Massive stars in Cygnus (especially in Cyg OB2) · 2018. 2. 22. · Massive stars in Cygnus Jesús Maíz Apellániz Keele University, Thursday 1 February 2018 Some interesting massive

Massive stars in Cygnus Jesús Maíz Apellániz Keele University, Thursday 1 February 2018

Massive stars in Cygnus (especially in Cyg OB2)

Jesús Maíz Apellániz

Keele University, Thursday 1 February 2018


Talk structure1. Cygnus in context.

★ Overview.

★ Cygnus and Carina.

2. A history of Cyg OB2.

3. The massive star census.

4. A bit about extinction.

5. The future.

★ WEAVE.

★ GALANTE.


04590135180225270315360

l (degrees)

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

350

375

400

Num

ber

O stars

BA supergiants

Why is Cygnus important for massive stars?

04590135180225270315360

l (degrees)

0.1

0.2

0.5

1.0

2.0

5.0

10.0

20.0

AV

/d (

ma

g/k

pc)

Upper uncertainty by octant

Median by octant

Lower uncertainty by octant

Objects closer than 1 kpc

Objects beyond 1 kpc

Massive stars by Galactic octant (Maíz Apellániz et al. 2018)

O-star extinction by Galactic octant (Maíz Apellániz & Barbá 2018)

Car

ina

Cyg

nus

Pers

eus A

rm


The Cygnus complex is… complex



OB7

OB8

OB3

OB1 a.k.a. Kenobi

OB2OB9



OB7

OB8

OB3

OB1 a.k.a. Kenobi

OB2OB9

☐ Confirmed O stars

▽ Confirmed WR stars+ Confirmed B stars + A supergiants◦ Other massive stars



OB8OB3

OB1 a.k.a. KenobiOB2

OB9





OB8OB3

OB1 a.k.a. KenobiOB2

OB9




The Cygnus complex is… complex☐ Confirmed O stars



The Cygnus complex is… complex☐ Confirmed O stars


F861M + F660N + F515N


Piercing the Galaxy


Piercing the Galaxy

Cyg

OB

2 ~1

.5 k

pc

Pers

eus

arm

~5.

5 kp

c

Out

er a

rm ~

9.5

kpc


0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

J−H

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

H−

K

SG models

MS models

E(4405−5495)=0.0,0.25...3.0

O GOSSS done: 70

OBWR GOSSS to do: 102

WR GOSSS done: 3

B GOSSS done: 44

B Simbad: 185

OB GOSC with B > 17: 22

late: 245

2MASS other with K<9: 1452

Piercing the Galaxy:

Carina


0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

J−H

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

H−

K

SG models

MS models

E(4405−5495)=0.0,0.25...3.0

O GOSSS done: 57

OBWR GOSSS to do: 91

WR GOSSS done: 1

B GOSSS done: 25

B Simbad: 90

OB GOSC with B > 17: 29

late: 165

2MASS other with K<9: 763

Piercing the Galaxy: Cyg OB2


The history of massive stars in Cyg OB2

• Johnson & Morgan (1954), Morgan et al. (1954).

• Schulte (1958).

• Walborn (1973), Walborn et al. (2002).

• Massey & Thompson (1991).

• Comerón et al. (2002,2008,2016), Comerón & Pasquali (2012), Berlanas et al. (2018).

• Kiminki et al. (2007,2008,2009,2012,2015), Kiminki & Kobulnicky (2012), Kobulnicky et al. (2012,2014).

• Wright & Drake (2009), Wright et al. (2010,2014,2015,2016).

• Sota et al. (2011,2014), Maíz Apellániz et al. (2016).


1954


1954


12

3

4

5

6

78

9

10

12

1954


Schulte XX =VI Cyg XX =Cyg OB2-XX

1958


1973

2002


Photometric [MT91] XXX (1-789) e.g. [MT91] 59 = Cyg OB2-1

1991


2002

2012

Cyg OB2-AXX (1-46)Cyg OB2-BXX (1-20)Cyg OB2-CXX (1-3)


2007

2014


2009

2015

2014


2011

2016

2014


The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS)

• Long-slit (+fiber bundle) spectroscopy of OB stars with R~2500 and S/N > 200 in 3900-5100 Å.

• Initial selection from the Galactic O-Star Catalog (GOSC).

• Telescopes and spectrographs:★ OSN 1.5 m (Albireo): δ > −20°, B < 11★ LT 2.0 m (FRODOspec): δ > −35°, B < 11★ CAHA 3.5 m (TWIN): δ > −20°, 11 < B < 14 ★ WHT 4.2 m (ISIS): δ > −35°, 11 < B < 14★ GTC 11.4 m (OSIRIS): δ > −30°, 14 < B < 17★ LCO 2.5 m (B&C): δ < +20° B < 13★ SOAR 4.1 m (GHTS): δ < +20°, 13 < B < 15★ Gemini South 8.1 m (GMOS): δ < +20°, 13 < B < 16

• 2737 stars (4347 spectra) processed (+ ~900 unproc.), compl. for B < 8.

• 590 O type-systems in three major papers (I:2011, II:2014, III:2016).


The massive star census in Cyg OB2

Type Wright et al. (2015)

GOSSS

I+II+III Observed and processed

GOSC to do + unprocessed Total

WR 3 1 3 4

O 52 35 51 7 58

B 114 21 22 43

OB 61 61

1 square degree circular area around 20:33:16 41:18:45Spectral type refers to primary (systems, not stars, counted)


The massive star census in Cygnus

TypeGOSSS

I+II+III Observed and processed

GOSC to do + unprocessed Total

WR 1 13 3 10 4 23

O 35 84 51 140 7 63 58 203

B 21 110 22 209 43 319

OB 61 97 61 97

White: 1 square degree circular area around 20:33:16 41:18:45Yellow: 68 < l < 98, -7 < b < +11

Spectral type refers to primary (systems, not stars, counted)


Some interesting massive stars in Cygnus

• Cyg OB2-7 + Cyg OB2-22 A: only two O3 If* in the north.

• Cyg OB2-12: B5 Ia supergiant, heavy extinction.

• Cyg OB2-4 B: Be + neutron star binary.

• Cyg X-3: WR + neutron star binary.

• Cyg X-1: O O9.7 Iabp var + black hole binary.

• Bajamar Star: O3.5 III(f*) + O8:, ionizing star of North America Nebula.

• LS III +46 11: O3.5 If* + O3.5 If*.


56100 56200 56300 56400 56500 56600 56700 56800 56900 57000

JD − 2 400 000 (d)

9.75

10.00

10.25

10.50

10.75

11.00

11.25

ma

g

2012.50 2012.75 2013.00 2013.25 2013.50 2013.75 2014.00 2014.25 2014.50 2014.75

year

IJ

RJ

Cyg OB2-4 B (= [MT91] 213): Salas et al. (2015)

2017


O-star extinction

2018


O-star extinction

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

E(4405−5495)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

R5495

Jo+2M+Ga

Jo+2M+Ga+Ty

Jo+2M+Ga+St

Jo+2M+Ga+Ty+St


O-star extinction

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

E(4405−5495)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

R5495

Jo+2M+Ga

Jo+2M+Ga+Ty

Jo+2M+Ga+St

Jo+2M+Ga+Ty+St

Cyg OB2

Cyg other


The future: WEAVE

• OBA-stars-centered survey with ~7% of WEAVE survey time.

• Also ISM in emission, Cepheids, evolved low-mass stars, and other young stars.

• R ~ 5000, whole optical range.

• Galactic Plane with longitudes from 20 deg. to 225 deg.

• 1200 sq. deg.

• 5·105 targets

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15B

ap magnitude

1

3

10

30

100

300

1000

Num

ber

Confirmed O stars

40 O stars/kpc2, 0.8 mag/kpc





The future: the GALANTE survey• Northern Full Galactic Plane.

• ~3 nights/month in the T80+S80.

• 1.4°x1.4° FOV, 0.55” px, no gaps.

• Exp. times from 0.1 to 50/100 s.

★ Saturation at mag ~3 (PSF to ~0).

★ S/N ~100 at mag 17 (det. to ~19).

• Seven filters:

★ F348M + F420N + F450N.

★ F515N + F861M.

★ F660N + F665N.


The GALANTE

survey

F665N + F450N + F420N


GALANTET80

images

F665N + F450N + F420N


Cyg OB2 with

GALANTE

F861M + F660N + F515N


Cyg OB2 with

GALANTE

F861M + F660N + F515N


GALANTET80

images

F665N + F450N + F420N


GALANTET80

images

F861M + F660N + F515N


GALANTET80

images

F861M + F515N + F348M

Documents

Massive stars in Cygnus (especially in Cyg OB2) · 2018. 2. 22. · Massive stars in Cygnus Jesús Maíz Apellániz Keele University, Thursday 1 February 2018 Some interesting massive