. . . �/.;i�� . . . � �.rll ull,o;" r' l I 01
.; � 4.1:a � � l....O.L i �\,j�i ��
. . . J� � I -Jj �
��
. . . �W\
. . . �i/ �i ��j ... " " ,, "
. . . �I / <\,j\ u�
';)j.4 �l5./i)j.4 0l5. . . . �j '+!/4..! �i.w � �j�1 ().4 J�i �l5./0l5.
�I �/�
2 7 2 Unit 1 3
Now read this review o f a new play, Th e Lost Years :
WWaJI �I.,.:-JI
�G IJA ���I y..,-LI �.:u �,U)w �UI t.� � I
. 0'J 1 d'-> ��I ;; _ ; _ k. WI W.,;.LI - .J.,J �.)lJ
. �I.J � �I �I �� IJA �..,-LI
J..r> ;; �� ji I I .J-J'>"';-J . � v--> yy � " - UG.
�WI WWI y..,J-1 .. wi �� �� 61�i
u. �.J J.:..i L:-:-:J .. I� � I.:?�)'I �I � �-J
. y..,J-1 �4-i � o..,-.�I y;S J...j�
�..,r4 �-Jj-J � :LUWI � ;; _ 1 _ �,r11 ��I
.+-:.4',. 1 - 1 \ �L�I JI 1.:. . � W , ' I .6")w1 � .. L:..,i I • -J � - . � .".. . -J
� � � f! pi � to: Q - "L.,. � . ;;�J-4 w L5 y..,-L1 01 ��-J
�..,-LI 0i ��-J � 0L5 61��1 t.�! wSJ-J
. i jYll 1 1JA J�j w L5
Arts and cinema 2 1 3
(g h iya b) "-:, � absence
Gundry) �� soldier
(j ays h) � army
( rabb a l -usra) ,; � '1 1 �.) head of the family
Exercise 7 v ��
(ta'thTr) �i..J effect
. (mu'athth i r) �}4 moving/affecting
(Tqat) t I.i.:!! pace
.� � Ji "-:,USJ i� yAl Use the guide on pages 2 1 0- 1 1 and the review on page 2 1 2 t o help you . You can write about a book, a fi lm, a play or a show. Try to plan your review first and then write using only your notes as much as possible .
��I ��I �..;-ll a r-raq � at-tO n i sTy at-taq lTdry
(Traditiona l Tunisian dancing)
I.i...> Haifa o •
Sy r i a
. . 1- I ;' 1 '. 1 1 �� � .r"',
0l""lJI Nazareth o
Israe l and Pa lesti ne r.,�1 .ti....:.JI
o Ttle West Ban
.;. � larash o
l!4�1 J.:i Tel Aviv-Iaffa 0 .;Co..t. Amman , la.. ) ericho ..... .l.AJ1 Jerusalem 0 . , 0 t...Lo Madaba o , .
,.,J � Bethlehem:' I
o�I He�;on
o �I � Beersheba o .!I }JI AI-Karak Jordan
o , IAlI Petra
A large proportion of the population of Jordan were originally from Palestine and the two dialects are very s imilar. They also share many features with Syrian colloquial (see page 52), particularly the softer l ilt and the pronunciation of � as 'eh' or 'ee' .
Listen to Youssef talking about himself in his Palestinian d ialect. , '
You will f ind a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
She had reached her seventy-
fifth year . . . and if she were asked
about the meaning of this word,
"the homeland", then the matter
would have confused her . . .
Is i t the house? The washing tub
and the pestle for 'kibba '
[minced meat 1 which she
inherited from her mother? . .
Or is it the call of the milkmaid
in the morning . . . Or the chesty
cough of the husband, and the
wedding nights of her children,
who departed this threshold for
the marital home one after the
other, leaving her by herself?
Palestine has produced some of the most powerful poets and
storytellers of the 20th and 21st centuries - the poets Mahmoud Darwish ( 1941 -2008, see page 1 77) and Samih al-Qasim ( 1 939-) and the writer Emile Habibi ( 1922-1996) to name but three. Poetry
readings can stil l attract mass aud iences and there is a strong Arabic tradition of storytell ing . Not surpris ingly, exile, loss and confused identity are common themes in Palestinian literature.
The above extract is taken from
a short story by Emile Habibi, t.J 4J ..u.., �Iy' "The Mandelbaum Gate" (a checkpoint between the Israeli and the
lordanian sectors of Jerusalem until 1967) .
In this passage, the author is exploring
the experiences and memories of an old
Palestinian woman and her attitude to the 'homeland' (uJoy l a l -wa�an) .
Emile Habibi ( 1922- 1996), writer and
poli tician, lived all h is life in Haifa.
2 7 6
Vocabulary in Unit 1 3
Nouns �1.4-�t
novel
play
poetry
song
opera
dance
(d) �I"",,>
(d) �� ( J�i) �
_ l (uW) �1 , -
writer/composer (�/ u..,) ....J;' director (�/ u..,) �� poet ( � I;i.) �L;:.. musician (�/ u..,) �.J-O dancer (�/ u..,) �IJ hero (J�i) � member (of family/club, etc . )
(��i) �
pace/rhythm
criticism/review
century
planet
l ion
fishing rod
Adjectives uL4-rt
romantic
historical
comic
documentary
moving/ affecting
unknown
Unit 7 3
(u..,)) �
(�Ifi) ..j.fi (JY"I) �i
(d) bJL:....:,
�I�
�..J\.j
J;"
�
group difficult to understand • • -;' 1 1 <.....I.1.w:>. -(d) �� � horror
ghost
war
battle
army
soldier
fire
event
effect
absence
(c�i) � ( '7'",,;") '7';"
(.!l,,>�) 4..S� (J..�) .;.;,.. (J�) �4
(ul�) ) . .:. (d.b.i) 0�
(d) �L
useful �L:. hungry e4-lost - L:-e
Verbs JWI�t
concern/be about J.P. J""� .� I J
come c,?� .�i
pass (over) (j�) � .� drown j..A! .jr face/confront �t; .�I""
Arts and cinema
Other phrases 4S� ".it utj�t written by ....iJt. . _ W"'" starring
pop songs
science fiction
head o f the family
Second World War
U · L' . . � W"'" ,-,Gil l ' lLi . ' r,I
�I J�I
� W I t+JWI ,-;-,?JI
until (+ verb) . i 1 1 u (.S" .
2 1 7
Review 4·�t.,..l't
Exercise 1 , �� .JL.:iA.J1 � w; , ���I J:al.wJ � J...a ,:"j",,, 1 j u l.4.K.l 1 ojA �w �I
2 1 8
. / . -U':! uJ--lI " ,!" Q
. �� Js « � I�� I » .�J I,.,J I �
.�jU�1 � .�I �JIJ � � �j04
· WWj:I-ll � �I
.",.bi � o�
n ews
d Q �.:> '" 'i�1 wi �i ,
..JI � ¥ �l �l wi �i y
..J I �i � t�l Js f
..JI ';JL...J I 4-:!1 f
..JI IjA � �� Cl
« .; j-I,.j-?JI » w! i
..JI V
Review
Exercise 2 '1'" -�..)-4-J
���4 1j,A J� # 1 She's wearing a red skirt.
2 I always wear a blue suit for the office.
3 He's wearing a grey coot and a block hot.
4 My daughter put on the pink shoes for the party.
5 I put on my brown coot before I went out.
6 My grandfather always wears glosses.
7 My brother wore a silk tie for the wedding party.
8 The woman who is wearing the green hot is my (maternal) aunt.
., Exercise 3 ,, ��
2 7 9
Farida is at 'Lost and Found' reporting the contents of her small suitcase which has been lost by the airl ine .
. J�I � L..,.S ' u IJ�1 �li.:i �IJ .t:iJ�1 ..,ll �I
;;�UI 0.#1 material colour
.r-J:- �\
:� , .;�,} � � �I 1,)'oI-! � 1 �
. ��� �i u� � � t I n the suitcase [there] i s a red si lk dress .
ut��t lost items
cJ � ,
y
Y'
£
j)
'\
220
Exercise 5 0 ��
� �
tit " Conversation
·· , · a , ' . " ' -.�T' � 1 i 1 '1 :(,' � -, .
You want to buy a leather school bag for your son . You wi l l need the fo l lowing i nformation :
• you r son i s ten yea rs o ld
• he ' s i n the fou rth grade of pr i mary school
• he needs a spac ious, sturdy (�) black bag with pockets for his pens
Note that you r budget i s 50 d ina rs .
Prepare what you m ight say in Arab ic . Then fo l l ow the p rompts on the record i ng .
Jjl..? .P.'U taj i r j u l Od (leather merchant)
Unit 1 4
Review 22 7
Exercise 6 '\ �� .Jt..Wt r,} W; ,��t �t �t
j t;:!J UJ t r,} He's weak in history and languages.
My sister excels in the sciences.
� t O ° t 'l" � r. My son is in the first year of kindergarten.
JLi t The teacher said that you (masc.) are talented in music.
The students turned off their mobile phones before the exam.
Exercise 7 v �� You are instructing a friend how to insert a new sim card into his phone .
. Jt..W t r,} W; , � t �j"t I �j uI �..::ut i.;it
t-!� �I .Jlfo4 u}��1 cl...wl ims ik as-s im kart bi-a�rat i l -a�ab it
(Hold the s im card with the fingertips)
.��t ��i D
. J�t �4-tI �i [IJ
'�J�I �i D
.�4J1 P r,} O'�I �I D
..j1�4 uJ'SO!!I' I I � I D .���I
.�� r,} u)So!!I. 1 I � D
. 0' lhl..J1 �i D
Now describe the process for inserting the sim card . Use the passive (see page 1 79) and join the stages of the process using sequencing words, e . g . :
First the mobile phone i s switched off. . J�I .J,:j4J1 .:;', ; '! 'J�i
222
Exercise 8 A i;.J� You have seen the review (hayatT bayna yadayk)
. L.JWI .tl:a....u�1 L� �i -. - : I I j " I " t.,r- " j u-- !.)i
1 When did the reviewer see the n ew fi lm?
2 Who is the director and where is he from?
3 Who is the starr ing actress and where is she from?
4 Wha t happens to
5 Wha t do the other
6 Who does she fal l
7 Which scenes does
fi l m?
Dina?
8 What were the titles of the starring actress's last two fi lms?
9 What were the audience doing in the second half of the film?
Exercise 9 '\ �� - - -
Unit 7 4
. .L ·. , IC '1 1 � G....s � . • I I �I . - ', , , ' L.J W I ul LuJI � "..r.- . . . . " .:.r- . j u-- � " j . .
1 a young doctor
2 she falls i n l ove
3 mil l ionairess
4 j ust as we saw
5 car chase scenes
6 the theft of her mil l ions
7 river of blood
8 in her two l ast fi lms
9 f inishes wit h a
10 until she meets
11 an u nknown disease
12 ' love storm'
Review
!�J.:! � �� w,", .1.:!J-:! U-:!.:JI u-:=>y.oJJl �J .l.:!�1 �I �i u .j..A U;,.
(" I� � � , I 6 .. .) .) )l.... u.-;i �I �§I1 �� � , :.. ' I � , - L - . � L , � �I �J \ _ \.) ! b l l � 'W� �J �
� J�i l) �'"' , ;;�� ,� J.>i �-JAyJl �y-JI ,�
� �i,) L.....S I� ;;�� (( (" .il l �» ���I \ 6.)01.)9
, ((�I � � »'"'
wi �,) r4-LJ� u' i 0 i ... 1 . - < , , I - L.S ' L:.....J I c..J� � (.J-:! .l....AI
\ 9 ! ... -, 1 \ JI� JL.c. u�
,�I � JWI
i n , malayTn) :....u � . A . t . ' I I ' '-'= ' U� ml IOn (shab) �w:.
(anqadha, yunqidh) � ,�i (m ufaja 'a, -at) � I , ,:;4,.Li4
(bariC) t')4 (mu!a rada, -at) � I , ':; J,)Lb.4
(baka, yabkT) � ,�
young, youthful
to save '
surprise
masterful, ski lful
chase
to cry, to weep
223
224
Vocabulary in Unit 14
Nouns � t-..�t
mi l lion surprise chase
(�jL) � (d) �4.u:, (d) � .J).h.,
Adjectives u�1 sturdy young/youthful masterful/skilful
Verbs J��t
hold
save
cry/weep
�t , ", � �ana ' , a l -yaman
Unit 7 4
� ,L � ,�i
(Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, is classified as a World Heritage Site.)
Review 225
Suggestions for further You have now come to the course. You h ave acquired a sol id foundation in Modern Standard Arabic and can tai lor any further study to your particular needs and i nterests .
The expansion of the internet means that at the cl ick of a mouse you wil l have access to a wea l th of mater ial , from more formal Arabic newspapers, radio a n d television to popular songs and chatrooms.
Courses Some colleges and u niversities you can join i f you have the to find a course o ffering a
I f you wish to continue textbook, there are a number
Arabic courses which You may also b e able
the scope of Mastering Amhic one that matches you r needs. Some, for example, are designed for use i n a classroom and can be d i fficult to fol low i f you ' re working by yourself.
There are also a number of organisations offer ing onl ine tuition, some better organised than others. Try to s ign u p for a sample lesson before you commit.
Mater ia l on l ine Most Arabic newspapers, internet sites, some also
I n addition, video-shar i ng and home-recorded materi(J1 subject, song or author thaI out in particular for cl ips
Literature
stlllions have their own nnd l ive streaming.
of professionally in Arabic script for a
is ava i lable. Watch
We have included some samples of Arabic poetry and l iterature i n Mastering Arabic 2 . I f you a re i nterested in reading more , try t o start with bi - l ingual or student editions that have the Engl ish and Arabic a longside each other. This wil l help you to d evelop a feel for the style and enable you to tackle Arabic-only edit ions Some authors and publishers also h ave their .search i n Arabic script to find what i s avai lable .
Vis iti ng There is never a ny substitute for a ctually visit ing or staying i n the area. You cun take a langauge course i n one of the maj or A rabic-speaking countries, o r s imply use your Arabic whi l e travel l ing and meeting local people . M o s t Arabs l ove an outsider wil l i n g t o g ive it a g o . Fortune favou rs t h e b rave !
Reference material
Answers to exercises
UNIT 1 Exercise 1
-
"l"l·a� 1 I �I �li�1 Ul5..4 UI�1 �'il (name)
(> (nationality) (profession) (place of residence) (address)
I--� � '\ V
, .
Exercise 2
I jl.J , . i/JA V L., IjL., A �r
,
. i --¥ � u-:!
Exercise 3
.�I U-O .,JA 0
� �jY" ::.:, r JA ""\
.��I .,JA V
� Y""""-" u-o if'" JA A
Exercise 4
228
• • • • • II . ,
. . . . � .Q<!. .�\..AA . . . �'l1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.�·.l\ . . . .... li:il .:JIS:.
: ,�\ ).\",.,H ,G�).V\Al·Y:Q . .:JI.,..JI • . • . • . . • . . . • . . . . �� . �I
t
0
""\
, t
L., u-o
--¥
---
� A
�
r
��/�� L.i ' �� u-o ;-::..:.i jA �
��I u-o L.i r
.(J�t � t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )cp. A.� . . . . . �'ll . . . � . . . . .... li�1 .:JIS:.
. . . �.'j...J\ .'.�\ V\Al . . \ .-.Q . .:JI�I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �� . 4.,-:J.-1
Answers to exercises 22 9
Exercise 5
. .!l� J.;.I;' t.:.io.9 ';w � u �I �i .� U-.o )Loi lJo.9 J.Y ..JL=... �I t.:.i
Exercise 6
,�l ' - 0
The answer to th is exercise depends on your personal circumstances.
Try check your with an Ambic-speaker.
Exercise 7
(my paternal uncle)
(my mother-in-law) 'J.:il.� , •
(my father-in-law) � , , (my g rcmcJfnther)
(my g randmother) �� , r
(my . I r (my brother) �I �
(my sister-in-law) �i �jj r
son)
(my husband) t..r."Jj 0
t..r."Jj (my husba nd's g randfather)
t ( my brother-i n-Iuw) -rJj
-rJj h usba nd' s gmndmother)
Exercise 8
.C · 1 - 1 . i :Go. . t �' <-F" . 0.9..) .��..lA .;;� 0
. .;w � �1
(my mother) �i V
father)
· u� U-.o 'E"I , '�� �Jj "
.� JA.....o i .;; "Le"
2 3 0
b:ercise 9
[xercise 1 0
1 mother g racefu l . 2 H e r father is tall a n d active . 3 Our uncle is i ntel l igent and generous. 4 mother-m-]nw is generous . 5 brother and stubborn . 6 Their g randfather is very wise. 7 You r cousin is cunning .
Erercise 1 1
Erercise 1 2
' '\Y .:l r LL ..>:! I� \ t , ,\ A r r LL (J".;L. V
, I"'LL �.7:! , '\ "\ V \,"LL �..)-!j V
r · · r rLL �..) r · r " I"'LL J..-..r:1 V
Exercise 13
Answers to exercises
o
The a nswer to thL� exercise depends on you r personal circumstances.
check your onswer wi th i1rabie-speaker.
Exercise 14
The answer to th is exercise depends on your choice of singer.
check YOUT arlicle with Arabie-speuker.
Answers to exercises 23 1
(A look a t
Arabic transcript and page 1 6
� �..,JJ � L.:. L:.I . bjALilI � u..J..,.:;1 ''f� L:.i . Jk L:.I .�I [� - � . j I � c " L., .� ' " )J.j I I ..L.L L:.j .uL I . ... � 1 � ;; . · - 1 1 . ...,. LJ-"-'""' . � if .P 'f ..;- . . �
�Y- � ��i JiJ.i:u� t�I ->:!�
l:!.)L .� 'f..L.L.J ( '( • • \ ) ..J.:..1.Jj �j � , � u W J1'p U-o j�
.� �L., �I �Y- � 4-Lo"L., L:.i .�.)..IAl1 ["� � � U..L.L
uL...o..o.) �lS..l1 t::" w..:u �i 'fJL:JI [S) �� ,�I �Y- ' bj4-J'1 �Y
�� L:.j �I u 4-L,J 1 U-o I>J � ,�I � �i �i �� uL.S.J � U I t::"
Good I ' m Emad . I 'rn I was born Co i ro . I currently
l ive in the pyramids, 1 (tbout 30 yems work in a
bookshop - I 'm the manager of the Zamalik branch. I work about six
days a week - every day fro m nine to six except Friday.
I 've been married for about eight years, [since] 2001 , nnd I have two
gir ls . MoriCI five years old to school . I every day in
the cor. two years l eave her house with her
grandmother because her mum works .
On the day off, Friday, I l ike to g o to the club and play tennis with the
coach, Captain Ramadan. And I also l ike to cook [ 'make'] food a t home,
I mean one of the I doing a lot.
Questions pClssage, page 1 7 . \ " \ \ �LL �J \ \ � J.;.� � ..J�
. \ " "' , �LL �� I i..l.! '( .' J
:L,3 � I y;..:. '" � uL t
232 A nswers t o exercises
UNIT 2
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
\ UL::. A �L...,.:.,. V �y U->, f ;;�
a '\ ; b \ ' ; c \ \ ; d A; e \ ; f o ; gV; h t ; i'l ; i \ or ; k r ; If
Exercise 3 (Model answer. Yours may vary slightly.)
/��I �I�I
, , �
;;.J� -
�I.JJ
�
J.JJ
Exercise 4
-FJI ��I
� I.? �I.? ;;-.Wlo ;;iy -i.c. L. U �
�� W""'-P -U� u..J
W""'-P -�)\j
u�
/;;�I W"�l u->,
�I.? ;; -.W lo
Uy�
I>.J�
�� �l:i.... Jb
� j /iw:S. _.J .
,, \ . 11 ,\ II A II V " 'I 11 0 li t II f " or ,, \
/ i",.,:.11 �->' �
Y-Y" �I�
y� �
I>� i) -.W lo , �§. �u... J�
;;1..)-"
Answers to exercises
Exercise 5
. � � � � � U,;:JI \..., 1 t .� * �I \""I O
Exercise 6
o 0��[ ® ��
�i �LwiJ" )9,.rW ��jJ
®� �'!)\ �biJ
., @��f )� � .;) - \ J '"
Exercise 7 ,
233
. 1) 1 - lbJl ' . �I \...,1 , t-! 0-! � � .�� * .J�I \...,1 r
.�..l.:>. � bJ�1 \...,1 r
,
Meaning � 1 Plural F I Word � 1 ---- --- -
pictures
fr idge
kitchen
sink
balcony
computer
cupboard
storey/floor
bed
wI.;;�
wL:.lj=..
2 3 4
Exercise 8 apartment
gorden V' V'
flowers
old couch V'
Exercise 9
small house
g arage
roorn
trees V' mi rrors
Answers to exercises
vil la V' of sea
bathroorm
grass
desk V'
.L..oWI u-o 4->� ;; .l.;! � �.1.0 � � � �! ' f'Y -..J..>,," jL; 'U"� .. ,:,- ,U� foJ u-k JLu
� �J u� � � LL:... �.J.:>,. 4J )l4iJ1 .�lo..:..J t"'"'IJ F .� ) J..>.J .!JL.:u.
Exercise 1 0
answer to exercise on your personal circulIlstances.
Try to check your answer with an Arabic-speaker.
Exercise 1 1
. J I� 'fJL.ib..i ut V
.-..J� I � �..LJ:i; J� .!JL.:u. A
Exercise 12
.�...r (,,>'"" I�l r
.�L:... &I.J.:>,. 4J ..::..y.J1 t
1 Tradit ional house i n t h e countryside (bottom righ t >
Modern aportment (top
3 Vil la i n a quiet area (top left)
4 Large apartment (bottom left)
Answers to exercises
Exercise 13
.;� a..t. 1 Li'� J� .\.:aJLA � )( )( )( )( tI tI
tI )( tI
)( tI )( )( )( tI
tI tI tI
)( tI )( )( )( tI
tI )( tI
)( )( tI
)( )( )( )( )( )(
Exercise 14
(Madej answer. Yours may vary.)
�" I � . 0 < 4� 7. ) • �/.... J� .)"':':"" . ( � \ .k.,a.o ) GJ l'J \ <.Y. \h.\ \
. ;;?-u ..:"L..,L...:,. r j tY ....j� t u-o ufo . �)\ � '� or.;S :ur-
.�� :.AY-l ..l�J ", I.J-" �
2 3 5
�J,.:o. a..t. 1 tI � )( u.:� )( (: If.'-tI � tI �/�y;. )( �1 i · L..,L...:,. J u )( ..l b....
)( ;;� )( ", I � .J-" _ _
)( tL.:...; tI �� t � tI . - � I.,.)"-U •
2 3 6 Answers t o exercises
(It Saudi)
Arabic in Saudi Arabia: transcript and translation, page 34 ..l..=..o �I ,� .�l...p. ')IUoU
.�.l�1 ��I �I � :i....�1 � jAi u-- Lr! 4...l.l1 L:.� . �� I ..\A.:>..i � �.lL:. �I.J � u-- u� �j b..l.:>.. l.J r�
�.J �.J .l':l...,"y, 1 .l':l.JI �.J LJ '�.J L.:J � 4...l.l 1 ' r.JJ-4.J � ('-" u�l.J . .Jl"'-.J.J u--.J
().5 '-:?� , <l..=.j.! 4...l.l 1 <?� f""'""� JL..... L.....j-!i b� l)U:..£..J �I ..w,.ll L:.i .".�.J bY' � K., � �! �...J �I
. oyi �I ,-:?j O..w.J
W"-! w�l.JA ��I.w .� u� �L...i �1 . .9 �'.J
.(..)"L.:JI � ..j..rUi.J u l#1 Salaam [hel lo] , loved ones . First of a l l , I 'd l ike to introd uce myself to you .
n a m e i s b in Mohnmmad S d i h b in Ahmed A l Mel iebmy. I ' m t h e holy of Mecca the Kingnom o f Saud I Ambia.
I ' m married to one who, l ike me, is also from Meccai her name is Nadia bint Ahmed Al-Huwaish. We have (may God protect ours and yours) five
nnd two nnughters . sons are l collen] Hattnn, Abdulrahmcln, Mohommad, MO' o n and and the doughters [ca l led] and Morouj (may God p rotect ours and yours) .
I ' m t h e e ldest s o n of m y p a rents a n d so m y father named m e a fter my g wndfather he rest pence) . My �Jwnd father 's nmne was Ahmed
wel l , we Mokkah this tradit ion o f fathers nnming tlwir children after their g randfathers .
As for my hobbies, 1 have m a ny but most of a l l I l ike horse r iding, sWlmming, ann travelling . l ove travell i ng (] lot . I l j ke qetting to countries and
Questions on passage, page 35 .b4Jl .JA �I �
. ..1.:>. 1" �lb 4J --.i..-.J1 u� r . � � .JA b� � �I t:!.wI �1 f,
�
Answers to exercises
UNIT 3
Exercise 1 , ,
Meaning �1 Plu ral � I
teacher �/ UJ-�.l.4 accountant ' / ' � 0:! u�
student ,:-,)lb/41b correspondent � / u"L 1.)-"
nurse wL;,� engineer �/UJ-�
baker ' / ' ' l:::.. 0:! u.J..) ,
singer �/u� pupil ;; ,i,. �
, '
cook/chef ' / ' ' L..1:. 0:! uP '
carpenter ' / ' � 0:! u.J..) ,
Exercise 2
,4-0� � V
, �q,i rA A . w� � o . � L. � "
Exercise 3
,U" (� rA "'\ .�I.)-" rA i.
23 7
,
Word � 1
' l:::.. ,) .
� . Li, C · � ,) .
. uG "", ,
. � L. "'" '(
;; u..J 1 . � · . . ;;' L. . . 1 . - . 0 ,) <.;> � U� . ��.r.J1
;;) ')J � 4-0�;;� � '( . � I,) I
·w..fll � Uwl.)-" �L:.. � "'\ .�.JY' � � L.� �i � ,. Exercise 4 a"; b 0 ; c ' ; d "'\; e V; f,( ; g i.
2 3 8 Answers t o exercises
Exercise 5 See page 42 for answer.
Exercise 6
, J�i wi � � �i WIJ LJ 0 ) .. -'-!WI �WI � �I ��i ,
Exercise 7
.� I �! '-"_ -..)� • I · I . '. 1 1 '
I..)J w ..)'.1j-':'" � t>L.:.1 '( . i.l..! i C 4--oJ 1 � �f -; "\ . ��I � ;)..L:LJI �i t>� � r
�wl � �I�I �f �JLc. £. .�JW I
The answer to this exercise depends on your personal circumstances. Try to check your answer with an Arabic-spea ker.
Exercise 8 ;;I ... ,
Exercise 9
2 �
6 � ;) . - �
3 w l� 7 J� t-:Uli
l j� ..,.J-I ..l"o-> �� r;�1
Ls! ...... -4-J- 1 \ � A o 1 0 1 0 >)1.,1 1 t<}i L.,; L\\ ''';''J# I) 'fit.. tl'� V A , \ i .ii.;. J I?JI
";"'}.A,jil
'::"�fol"'" ' �LJJ "Videoman Express " .i.L< - � , - \ . . V
";"\J� I
" PhotoshOp " J � 1 L"1.r 'oL,,!
Answers to exercises
Exercise 10
.4+& J! ii.;4..J 1 ii� J� �� � . ��I ..u..> ..;. · L ·I I · - ;"� : . JL.:.JI · I r . l.� U� u •
. � �� � �I�I � 'fJ.d."""'O.J L:.I r . 6....0� 1 (5.11 �� �I � �
'C�I � ii.l.>J7'- i.l..!1 'f�1 'J L:.I 0
� �� � �y. �>' ::.:,i � '\
. � W I �WI �IJ � wL.:'+" w1 V
� � ' I I . � • < . �< . . - \ � �� - - i I . A [.JY""" � � � � 0-'" .� � � I j� �i.J �i � J� �
� � � L:J I �WI � �Lu '::':'1 � , .
Exercise 1 1 1 Nadia i s most suited to the position o f assistant to the manager of an
engineering company in Bag hdad (top right) . Nadia is a qualified engineer, has good Engl ish and has more than three years' work experience. She lives in Basra and is Iraqi .
2 3 9
2 Hashim i s most suited to the j o b o f designer for a German magazine (bottom left). He went to Frankfurt University and is a qualified g raphic designer.
3 The answer depends on your own qualifications and experience.
Exercise 12 (Model answer. Yours may vary.)
�� � �� J -Gj � �)I � G.....JJ ..lC L....o
u.c. J:ii 'i ;;� .�J � r-� � ;;..I�! .�4Jl lJA C� . w l� r
.4.k � C� .��-9 �� ���I
2 4 0 Answers t o exercises
ii.,b..; (A look
Arabic transcript transla tion, page
L.. LJ 1 C:-" � ->11 �-J � �J.ill �..l..! � L.... . L...).Y" Lr> � l.:,i . �j4
jc� .&1 � , Ul�1
.�I Lr> J.C. u....... �4JI..., ' '.F.JL � �4JI...,
·w� U-.!l:-- L.. .l..1...! uSy � y� 4-.oY.-" u..:,1S dLo �i .<:>�I u I-J..., J W:!."........, ,?...,L...:.� ,-:-,Ji u...-JJ . �� 6..4J.l Ji.:;.:..� L:.i
L� 4-:>1 � - cF"J-J ;;-J...,J � � �I� JWJ ��..., L....u.
rS�l;. )4 \,�"",IJ �� L..
Hel lo . I a m Sahor from Syr ia . I l ive in the old City of Damascus in Zaytou m qllarter with my mother and father in a [trad itional] Arabic house. lather is retired the army.
My and has a g ir l . Suleimcln, o ldest, good at school he l ikes playing footbal l . The youngest, Shaw, is the spoiled one [ ' loved by everyone'] , the love o f my heart [term o f endearment] . My sister, Malak, was a computer programmer but she le ft work a fter having Suleiman.
I work tourist gUide . coursps . I am doing demond.
French Literature ond fol lowed language heard it is in
J a m 2 5 yea rs old and sti l l s ingle , as they say my number hasn't come up yet . I ' m too busy [ ' I don't have time to scratch my head ! ' ] . See you soon .
Questions on passage, page 5 3
S!\WA ISP \
'":"'..., � � uI-Jl.o)' I � �...,J I or
. L....>."..... � �..., , ,\, o c:Jw r . u� � , \ , c:Jw t
Answers to exercises
UNIT 4
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
-.tL...J1 ;;� �I ;;�
;;�I..h.l l ;;�I
ffJq; ,�,d � �
8) g Q Q
8) 8) g g
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
/f
0 4!fI
8) g
g 8)
� I �� I
�I �WI W � I
J:a1�>,1 jJ�1
.iJjl..h.ll �
� "
g
Q
Jl.o..:... , J4 '(
J�
�J"':'
The answer to this exercise depends on your personal preferences.
Try to check your answers with an Arabic-speaker.
24 7
2 4 2 Answers to exercises
Exercise 5 (Model answer. Yours may va ry.)
� I� � 4->� (5�1 ..,.,wi � �j i� � I �� � ;{ .....A.l�1 .uL:..:; ;{ �j UjWI �j ��I �i �JY � ·�C
L.ij .�I � U )l.,J 1 � ;{ �i L.5: ! I� �� ��Ij � � �
.� �..L>U ;{ �iJ � �� ��)I o � 0.;6 � �.uJ1 ��
Exercise 6
Form Presen t verb Verbal noun Active Part. Passive Part. , - , oJ i � L ,
I I J� (photograph) y� J� J� -
�i:! (go) ,-, LA j ,-,-, I j ..,.,� .i., , , , ,
I I I .u� (view/watch) �.u� .u� .u� , -
�..>:! (ride) ""'�J �IJ ""'�J-" , ,
IV �..>:! (send) JL....J! �J-" J...J-" , .. - , , , ,
I I � (prefer) � � � ,-I� (read) � .. I� LsJU "j�
, , , - , , , I I � (camp) � � �
Exercise 7
Answers to exercises
Exercise 8
. ' LlJ;j1 I , I ' . . 1 . . I':. � . 0 � � � <..! u�
� <,?JL.:JI J! ,:-,uill u� V
.�I
Exercise 9
.b L':...:JI
" I�I U" ,
�I ,:-,�..J
Exercise 10
Activity
Ramadan tent
Horse riding
u�1
<,?JL.:JI
�>,I
Exhibition of I raqi artist
Children's l ibrary
Exhibition of drawings from children's books
Comic play
d..LWI
o : r ·
Day
Thursday 12 Th ursday 5 Wednesday 4 Tuesday 1 0 Saturday 7
Sunday 1 Children's Ramadan party Friday 1 3 History of European a rt Monday 9
Bird Show Wednesday 1 1 Yoga Sunday 8
24 3
r:-ol.r.JI I..JJA� ul u� r .�l.J...) 1
f'�1
� I .!l�J J�
��I y � � J . _ .
Venue suitaEle lor Palace hotel family
AI-Jawaad club children
Arts house adults
Arts house ch ildren
Culture cen tre children
AI-Hussein theatre family
Airport hotel ch ildren
Arts house adults
AI-Malik Garden family
Mecca mall mothers
2 4 4 Answers t o exercises
d� (A look Iv1orocco)
AraiJic Morocco: tra nscript Imnslation, p(lge
�WI \ .. )"�'}/ �I �'-"'�'}/ ,,;:.. � �� ��LL J:..� . . � �'}LJI A . .1.l �I ,-",�'}/
. ...:i.�.J �
..r.::.. � �.J . oJJ I "L;.. ut wi.J ,?i � --:-,pl � L.� � �r A . .:;�..>-!.J JlLi cJ.l1 �').J � �'}LJI.J
Assalamu Alaykum [Peace be on you] . How are you keeping? Fine? Is O K? Is your Is the family ( I hanks to God»
Mourad Diouri . marr ied (thanks I 'm Moroccoo1 from the North, the city of TrHlgiers i s the
or ig inal birth place of the famous traveller Ibn-Battouta , The Moroccans cal l it the 'Bride of the North' .
I am a university teacher in e .. learning for the Arabic language at the Edinburgh .
The dr ink of the Moroccans is g reen usually bn'wed in a particulo r ( 'according
mint, which riCJht and method '
You a re a l l welcome with us in Morocco at any time, God wil l ing . Take core . Peace be upon you and God's mercy and blessings ,
Questions passage, page 71
. r . . V :UWI �.)li '(.J�I �L:.....A � o�1 � " I� I
.,-",.)\....0 r .. lnWI .. L......:. Jl..i:i'}/ I Lfi.=J1 w..ti.J r (S�I '7'W� �pl j�,}/I t
�� 0 0 · "\ 0 C:-4-J1
Answers to exercises
UNIT Exercise
.3�I �j-O I
U, y;.J I j$. j-O V
A
Exercise
2 4 5
,
) ... b..il l � \
���I � Jl �i c..¥ 0 ��L.....JI §.yo Jl .j...�1 y. l.u J-" r
Exercise 3
Exercise
��� � ,-,�l �i I �r�1 Jl �i � r
, � r .l.>�I � i.
�L.....JI �yo 0
a \ ' ; bri eli dA i eV; fi. i g \ i hr i i O ; j � ; k \ '
24 6
Exercise 5
�L.:. u4-4-j .;., � �.J �� 1\
' f"j..oj Y7 u-o .i;.. � �J�I b).i-;JI J! �� ,..
. b�l; �I L:.Jj; �I L:....� L:.,) V
Exercise 6
, , . f" 1..rJ I �I.J
.j.:JJ �lb. ::'J�j
Answers to exercises
� J! b� u-o �4J1 \..j�j '\ .��I
u-o �I �I:W l:up� "
.b.�I �
wi �i.J �iJ \..ji L:.J� 'f"Wl liA �I L:....� '-?��
. b� J! �yJl L.:..4� 0
plane V boat ){ camel V donkey ){ fort V stars V palm trees V beach )( cinema ){ well V shopping ){ tent V mountains V flowers )(
Exercise 7
Paragraph 1 : U�J l.i. i t [our plane] left; L:...L::.':' we arrived; d.Ls: i t was [an hour] ; u Ls: it [the wind] was; � I was; ::..,;;;.. I felt; L:..?J we took/ rode; L:.J� we visited; t..:...;A� we went
Paragraph 2: d.Ls: i t [our room] was; uLs: it [the air conditioning] was; � � it [the air conditioning] didn't work; d.Ls: i t [the cafeteria] was; uLs: it [the tea] was; d.Ls: it [the cola] was; � � we didn't find; ::'J�i I prepared; �� we went
Paragraph 3: ;;. � "" \..jJ�l.i. we left; �.,,:; we headed; \..j�u.. we saw; L:.J� we visited; L.:u..r we drank; �i we ate; lyLs: they [the Bedouin] were; �� I rode; �;.� it [the movement] reminded me; t.:...a:> we slept; u:,Ls: they [the stars] were
Paragraph 4 : �i I l iked
Answers to exercises 24 7
Exercise 8
� u:.LS ��I ,,\
r� oJ» o� ..::....;tSb;' v
r� I�� 0tS e:-'..)I A
I JJ� uLS <:.>L:.JI ,
ililJ u:.LS -:ifiJl r
, � uLS ,, 1J+l1 � t
Exercise 9 (Model answer. Yours may vary slightly.)
el i , "·1 1 · � w ...l:..J1 � � 0 'y •
�\ � �\ 0� � ,?Lc." U ,Uy, • � o l r �/ b/ c..-L'>U .L1.:.-/ � �ll\
4.b! uk JkJ" \� ��)J �\5 L/"'"li\ //vJ\ .V"'U\
i-'.Ji � � �6Jl\ u5J" ,L/� �\ 0\5 \ I� � �\5 �i �/
�\5 c..-L \.lJ u5J--, LpKll J� �::, �U\ �
GJ.., w / J� �/ . � WG ��/L ;�\ iLU tj Lylo � �
.. ( . -' � . ,JSlJ.\ � � j;. <f->- J?\ 0\ 0�)
,i}:.:/ (GL\)
248 Answers to exercises
uaUfl � d.,b.i (A look at Tun isia)
Arabic in Tun isia: transcript and translation; page 88
.� y�1 If'-''\..::>. jl:;.,J ("� . ("LL n 'f� '�Y ,�I � �I L.:.i .�I r�
<-,J� U-o L.>.Li �.J .�WI /"#1 � .;
�I L.o.S: �yJl iliLJI � L.:.i '�J .l.A."'-IJ � r" , ..1';/) r 'f� �,,)"";:"J
' 01..1·41 1 � &0 u->�IJ r � I LAJ � t,F'J u,Yo �� 'f..l� <-,J�I � � �I ;;�I � I�b 4-l4J 4b� � � � yul:! u LL � L:,� cill.jS..3 J� U-o r�1
.<U:.Ylo Assalamu Alaykum [ Peace be on you] .
name Abdelhaq . Tunisian, aqed 34. as universi ty at the Foculty of Sciences in the capito l cjty.
But I ' m originally from the south of Tunis ia .
My hobbies a re swimming, rea ding , playi ng chess and footbal l . I have sons: Ahmed Mohammed. I l i ke Tunis jem food os
ouscous, brik CTunis ian parcel s l .. o n d barley
My country is very beautiful a n d tourists and i nverstors from every country head for it . I n particular, tourists come to i ts beaches and mountains and large that is south throughout year.
a lso have varied trndjtional hondj crafts .
Questions on passage, page 89
�I ,
.( 'Let me be' ) « J�» �I ��I " <-,J� I �I '"
r ..lLilI �.� ' � � I y'L...o ; . b:;...J� �I � � Ui.::J1 0
Answers to exercises 2 4 9
UNIT 6 Exercise 1 , ,
bread � tomatoes rbLJ:. milk � "
bananas JY yoghurt 'fJ�.,j apples C LA.:; lemons � eggs � butter ;;..I-!.,j - ,
water melon � ju ice � rice .,j) , figs U:U cheese � oranges Jli:i ' ..>-! ,
chicken [�J meat � potatoes u+� > , ,
sugar � oi l U->....J cake � biscuits W-;!� coffee beans U-! fish �
Exercise 2
n
p � � . ' � � ("y' �
.:,) u
LL C � Jli:; ,
J!
� �� w...-..J r+Lili , ,
� J-Y'
� � �
U:U
-d.5: do:.... � � ,
[L,..� � b �j w...� (j.J�j ,
U+7--
. u� I U-o (�I/'fJ�)I /;;..I-!) I ) �I 'f� . ;;)�I U-o ([ l:--..J I ) r-Jl1 'f�
. .!lWI U-o � I 'f� . ' . � . 1 1 ' (U-> '< . t I / ' · � ' I ) d&1 - " � u-o -� � 'f�
(�I/�I/�I/..JyJI/r-kL:JcJI/��I/Jli:iyJl) CU:JI 'f� .:S�I U-o
.��I Lro (j...J I /� I /u->..J I /� I /� I ) �.)\' 1 'f�
2 5 0 Ans wers t o exercises
Exercise 3
a O ; b \'1' ; c � ; d ' ; e '\ ; fV; g " ; h " ; ir ; j "\ ; kA; I t
Exercise 4
c4-J # 0
� �-.J "\
o� � � V
o�\ �\ �G.j A
'. .< , u-! �
�k.b 4k �
u.:.u # t-u r ,?J�..J '-:'� t
Exercise 5
(':"-r:=.-f-f-- f-r r f--f-r--r-ronb� 94J'Ii V �j �� j
V � 94J' "&) i1� � � GL;� 'i. V j) �
�4-- � � j V <:U..-w 94J' �_ o:f 1" .' :' ". ' _ � � 't:�� 94J' �
V i1 �j V JW.,r. 94J' b......i..... . - \ _ . ,-" • � _ , -( � .,.. j� � c:.A..u2...;
(Model sentences. Yours may vary slightly.)
.�I � �j w......J 1 � -::,fli;
·C 4-..J 1 � �j ..J)/1 � -::,fli;
.�� I , -,�:,:" �j Jli:i�1 � -::,j� . "LJ lj w...�1 ,-,�,,,,:, �j o�.)lj �I � -::,fli;
.�Ij � I ' -'�,":-' � ..JyJ1� -::,fli;
Answers to exercises
Exercise 6 1 � 2 11 3 � 4 11 5 11 6 � 7 11 8 11
Exercise 7
�L..JI �..J:!ll ��'JI �� �Mj.tl l'-I time day number of people customer name
A: \ 1) �\ " c:::.U;.> ,
\ : '(' . �\ � � "
i : . . �'!l \ 0, u» )\.9 '(
Exercise 8
. U �J-! rn '� I "L ••. J}]
.<?j�jll � � t-" � � ��I � [YJ .� � b � ��.J .l..I�J . � I .:G.L l.i �
. �� �j � �L, . I� . u �J-! � � J4...,J Y-Ai W . b � ��.JJ � � �IJ '� � �IJ . . . � �
���I � ylI L, , � � . . ..i� [3J �� �� j.A . � I �i l.i �6.....� � [Xl
�� � ('"""'l' 1 [f] �u �J-! � � di�J ..J� � � l. � 'if'� � � rn
. u2 0:' "" I ��L, l.� .j,yJ1 " L......, W
Exercise 9 0 0 ; bY; c\; d r ; er ; f \ ; g f.
257
252 Answers to exercises
Exercise 10 Mr Baraka t ordered th e kofta (minced meat skewers), but was charged for
kebab and chips.
I ,-:-, � I � lh.:.. <!lLu. ul �I I� l:! _
.,?� l:! I� ....i..ul L.:.I �,-:-, � I � lh.:.. _
I ';�I ..,..bL.4J� '-:-'� ,-:-,�I �J � � � L.:.I _
.lh.:.. ,-:-,�I I,?� l:! I� ....i..u f _
I ';j � 4� u.:. \..S I� l:! � _
Exercise 1 1
Present verb � "
Past verb � I
J L.:..:u J -
JJLu � .h.i:i.J I
� � I
Root letters .j j J j t J j Jj u 1:. j J j J <!l j J j o Form VII I
Meaning to differ
Verbal noun ...j)l:;.:;... 1
Active Part. �
Passive Part. �
Exercise 12
v' t
VI VI I I
to eat/partake to shoot (a film)
JJLu 1:. lUll
JJLu....:. .b.i:;.L.
JJLu....:. .b.i:;.L.
X
to consume
<!l )4.:i.... I
� , , ,
�
Answers to exercises 253
u� � i:j� (A look at Lebanon)
Arabic in Lebanon: transcript and transla tion, page 106 � Iyo u-o )L.,.J L.:.i . ��)l1 � wJ� �LLJ ..JI� ..J I� �I L.:.i .�...>-"
� .�I � J� � " " � � � � � ,�I �j�1 . � LJ I J1,L:...J1 u-o L.>-:!.uI..,J1 WJ� u� �
& 1 � . , or "'� JGJ IJ � , "\ "'� ..l.:>.. IJ : L.>-:! .. l..b £?�J (�.ji..o L.:.i JW� �J L<,.�I � � I �J »4.!J1 �J �yJl �
. J��J
·.;;�fi �� r:'';;' ��J wJ� �->-,,)l 1 �4J1 u-o w.:--y...:; wUJ� ·F� L:,.L:... �� I ..J � I � t":!jL::...... :u:.'l �y.J1 �
� �J , �� � I� � � �I .J.;;.� , �....,J � �L:...J �I� .H � � rS;' �
Hello. My name is Fouad Haddad and I l ive in Bei rut, the district o f Achrafieh. I am orig ina l ly from Khencharah Metn, a village in the mountains, lOOOm above sea level . My accent is the accent of Beirut res idents who originally came from remote areas.
I am married and have two boys, one 16 years old and the other 1 2 . Khal i l the eldest l ikes music a n d plays the piano a n d 5amir the younger one l ikes sports and plays footbal l and basketball .
I graduated from the American University of Beirut and I am working as a programmer for a computer company. The company sends me to work on proj ects all over the Arab world, especially the Gulf. In my spare time, and especial ly during the weekend, I take the family - in winter -to ski in the mountains. During summer we l ike to go to the beach and swim i n the sea .
Questions on passage, page 107
. L:......:. i � � � · I I , � . . J"' (5 L;.. u.J..., or
£?..J�j '7'fi '" .J+::>. ili.) ..:, � f.
( L:......:. i �� · �) · � o � � u _
254
UNIT 7 Exercise 1
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · uIJ ...I.!- � . . . . . . ��I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ ' " ':\ :>.fl� 1 . . ,)')\.,l.1 �)j • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � ')')\.,l.l wlS::...
. . .J.Z.....o...l. , ;;j>1. ,�I . t:..:).lZ... .\ A . . . . . . wI.fAlI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4...;� . . . . . . �1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'I#:>.Y" ,./�I �
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;�·\!b . 1 9 . . r�l �
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u�.L..J � . . . . . . �I - - � ' I � . I I � " . AS . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �:.;:.... . � . �.,.:. . . . . . . .r-
(Model paragraph. Yours may vary slightly.)
Answers to exercises
.�j""'" � � �..u. ,.; , \ ;\ "\ rLL ..>:! I� "\ r� U lj..l.! � w�� � .�j �..u. U-" Li ' ;; 1"16".1;' � �j L..,j .�j '?»'" u,yj . �I tjL:.. , ;\ u l�1 .�� ;;jlM. ,.; u;;,. ��" �j ,.; u 'J I
. « �y;J1 �I �y:.. )l �I
Answers to exercises
Exercise 2 , , Meaning �I Plural F.I
s tars
chairs
stations
grandchildren
designers
bathrooms
centres
rooms
glasses/cups
f'� ("S""'I� ,
wLho ..ll..hi < )
U-:!/� wL,�
�I -, y , --lI.;L. ,:-,1�1
.J;"':; j5.ly �) .J l:...A �-lAl1 o .u � .;. I�I J.:!.l ,..; � � f'�1 u:.LS r
·u l..l.lJJ w� � - ..ll..hl � J '" . ;.L:.......1J j) ,:-,I�i U � J! (lh:. t ,
��I � Jb:; --lI:;' �y j.A 0
.wL,��)\jJ f'� --lI� t-!.)� � \...:.J7-G.... 1 "\ .��! ;.L .. ))..l � � � V .J->�I � b� U->� wLh.,l: .. ).) A
�!.f� � � �.wl ��I ("S""' I�I �I.) j.A '\
Exercise 3
Word
�I � JI.)J �I �J;! J�I U-<> dJ�1 (S� .. ,
�I � �LJI �LJI J;i �
Uy...J..4l.:i.l 1 .u. �
.....b..l:i..:. ')JY.. f'.uJ1 'i.� �
f'L.J1 J;!..l.A.lJ I�L.....o �
�I J!.� �WJ ;.�I �
(J"-! '}LJ I !.f�
255
, �I
� �� , � �
� f'� j5.y. , u� ':-'�
256 Answers to exercises
Exercise 4
�WI �WI � f'� j5: .'f"l:J1 � u..J1 b� l:.�l
Exercise 5
. .....i.....:... I,J , - J)..IL:. [:+bJ1 �L.....:; "
�:;. u..r.u..)-:! ':J .�I J! ",,:;.)4w ..)-:!J.JI .J� b ..ll..:, .�WI �WI J-!j )0.£:. WI..) t
, � f'�I � .JA Lo ,� l.ro . . . I� t
:,,) t:� ',?y....o � f'�1
�� I..l-o � d;�,J .:,,� � ?Z�..) L:...!..= .u l..)� � � � V
� �) � ;'jI .�I hL lS�J · · · u� �)J da..... � 3UJ ' ?Z�..I �IJ · · . !..i t '\
Exercise 6
. I� �,-:-,L...::J I " ,
! b:"�' 4J ! I�
1 H isham's father and mother; 2 Athens a n d Marseil les; 3 delicious
sweet a n d beautiful Lebanese apples: visit mountGin;
5 the Acropolis by bus; 6 on the ship - they both l ike photog raphy;
7 the Grf'ek mincf'd meat skewers; R talking to Adnon;
they fis h i n the o ld of Mmseilles; 10 by
Answers to exercises 25 7
Exercise 7 (Model paragraphs. Yours may vary.)
�t..:.,...J 1 Lro �411 ,-:-,�)I �i · uL:.�1 J! �I uL..J JL:;JI �� I c.}
��.j .!1l:..A �I ui � � Ju.J .L:.;ii c.} I"":!.w l �I.J �.J-!.J�\tl �J4jJ
, uL:.� � I L....jY" �u.. �� J.!u �..;J I � ' �.JJ} c.} d r-i-J � I.JJJl.i. �L..J I c.} .�� Ji.o J:!�I �ljAJ � J c.} L�I U"J..I;! <L.!
. L.:,� '-:-'� c.} 44.uy> Jl �...;hJ 1 c.} uL:.� 1
. -
lh� � ,uY..bl J�� I.J� rJJ � I � I..,....K;J �L1d.J 1 ..11.,1 �..;J I
F.o c.} l:� � l..,.KiJ �.wl �.1A.lI I.J)j � .44.uy> I�J �I
Jl � I �J �J4jJ l ..11.,1 . �ju..,.. 4J u.:. � ��I .h......J c.} �
. � J! .!1l:..A �I Lro JLh.iJ 1 � � �i.J ��>'I
Exercise 8 , � V � Visit of former president J immy Carter to Egypt
, � A V Death o f Egyptian businessman, Mohammed Ahmed Farghal i
, AA , B irth of British foreig n minister, Ernest Bevan
� • • V Crash of Indonesian Boeing 7 3 7 , � t " Allied o ccupation o f Cologne
, � M· New Delhi summit of non-aligned states
, � V t East and West Germany recognition o f each other's sovereignty
Exercise 9 1 cotton king uWJl dL 2 passenger plane ,-:-,LS:J ��u.. 3 for the f irst t ime �J-" J.J \t 4 non-al igned states j� ':I I �� J.JJ 5 of the make/type j I,):, Lro
258 Answers to exercises
UNIT 8
Exercise 1 - -
10 .J ...,:. � I j r." <l t � '--. /-' <l '-"" t .10 U ..J � ...,.. .:J J
� J r. i: � I :. � ...,:. I I �\
� ..J w\ / ...,.. I'-----. i: ..J � I .:.
.J J .:. I :. .. J,\ I .J .10
w t -' .J .10
� t V ...,.. J J <l :. ..J '-"" t � <l '-'" .:J -' .10 ...,.. 1'01 J • I :� � t [\V
K t � � .:J ...,.. J � L � .:. .J u" ..J ( � I w ...,.. � L
belt � I? dress u� coat -...ib...o skirt ;;jy.:; hat �
jacket ;;� trousers � shirt � shoes ., I �
Exercise 2 pyjamas �4. 0
boots W,J-! '\ sweater �-Y'" V
shawl J L:. A
Exercise 3
blouse ;;j� ,
j eans � or j acket �4- r , pullover �� �
. G�j ;;j�j u.� ;;,J.i.u ;;iyJl � (woman) ,
'w"""�) � t-" � �Jj U .l..! �) I � (man) or .� J� t-" W�-�j w,J"':" �I � (girl) r
. I� Ub...oj 'y-:!Y"'j � .l.I..,J1 � (boy) �
Exercise 4
Answers to exercises 2 5 9
Exercise 5 (Model descriptions. Yours may vary slightly.)
, � ,�" � .l loj � 4:ij...,:u LJ ,C?.ljj ":-'� � � Ujj i>j� i>J:!-"i �
�I � ,�I t'? � �I �" � w�--? � �
,� � 4J� lol" � ,� �
Exercise 6
Type of clothing
Size information:
Colour offered:
Colour preferred:
Exercise 7
......,..u/ ..,...,..L,! wearing
First item summer sh irt
16, 5 col/ar
green (with orange pocket)
grey (with red col/ar)
Second item sun hat
wide
purple
dark blue
o.-.i ....... ....:a relation to Am;ra
,,""�I name
D
v
cY1 A
260 Answers to exercises
Exercise 8
,� , u�I � � I ;;i�I '
.�.;;.::.. ,�i JA �.J1.o)1 4J�1 � �jJ l J.:..) I " .�..:" ,�i � JUJI � �I ;;i�1 r
.�y:..i \,s.:i.:;.i U-!I JA �� I ��� I � � jJl ..JYI �
.�:;� ,�i c,,:;JA � �l u� l" ;;.)Li:Jr � �jJ l J.:..) I 0
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
.� ,;..0 1 ��I � � I ;;i�1 "\ d.J�1 � �jJ l J.:..) I V
c)�1 � �I ;;i�1 ;\
"COJ,O '- � �jJl ..JYI �
�d..:. lpJl � u:.� �I � I .J..,...J I �! Cr.!i , .�I � �jJ l u\...:i.....AJ 1 u.>..fol "
C? JA r
- I � � �l �j 0
. ;;� :\..i.)J � � �I � \.j.) �I j.:d � "\
A �.Ju... (Shadya) B � (Samar) C � (Jamila) D ..1.J.A (Hind) Exercise 1 1 0"\; b o ; c ' ; d � ; e;\;
Exercise 12 D
; i V
D r' c � A '
Answers to exercises 26 1
Arabic in Iraq: transcript and transia Uoll, page 132 � � �� I �.l.b .0 1�1 �� ,��I W � � � �I
.0 1�1 ,":",� '; . � �I ...1.::.. 1" ti 1:,5..J .,":",�i ��;/I U w l
� �.J...>S 4lL:... �i . �� I �� I
�L� I �-> L,., �i �I-> ..l J..,S:i 4lL:... -t.��JJ �4-
.; 4J 1 ->y :l 1 � �I->..JI �i . J�;/I J� 4...ih.:i...:J 1 �I � ., I� �i .b l->�..JI b..l� -r- J� Fi . uL..:.:I I b�
My name is Ali . I ' m from the municipality of Basra [in the] Republic of I raq. Basra is beautiful l om ted south o f I raq.
[My] marital status is coiled Muhammed.
I work as the country manager the United Arab Emirates .
I l i ke sport . I used to play
Publ ishers Worldwide in
ochieved a black belt .
I am studying for my Masters in I nternational Business at the Austral ian University o f Wollongong. I enjoy reading business books . I think studying is i mportant in a person's l i fe . I aspire to have a PhD.
Questions on passage, page 133 .�i Y' � I .; � � I (.)'"-!)LJI �
. .. 1*1 �..?--! � �
.J.=.lJ1 � �G. r
. ...j,.,.....,J I Lr> f,
. � �" 0
262 Answers to exercises
UNIT 9 Exercise 1
�t/4:w..Jt ...... �t/4...J..ut �t .-".it class/year school/university aqe name
c . .:h'!\ l d...A....uLI l d......,� 1 \ 1\ � \
d.ilWI d...A....uLI I ��W\ d..w) ...>..;l \ I V o� C;;
<'4->W\ d...A....uLI I � :>I� P I d..w)...>..;l l \ � JL.J r
.:uu...\3l d...A....uL1 1 �\�!\\ d..w)...>..;l l \ . .Jo.l� �
c . .:h'!\ 1 d...A....uLI I CuP9.J\ 'I.. o} . ..w /)
Exercise 2 .�WI �.).J.Ali U-<> UJW I �I � �J � ' V LIly>-" �� , .�J I.lL>' 1 �.).J.Al1 U-<> �WI �I � J-AJ � ' r by>-" J W: r
. �I..1:i....> . l' I �.).J.Ali U-<> �L:JI �I � J-AJ � , • by>-" ..J l;.. r '�J)I U-<> �J � I �I � �J � f. LIly>-" �.)L... f.
Exercise 3
(science of) physics ��I (�) (science of) chemistry ��I (�)
medicine � I law J� 1
engineering L�I philosophy u:.J..QJ 1
business studies/commerce ';..)�I l iterature <....> 1 ..)':1 1
econo mics ..)�}'I � sociology t ¥.),I � phsychology � I �
Exercise 4
�\
history C:-'-Jl..:J 1 geography WI�I
music �yJl d rawi ng and art uy..QJ IJ �)I
mathematics .;;.. �L...J I religious education �.l.ll ��I Arabic (language) ��I (4..i..l.l I)
algebra �I physical education �L.....JI ��I English (language) �),I (4..i1I1)
(science of) biology ��)<I (�)
Answers to exercises 263
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
. ,,4=--� I � �i ';/ L.:.i , .��I '7'J� 1 �I.)..J U"-'....)� � �4--1 1 J� �i �.J r
���I till 1 UJ-"'.).i:i �i J.t. ,.. . L:u..u...)..\..> �.)�) �I y...J.J ��I � t
.L...� �WI :i.LLJI i.E"'.)� 1 ��I i� 0 . �#I � � ,,�IJ ,,�I u...,.......)...I.:! 41hJ1 '"\
. "lo..W l 0-" �A :i.L� � « L....L.:. » u�J V .�LJI lr" � w40-I.)J.l 1 '7'.§-.) � �i "
1 chemistry; 2 because she is weak in English; 3 civil engineering 4 father: thinks engineering will suit her because she's good at maths and science; mother: thinks it is "all dust and sand" and does not suit girls, thi nks economics or business studies would be better; 5 to work in an international construction company, to travel, to build houses for the poor.
Exercise 7
. � �I �')J 1# ';/ '"\ . I� 4.lS � � I I}�! ' , . (:->....)l:iJ 1 1.#1 V .Flb. � U�I �I.wl l� r
.� JL,j J I.;Ji J[ IJ)o.:u ';/ A .� I w�1 �.JA J� I�I ,.. .u�,;/I "L.:;i U)lb! I� .';/ t
• . �I.)) � IJ.J'� 0
Exercise 8 Past Present Instruction Negative
draw �.) �y '�.)� '�y 'l , mention .;5.j .;5.� '.;5.j l '.;5..:w '1 study U".)� U".) .i:! !L)"t�Ji ,U"�� '1
-
explain Cy.. C� 'Cy:..� ICy;...; '1 fi l l 'JL. � !)L.I I '� 'l
use �I � !�I I� 'l �i I�i
, complete � I� 'l
- , - , I� la 'l colour u� � describe ---i...oJ � ! � I� 'l
close/switch off <>JLi � l<>JLi I� 'l
stop �.J � I . -.<...U '.....ii:i '1
264
Exercise 9
t ' ::'�'�"�';; ';;'�;" ;�'i " . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ .�WJ;"�I�·; · \ � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i .�I ..,.J! i : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \: .. ... .
.
� . .
_ WJI ;u:......� 1 � \ . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
! ·.!4Lo ; . �I - " " " ""i i - "�I i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . , . . . . !
Exercise 10
, . tt>ill ..) �L.:...., � �I V
, .�I � J Ji '\ . � �I o lA � � 'i \ .
Answers to exercises
. . . . . . . . ..
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. b.Jy..::J 1 �! \
.�I olA I}�! r
. , � . Ie I I Q I;. i '" · uY� �
Answers to exercises 265
,.i1�1 � ii,.l::a.i (A look at A lgeria)
Ara bic in Algeria; transcript and transla tion, page 150 G.llt, . b�1 �I t"" ��1 � �I.L t... 1" �t) �1" .� )\..Ai
. .l � 1 � 4J ljL., �l:i b�1 �I .).-:!-!� I � � ty l�1 � �ljL., ��" .. /JI � b ..\L U J;....o�L., � · ;; " lb ·, "Q u-o L.,L." J� u-o JI"J-A" ��
.U"� .J-la . J.JJ4.l1 t. l:i �y.. � � �
'<;,5J).ll 1 J:.. u.� L., � �.Jj..o �.J 4-o i �I.J � b� 1 �I
c">' . ..)4.! � I � 0,!.ll I."J1." b..)-,¥,- � � L.. � .41 1;""" � .;..:&..:iL. �li.l ...j l� �.,,:;..o JI..) . �-,,:! � L., L.J J� � �-":! � ��
�� �l:.. � cl.J.l c.J� J:....)�L., .�I c} �� c.J� �t....J '�.J� � c.rl:i Ub .. I I.J .4:!-A �� <;,5� �
� � �t... �.J .lu.) 1 � .�I c.J� �.J ��l:iSJ1 iji:. � . I� US:WI c} ...j l� I""" I..):UI ...j� 4-:!-!)\.L .�
Hello, m y n a m e is Radio a n d I l ive in England with m y l ittle sister. My parents are sti l l i n Alg eria . They l ive i n EJ .. Biar [a suburb o f Algiers] . My oldest sister is sti l l back home. My father is Oranese from Gudyyel and my mother is from Constantine. My mother does not work. She's a housewife and my father works in a petroleum company. He is an engineer.
My oldest sister is a doctor. Her name is Amin a . She's married but has no children . She doesn't l ive far from my parents. S he l ives in Hydra [on the outskirts of Alg iers] and my parents [l ive in] in El .. Biar. She visits them every two days but calls my mother every day. I miss my family a lot and I i ntend to go and see them i n summer. I can't go n ow because I work in a school as a n Ara bic teacher and my hol idays won't be u nti l August.
I l ike reading books a nd l i ke to g o to the movies . I l ike sleeping a n d eating b u t I ' m Jazy about cookin g . That's why I s p e n d a l o t of money eating out.
Questions on passage, page 151
.J+i.J1 <"r"'1..).ll 1 �WI � �...)L. �I F i� , . · I�I 6..Ju 1 II 4...:.......l 1 · '( I.F . . � '-"'"
. ..l.>...)y, � �y, .......... 1 <;,5yl�1 �.;;J I ..>-'...J.J yo .47-j."...:J1 �l:! �yl � � t � �
.� �� �...)L.,� I F ui � t � 0
266
UNIT 10 Exercise 1
�IJ 6jUil I " t W I �I i �IJ �I ' T �I V
/ ��I ' r �,.,.l� IJ ("#I A
�J:JI ..>� \' 1 JLJ1J ..1l....::.:iJ"i 1 �
Exercise 2
; wlnL�1 � ..;,jiJ 1 , •
A cL,..:. "
Exercise 3
�4=J1 , .
�I ..>�"il i J�"iI U"�1 V
�,.,.b)1 � A
Answers to exercises
�L.....) I , �IJ 6jUilI T
� IJ �l r
�LoJ I JJji=J�1
� I ("..,.:..1 1 T
1 the first column is Greenwich (mean)time (��), the outside column is Mecca time (�); 2 ten; 3 :i..1lL! ; 4 14:55 (GMT): PalestiniaI} villages (in) 1948; 5 four; 6 summary; 7 18 :30 (GMT); 8 Eye on the World (rJWI � �) is recorded, Without L imits (..1J..I.:>. �) is l ive; 9 The Economy Today «("�I ..1l....::.:iJ "iI) ; 10 15 : 15 (GMT); 1 1 16 :57 (GMT); 12 the name means More than One View, so the programme is l ikely to be a l ive discussion; the prog ramme is broadcast on Friday at 19 :05 GMT,
Exercise 4
O I)o';:J � � \) , � � - ' 1 C' . " --
II' ' 01�
II' " u'�
II' � 0'':''
II' f ul�
II' ° ul�
Answers to exercises 2 6 7
Exercise 5 .�.Jl...J 1 �l...J 1 :>�i �Y � � �r u� 1 ii .Jl...J 1 4-:!i
� � I->.J�I �->j 'f;!�1 §�I �u � t 4>'� �I--,,! �L.J..r.J1 '!. '" 0' '" " "' . � 1�.Y':!.ill I.=.::'.:u Li � <G � .::.u� I
JJWI J-p- :LiliJlj 'f;!�1 �fl p�,';;G � 4...j.) 1 � L.o.iJ I � . " I ' I ��)'I I ' . . 1 ," - . ,� Y , ..14-! �
,
� � 0.Jl.uJ1 0yJI <!lY+l 1 � � �.JL.o.:;j),1 ��I W .�G ��i � � I ��
� wI->lo)Uj j.J�1 � � �j :�j �I ii->"..JI � ,:-,p � j ('--"! .b4=J1 � �>Jj ".wI � ':-'�.J �lo.) 1
• - I i . -:0lI .::.u · 1� L.., �I .b . � I l.:..)k � . ............b � 0 ->" " lJ..}-'-:! :!.J (' . ..:;--- • _ � . _ •
Exercise 6
L.,,�I ;:.si A
� ;:.si �
Exercise 7
Daily newspapers � Weekly newspapers D Weekly magazines � Mobile phones D
Exercise 8
. � I
. . . . �� ->� � I �! 'u �I"
i .\ :.;,� ;:.si t
�I..I.:!!;:.sj 0
� ;:.si \
Radio
Terrestrial TV Satell ite TV Internet
�h
�i �
;..I.:!� ;:.si r
D � � �
The answer to this exercise depends on your choice of news story.
Try to check your report with an Arabic-speaker.
268 Ans wers to exercises
a t the Gulf Qnd
Arabic Gulf and Yemen, and trans/cll ion, page 166
�I t-'" l+>�.Y. � � LL .�I lr ��I � �, U .� \",UI � .. dJj.l1 � � w.:,LS: if"1" 6...iJ� � �L:; � �I .J IJ-'>.. I" if"1"
. ' W I � <..I j
'�j .J,, - J� . ;;J4-:J1 �
C,J)" ',?..ll:J1 � '7�..ltj �L.:.......:.i t-'" �"p-i
Assa!aamu a!aykum [Peace be on you] . My name is Mohammed Yafai from l ive in Brito in my father, mother s ibl ings . My shopkeeper g rocery and my used to work farmer [she is] a and her hobby discovering n('w recipes.
My brothers are studying, one of them is at u niversity studying architecture and my second b rother is at col lege studying accountancy.
As for sister and [they are] in with my eldest
I a m clOd I have carpenter instul l ing kitchens. with jo inery.
connected
In my spare time I l i ke to go out with my friends, tra in in the gym [ 'club ' ] and go swimming .
Questions passage, page
..) � I '
d�I �I� r ,::,\':'4-�1
Answers to exercises
UNIT 1 1 Exercise 1
-., :0-
'- . - r:;(_ - � ..... / ,
D
D
Exercise 2
�j..l "' '\' 0
I. "' A "
b ..l t ' - '\' O . j V
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
I. "''' A
J 47J 1 � t ....k::. ly 0 "" J '\' 0 "
�j..l "''''
�j..l n ' - '\' " '\'
(; ... #) � \ A '"
(.... . (J� • . .JL • t
J ..w.......
The answer to th is exercise depends on the climate where you live.
Try to check your comparisons with an Arabic-speaker
2 6 9
2 70 Answers to exercises
Exercise 5 (Model answer. Yours may vary slightly.)
Advantages Disadvantages coast ...p- WI desert . I�I coast ...p-WI
shorl journey peaceful crowded
luxury hOlels see oases no holel rooms
great seafood sleep under stars
drink well water
Exercise 6
.�L.:;JI �WI � �� uJ '"\
. \..:...W �i � uJ V
� � I I�� uJi A
Exercise 7
desert . I� I
long jou rney
very cold a l nig h t
have t o sleep i n ten t
. �� � � �Lj ,J.:...WI J! 4Aj I jl '
.� I � "LJ I �� " J�I J! �j I j ! 'I'
. L:...I �� UJ.J?' '> 1 . • ,\..:...W I�J I j! t
. � L.:;J \ � WI � �i uL , ';.)�I ::"� Ij ! 0
Exercise 8
�1 �LhJ I 'I'
Answers to exercises 217
Exercise 9 • The company's activities
• The machines i n the factory are operated by solar energy because it
is natural energy and environmental ly friendly.
• The minera l water is extracted from wells in the far reaches of the
desert.
• As for the j u ice, i t i s squeezed from orCjonic l emons . . .
• . . . and added to some
• The drinks are packGged
preventing pollution.
• Finally our drinks me
publ ic.
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
recycled,
Gnd sold to the
. . ' , �
.� u....4.:> � Ulb l .: '; �I ULhlL. u' j . " ' � AI I • u'i�1 - . - .., - _ . '+' - . .Y- r:::----- �
. " I�I JL=i � J� '11 0-" ��I "4-J1 ��i
�l.i �I L,i
. ..:.# b � u�..,y:..J 1 . -::..!� . L:JJ \JiJ - . 1 1 1 1 L:uL. " . -:� i . i U" t . 0� lS'. ...,..>=" • � ..,
2 72 Answers to exercises
(A look
Arabic in Libya: transcript and translation, page 182
��-J�I uz, .� � oJJl � L;;. ut � t�1 I �L:,. � .� lr l,.oJl):JI 'cr4lyb lr F)I � <!I,,:;..i Ji
.� � ul..,yJ <!l � '(S� � �..Jj � . JW:.i �)G i.?�..J [�� Ji �
.� �UI L., �.3
� ,;;�I � ,�I � ,uL.,yt-l1 � ,t...:..4-]1 � ,�L.....) I ;; I� . . . . . . �4)1 �
Assalamu Alaykum [ Peace be on you] .
How are you today? God wi l l ing , al l o f you a re well . How are things with
This is your Abdul Rahim from Tnpol i , the Tr ipol itanian, from Libya . My name is Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid ibn Daw. Naturally I am married a n d I h ave three chi ldren. [Natu rally] my wife is Najwa, [and
children Malak and N ura n and Ah mad, and I of them 'thonks God] g o to school and happy.
I am self-employed and my wi fe Naj wa helps me with my work . I ' m a fa n of sport. I l ike swimming, I l i ke going for a swim; I l ike the seaside; I l ike football ; I l ike oil types of
Questions on passage, page 183 . , "1 M
� I� j��1 r
.) .. :>..0 1 � 4-l�..J -Jl:i..oi �) �L. � I .;,j r
I�# �i �I t "
/
.� l......::. d� � � 4-l�J � o4-J1 � "'\
Answers to exercises
UNIT Exercise
Exercise 2
Exercise
(nose) ....J..:.l "\ (finger) � ! V
(eye) � A
(teeth) uL.:...... I (ear) u.JI
(stomach) � , (chest) ..)� 'f (head) IJ"C r
i.
c ,
2 73
1 What's exactly? Do a headache? 2 pains in his legs and arms and a bad pain in his stomach. 3 because he is a traffic poi iceman. 4 sunstroke (� �;"":') . 5 because he is a l lergic to pareceta mol . 6 to doctor as soon
Exercise See page 189 for a nswer.
Exercise 5 .�I C�
�yJ� �r \t l� .!l� J.A ��� � 1 -iL,.J _
.:rI..)-i.J �..) � (' 'jf '? � �r.J , � _
\s?i vOl.>'� �� J.A . . . � _
�i 'j � ..IZ.. rJi i.? � ,�I � �b �1
!").JY' �.;:.. L.:.I ,� _
i� �L, �';:"I . .. I.J:J I Ii4 �'.P.. .� �� � L..:..., ;!Li d£i _
� � 'jj
2 74 Answers to exercises
Exercise 6
�L ' � • .J � � harDlful to health beneficia] to health
�..u.ll c::. 19�1 &1\ ' 1�1 c::..·� �4..,.11 c::.��1
.)�I il :>l.....w.ll
d-.;I ...,jl �I � c.§1hl1 . I�I
(Mode/ sentences. Yours may vary sligh tly.)
.� - 1 .1 1 I I ; " . i . j �L ' L..:. ' · ..LJI - L- � U � ,", . ..J �
b� b��1 01 � � �� �L..:. fyJl . b� �L:u.J1 wL.:..:�1 ui � � �� I� b�L..:. �I�I
.� �I I> 1,Wl ui � � �� �L..:. I> 1,W1 ��
Exercise 7
.�..LJI 0£. � 0 i �,,-.;.i.J I lr> , ' i"Y- � wl",,ydl �L 01 ,?..J",�I lr> r
' i"Y- � ���l wL.:..:�1 U"..J W 01 i".J :RlI lr> r .� � ui �I lr> .��I i"L...hJ 1 �l:; 01 �",�I lr> �
.� � ., I,WI �� ui ��I lr> 0
' i" � 1 � I� w." I� �1 i".J :RlI lr> '\
Answers to exercises 2 75
Exerdw: (Sugges l Ions Yours may
.�..wJ1 (y:,. . �.)Jy-All lr t ...J l .b.i.....:. t U:;).J �Iy \I I
· tY- � d.J�1 �l:; 0i.J �L.,�I ul.:u�1 �.)w 01 �.J�l lJA r
01 �� �L:, � FI wi �->.J�I �...JI tL..hlI I..,K1i ;II �.J�I U-o ui loS .�I � �I t U:i) �
tY- � � ;li tj�1 U-o . li� liJL.....J 1 01 � � �� �L;. �yJl t
Exercise 9
. I . I IL., �LJI . - - � I j ' � . u'-"'" � LJ""
1 high blood pressure. 2 take pills and g ive up smoking . 3 He doesn't feel unwel l at a l l . 4 He
Exercise 10
up smokinq. enjoy h is l ife. stupid and should to the doctor.
or; bl ; c \ ; dV; e r ; f £' ; g o
Exercise (Model YrlUrS may vary)
'�JL:. ��y. �.J li.)L.. wlLJ loS � � &1 .�I Y' b�1 � �� �i
t � � ' · JU I L.l-" ! b � �I�I 01 �.J ·0 ':I I J->� ;I �1
· t...J l .hi...:. t U:;) ) �I �y Ji.o .�I � �U:...JI
d.Jy-O..:J l �l:; u1.J �...J I t G...bJ 1 (y:,. � ui �� � d:k � � u�1 . (S..).Jy-Al1 L.l-" ' � I ��1..3
�.J u,....,.b � 0
1 djj �.J tY-
(�I) ,� I /�I
2 76 Answers to exercises
I ..,..k: (A look Sudan)
Arabic in Sudan: transcript and translation, page 198 I .... LJ::&.. I -} � J:..:! l£." �I L.:. i
r��1 -} � JL,.;:. �� � 1 .lyuJl � �..b.I" if" I.?.J � � L.:. 'it �_�.JI" ·ub...>-! � ......i... )ll o ..D: 0�
4-+J � ��, -:��I � � 0'JrJ'J .h.......,J 1 U"LJI <;sj
� .�I� � I..,J� 0 1.lyuJl -} L.:...GL ("j:>...>LJI JJ,jJI" Uj:>...> � L.:.i
�I � r,; �I.JA r):, yJ 1 � l.:".. u 4.J.iJ if":!.l l$; I
�);2' �� .)-11 � I-> o .l"
yt." bl� I � � 0�}:l1.J wLj\...�_Jl" uLQWJ 1J
.
. � I� . I� �
Assn lnmu Alaykurn (Peace you] . nre you7 name's and (lm l iving i n Edinburgh Scotland. I lrn orig inal ly Sudan from the city of Dongola, i n the north of Sudan, but I was brought up in Kha rtoum, that's why u n fortunately I do not speak i ts [Dongola's] language, a n d the dialect which I speak now is one of the dialects of centwl Sudan. a re mnny Ara b i c i n Sudan, n o t one as mig h t think.
I ' m not married, and a n u n married person i n the Sudan is called 'A'zabi ' [ 'batchelor ' ] . My job is a n academic researcher. I read l inguistics at the Umversity of Khnrtoum. My h obbies , if js enough time: l l ike plnying footbol l , l i ke watching TV and specifically the news, and l i ke p laying cards.
The weather in the Sudan is g e nerally hot . Of course Sudan is the largest country in Africa, a rea-wise, and is a microrasm of Afr ira . There arf' many
and cu.ltures and customs and rdicJions and clhnicities, this, what makes Sudan a beautiful Thonk you.
Questions on passage, page 199 , • V" '1" • , I" I.JL �I U:> .... � �.d l .l..-c; �h",J 1 .::...:.�
� JUb\;1 " �I ->� 0\..S .Jili u� t . 0 J1-'p r
d...:;...". y>L t , � , ��i y>L
Answers to exercises 2 7 7
UNIT 1 3 Exercise 1 (Model answer. Yours may vary slightly.)
.,..:.. 1J-!.,1 ..,-.oj �� ....:.:. �i F :i..:l"j
v (v) v (v) ::,... v v v v (v) v v ...&J:'"
(v) v (V) (V) (v) ..-it
(v) V v Jh.. v ( ..... ) v (V) v c;:�
..... (V) (v) .>'l-'-
V (v) v (v) ..,:0.-.,..
Exercise 2 The answers to this exercise depend on your personal preferences.
Try to check your sen tences with an Arabic-speaker.
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
� t f"� � I f"�
\ , - -
A , \ 0
\ - , '(' -
-
Exercise 5
V , '(' -
,\ , - -
\ - , ,(, -
0 , \ 0
��I ", . ill 0 c: . � � . .)LJI Y"'-! J� �� "\
w y. L:..J-! � L:. V
�"1.\ " . � . � . � � .
j�\ � d� �� =�\.:..,� �\.:..,
.>�"1.\ <.?.>\� � �
.j.)j � I ��I Lro U L....) , ,
, ..I..,..... � I ',? .. dj � � r
J�) I � b�1 t
2 78
Exercise 6 1,J.uL.;:.. ..wi
.�I J! �� � O .�� U2'} O; "; ,,, � "\
Exercise 7
Answers to exercises
Jl ,-:,-"ji . a l . I I J� 1 )l.iL - - ' LS: � _ (" . � u
.� I,J) I ul� ..wi u:.LS: Y'
The aWiwer this exercise
Try to review with
your choice
Arabic-spea ker .
or performance.
.;,.\6 ,,, 1; 61 u�JU I � .� (4 look a t Jordan and Palestine)
A rabic and Palestine: and page 214 u� ..:.� ,)� l:!,J) .';..)-'"'>L:JI � � , ....L...J-:! �1 1..:.i �1 � L.....,
I� � , , '\' ,�I � . . . -Ll5; ,�I � .�j,J uLd . .w � -. .:-L.c.L... � ;1 � . . . .:-l.c. L...
�� ,:;�1 �I.JA (j.hl. . .!l�I :r �i � 1
. . . � n � I , � H �.JL:. ,� n � l:! :.:-� ..;., )U (j .hl. ,j� ( � U � (y •. J,,)
;-.4�1 C:"'
Hello . My name is Youssef, l l ' mJ Palestinian from Nazareth . My father has three shops for repair ing watches and gold. All the family, all of us . . . al l the family, twelve [people] , a l l o f them repa i r watches . . . even my mother repairs watches,
for women p lay und also a [swimmiYlqj pools.
playing cards , sea to
[ I 'm] married. I have three g irls : Yasmeen is 26 yea rs o ld , Nadia i s 24 years o ld , E l la i s 22 years old . . . (and what e lse?)
Thank you . Goodbye.
Answers to exercises
UNIT 14 Exercise 1
repeat
listeners
viewers
list/schedu le
blog/journal
coverage
satelli te (channel)
Exercise 2
� ..lLL!
�/� . r J..Au..... U:! (J-J
JJ� , �-J..l.o
� ��
news
newspaper
broadcasting
source
channel
transmission
279
-�I
L....=... i ..) .
� �Ij!
. �� � « � IY' �h) � <?�i ui �i , .�..l I� 1 � ..)4=>-� I �.JA J! �i ui �i 'I"
.u:.y:, �I � ��..wl �i � t.J+"'i � yo .�I �..l l..) '; � 4.,...)-4 'u�1 �..lL.J1 �i �
uUy,JI lY> �I �1 1.u .; � �..; 0
.� .; �� �� « �..>-'....:r.J I » u! "\ ��...) I dy.ill � J4-�I lY> U.JJ..AL:...J I V
' [J.?ll J+i �I � � 0
. �..)Lh:J1 <?� �I..l � "\
. ...Ju.).J �...)-'-.P- � �...) �i � V � Iy-O..:J I �I � �I �iyJl A
.�l;. �
.� I..>-"-"" o..);U � � , .� �u,,).J U..l..! �i �I..l L:.i 'I"
. � I ..l..,...... �J �..lL...,..) � � yo
. Ub..lJ �..1..)�1 � I�I �I � �
Exercise 4 ;; .. UI .:.,ul ul .. ,;w.tl
material coJoHr lost items
�i 6 � , .r!.r-
d '7'-P :>�i dh,... V
� 0 \" 6 <p
� ii " !1.3 t -
ohl , 1.)uP " )0/-,> 0
� �� <-9) \ 6 � ,
280
Exercise 5
Exerd<;e 6
;;)�I �..)...I �� l:-'..J1
.� ,-:-,�I \
d.! U"�.J..J 1 .�yJl
� U�I �I�I 4lbJ1 �i 0 ·u�l'1
Exercise .t"!L:, � I u..)�1
. .c.� � u..)�1 � 0 .... LhiJI �i V
Answers to exercises
.�,, � .�" �\L "
'F �I '"
.uWlIJ ,,; � . ("."w I � o� �i u! '(
.�,,)I L>-> J,,)1 1 �I ,,; �I .,.
�)JQ.� I (ftl .� I ....i:i4J I �i \
.��I ...I:'i \ ... �I �I
....al�� u..)� 1 � � .�� I (�" �4J1 . ... LhiJI" �� I ...I� i�i . .c.� � �Y-" t"!L:.)11
Exercise 1 yesterday; 2 Ayman Lutfi trom Kuwait; 3 Amal Iialubi from Syria; 4 she is struck down by an unknown i l lness; 5 her mi l l ions; 6 a young doctor; 7 car chases; 8 River of Blood and Storm of Love; 9 crying
Exercise �L;. �
� I� "; � Y ii ' . . 1 . .,. �..n-�i..) L...S: t
';; .JJU-JI ..l..A� � )lo oj'"'
English-Arabic glossary The fol l owing glossary contains the key words presented i n Mastering
Ambic
The meanings g iven are as used in this book. There may be alternative English or Arabic meanings . For these, you will need to use a dictionary.
Pluwts me g iven brackets is listed.
Verbs fol lowed (v.) in you presume it is no! are g iven i n Arabic .
A abandoned
able: able to
absence
accord ing to
active
activity
address
advise
afraid
again
age
agreement
a ir
a ir-conditioning
air l ine
airl ine office
�
�
�
(�i) 1. L:.:. ( . Ii.:) " " Lr'..J u �
,
� � L:...
,
t i.S�1
LL..:l) (wi) JW!
�,� . ;.��<� (.b�) 1.;;. 0 1�1
the The most common
word is not fo l l owed past and p resent tenses
,
al l : a l l . . . long . . . J I� at a l l u)lbt
(w i) allow ( for) (v. ) (J) � ,� ally (�tib.) also: o n d also
-
always WI..!
ambilious
(wi) answer paper Ul..,�1 �;, aportment (�) apartment bui lding (wI) ".)� appear (v.) I� , I� apply � apricot-coloured � area (d istrict) (�l.p.i) � a r m (t�,j'I )
28 1
282
army
art
a rtist
as for . . .
assistant
association
athletics
atmosphere
aunt (maternal)
autumn
avai lable
B
baked oven)
bakery
balcony
bal l
bang: the Rig Bang
basketba l l
bathroom
battle
beach
beauty
bedouin
bedroom
begin (v.)
bel ieve
bel l
(J;.�)
( " / ) - � U:! W u lAi
(�/ u ,) .ILL..:,
( " I-p'-i) � (uI ) �L:..
C Li"
(y.�)
(u I ) �). (uI) &..}.
�I �'i' _ J .
(.!l,;Lt:,) ��
((» I";:") (» It.,
ty �� .- - .- -1-4-:1 , Iol-!
(U"I..P.'-I) U"�
English-Arabic glossary
belt (u I ) beneficiul
benefit (�I�) &�Li benefit ( from) (v.) ,
b i l l (check)
biology
bird
blank
block (v.)
blog
blood
blood pressure
blouse
body
boiled
boots
boring
born: I he/she
boxer
boxing
break/be
bright
broadcaster
broadcasting
brother
bui lder
bus station
( . ) .wi...:. . Jui...1 U""" _ _
(u I ) �4:>-�I (�) yu..
(u I ) t l�
.k.<-I
(u I ) to!
t JJI ll....:, (uI)
(t4i) , j�
'::'>.>-1 -
L�
,
'::'>�-J/ (�/UJ) ��
� � ( v. ) � . -
(�/UJ) ��
4.L1,}! ((p.O
(�/UJ) l.J"">LJI �..k..::.....
English-Arabic glossary 2 8 3
business studies ;;.)�I Chinese (language) � I ....:ul businessman J�1 (J4-�) J:..� cholesterol JJy..J�1 businesswoman J�i (d) ;;� chopped �l';;'. busy J� civil engineering �JAlI :i.......�1
( ) " class (� �:..-) � butcher shop d ;;)j.:;.. -r--
• ' climate (d) C' c.:. button ( ).)) ) .)} - ' , . climate change . WI � buy (v.) �� 'LS';;":'! c --
c calendar (schedule)
call to prayer
camp (v.)
campaign
candidate number
carnival
carpets
castle
cause (v.)
celebrate (v. )
" ' F ' � (d) �
U"J-4J1 �� (d) u4-*
clip (video, etc . )
close (v. )
clothes
clothes show
cloud
clown
club
coach (trainer)
coach (v.)
coast � ''-:-'+'" coat
� ,�I cold (illness)
(d) � � ,�1
� L.,.j i ''7' � 'U"j)L, �L.,.j � I �;.
(�) �� (l>tj0J) r:..�
(;"':' ) ,..lL (l>t j 0J) '7'�:;'"
(� I�) �L...
(��) �
cellar (�..l l;") '7'I..l->:", collar (d) Ul:! ( �i.,j) �� centre
century
challenge
channel
chase
chemist
chemistry
chest
childhood
(�I';) :}.'; colleague
(0J)) u.) collective ( wl:!�) � colour (v.)
( dJ.j) ;;\..:..i column
(d) ;; ..l�Lh.,. come (v.)
(d) �� comfortable
��I � comic
�4 ;:! ,� " ;:: ,, u� ,u,.,J
(�I;") ..lylL �� ,.)1
c:'...Y'
J� (.)J�) .)�
(d) ' . .J� company (business) (d) �).. compare (v.) u)� ,�u
2B4
(v.) complete (v.)
composer
comp uter
t4 ,� � ,�i
(<Y-/ LI' ) (d) ...,.."""L:..
computer p rogrammes ';;�I
concentrate (v.) concern (be ahout) (v.)
concert
condition (disorder)
ccmlront (v.) conserve (v.)
J;'" ,).j (d) ub.
(J)L,.) jh
(of) (v.) LJ-.» ufo . - . .
consume (v.) � ,�I
consumer (<Y-/ciJ) � (v.) � .
continue (v.) � ,�I ( ") ,
cooker ut�l . LU'�
corner
correct
countrys ide
course
cover ( v. ) coverag e
( �I;') �L � � 'C�
� ,� ��;�
English-Arabic glossary
cremned
criticism (review)
(v.) croweled
cry (weep) (v.) cucumber
cumin
cunning
cure
curta i ns
LV
o
dairy
damage (v.)
d ancer
dark (colour)
(dk� ;li:..
(<Y-/ u,,) �IJ L�I.j
birth .j�1 dates
daughter
� day: in the day{tiroe) ..)�I I �
(.;:,W�) decrease (d) u-O�! deep �
(.;:, I)
English-Arabic glossary
del imit'
dentist
depart (v.)
uL:.....� 1 ( .y,i) J;l� ,..)J�
depths: i n the depths of ,jL..c.i �
desert (f) ((5�L:....:.:,) . I�
design
designer
despite
desserts
� (<Y-/0 ,)
�j �� 'Cr> �j� u�..;r:..
determined be) (v.) �
diabetes �I dia logue (..:.I) )":",, diameter Clb..Qi) p die (v.) u�
differ
di fficult
d ig (v.)
d ining room
di rect
direction
director
discovery
disembork,
dish
disorder
district
divide
divorce
doctor
� ,� (..:.I) ��
(<Y-/ 0J) [.� (..:.I) .j�!
off (v.)
(J�) Jh (.4:>,1) ;..
documentory
dress
dr ive (v.)
driver
drown (v)
dry
due to
dust
E
ear
early
eat (v.)
eat breakfast (v. )
economics
editor
education
educational
effect
elegant
elevator
embroidery
employ
encouraqe ,
energy
engineering
enjoy (v.)
enjoyable
enquire (v.)
285
(�W) .
(�..)4=JI) .l� ..JU
( ' / . ) �L (..):! w ,
(0Iji)
� J.J� ,JJL.:..:;
� ,�i
(.L��)
�j ,� �
(..:.I)
-:! '" �
� (..:.I) Ulb
2 8 6
enrol (v.) J� -o� ,� � - ,
entertaining j....., entrance (J..:.. I.{.,) �.{., environment (d) � environmentally friendly
4....>........J - -_ 0 �� equivalent to J:-l� L.. error (�Lb.i) lb::.. event (..::.. I ..b.i) ..::..� exactly �� examination (d) u�! examination hall wL.:.Lu..;lI U�
, excellent j� excel ling (in) C}) ,i� excessive �Ij exciting � exercise( s) ��.,> w�� exhibition C .. rO!�) �� experience ;;� experiment ("".,>�) �� explain (vo) C� 'C>i.. explore (study) (v.)
� .jA ,�� explosion (d) �I j 0 _ _
extract (v. ) . : - - - . : I r� ' r�_
eye (�) � F face ("-p'-�) �� face (v.) � I; ,�IJ
English-Arabic glossary
face (towards) (v.)
(�) �� ,�� fal l (autumn) ....i..� 1
family (d) �� famous � fast(ing) t"y-<" fatality (w��) ;;u� father C�/ UJ ) �IJ/ ( ��Q ""I father-in-law
fatty
favourite
feel (v.)
fellow (student, etc . )
festival
fever
field (sphere)
fi l l (vo)
finance
finger
finish (v.)
fire
first floor
fishing
fishing rod
fishmonger
floor (storey)
flowers
flowing
(��i) � - , �,j
� -
-:, � ,� ( ��j) clc-oj (w i ) uL:-*
� (J�) Jh
(w i ) J�
'� ,)(.. JUI
(t;!L..:.I) �l , -&- ' �
(u l�) jL.:. � .
JJ ;l 1 �l.h.ll d.:.J 1 �
(w i ) ;;j� ( - / 0 ) ..:J� L.r.! uJ ( - 1;6) - Lb 0j 0j
,jjJ
��
English-Arabic glossary
fog
food � I� . (�i)
foot (t l-U,i) t� on foot L..1;. L..,
. ,
football (soccer) t:ill l 'i..}. for thut
forbidden ; " '"
forecast .::.Iy:.:; forget (v.) � .� former
fort (t forum (w��) Zs� found: can b e found ;"'y/;"'� fountain
free time
fresh
fresh water
fridge
fried
frightened
funeral
funny
G
gap
(.::.I)
t l
�':u:' "L.... . .,
(w i ) 4�
(.::.I) 'i..:,4 , �
garage (.::.I ) r)fihl"p'-garden (�I.b..) li:!.b.. garl ic
gender
general application �
generous
get up (v.; ghost
g ive (v)
g ive up (v. )
g lass
g lasses
gold (adj)
go l f
good : be
good ideo
g raceful
grade (class)
granddauqhter
grandfather
grandmother
grandson
grass
g rated
Greece
greengrocer
grey
g ri l led
g rocery
ground f loor
g roup
guard
guest (hotel ,
gu l f: the Gulf
2 8 7
� ( L..1;.i) • c · r:+'"
� .�i � �
-
(�I�i)
(.::.I)
�� ---iI .Y:'"
� < ,
'i.� . " �.)
( , ) . , �� ....L..o (w i) ( .J I�lr
(w l ) "�
( .JLhf) �
�
(U=/UJ) �� �.JL..,�
(.::.I )
�.) �I &.lb.ll
(.::.I) ��
(U"I�) (�'i;')
�I
2BB English-Arabic glossary
H house (home) C".JlJ�;I) habit (Jj�)
hall (wi) ;U� house (residence) (��)�
hand (:�i) � huge �
handball hungry .� t:: .
handmade �4 husband ([ I,,))
happiness �J� I happy � ice ([�)� harmful (·-!r illness (u-<>Iy>i) u-<>;, hate immigration
head (U",,:s�) incline
head (towards) (v.) (p.:.) � ,JL.. ( . : ) , .�. . ' . � � �-y-:!,�y increase (wi) t U;;)
head of increase (v.! .J..>�
headache individual
headline (U->-'�) ul� inflation � headscarf (hijab) (wI)�� inform (v.)
.' ". i �'�
health innoculate 1- ,,�
� health
:t .. -,
� instruct F height (Jly..i) JYo instructions u�
hero (JU.)) � instructor (LHjU-J) � hesitate
::. " � ... ::0" " (wi) .J.J� instrument
historicnl intelligen t
hobby (wi) �IJ;A interactive �� hold (v.) �,d...... interest (on money) (-';il�) ;-';iu
honey-coloured international - ,
horror invoice (.r:.:ll�) horse riding �I �.J!.� iron (v.) 'f� ,�.J!.
English-Arabic glossary 289
J jacket
jeans
job seeker
join (v.)
journalist
journey
judo
K kilometre(s)
kindergarten
kitchen
know (v.)
L lake
lamb
law
(subject)
lawyer
lazy
lead grey
learn (v.)
leave (v.)
leg
leisure
lemon-coloured
length
library
(..::..I) � light (colour)
� �lb like (similar to)
��;, 'I� ,�I like (v.)
C:�/ w) � likely to
�# (�4.) L..:.J� (t;:!lh..) �
�,�
listener
literature
live
live (reside) (v.)
J..,i:J1 lock (v.)
(0:/ w) j� look (onto) (v.)
J� loose
�L.....) lost
loyal
(..::..I;;;"') b� (�L..o:..) �
�u J.:i..o
(.lY"'I) �i (..::..I)�u
�,�! (�/w)�
,
"r , � � ,
�,� �,�ui
� (t:il;") �;..
�,�i (�)�,jbf
�IJ
"L..;. C'
�J 'U �
(wi) ill
J� (JI}oi) J}o
majority .� !'t;. i make the beds (v.)
(wl) �
290
manage
manager
manmade/manufactured :r� marble
mark (e.g. tick)
marketinq
mashed
masterful
meal
meanincj
measl.es
measure
media
medicine
(subicct)
meet (v.)
t,>� (d)�J
(wlL., )
(d)� (')1..:)'1 �L.J
(�j.J'I)
<,;;'ij�I�,�! J;�,�u
member (of family/club, etc.)
(��I) mention
method
metre
middle
rnilkmml
million
minced
mine etc.)
mineral
mint
(�L.� '7'�f Lll.,��
(c�/ WJ)
C' �)� � -,
('J� (f':""�) ,
t�
English-Arabic glossary
mirror (d) mistake (�lJ.:...;,..i) mix (v.) �,1,1. mobile phone � --A:iLA
model
modern
modest � '" l .. t
mother (d) �..JIJ/(w4-0l) ('I
mother-in-law (wI�) mouth (�I�;) move (v.) �
:1"
moving (affecting) ..;:,... musician (lY-./ u..,) �J-4 must wi ('jJUI
mutton
N narrow
natural
need
need to
negative
nervousness
neutral
never
(d) wi�jJ�l.y.
�
news item (pi = news) ( l....:i..i) ". .J . �
news summary
next
Nile Delta
English-Arabic glossary
non-/not
non-alignment
nose
not less than
novel
o
�
.,)�!,II"..IC. t , (....jYI) .....i:.1
.- Ji;/� 't uL _ _
(wi) �IJ.,J
oasis (wi) blJ
obesity �I� , obtain (v.) � � ,� occupied (busy) � -occupy (land, etc.) (v.) J:i.-"'-:! , J:i.:>.. ! office (..,..:;�) � opera
operate (v.)
orally
orange (adj)
organic
originally
ought to
outfit
p pace
package (v.)
pain
palm tree
pan-fried
paper
park
':?� �f
� (,.S;-�.\� (I"fo)�
li.1 t -,
(I" 'tD �i (�) U:.::,
�
(jl.))) j;' (�I;"') �;,..
participation
party
pass (over) (v.)
passenger
password
penicillin
people
percentage
perform (v.)
person
petrol station
pharmacy
philosophy
phone
photograph (v.)
photography
physics
pickled
pilgrimage
pill
pink
pipe
planet
play
player
poet
poetry
297
(wI)�� (wi) Uk..
(j;)� ,';. ('7'8:�) �I.)
�I
� ':?�� '($�i
(u-'" G...::.. i) � c,...�I� (wI)��
u......wl
(c.J.:;I..,A) c.J.:;\.A - -
(�L.:.i) "-!�i (�I�)�� (wI) ��
(�/UJ) '-:'f-'t
('7'�) � (�I�)->."L.. ( .)L...d) �
292
point: no point to it
�/�;;��':/ police �yjl police station �yjl�jO policeman (�/UJ) �);, politics 6.......�1
pollution ..:.� pop songs ,:-,4£J1 Jl.i.i popular (loved) ':-'�
(public) � port (f) (u ,-,.�) • L:..:-o
position (job) (�U;�) ��
positive -�I <.r . -<
post office .l.>..Y.JI� postcard �.l.>"; (wi) u� power (wi) uLb prayer (wI,.,Lo ) .;; � prefer (y.) �,� preparation � prepare (y.) �j�i pressure .u:..o prevent (y.) �;,�)
.
preventing ... Jb
price C�j)� primary - <1..;:;...1 tF ,',
private �L:... problem (��)� profound � project (wi ) tJ�
English-Arabic Glossary
proportion
protection
publish (y.)
pullover
put (place) (y.)
put on (clothes) (y.)
pyjamas
pyschology
Q qualification
quantity
question
question paper
quiet
R rain
rainy
rarely
ray
really!
recognition
recorded
recycling
reduction
reflect (y.)
remember (v.)
remind (v.)
rent: for rent
� �L....:,.
� ,y:..w >
(wI)�� , ,
�'�J
�,� (wI)��
...,..i:J1 �
(wI)�y (wi) �.5:
(�i)JI� �4-J'1 u��
ts;lUo
().h.o i) ).:..
� .
1.;;lL. , ,
�l,t� -
'JlU
-....QI�! �
J:!Jj; ;;.lLL!
clJi; - .
�,� .Xi.� ,�j�
t , ) � � ,
§,� ,§,j
.;�?l:l
English-Arabic Glossary
rental/renting
repeat
representative
requirement
residence
resident
rest: the rest of .. . result
resume
rhythm
ride (v.)
right (correct)
rise
road
robe (traditional)
l:..ll...1 J . _ _
(wi) �JlL!
(�/WJ) ""',J�
(wI)��!
(wi) Ll:i!
(u�)�L.
... �4
( '0.)� � .--�Ijb.>:!"-"
li..1 t -.
��,�� ��
(wi) t�J!
(3)..) J.."):'
(..,..�) >-J� ,(uI) �� ,(uI) �� romantic :rl). roof (r.�) � room (....i;)u� routine (wi) ;;JlL
runner (�/WJ) �I�
S
salad (wi) ti.JL. salary (�I",�) �IJ sales d .. £.; ..
salt � sand dune JL....}I(uL¢)� sandals (J:l�)J� sapphire ..:..�l:!
293
satellite (adj)
save (conserve) (v.) � ':>��:, -o�.! (rescue) (v.) � ,S:a;.i
scene (film, etc.) (..l;"L::.,) �
schedule (wi) LL:.�
scholastic . \F"'J..lA
science (I"�)� science fiction �IJ�I
scientific � scientist (�L.k) �lL
search (.;.�)�
Second World War �WI�WI..,....?JI
secondary
security
see (v.)
seem (v.)
segment
send (v.)
sentence
sex (gender)
shawl
shining
shirt
shoes
�",:.\..j L,,-oi
CS'.;: 'CS i� 1�,I�
(uo�)� J...� ,J.:,) (�)�
�I
(u)4;..) JL::.
t;>'J (u�)�
(�:hi) �Ih
shooting (gun, etc.) (film, etc .. )
�L....J ..bl:i.:i..ll
shop
shopping centre
(wI)�
3�I:fiJo"
294
short-sleeved
should
�� show (exhibition) (...,..;,-!�)...,..;,.;.., show (the way) (v.) (&�I) J� .JJ shower
sign (v.)
silent
silver (adj) similar to
simple
sing (v.)
singer
sink
sister
sitting room
size
skewer
skilful
skill
skirt
sleeve
slogan
�,� (:�/UJ) �
(""";'Iy..l) "",,;,y.
t,J4 (..::..I) �,;L.i.o
(..::..I) ;',;;::' .(..::..1) 4 (("�i)� (d)
smart (elegant)
smile (v.)
smoker
smoking
snow
snowy
(?::y:.) � �
sock
sofa
soldier
solve (v.)
sought
source
spacious
speed
square
squash
English-Arabic Glossary �I
t�!,I� ('-;-');..) ,-;-,,;;"
(&1)) �-.h(.:,,') � (.J� ) �4
� ,J".
(v.)
�L.,...:..i (• L.:....I) . I . <..H.
• I (uli.l) yl c...i.....1
'7'� Ck.o:.),;�
t:'"' I"
(..::..I) �.;. �,�I ( - )l.) � l5f- •
�L....)I�Y' �)I
(Lr.!.J L;o) uL·\�
u;.1�1 squeeze (juice) (v.)
�,�I stage (wi) u:;,.;.,
station
statistics
statue
h
(r-:lJL.) � u� U-<>
(..::..I)� wl·�L:...:..l
(��)J�
English-Arabic Glossary
stolen items "::,,uJ�
stomach (�)b�/(�)� stop (v.)
(prevent)
storage
store (shop)
storey
storm
story
straight on
stress
stubborn
student
studying
stuffed
stupid
sturdy
�,.....uJ �;,�,;i
Uj.:>..
(d)� (. I),) • lb '-':! '-':!
(�I�)��
( '.}4� � ,
J."b u-k L,
y�
�
(�/ 0.J) U"-:>I..l �IJ..l
� , "
� �
style: in the style of ... ... )� subject (�I;') .;�L.
success (d)ct..;.
suffering (from) (�),-:-,b
suit (J�) U� suit (v.) ��,�L:. suitable ---�
sum (of money) (C::l�)� summer �I
, (adj) �
summit ( '·)W � , sunny ..
�
sunset
supervision
support (v.)
surprise
sweater
sweets (desserts)
swimming
swimming pool
switch off (v.)
symptom
T
table tennis
take (pills) (v.)
talented
teach (v.)
teacher
teaching
technology
teeth
tell (v.)
tennis
tennis court
tension
terrestrial
test
test (v.)
text
thanks to
295
�IJJ�
,-*1 .. I :yow •
�..l.:!'�..l ( ) . ; , d b4-L.L:.
(d)�.,....
..::..��
�� �� i"L.:,.
�,�i
C.�I�i) �;,.
� Lhll ,'. J U":'-'
j,�,J,�
,-:-,JAJ-" , " ". :;:; ",
U"J..l.:! 'U"J..l .' ,
(�/UJ)F
U"-'..J..l3
4,;J�1
(wL:.....i)� " -- , i
� ,..>+"'"
UU;U .. � U"-'-' ,
/. ...... y�
�) (d)�
(,-:-,.,;W)�� . ; , ' ;::i"
'-:-'..r.o-:!''-:-'�
(u-<>.,..:.) � �
296
thick
thing/something
think (believe) (v.)
thousand
ticket
tidy (v.)
tie
tight
tired
toilet
tooth
�,;); (.J�0 ....ill
U:I�) �fl� � '" � " ::; ....
�j:! '�.)
I • L:.....i) '. \U u-";' topic (�I;") t�;" torture
tourism
tourist office
towards
traditional
traditionally
traffic
traffic lights
train (v.)
train station
trainer
training
transient
transmission
transport (v.)
transportation
travel
, .) LhiJ I 4...b....
(�/0J) ,
English-Arabic Glossary
try on (v.)
tube
turn over (v.)
(nwternal)
(wI)�� ,(wI)�
(J-.-JI;") J1J->:",
(�L.;i) �J+>j
� ,:..Jj
(JI�j) JL=.. (��f) �
train Ju:.�I.)� undertake (v.) '?�-;. '(5�i unfortunately ....i....)u
union (association) (wi) ..l�1 unknown J�
useful
usually
v vary (v.)
viewer
village
':-'� . j II U If,
�,�I - -
(- j' )..I.A� U:! W _
(��)�)
English-Arabic Glossary
violence
violet (adj)
visa
visitor
volleyball
vote (v.)
w
waistcoat
wanted (sought)
war
warning
washing machine
watch (view) (v.)
way (road)
wear (v.)
� (wi) ;;�l;
GI�j)�I.J
;;�LhlI;;�1
(wI)��
..,..�
(..,..,,;"') ..,..;,.
(wI))�!
(wi) 6JL.1.
(J:,b) �.J.. �,�
weather (atmosphere) (�I"p'-i) �
weather forecast �1:;y:..iJ1 wedding party .....Au.,) weekly
I
��I weight (- I" i) " " ' wJ.J uJ.J
welcome (v.) , " � ::; , '":-'""'"Y- ',":-,"",".J
well (water) L4DA!
wholesale market �I-" lJyu
wide �.$ wife (wi) 4-,,� win (a prize, etc.) (v.) ,
��'J.-:... wind (f)
winter
wise
wish
witness (v.)
woman
wonderful
wool
worker
Worldwide Web
writer
written by
y
297
� I
(wi) �I
16�'�'� (I'�) :;i�!
�
.....Ay.o
(J�)J...lL
�WI:i<·!1 (. j" )....J.' t>:! w ..,...
....i.JG . - (.)-"
year (�) u:..j(f'l",� I'lL
young boy (w�) � young/youthful
Grammar
The following index contains the key Arabic structures and grammar in Mastering Arabic 2, referenced by page number.
active participles 176
adjectives verbs 49,83
adverbial phrases 83, 142
alif tanwTn 86, 121 imperative 76, 145
assimilated verbs 83,142 inna 13
attached pronouns jussive 91, 143
with noun/verb 11 kan 86,209
with inna/lakinna 13 modals 193
with Ii-anna bi + transportation 49
case endings 83,91
collective nouns 175
colours 122 imperative 146
comparatives 162 nisba adjective 5
conditional 176 nominal sentences 2
defective verbs 8 4, 143 non-human plural 131
doubled verbs 49, 129 vrrhs 179, 181
dual pcuticiples 62,102
verbs 82
nouns pl 26,30,55
forms of the verb 63, odjpctives 30
future tense 175 present tense 48
i<;Jafa 9,94,97 pronouns 11
298
Grammar index 299
question words 4
relative pronouns 127
subjunctive 73, 175
verbs
present tense 48, 1 59
past tense 82,91
future tense 175
passive 179, 181
doubled 49, 83, 129
weak 50,83,142
assimilated 83, 142
hollow 83, 142
defective 84, 143
hamzated 83
verbal nouns 62,65,102
weak verbs 50,83,142
word order 86
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