1

, , , , , , , -, , , , , , , ,

- , - - , , 1 , , , , 2

1 Theses on Fueurbach , Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German

Philosophy 2 In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private

property. (Communist Manifesto)

2

3 () ()

, , , ; , 4 , - Physiocrat Merchantalist- - -

3 Engels,Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,Sel. Work, Vol-III, Prog Pub, Moscow (1970),p-133

4 Markham S. F.,(1930), A History of Socialism, A & C Black Ltd, London, p-4

3

(-) An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of Nations (-), (-), . . (-), 5 , , , ... , 6 , ( ) ... , 7 , ,

, , - , -

5 (- ) (Boisguillebert, -) ( -) Engels, Historical Notes on the Analysis of Commodities in Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Sel. Works, Vol-29, p-292 (http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume29/index.htm)

6 Adam Smith (1776), An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of Nations, Book-1, Chapter-VIII,

An Electronic Classics Series Publication, p-47

7 Adam Smith (1776), An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of Nations, Book-1, Chapter-VIII,

An Electronic Classics Series Publication, p-60

4

,

, , , ; ( , ) - , ; , , , , , 8

() , () () 9 () (social production capacity) (means of production) () (social labour) (class) - , 10

, 8Engels, F.(1888), Preface to the English Edition of 1888, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Moscow (1975)

9 Das Capital, Vol-III, p-261

10 They also contradict the conditions under which this swelling capital augments its value. Hence the crises. Das

Capital, Vol-III, p-261

5

, 11 12 (Labour Theory of Value),

The Poverty of Philosophy

Insofar as modern socialism, no matter of what tendency, starts out from bourgeois political

economy, it almost without exception takes up the Ricardian theory of value. The two

propositions which Ricardo proclaimed in 1817 right at the beginning of his Principles,

1) that the value of any commodity is purely and solely determined by the quantity of labour

required for its production, and

2) that the product of the entire social labour is divided among the three classes: landowners

(rent), capitalists (profit) and workers (wages)

, -

11

Engels, Principles of Communism, p-81

12 The above application of the Ricardian theory that the entire social product belongs to the workers

as their product, because they are the sole real producers, leads directly to communism. But, as Marx indeed

indicates in the above-quoted passage, it is incorrect in formal economic terms, for it is simply an application

of morality to economics. According to the laws of bourgeois economics, the greatest part of the product

does not belong to the workers who have produced it. If we now say: that is unjust, that ought not to be so,

and then that has nothing immediately to do with economics. We are merely saying that this economic fact

is in contradiction to our sense of morality.- Frederick Engels, Preface to the First German Edition, The Poverty of Philosophy

6

, , , , (subjective) (utility) ,

, , - ( vulgar economist )

, , , , , , , , , , , since the Fabian Society positively pullulates with Jevons-Mengerians who look down with infinite contempt on a Marx they have long since outdistanced.

13 , , , 13

Engels, Letter to Conrad Schmidt, 1892, Col. Works, Volume 49, pp 525-528

7

, , , (falling rate of profit) (real wage) , , (price) (value) ( ) (price) (transformation problem) - (price) (value) , (value) (price) , (variables) (stock concept and flow concept)

, , very, very much below the average low level 14 , , - ( ) ... , ,

petitio principii15 -

, - ,

14

Engels letter to Danielson, Collected Works, Volume 48, pp 135-137

15 assuming the conclusion

8

(theory of marginal utility) 16

, , ( ) ( , ) - () () () () - , , , , (price) Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities ()

, , , (labour theory of Value) (falling rate of profit)

(Labour Theory of Value)

(real wealth) ? ? ? , (physical goods)

16

I am going to start on the fourth volume-the history of the theory of surplus-value as soon as it is in any way possible.

9

, 17 , , (price) , ( theory of value) , 18 , 19

, 20 - ; 21 22 23 24 17 wages, profit and rent, are three original sources of all revenue as well as of all exchangeable value (page-362) 18

Ricardo David, Principles of Political economy and Taxation, hird dn , p-46

19 ... He (Ricardo) seems

always to consider the whole produce as divided between wages and profits, forgetting the part necessary for

replacing fixed capital , 20

Smith Adam, The wealth of Nation, Chap-VIII, page-58

21 Smith Adam, The wealth of Nation, Chap-V, page-31

22 Smith Adam, The wealth of Nation, Chap-V, page-36

23 He shares in the produce of their labour, or in the value which it adds to the materials upon which it is bestowed;

and in this share consists his profit. (Chap-VIII, page-59)

24 Engels, Historical Notes on the Analysis of Commodities in Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of

Political Economy, Sel. Works, Vol-29, p-292 (http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume29)

10

, 25

, , - - (labour power) (at its value) - (value) , , - (subsistence level) (historical and moral element) , 26 , 27 , ,

, , ( - real terms) ( ) organic composition of capital 25

On the one hand he must be reproached for not going far enough, for not carrying his abstraction to completion,

for instance when he analyses the value of the commodity, he at once allows himself to be influenced by

consideration of all kinds of concrete conditions. On the other hand, one must reproach him for regarding the

phenomenal form as immediate and direct proof or exposition of these general laws, and for failing to interpret it.

In regard to the first, his abstraction is too incomplete; in regard to the second, it is formal abstraction which in itself

is wrong.

26 Das Capital, Vol-1, chap-VI, The Buying and Selling of Labour Power, pp:167-176

27 ... if it were adopted, it

would reduce Marxs argument to circularity, for it would mean that the level of real wages determines the value of

labour-power. (An Essay on Marxian economics, Macmillan, (1969 edn), p-30)

11

28 -

, 29 (social reality) (embodiment) - (variable capital) (constant capital - c) , , (variable capital- v), (surplus value - s) ( ), ( . )

(

) , 30

(labour theory of value)

- 28

And it is competition of capitalist in different spheres, which first brings out the price of production equalizing

the rates of profit in the different spheres. Das Capital, Vol-III, p-177 29

We see then that that which determines the magnitude of the value of any article is the amount of labour socially

necessary, or the labour-time socially necessary for its production", Das Capital, Vol-I, p-39

30 Instead of the real fact, we have false semblance of an association, in which laborer and capitalist divide the

product in proportion to the different elements which they respectively contribute towards its formation. Das

Capital, Vol-I, p-533

12

labour theory of value , ,

, , , , , , , -

...- , -,

... , - - , ; 31

, - - , - ... , , -, 32 , , ,

31

Das Capital, Vol-I, pp-15-16

32 Guy Routh, The Origin of Economic Ideas, Macmillan, (1975),p-204

13

, , , , , , (social law of Nature) , , , 33

- 34 (concept) , , (use value), (exchange value), (surplus value), (labour power) , 35 , , , 36 33

Karl Marx,Afterword to the Second German Edition, Das Capital, Vol-1, p-14

34 Marx's criticism of the theories which predominated before his advent, and that Marx's theories were correct at

the time they were first stated and a proper generalization of the data then at hand. What they claim is, that later

developments have shown that they were based on insufficient data, and that our present knowledge requires the

revision of some of his tenets or the supplementing of them by some qualifying truths, according to some, or that the

whole system be thrown overboard, it having been built on false foundations, according to others. Most of the

critics, however, stop at revision. Hence, the name Revisionists, under which most of the newer Marx-critics are

known, and the term Revisionism applied to their writings and teachings.

The Theoretical System Of Karl Marx: In The Light Of Recent Criticism, Louis B. Boudin, Chicago ( First

Published In 1907), Charles H. Kerr & Company (1920), pp-10-1135

Steve Keen,The Misinterpretation of Marxs Theory of Value, J. of the History of Economic Thought, 15, Fall,

1993,p-282

36 Das Capital, Vol-I, p-60

14

, 37

On the other hand the vir obscurus has overlooked the fact that even in my analysis of the

commodity I do not come to a halt with its dual way of presenting itself, but immediately proceed to

show that in this duality of the commodity there presents itself the dual character of the labour whose

product it is: of useful labour, i.e. the concrete modes of the labours which create use-values, and of

abstract labour, of labour as expenditure of labour power, regardless of the useful way in which it

is expended (on which the presentation of the production process later depends); that in the

development of the value form of the commodity, in the final instance its money form, and thus

of money, the value of a commodity presents itself in the use-value of the other commodity, i.e. in its

natural form; that surplus-value itself is derived from a specific use-value of labour

power belonging to it exclusively, etc., etc., that, in other words, for me use-value plays an

important part quite different from its part in economics hitherto, but note bene it still only comes

under consideration when such a consideration stems from the analysis with regard to economic formations, not from arguing hither and thither about the concepts or words use-value and value.

, - - , , - , , , , - - - Capital and Interest: A Critical History of Economical Theories (Book-V and Book-VI) (The Labour Theories) (The Exploitation Theory) Book-VI- (chapter) , , 38 The Positive theory of Capital

37 Karl Marx, Notes on Adolph Wagner's, Lehrbuch der politischen konomie (Second Edition),

Volume I, (1879)

38 - , The Povert y of Phi l osophy -

15

, Capital and Interest , , Karl Marx and the Close of his System , -

39 () ,

- Capital and Interest Karl Marx and the Close of his System , ( ) 40 (-) -

39

The learned and unlearned spokesmen of the German bourgeoisie tried at first to kill Das Kapital by silence, as they had managed to do with my earlier writings. Karl Marx, Das Capital, Vol-I, Afterword to

the Second German Edition (1873), p-16 Marx-Engels, Address of the German Democratic

Communists of Brussels(1846), Collected Works, Vol-6, p-59

40 Eugen V. Bohm-Bawerk,Capital and Interest, A Critical History of Economical Theory, Brentanos, New

York, (1922 Edn), p-390

16

41 Karl Marx and the Close of his System . . (), (), (Bortkiewich), (, , ) 42 - - , 43 . . (, ) - 44 - Karl Marx and the Close of His System- 45 - , - Karl Marx and the Close of his System

41

Note in the 3rd German edition. In Marxs copy there is here the marginal note: Here

note for working out later; if the extension is only quantitative, then for a greater and a smaller

capital in the same branch of business the profits are as the magnitudes of the capitals advanced.

If the quantitative extension induces qualitative change, then the rate of profit on the larger

capital rises simultaneously. F. E. Das Capital, Vol-I,p-629

42 Paul sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development:Principles: Principles of Marxian Political Economy ,

Dennis Dobson Ltd, London, (1949)

43 Joan Robinson,Essay on Marxian Economics, macmillan, St Martins Press,1942

44 Paul Sweezy, Editors Introduction, p-xii, footnote-1 and Both of these, written in Pareto's characteristically arrogant

and superficial manner, I consider definitely inferior to Bhm-Bawerk. ( p-xi, footnote-2)45

Franz X. Weiss, Biographical Introduction to Bohm-Bawerk, (1924), pp-vii-vii (as quoted by Paul Sweezy in

Editors Introduction )

17

- (Theory of Value), , - , , (whole value of commodities) -(theory of values) - ; , ; , , (means of production) , , , 46

- - , ( ) 47 , - , , , - (in the long-run) , -

46

Bohm-Bowerk, Marx and His Closed System, A.M.Kelley, New York, 1949, p-35 (First Published 1896)

47 This law clearly contradicts all experience based on appearance. Das Capital, Vol-I,FLPH, Moscow

(1959 Edn), p-307

18

, (theory of value) - - , , (Boudin), , - , - , , , , , , , , , ? (mystification)48 reductio ad absurdum , ? ? , - -

48

quoted by Engels, Supplement to Capital, Vol-III,p-868

19

The whole difficulty arises from the fact that commodities are not exchanged

simply as commodities, but as products of capitals, which claim participation in the

total amount of surplusvalue, proportional to their magnitude, or equal if they are of

equal magnitude.49

, , , , , ? , ,

The exchange of commodities at their values, or approximately at their values, thus

requires a much lower stage than their exchange at their prices of production, which

requires a definite level of capitalist development....50

- ,

49

Marx, Das Capital, Vol-III, Chapter-X, p-172 quoted Engels at page 872

50 Marx, Das Capital, Vol-III, Chapter-X, p-174 quoted Engels at page 873

20

(utility) - , , , - - (ahistorical) (unsocial) , (use value) (value) , , - - - 51

- - , (Walras) 52 Economic Theory of the Leisure Class , , , 53 , , , (law of diminishing marginal utility)

51

On the other hand, the natural aspect of the commodity, its use value, lies outside the domain

of political economy.Bhm-Bawerk, Karl Marx and the Close of His System,p-190

52 Nikolai Bukharin, Preface to the Russian Edition, Economic Theory of the Leisure Class, 1927

53 ,

- Werner Sombart, Th.G. Masaryk, Paul Earth, Rudolph Wenckstern, Franz Oppenheimer, Ludwig Woltman, Tugan-Baranowsky, and Jean Jaures, Alfred Nossig. Louis B. Boudin, Theoretical System of Karl Marx:

In the Light of Recent Criticism,C. H. Kerr & Co, Chicago, (1920), p-15

21

, , (objective) , - - (utility is not cardinal), (utility is ordinal) - , , , , , , , , , , , 54 (falling rate of profit) , Foreign Language Publishing House - Selected Works Moscow Progress Publishers , Collected Works ,

54

Piero Sraffa, Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities: Prelude to a Critique of Economic Theory,Cambridge University Press, 1960

22