MASLYN- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYAVON GROVE HIGH SCHOOL

The Urinary System

LOCATION AND STRUCTURE

Kidneys

Objectives For Today:

At the end of this section, you should be able to…

1. Describe the location of the kidneys in the body

2. Identify regions of kidney: hilum, cortex, medulla, medullary pyramids, calyces, pelvis, and renal columns

Opener

Pre-test Activity!

In pairs at your lab stations- List all the things you know about the Urinary System

2 minutes…GO!!!

The Urinary System Overview

Kidneys-Location

Small, dark red, kidney bean shaped and located underneath the 12th rib

Against dorsal body wall in retroperitonal position in the superior lumbar region

Extend from T12 to L3 vertebra

Receive protection from the lower part of the rib cage

The right kidney is positioned slightly lower than the left due to crowding by the liver.

General size and shape of the kidneys

About the size of a large bar of soap

Convex laterally, and has a medial indentation called the renal hilum

These structures exit the kidney at the renal hilum1. - the ureters2. - the renal blood vessels3. - nerves

Homeostatic Imbalance

The fat surrounding the kidneys is extremely important to holding them in their normal body position

Ptosis- kidneys dropping to a lower position

Complications:Ureters may become kinked, decreasing urine flow, and causing pressure on the kidney tissue called hydronephrosis

Parts of the Kidneys

The adrenal gland, part of the endocrine system, is located on top of each kidney BUT is a completely separate organ functionally

A transparent fibrous capsule encloses each kidney, making them glisten

Parts of the Kidney

A fatty mass called the perirenal fat capsule surrounds each kidney and cushions it against blows

The renal fascia, the outermost capsule, anchors the kidney and helps hold it in place against the muscles of the trunk wall

Kidneys!

More Kidneys!

Regions of the Kidney

Urine flow:Pyramidscalycesrenal pelvisureterbladder

Coloring Pages

Name and color the parts of the kidney that we learned today. What you do not finish is homework

Exit Slip

Summarize what you learned today

- turn it in on the edge of the desk

Warm-Up Review- Think-Pair Share

Mary lost lots of weight, and suddenly she was having problems with her urine flow. What would you guess happened, and what caused the problem?

Draw a kidney, label the medullary pyramids, calyces, renal pelvis, renal cortex, renal hilum, and renal columns

Get with a partner, discuss for 2 minutes, write your answer down, then share with the class

Objectives for Today

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to…

1. Recognize nephron as structural and functional unit of kidney, and describe anatomy

2. Relate Blood supply to the kidneys and how it effects the nephron

The structural and functional units of the kidneys

Responsible for forming urine

Two main structures:

Glomerulus

Renal Tubule

Nephrons

Nephron Anatomy

Renal tubule extends from glomerular capsule and ends at the collecting duct

-Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

-Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

-Loop of Henle-Distal convoluted

tubule (DCT

Nephron Anatomy

Nephron Anatomy

Take 2!!

Take 2 minutes to write down and summarize what you have learned in the first part of the lesson!!

Nephron Anatomy- Glomerulus AKA Bowman’s Capsule

Nephron Anatomy

Nephron Anatomy: Renal Tubule

Exit Slip

What is the structural and functional unit for the Kidney?

How does this relate to blood supply?

Objectives for Today

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to…

Describe process of urine formation, identifying areas of the nephron responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Describe the function of the kidneys in excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes

Opener: Groups of 3

What is the glomerulus and where is it located in the kidney?

Why is this structure important to the kidney?

Nephron Function is Dependent Upon Blood Flow

Blood Supply

1/4 of the total blood supply passes through the kidneys each minute

Renal artery brings in oxygen rich blood flows out to renal cortex for exchange and cleansing blood leaves the kidneys through the renal veins

Urine Formation

Glomerular Capsular Space

Moves: water & solutes smaller than proteins

Non-selective& passive

Fluid = filtrate

Works because there’s high pressure in the capillaries

Tubular Reabsorption

Moves: water, glucose, amino acids, & ions into peritubular capillaries (reabsorbed)

Depends on body’s needs

Occurs in entire renal tubule

most in proximal convoluted tubule

Some substances move passively (water osmosis)

Most move via active transport (glucose, amino acids)

Tubular Secretion

Moves: hydrogen ions, potassium ion, & creatinine into filtrate from blood into filtrate to be excreted

Helps get rid of substances not already in filtrate such as drugs or excess potassium

Helps regulate blood pH

Filtration, Reabsorption, & Secretion in a Kidney

Nephron Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiNEShg6JTI

Exit Slip

Define filtration and list 3 things filtered out of the blood

Define tubular reabsorption and list 3 things that are reabsorbed

Define tubular secretion and list 2 things that are secreted

Diabetes- Opener

List what you already know about Diabetes

Steel Magnolias

Video Clip

Exit Slip

How does Diabetes relate to Kidney Failure?

Define Dialysis and how it can help people with kidney failure

Why did Shelby die despite her kidney transplant?

How could Shelby’s death have been prevented?

Opener!

According to your textbook, 150-180 liters of blood plasma gets pumped through the kidneys each day. Knowing this, how much urine (in liters) would you think gets secreted by the kidneys on a daily basis?

Characteristics of Urine

Normal urine is usually clear, pale yellow, or deep yellow in color

The yellow color is caused by the presence of urochrome, a pigment that results in the body’s destruction of hemoglobin

The deeper the yellow, the more presence of solutes

Characteristics of Urine

When formed, urine is sterile, and has a slight odor

Some drugs and vegetables alter the smell of urine

Urine pH is slightly acidic (around 6)

Urine is more dense than distilled water (has a higher specific gravity)

Contents of Urine

Filtrate vs. urine

Should have: sodium & potassium ions, nitrogen-containing wastes, ammonia, bicarbonate ions

Should not have: glucose, blood proteins, RBCs, Hemoglobin, WBCs, bile

Opener- Urinalysis Lab

Write a hypothesis for the portion of the lab that you are STARTING.

Hypothesis should be in the form of an If/Then statement

Ex: “If _____urine contains _______, then I predict _____”

Turn this in WITH your lab report and DATA!!!!!

Opener- Chalk it out

What is happening in the 3 following steps:

Glomular filtration-

Tubular reabsorption-

Tubular Secretion-

Where in the kidney is this happening?

Urinalysis Lab Report

Attached to your report, include:

Justification of why you said Disease A or B

Your hypothesis for the portion of the lab that YOU completed

Hypothesis should be in the form of an If/Then statement

Ex: “If _____urine contains _______, then I predict _____”

Abnormal Substances in Urine

Problems with Urine

Oliguria- abnormally low urinary output (between 100 and 400 ml/day

Anuria- less than 100 ml of urine per day

Polyuria- excreting large volumes of urine Ex: Addison’s Syndrome

Duriesis- urine production

Opener

Summarize what you learned yesterday

Objectives

Describe structure and function of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Compare the course and length of the male urethra to that of the female

Define micturitionDescribe the difference in control of the

external and internal urethral sphinctersName three common urinary tract problems

Major Players: Ureters

2 tubes (~30 cm long X ½ cm wide)Drain urine from kidneys bladderSmooth muscle moves urine via peristalsisKidney stones cause PAIN when they get

here!

OUCH!

Major Players: Urinary Bladder

Collapsible muscular sac (2-3 in. when empty, holds 1 pint of urine)

Made of transitional epithelium***Males the prostate gland surrounds neck

where bladder empties

Position and Shape of a Distended and an Empty Urinary Bladder in an Adult Man

Urinary Bladder Continued…

Trigone—triangular region of the bladder base Three openings

Two from the ureters One to the urethra

Three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle

Mucosa made of transitional epitheliumWalls are thick and folded in an empty

bladderBladder can expand significantly without

increasing internal pressure

Major Players: Urethra

Three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle

Mucosa made of transitional epithelium

Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder

Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure

Urination

Micturition- act of emptying the bladder

Bladder collects urine until ~200 ml of urine has entered

activates stretch receptors

bladder does reflex contractions

urine passes through involuntary internal urethral sphincter to top of urethra

person feels urge to go

Common Problems with the Urinary Tract

Incontinence- lack voluntary control of the external sphincter toddlers can’t control sphincter sleeping children aren’t awakened by the

stimulusUrinary Tract Infection (UTI)-

Urethritis- inflammation of the urethraCystitis- inflammation of the bladderPyelitis- inflammation of the kidney

Urinary Retention- condition in which a person is unable to expel urine from the bladder

-More common in males

Video

http://on.aol.com/video/risks-of-holding-urine-in-517287076

Opener

What is the function of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?

Compare the lengths of the male urethra to that of the female

What is micturition?

Name three common urinary tract problems

Objectives

Name and locate three main fluid compartments of the body

Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of water balance by the kidney

Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and potassium balance of the blood

Kidneys keep these in normal ranges: Water pH Electrolytes

Kidney allow for the removal of Nitrogen-containing wastes (urea & uric acid) Creatinine (from muscle metabolism)

Renal Homeostatic Control

Major Fluid Compartments of the Body

Figure 15.8

Intracellular fluid- in cells

Extracellular fluid- NOT in cells

What is a diuretic?

Hrmmm…

Diuretics…

Stuff that makes you pee! Please not in my home.. eew

So then anti-diruetic hormone…

Action: causes water to be reabsorbed from filtrate

Where: in the DCT & Collecting DuctHow: adds more aquaporins, therefore

more water is reabsorbedSo then why does…

(alcohol prevents ADH from doing its job, you excrete needed water

Thirst/Water Regulation

Produced here Stored here &

Released from

AldosteroneWhat: Hormone that affects Na+

reabsorption

When released: If blood is diluted & low in volume (from adrenal gland)

Effect: causes more sodium to be reabsorbed fixes concentration… BUT what about the low volume?

Where: Works on DCT and collecting duct

Addison’s DiseaseDescription: Inability

to produce enough aldosterone

Cause: adrenal glands get attacked by the immune system

Incidence: 3/100,000 of all ages and sexes

s/s: chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low BP, cravings for salty foods

Think-Pair-Share

What happens in the kidneys when you drink alcohol?

pH Balance in Blood & its Regulators

Buffers are the first line of defense work almost instantaneously

Secondary defenses take longer to work: Respiratory mechanisms take several minutes to hours Renal mechanisms may take several days

Bicarbonate

Kidneys help keep Blood Homeostasis by:

1. Maintaining water Regulates blood volume & BP; uses ADH

2. Regulate pH (~7.4) HCO3- and H+

3. Keeping electrolytes in balance Regulates ion/electrolyte levels; uses aldosterone

4. Excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes Urea- protein amino acids ammonia urea

Uric acid when nucleic acids are broken down Creatinine doesn’t have nitrogen but still waste

from muscle metabolism

Exit Slip

Relate homeostatic control in the kidneys to the kidney anatomy- connect the whole big picture!