Marx, Durkheim, and Weber: Sociological Debate and Relevance of Sociological Theory

7/23/2019 Marx, Durkheim, and Weber: Sociological Debate and Relevance of Sociological Theory

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Vmnby Venjer J. EspjnczmYcijclcgy 606

Prca. Lmurm Ymkscn

K mrx , Bu rhd e jk , W efe r ?

Yci jc lcg j im l Befm te V e levmnie c a Yci jc lcg j im l Rdecry

(Rmhe-Dcke Exmk cn Ilmssjiml Ycijclcgy)

HMVL KMVT

Imtegcry IcnieptsKmn Dukmn Pctentjml

Pcwers

NeebsIcnsijcusness

Mitjvjty

LmfcrYcijmfjljty

Mljenmtjcn

Dukmn ekmnijpmtjcn tdrcugd Ycijmljsk cr ickkunjsk

Ycijety Kcbe ca prcbuitjcn• Msjmtji• Mnijent

• Aeubmljsk• Impjtmljsk

Velmtjcns ca prcbuitjcnAcries ca prcbuitjcn

ImpjtmljskLmfcr Rdecry ca QmlueUse Qmlue

Exidmnge Qmlue

Yurplus QmlueImpjtmljst explcjtmtjcn

Ickkunjsk



Yijenie, Ycijclcgy,& tdeYcijml Yijenies

Kmterjmljst icnieptjcn ca djstcryDjstcrjiml scijclcgyBjmleitjiIlmssIlmss icnaljit

Ickkunjsk/YcijmljskJnarmstruiture/Yuperstruiture

Kmn

Rde gremter pmrt, mnb tde kcst essentjml, ca Kmrx‚s vjew regmrbjng kmn mnbdukmn nmture js icntmjneb jn djs emrly wcrhs, pmrtjiulmrly mnb kcst nctmfly jn tdeEicnckji mnb Pdjlcscpdjiml Kmnusirjpts. Kmrx‚s fmsji mssukptjcn js tdmt kmn js

jnajnjtely peraeitjfle. Kmn‚s pctentjml js m gjven pctentjml. De kmhes djs djstcry8 de js tdemitjve mgent ca idmnge mnb prcgress. Rde essenie ca kmn js djs prcbuitjve mitjvjty,lmfcr , bcne jn msscijmtjcn wjtd ctder ken mnb jn ilcse relmtjcnsdjp wjtd nmture. Rde

essenie ca kmn js remljzeb jn djs speijes-fejng8 jt js jnderent jn emid sepmrmte jnbjvjbumlkmn mnb kmnjaests tde idmrmiterjstjis ca dukmn nmture. Kmn‚s pctentjml rests cn tdespeijes pcwer mnb neebs.

Rde fmsji presuppcsjtjcns ca dukmn nmture mre kmn‚s pcwers mnb neebs. Pcwers mre tde jnderent (ejtder lmtent cr pctentjml) amiultjes, mfjljtjes impmijtjes ca pecple.

Neebs mre tde besjres pecple aeel acr tdjngs. Ypeijes pcwers mnb neebs, tdcse tdmt mreunjquely dukmn, mre bjaaerent arck nmturml pcwers mnb neebs. Dukmn neebs mre aurtderbjstjngujsdeb jntc twc? icnstmnt cr ajxeb neebs mnb relmtjve neebs. Icnstmnt neebs exjst

unber mll ijriukstmnies wdjid imn fe idmngeb fy scijml icnbjtjcns cnly ms amr ms acrkmnb bjreitjcn mre icnierneb, suid ms tde neeb acr accb, sdelter, mnb lcve. Velmtjveneebs mre tdcse wdjid cwe tdejr crjgjn cnly tc m iertmjn type ca scijml crgmnjzmtjcn,suid ms brjve acr kmxjkml eicnckji gmjn.

Icnsijcusness js tde demrt ca tde nctjcn ca dukmn pctentjml tdmt bjaaerentjmtes

pecple arck mnjkmls. Jt enmfles tdek tc tdjnh mnb ljnh tdjs icnsijcusness tc tdejrmitjcns. Aurtderkcre, jt equjps tdek tde impmfjljty ca mitjvjty tdmt js ca m bjstjnitjve

hjnb, qumljty, mnb pmie. Rdus kmn js jnauseb wjtd tde mfjljty tc icntrcl mitjvjtjes tdrcugdicnsijcusness. Ajnmlly dukmn nmture icnsjsts ca tde scijmfjljty ca kmn. Kmn js jnderentlyscijml. De bces djs mitjvjty jn ilcse msscijmtjcn wjtd djs aellcw ken. Rde ilmssji

explmnmtjcn tdmt jllustrmtes tde bjstjngujsdeb qumljty ca dukmn icnsijcusness js tdmtwdjle tde fees keidmnjimlly fujlbs tdejr feedjve, kmn, tdrcugd djs icnsijcusness, js



mfle tc icniejve ca m struiture feacre ereitjng jt. Rdus wdjle nc dukmn struiture imnrjvml tde eaajijeniy mnb preijsjcn ca tde feedjve‚s struiture, icnsijcusness enmfles kmn

tc plmn mnb icniejve jt jn djs kjnb feacre even ever kmhjng tdek kmterjmljze miicrbjngtc tdejr iremtjve pcwers.

Wdmt Kmrx icnsjbers tde fjggest prcflek ca kmn tdrcugdcut djstcry js tdeiurtmjlkent mnb repressjcn ca tde dukmn pctentjml mnb jts bevelcpkent. De mvers tdmtunber mll ilmss scijetjes, kcst nctmfly unber impjtmljsk, kmn wms fejng befmseb mnb

beacrkeb mnb tdus feickjng less tdmn mnjkmls. Mnb tdjs bedukmnjzmtjcn ca kmn js micnsequenie ca mljenmtjcn, wdjid js kmjnly kmnjaesteb ms mljenmteb lmfcr jn impjtmljsk.

Mljenmteb lmfcr unber impjtmljsk sufoeits kmn tc kultj-prcngeb estrmngekent? ajrst,arck tde prcbuit ca djs lmfcr (jt stmnbs cver mnb mfcve djk, icnarcntjng djk ms mn mljenpcwer jnbepenbent ca djksela, mnb tc wdjid de dms nc ilmjk) 8 seicnb, arck djksela jn

tde very mit ca prcbuitjcn (tde prcbuitjcn prciess sufoeits djk tc wcrhjng icnbjtjcnstdmt tdmt bc nct kmhe djk aeel mt dcke jn tde mitjvjty wdjid js djs ljae‚s ciiupmtjcn mnbjn wdjid js suppcseb tc fe icnstjtute djs dukmnjty)8 tdjrb, arck djs speijes-fejng, djsscijml essenie (djs wcrh vjclmtes djs dukmn pctentjml mnb bces nct smtjsay djs speijesneebs)8 mnb acurtd, arck ctder ken (tde systek bces nct enicurmge scijmljzmtjcn futsets wcrhers jn icnaljit mnb ickpetjtjcn mgmjnst emid ctder).

Mljenmtjcn fremhs bcwn tde nmturml jntericnneitebness tdmt idmrmiterjzes dukmnnmture mnb rebuie wcrh jn impjtmljsk tc kere lmfcr jn wdjid kmn bces nct maajrk djs

true nmture mnb, jn amit, even bjvests djk ca djs energy, iremtjvjty, mnb dmppjness.

Kmrx bjstjngujsdeb fetween kmn‚s buml rcle jn scijety? cn tde cne dmnb ms tde m

ijtjzen jn tde pcljtjiml spdere mitjng cut djs unjversmljzjng rcle ms mn mitjve pmrtjijpmnt jn

tde pcljtjiml crgmnjzmtjcn tdrcugd tde exerijse ca djs eleitcrml rjgdts, mnb, cn tde ctderdmnb, ms m prjvmte jnbjvjbuml jn ijvjl (cr fcurgecjs) scijety, jnvclveb jn mnb preciiupjeb

fy djs egcjstji pursujts. Rde mttmjnkent ca wdmt Kmrx imlleb tde “tctml kmn‛ ’ wdciculb nct fe kutjlmteb fy tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr, wdc truly remljzes djs dukmnjty, wdc

peracrks tdcse mitjvjtjes wdjid beajne kmn ’ icnsjsts jn mfcljsdjng cwnersdjp ca tdekemns ca prcbuitjcn mnb tde unjversmljzmtjcn ca kmn. Kmn kust trmnsienb djs egcjstjisela jn fcurgecjs scijety mnb mpprcprjmte djs pcljtjiml rcle, wdjid Kmrx smw ms

icnstjtutjng kmn‚s unjversml, scijml nmture.

Yjnie tde mjk ca dukmn bevelcpkent js tdmt ca tde bevelcpkent ca tde tctml,

unjversml kmn, kmn kust fe ekmnijpmteb arck tde enslmvekent ca impjtmljst scijety.

Rdjs imn cnly fe ickpletely bcne wden tde reml, jnbjvjbuml kmn dms feicke ms speijes-fejng. Kmrx vjews ickkunjsk cr scijmljsk ms tde cnly sclutjcn tc kmn‚s mljenmtjcn jn

impjtmljst scijety. Ickkunjsk js tde pcsjtjve mfcljtjcn ca prjvmte prcperty, dukmn sela-mljenmtjcn, mnb tde reml maajrkmtjcn mnb cfoeitjajimtjcn ca djs speijes-fejng. Jt js tdereturn ca kmn ms reml, j.e., scijml fejng.



Ycijety? Rde Kcbes ca Prcbuitjcn mnb Impjtmljsk

Kmrx caaereb m trmnsdjstcrjiml mnmlysjs ca scijety, usjng tde aunitjcnml imtegcrykcbe ca prcbuitjcn ms tde pmrtjiulmr systek ca prcbuitjcn ca m gjven scijety. Wjtd tdeuse ca tde imtegcry Kmrx wms mfle tc trmie tde bevelcpkent ca scijety fmseb cn jts

pmrtjiulmr kcbe ca prcbuitjcn. Rde icniept ekfrmies fctd prcbuitjve acrie mnb “relmtjcns ca prcbuitjcn.‛ Rde acrker icnsjsts ca tde crgmnjzmtjcn ca prcbuitjcn,jnstrukents, teidnjiml hncwlebge, mnb nmturml rescuries. Rde lmtter reaers tc tde pcwer

struiture tdmt idmrmiterjze tde relmtjcnsdjp mkcng tde pmrtjijpmnts jn tde prcbuitjcn8eicnckjimlly spemhjng, tdjs fcjls bcwn tc prcperty relmtjcns cr acrks ca cwnersdjp. Jt

icnajgures tde scijml crgmnjzmtjcn jntc m struiture fmseb cn tde prjnijple ca “wdc cwnstde acries ca prcbuitjcn cr wdc icntrcls tde wdcle prcbuitjve prciess3‛

Kmrx smw tde relmtjcnsdjp fetween tde relmtjcns ca prcbuitjcn mnb kemns caprcbuitjcn ms tdmt ca m bjmleitjiml cne. Rde icntrmbjitjcn fetween tdese twc scijml amitsjs wdmt miicunts acr tde idmnge ca tde kcbe ca prcbuitjcn. Rdjs jnterpretmtjcn dmscaten leb tc mn jnstrukent cr teidnclcgjiml beterkjnmtjcn jn Kmrx‚s wcrh mnb mssjgnebimusml prjcrjty tc eicnckji amitcrs jn beterkjnjng scijml idmnge. Wcrhjng cn tdeicniept ca kcbe ca prcbuitjcn, Kmrx trmieb tde bevelcpkent ca dukmn djstcry. De

caaereb m seekjngly evclutjcnmry icnieptjcn ca tde bevelcpkent ca tde kcbe caprcbuitjcn arck Msjmtji, mnijent, aeubml, mnb ajnmlly, impjtmljsk.

Kmrx besirjfeb tde ajrst acrk ca cwnersdjp ms “trjfml,‛ m acrk wdjid, icjnijbjngwjtd mn elekentmry bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr, js ljkjteb tc tde kekfers ca tde amkjly mnb ilmn.Rdjs type ca scijety gmve rjse tc slmvery tdmt remideb jts pemh jn mntjqujty. Rdjs, jn turn,

gmve fjrtd tc m bjaaerent acrk ca crgmnjzmtjcn imlleb “aeubmljsk.‛ Unber tdjs scijety,

kmrhet prcbuitjcn wms mfsent mnb, ja mt mll, wms cnly ljkjteb mnb brjven fy eicnckjineiessjty. Aeubmljsk wms nct mn exidmnge eicncky mnb jts ketdcbs ca prcbuitjcn

were stmfle. Lmter, dcwever, tdjs sufsjstenie type ca eicncky gmve wmy tc mnexidmnge eicncky.

Ycijety prcgresses arck cne kcbe ca prcbuitjcn tc mnctder ms relmtjcns caprcbuitjcn, jn icnscnmnie wjtd tde kemns ca prcbuitjcn, unbergc idmnge. Rde icnaljit

fetween tde grcwjng fcurgecjsje mnb tde ncfjljty ca tde Eurcpemn scijety remideb jtsiulkjnmtjcn jn tde Arenid Vevclutjcn, fremhjng bcwn tde jnstjtutjcns ca tde clb aeubmlcrber mnb iremtjng new cnes wdjle unbergcjng struiturml recrgmnjzmtjcn jn terks ca

prcperty relmtjcns. Rde msienbmniy ca tde fcurgecjs ilmss tdus usdereb jn m new crber

tdmt estmfljsdeb m new djermridjiml crberjng ca scijety. Mnb fmseb cn djs mnmlysjs ca tdjssystek, Kmrx prebjiteb m new icntrmbjitjcn tdmt wjll mfcljsd tde stmte ca maamjrs mnb

iremte m new scijety, tdjs tjke m ilmssless, ncnmntmgcnjstji scijety.

Rde fmsjs ca mll ca Kmrx‚s wcrh mnb scijml struiture, tde plmie jn wdjid tdmt wcrh

js kcst ilemrly tjeb tc djs vjews cn dukmn pctentjml, js djs mnmlysjs ca ickkcbjtjes, crprcbuits ca lmfcr jntenbeb acr fctd use mnb exidmnge. Burjng tde clben tjke, ken‚s



prcbuits mssukeb use vmlue , jn tdmt tde kemnjng mnb utjljty ca tde prcbuit ca scijetywere rccteb jn jts aunitjcn. Rdus pcttery wmres acr kcst ca tde prekcbern scijetjes ca

tde wcrlb were jkpcrtmnt acr pecple feimuse tdey serveb eicnckji, ms well msmestdetji, aunitjcn acr tde pecple? Greijmn emrtden wmres, acr exmkple, were nct cnlybesjgneb acr tdejr aunitjcnmljty ms vessel/icntmjners fut were mlsc jnauseb wjtd mestdetji

mnb iulturml vmlues jn tde prciess ca tdejr fejng prcbuieb. Rde besjgns cn tde wmres‚exterjcr suramie bepjit djstcrji events mnb/cr tde everybmy ljae jn mnijent Greeh scijety.

Fut, acr Kmrx, tde jkpcrtmnie ca tdese Greijmn mrtjamits wculb dmve feen, kcretdmn tdejr sjgnjajimnie acr djstcrjiml-iulturml remscns, js tdejr speijaji purpcse mnb tde

relmtjve mkcunt ca dukmn “iremtjve‛ wcrh tdmt dmb feen ekplcyeb mnb cfoeitjajeb jntdek. Mltdcugd tdey iculb dmve feen kmbe unber bjreit crber arck mn mrjstcirmt crkmy dmve feen bcne nct jn ickpletely aree kmnner (mltdcugd tdey kmy dmve feen

bcne jn tde seilusjcn ca tde mrtjsmn‚s wcrhsdcp), tdese mrtjamits iculb very well dmvefeen mn exmkple ca Kmrx‚s icniept ca “dukmn‛ prcbuitjcn lmfcr jn tdmt tdey ekfcbjebtde iremtjve pctentjml ca kmn.

Jn icntrmst tc use vmlue, tde exidmnge vmlue ca tdese mrtjamits jn impjtmljstscijety js jts kcnetmry vmlue. Mltdcugd kcbern scijety stjll mttmides djstcrjiml-iulturml

sjgnjajimnie tc tdek, tdejr utjljty jn everybmy mitjvjty ca tde pecple jn prekcbernscijetjes dms feen rebuieb tc tdejr kere “mrtjamit‛ aunitjcn tcbmy. Jts cnly utjljty tcscijety js tdejr iulturml sjgnjajimnie ms tde femrer mnb reicrb ca m fygcne ijvjljzmtjcn.

Mnb tde iulturml vmlue ca tde mrtjamits js essentjmlly wdmt bjitmtes jts exidmnge vmlue, tdeprjie mt wdjid jt wjll exidmnge jn tde kmrhet. Rde vmlue ca mrtjamits js ncw vjeweb, msjbearck fejng mn “mntjque,‛ jn terks ca tde ekfcbjeb kcnetmry vmlue jn tdek. Fut tdjs js

oust ky cwn speijml exmkple ca m prcbuit exidmngeb acr jts kcnetmry vmlue tdmt stjll, ms

jt were, retmjneb jts iulturml utjljty ms m testmkent tc mn mnijent ijvjljzmtjcn. Pureexidmnge vmlue js tde exidmnge ca m prcbuit acr kcney, wdjid js useb ultjkmtely tc

miqujre ctder ickkcbjtjes.

Unber impjtmljsk, kmn‚s lmfcr js jtsela ickkcbjajeb, j.e., dmvjng mn exidmngevmlue tdmt enmfles jtsela tc fe exidmngeb acr kcney. Rde kmocrjty ca tde pcpulmtjcnwdc dmve ljkjteb, ja mt mll, miiess tc jnicke mnb rescuries, sell tdejr lmfcr pcwer jn tde

lmfcr kmrhet jn crber tc miqujre kcney tdmt tdey, jn turn, neeb tc suppcrt tdejr neebs.Lmfcr, tdus, feickes m kemns tc survjvml mnb sustenmnie ca ljae. Lmfcr‚s vmlue js tdusequjvmlent tc tde icst ca suppcrtjng cne‚s ljae acr m gjven bmy. M ickkcbjty‚s vmlue, cn

tde ctder dmnb, js equjvmlent tc tde mkcunt ca lmfcr pcwer expenbeb jn jts prcbuitjcn.

Fut jn prmitjie, tde lmfcrer js sufoeiteb tc m wcrhjng icnbjtjcn jn wdjid de wcrhs amrkcre tjke tdmn js requjreb tc prcbuie m iertmjn ickkcbjty. Rde exiess dcurs ca lmfcr

pcwer exerteb js beajneb ms surplus vmlue , tde mkcunt ca wdjid js equjvmlent tc tdemkcunt ca unrekunermteb wcrh ca tde lmfcrer.

Acr exmkple, ja m wcrher wcrhs mn mvermge ca 4 dcurs ca lmfcr tjke per bmy mnbtde neiessmry lmfcr tjke requjreb tc prcbuit m ickkcbjty js 2.5 dcurs, tde exiess tjke



ca 9.5 dcurs tdmt tde wcrh spenbs mt tde amitcry js tde surplus lmfcr tjke equjvmlent tctde surplus vmlue ca tde wcrher‚s lmfcr pcwer. Rdjs surplus vmlue trmnslmtes tc prcajt acr

tde ekplcyer mnb represents tde mkcunt ca tjke rcffeb ca tde wcrher acr wdjid de jsnct ickpensmteb, m amit tdmt js tmhen acr grmnteb fy tde systek. Rdjs lmfcr prmitjie,icupleb wjtd tde lmfcrer‚s sufdukmn wcrhjng icnbjtjcns, icnstjtutes tde explcjtmtjve

nmture ca impjtmljsk.

Impjtmljsk, ms tde exjstjng kcbe ca prcbuitjcn, engenbers jniremsjngly ickplex

bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr, jn wdjid emid wcrher speijmljzes jn cne betmjl cpermtjcn. Rde newjnbustrjml bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr systekmtjimlly mljenmtes tde wcrhers arck djs iremtjve pcwers,

tdus bjkjnjsdjng djk ms m dukmn fejng. Jn ljeu ca tde bedukmnjzjng icnbjtjcns eaaeitebfy impjtmljsk, Kmrx icniejveb ca m revclutjcnmry-prmitjiml prcgrmk ca mfcljsdjngmljenmteb lmfcr, explcjtmtjcn, mnb cppressjcn arck dukmn experjenie. Rde

bjsmbvmntmgeb ilmss, tde prcletmrjmt ms well ms ctder ilmsses wdc suaaereb unbermljenmtjcn, wjll revclt mgmjnst tde systek mnb wrestle pcwer arck tde cppressjng ilmss.Rdjs, miickpmnjeb fy tde grmbuml mfcljtjcn ca ilmss mnb ilmss icnaljit, wms dcpeb tcsckebmy estmfljsd m ickkunjst scijety tdmt dms acr jts enbs tde bevelcpkent ca tdedukmn pctentjml.

Ycke vjew Kmrx‚s icniept ca djstcrjiml bevelcpkent ms evclutjcnmry, prcgressjngarck tde prjkjtjve scijetjes beterkjneb fy m kcbe ca prcbuitjcn wderejn tde kemns caprcbuitjcn mre cwneb fy tde wdcle ickkunjty mnb wdere icnsequently tdere exjsts

vjrtumlly nc bjvjsjcn ca scijety miicrbjng tc tde kekfer‚s relmtjcn tc prcperty, tc tdekcst mbvmnieb systek, impjtmljsk, wdere tde kemns ca prcbuitjcn dmve feickeicnientrmteb jn tde dmnb ca tde prcpertjeb eljte mnb, tdereacre, dmve tde pcwer tc

icntrcl pcpulmtjcn mnb tc sufsuke tde generml pcpulmtjcn unber tdejr fedest.

Kmrx, dcwever, jn djs wrjtjngs cn tde peiuljmrjtjes ca Msjmtji scijety mnb

gcvernkent put acrwmrb djs icnieptjcn ca tde Msjmtji kcbe ca prcbuitjcn, wdjid debesirjfeb ms pcssessjng m bjstjnit type ca gcvernkent wdjid de imlleb “Crjentml

bespctjsk.‛ Rde msienbmniy ca tdjs type ca mbkjnjstrmtjcn, wderejn lmnb wms mickkunml prcperty acr tde entjre hjngbck cr ekpjre bespjte tde exjstenie ca mkcnmridy, preilubeb genujne prjvmte prcperty ca lmnb, tde preicnbjtjcn ca aeubmljsk.

Rde Msjmtji kcbe wms tdus, untjl tde entry ca Eurcpemn pcwers, wms m stmtjcnmry cne.Arck Kmrx‚s bjsiussjcn ca tde unjque icnbjtjcns ca Msjmtji scijetjes vjs-m-vjs tde

“evclutjcnmry‛ idmrmiter ca Western cnes, jt acllcws tdmt Kmrx bjb nct caaer m unjversml,

unjljnemr icnieptjcn ca djstcry fut, cn tde icntrmry mllcweb twc ljnes ca bevelcpkent?

tde Western mnb tde Emstern.

Yijenie, Ycijclcgy, mnb tde Ycijml Yijenies

Kmrx‚s sjgnjajimnt icntrjfutjcn tc scijclcgy icnsjsts jn djs ekpdmsjs cn tde scijml

nmture ca kmn mnb tde scijmfjljty ca tde prcbuitjve prciess, tde kcst jkpcrtmnt remlkacr tde speijes-fejng , tdmt js, scijml kmn. Djs kmjn icntrjfutjcn tc scijclcgy js djs



djstcrjiml scijclcgy, jn wdjid tde kcbe ca prcbuitjcn plmyeb m ientrml rcle jnbeterkjnjng tde kcvekent ca djstcry. Fy acrkulmtjng djs kmterjmljst icnieptjcn ca

djstcry, Kmrx wms mfle tc trmie tde bevelcpkent ca scijetjes mnb, jn pmrtjiulmrly,mnmlyze tde wcrhjngs ca impjtmljsk mnb, jn tde prciess, beterkjne tde amitcrs tdmtmiicunt acr jts stmfjljty mnb auture bcwnamll. Jn djs mnmlysjs, tde nctjcn ca ilmss plmyeb m

ientrml pmrt jn djs icnieptjcn ca tde relmtjcns ca prcbuitjcn, djs irjtjque ca impjtmljsk,mnb djs prebjitjcn ca m revclutjcn tdmt wculb usder jn m scijmljst icnstruitjcn (unber tdebjitmtcrsdjp ca tde prcletmrjmt, wderejn scijety unbergces tde prciess ca mfcljsdjng

ilmsses untjl tde ajnml stmge wdere jt sdmll dmve rjb jtsela ca ilmss mntmgcnjsks).

Mnctder vmlumfle icniept ca Kmrx, mnb wdjid icnstjtutes tde unjque rcle ca djstdcugdt-systek, js djs nctjcn ca prmxjs , tde unjty ca tdecry mnb prmitjie tdmtidmrmiterjzes djs cwn armkewcrh. Prmxjs djgdljgdts tde neiessjty ca mn jnacrkeb pcljtjiml

mitjvjty, cn tde cne dmnb, mnb m tdecrjzjng bjvcrieb arck prmitjie, cn tde ctder.

Kmrx kmjntmjneb m pcsjtjve vjew ca sijenie ms kmterjmljst jn nmture mnbcrjentmtjcn. Ja Kmrx beirjeb reljgjcn ms m dukmn jnventjcn tdmt dms feicke mnjnstrukent jn jtsela acr kmn‚s mljenmtjcn arck djksela mnb miiepteb mtdejsk ms mneiessmry icnbjtjcn acr kmn‚s remljzmtjcn ca djs cwn nmture mnb tde bevelcpkent ca djs

pctentjml, de msirjfeb tc sijenie tde acrker rcle tdmt prevjcus scijetjes dmve mssjgnebtc reljgjcn? tdmt ca fejng m gujbe tc hncwlebge mnb kmn‚s smlvmtjcn. Kmrx reicgnjzebtde cfoeitjve trutd tdmt sijenie caaereb acr kmn. Rdus de mspjreb acr m sijentjaji

scijmljsk rmbjimlly bjaaerent arck tde irube scijmljsk iurrent burjng djs tjke. Djs djgdregmrb acr sijenie gujbeb djs imreaul mnb rjgcrcus mnmlysjs ca tde struiture ca impjtmljskmnb djs stuby ca tde kcvekent ca djstcry. Mnb jn djs ljaetjke, de wms iertmjn ca tde

miiurmiy mnb vmljbjty ca djs tdecretjiml systek feimuse de wms icnvjnieb tdmt jt wms

jnacrkeb ca m sijentjaji ketdcbclcgy.



EKJLE BUVHDEJK

Imtegcry Icniepts

Kmn Rde egcjstji mnb mnckji kmn

Kcrml pcvertyBjsijpljne

Ycijety Ycijml crber

Rwc acrks ca scljbmrjty• Keidmnjiml scljbmrjty

• Crgmnji scljbmrjtyRwc types ca scijety

• Yegkentml scijety• Ycijetjes Idmrmiterjzeb fy kcbern bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr

Rwc types ca lmw• Vepressjve lmw

•

Vestjtutjve cr iccpermtjve lmwIclleitjve icnsijcusness

Bjvjsjcn ca lmfcrPmtdclcgjiml acrks

• Mnckji bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr

• Acrieb bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr

Ciiupmtjcnml gujlbs

Yijenie, Ycijclcgy, mnbtde Ycijml Yijenies

Ycijclcgy ca bevjmnt fedmvjcrYujijbe

•

Egcjstji sujijbe•

Mltrujstji sujijbe•

Mnckji sujijbeVeljgjcnRctekjsk

Kmn



Rde tdeke ca Burhdejk‚s tdcugdt js tde relmtjcnsdjp fetween tde jnbjvjbuml mnbtde iclleitjvjty. Burhdejk‚s mnmlysjs ca tde types ca scljbmrjty prckpteb mn jbem ientrml

tc djs tdcugdt-systek? tde jnbjvjbuml js fcrn ca scijety mnb nct scijety ca jnbjvjbumls.Rdjs prjkmiy ca scijety cver tde jnbjvjbuml dms twc kemnjngs? (=) tde djstcrjimlpreiebenie ca scijetjes jn wdjid jnbjvjbumls resekfle cne mnctder cver scijetjes wdcse

kekfers dmve miqujreb fctd mwmreness ca tdejr jnbjvjbumljty mnb tde impmijty tcexpress jt, mnb (6) tde prjcrjty ca tde scijml wdcle cver tde jnbjvjbuml kekfer.

Rdus jn Burhdejkjmn scijclcgy, kmn ajgures cnly ms m pmssjve jnbjvjbuml kekferca mn mll pcwer-aull iclleitjve mnb nct ms mn mitjve scijml kmn jn Kmrxjmn ms well ms

Weferjmn terks. Rde jnbjvjbuml js cnly useaul mnb gjven jkpcrtmnie jn djs pmrtjiulmraunitjcn jn tde ickplex bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr. Djs exjstenie js cnly seen ms pmrt ca tde scijmlwdcle wdcse cnly aunitjcn js tc sufoeit jtsela tc tde rule ca tde iclleitjve icnsijcusness

mnb tc icntrjfute tc tde mttmjnkent mnb kmjntenmnie ca scijml crber.

Burhdejk vjews kmn ms egcjstji mnb mnckji. Rde jnbjvjbuml js seen ms dmvjngunljkjteb besjres, mnb jnsmtjmfle mppetjte, wdjid mre jnjkjiml mnb bmngercus tc tdeiclleitjve kcrmljty mnb tc tde scljbmrjty ca scijety. Kcrecver, tde jnbjvjbuml lmihs tdekcrml stmnbmrb tdmt js suppcseb tc crjent djk tcwmrbs tde scijml iclleitjvjty. Wjtd djs

negmtjve vjew ca kmn, Burhdejk mjks tc estmfljsd m kcrmljty tdmt wjll iurf mnb restrmjnjnbjvjbuml neebs mnb jnterests.

Bjsijpljne serves tde aunitjcn ca icntrclljng tde jnbjvjbuml mnb crjentjng djktcwmrbs pmrtjijpmtjcn jn mnb mbderenie tc tde gcml ca scijml crber, mnb Burhdejkmttmideb tc tde ciiupmtjcnml gujlbs tde tmsh ca bjsijpljnjng tde jnbjvjbumls. Kcrecver,

Burhdejk icniejveb ca ebuimtjcn ms mn jbeclcgjiml tccl tdmt iculb delp jnbcitrjnmte tde

auture ijtjzens mnb steep tdek tcwmrbs miieptjng tdejr rcle jn tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr.

Ycijety

Burhdejk‚s ientrml icniern wms wjtd tde prcflek ca crber ’ tdmt js, wjtd tdequestjcn ca dcw tde scijety ca djs tjke kjgdt estmfljsd mnb kmjntmjn scijml stmfjljty mnbicdesjveness. Burhdejk icniebeb tdmt kcrml icnsensus wms m preicnbjtjcn ca scijml

crber, mnb de mrgueb tdmt tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr neeb nct lemb tc m bjspersjcn mnbicnaljit ca jnterests. Rde bevelcpkent ca sijenie mnb jnbustry, prckctjng mn jniremsjngjnterbepenbenie mkcng tde jnbjvjbumls mnb grcups wjtdjn scijety ms m wdcle, iculb

serve ms tde cfoeitjve fmsjs ca m new mnb djgder scljbmrjty.

Burhdejk‚s set up m bjstjnitjcn fetween twc acrks ca scljbmrjty, keidmnjiml mnb

crgmnji scljbmrjty. Keidmnjiml scljbmrjty js m scljbmrjty ca resekflmnie jn wdjid tdejnbjvjbumls bjaaer arck cne mnctder ms ljttle ms pcssjfle. Crgmnji scljbmrjty, cn tde ctderdmnb, js cne jn wdjid icnsensus, cr tde icderent unjty ca tde iclleitjvjty, results arck

cr js expresseb fy bjaaerentjmtjcn. Keidmnjiml scljbmrjty icrrespcnbs tc tde acrk ca



scijml crgmnjzmtjcn wdjid we imn imll, jn Burhdejk‚s tjke, prjkjtjve, wdjle crgmnjiscljbmrjty js idmrmiterjstji ca tde kcbern impjtmljst scijety.

Burhdejk aurtder bjstjngujsdeb fetween twc types ca scijetjes. Rde ajrst type jstde segkentml scijety, mn crgmnjzmtjcn idmrmiterjzeb fy keidmnjiml scljbmrjty mnb

cppcseb tc crgmnji scljbmrjty. M segkentml scijety, wdjid bces nct exmitly icrrespcnbtc keidmnjiml scljbmrjty, js idmrmiterjzeb fy tde relmtjve jsclmtjcn, sela-suaajijeniy ca tdevmrjcus elekents. Rde ctder type icnsjsts ca scijetjes idmrmiterjzeb fy kcbern bjvjsjcn

ca lmfcr Bjaaerentjmtjcn ca ciiupmtjcns mnb kultjpljimtjcn ca jnbustrjml mitjvjtjes mre mnexpressjcn ca tde scijml bjaaerentjmtjcn wdjid Burhdejk regmrbs ms tmhjng prjcrjty.

Buhdejk imutjcns tdmt iertmjn scijetjes wdjid kmy dmve very mbvmnie acrks caeicnckji bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr, ljhe Frjtmjn ca Burhdejk‚s tjke, segkentml struiture kmy stjllpersjst jn pmrt.

Burhdejk beajnes iclleitjve icnsijcusness ms “tde fcby ca feljeas mnb sentjkentsickkcn tc tde mvermge ca tde kekfers ca m scijety.‛ Jt vmrjes jn extent mnb acrk arckcne scijety tc mnctder. Jn scijetjes idmrmiterjzeb fy keidmnjiml scljbmrjty, tdeiclleitjve icnsijcusness ekfrmies tde gremter pmrt ca jnbjvjbuml icnsijcusness. Jnscijetjes bckjnmteb fy bjaaerentjmtjcn ca jnbjvjbumls, everycne js aree tc feljeve, tc

besjre, tc mit miicrbjng tc djs cwn preaerenies jn m lmrge nukfer ca ijriukstmnies.

Jn prjkjtjve scijetjes, nct cnly bces tde iclleitjve icnsijcusness bckjnmtes tde

gremter pmrt ca jnbjvjbuml exjstenie, fut tde sentjkents experjenieb jn ickkcn dmve mnextreke vjclenie wdjid js kmnjaesteb jn tde severjty ca tde punjsdkents jnaljiteb cntdcse wdc dmve vjclmteb tde prcdjfjtjcns. Cn tde ctder dmnb, jn crgmnji scljbmrjty, tdere

js m rebuitjcn ca tde spdere ca exjstenie ekfrmieb fy tde iclleitjve icnsijcusness, m

wemhenjng ca iclleitjve remitjcns mgmjnst vjclmtjcn ca prcdjfjtjcns mnb mfcve mll mgremter kmrgjn acr tde jnbjvjbuml jnterpretmtjcn ca scijml jkpermtjves.

Fmseb cn djs bjstjnitjcn fetween twc types ca scljbmrjty, Burhdejk bjstjngujsdeb

fetween twc hjnbs ca lmw? repressjve lmw, cn tde cne dmnb, wdjid punjsdes kjsbeebmnb irjkes8 mnb restjtutjve cr iccpermtjve lmw, cn tde ctder, wdcse essenie js nct tcpunjsd fremides ca scijml rules fut tc restcre tdjngs tc crber wden m kjsbeeb dms feen

ickkjtteb mnb tc crgmnjze iccpermtjcn mkcng tde jnbjvjbumls.

Vepressjve lmw js tde jnbex ca tde iclleitjve icnsijcusness jn scijetjes wjtd

keidmnjiml scljbmrjty, wderejn irjke js sjkply mn mit prcdjfjteb fy tde iclleitjve

icnsijcusness. Punjsdkent js neiessmry dere ms jt smtjsajes tde ickkcn icnsijcusness.Rde kjsbeeb ickkjtteb fy m kekfer ca tde scijety dms caaenbeb tde ickkcn

icnsijcusness, wdjid bekmnbs repmrmtjcns, mnb tde punjsdkent ca tde gujlty js tderepmrmtjcn caaereb tc tde aeeljngs ca mll.

Rde purpcse ca tde restjtutjve hjnb ca lmw js nct lcnger tc punjsd fut tcreestmfljsd tde stmte ca tdjngs ms jt sdculb dmve feen jn miicrbmnie wjtd oustjie, mn



exmkple ca wdjid js ickkerijml lmw wdere m kmn wdc dms nct settleb djs beft kustpmy jt. Vestjtutjve lmw jnilubes mll mspeits ca legjslmtjcn mjkeb mt frjngjng mfcut

iccpermtjcn mkcng jnbjvjbumls. Mbkjnjstrmtjve lmw mnb icnstjtutjcnml lmw felcng fy tdesmke tchen tc tde imtegcrjes ca iccpermtjve legjslmtjcn.

Burhdejk bevelcps djs tdesjs cn tde pcsjtjve icnsequenies ca bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr? jtlembs tc exidmnge ca servjies, reijprcijty ca cfljgmtjcns, jnterbepenbenie, mnb sc cn.Burhdejk icniejves ca tde ickplex scijml systek ms m kultjpljijty ca bjstjnit aunitjcns

wdjid neeb tc fe iccrbjnmteb. Burhdejk tdus kmjntmjns tdmt tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr, jn jtsncrkml icnbjtjcn, engenbers iccpermtjcn mnb scljbmrjty. Ja tde jniremsjngly ickplex

bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr dmb yet tc prcbuie scijml scljbmrjty, tdmt wms m result ca tde mfncrkmlcr pmtdclcgjiml8 acrks tdmt tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr presently mssukeb.

Acr Burhdejk, kcbern scijety js beajneb ajrst mnb acrekcst fy tde pdenckencnca scijml bjaaerentjmtjcn. Burhdejk mpprcveb ca tde pdenckencn ca tde crgmnji bjvjsjcnca lmfcr8 de mpprcves ca tde bjaaerentjmtjcn ca ocfs. Fut de nctes tdmt tde jnbjvjbuml jsnct neiessmrjly mny kcre smtjsajeb wjtd djs pcsjtjcn jn kcbern scijety. Burhdejk jsicnierneb wjtd tde jniremse jn tde nukfer ca sujijbe ms m kmnjaestmtjcn ca iertmjnpcssjfly pmtdclcgjiml trmjts jn tde icntekpcrmry crgmnjzmtjcn.

Burhdejk imlleb tde ajrst ca tde mfncrkml cr pmtdclcgjiml acrks ms tde mnckjibjvjsjcn ca lmfcr. Rde wcrb mnckje Burhdejk icjneb arck tde Greeh mnckjm , reaerrjng

tc m stmte ca scijety jn wdjid ncrkmtjve stmnbmrbs ca icnbuit mre wemh cr mfsent.Burhdek tdus cfserveb tdmt wdmt wms lmihjng cr pccrly bevelcpeb jn kcbern jnbustrjmlscijety wms m kcrml-legml icbe mpprcprjmte tc tde new icnbjtjcns.

Burhdejk tden jntrcbuieb m seicnb kmocr pmtdclcgjiml acrk, tde acrieb bjvjsjcnca lmfcr, mnb went cn exmkjne tde relmtjcnsdjp fetween crber mnb oustjie. Oustjie, acr

Burhdejk, jkpljeb m fmsji scijml equmljty. Burhdejk tdereacre icnsjbers jt tde tmsh cakcbern scijety tc ensure oustjie jn crber tc mttmjn scljbmrjty, mnb ciiupmtjcnml gujlbs

kust fe rejntrcbuieb mnb rejnstjtuteb. Rdese ciiupmtjcnml gujlbs mre tc fe fmseb cntde exjstjng ilmss struiture mnb tdejr aunitjcn wculb fe tc lmy bcwn generml kcrml mnblegml prjnijples miicrbjng tc wdjid relmtjcns mkcng tde vmrjcus ciiupmtjcns mnb ilmsses

wculb fe regulmteb.

Yijenie, Ycijclcgy, mnb tde Ycijml Yijenies

Burhdejk wms regmrbeb ms m pjcneer jn tde scijclcgjiml mnmlysjs ca bevjmntfedmvjcr. De wms icnsjbereb ms tde ajrst tc set acrtd tde prcpcsjtjcn tdmt bevjmnie js nc

less ajrkly rccteb jn scijml icnbjtjcns tdmn icnacrkjty. Bevjmnie, de kmjntmjneb, jsnejtder kcrfjb ncr pmtdclcgjiml fut rmtder ncrkml. Rde “ncrkml‛ icnstjtutes tdcse scijmlicnbjtjcns tdmt mre kcst genermlly bjstrjfuteb. Rde scijml ncrk icnsjsts ca tde kcst

arequent acrks ca fedmvjcr. Ctder, less arequent acrks wdjid bepmrt arck tde ncrk mrebevjmnt. Rdus mltdcugd irjke js m acrk ca bevjmnie, jt js ncnetdeless ncrkml, feimuse jt



exjsts ms m scijml remljty jn kcst, ja nct mll, scijetjes. M irjke, miicrbjng tc Burhdejk, jsmn mit wdjid mntmgcnjzes tde pcweraul mnb well-beajneb sentjkents ca m iclleitjvjty,

wderems punjsdkent js ajrst mnb acrekcst m pmssjcnmte scijml remitjcn mgmjnst tdecaaenber.

Kcrecver, Burhdejk stubjeb mnctder acrk ca bevjmnt fedmvjcr, sujijbe. Burhdejkmrgues tdmt kcbern kmn hjlls djksela prjkmrjly ms m result ca twc icnbjtjcns? tde lcss caicdesjcn jn kcbern scijety mnb tde mfsenie ca sujtmfle kcrml ncrks fy wdjid tc crjent

djksela. beajneb tdree types ca sujijbe egcjst sujijbe, mltrujst sujijbe, mnb mnckjisujijbe.

Burhdejk bjstjngujsdeb fetween tdree types ca sujijbe? egcjst sujijbe, mltrujstjisujijbe, mnb mnckji sujijbe. Rde ajrst type, egcjst sujijbe, results arck tde amit tdmt

scijety js nct suaajijently jntegrmteb mt mll pcjnts tc heep mll jts kekfers unber icntrcl. Mltrujstji sujijbe results wden scijml jntegrmtjcn wms tcc strcng mnb js enbekji tc “lcwerscijetjes‛ cr tdcse tdmt ickprjse m relmtjvely icntrclleb pcpulmtjcn wdjid kmbe scljbmrjtyicnbuijve. Mnckji sujijbe js msscijmteb wjtd fctd rjsjng prcsperjty mnb eicnckji irjses.Rdjs pdenckencn dmppens wden tdere‚s m bjsturfmnie tc tde equjljfrjuk. Rdus wmr,eicnckji bepressjcn, mnb extreke eicnckji prcgress mll mre amvcrmfle icnbjtjcns acr

tdjs hjnb ca sujijbe.

Burhdejk‚s wcrh cn reljgjcn mjkeb mt lmyjng fmre tde aunbmkentml elekents ca

reljgjcn. Fmseb cn djs stuby, de caaereb twc bckmjns jntc wdjid mll hncwn reljgjcns mresufsukeb unber? tde smireb mnb tde prcamne. Acr Burhdejk, jt js tde tctmljty ca feljeasmnb prmitjies icnierneb wjtd tde smireb tdmt icnstjtutes wdmt we imll reljgjcn. Rdus m

reljgjcn, wrjtes Burhdejk, “js m unjajeb systek ca feljeas mnb prmitjies relmtjve tc smireb

tdjngs, tdmt js tc smy, tdjngs set mpmrt mnb acrfjbben ’ feljeas mnb prmitjies wdjid unjtejntc cne sjngle kcrml ickkunjty imlleb m Idurid, mll tdcse wdc mbdere tc tdek.‛

Jn djs stuby ca tde mfcrjgjnml scijetjes ca Mustrmljm mnb tdejr reljgjcn, tctekjsk,

tde tctek sykfcljzeb twc tdjngs? (=) tde jkperscnml bjvjne acrie, cr “gcb,‛ mnb (6) mspeijaji scijety imlleb tde ilmn. Rdus, Burhdejk icnilubeb tdmt tde ultjkmte scurie catde reljgjcus experjenie js scijety. Veljgjcn miicrbjngly realeits fctd tde gccb mnb fmb

sjbes ca scijety, jts oust beebs mnb prmitjies ms well ms jts kcrml ugljness.



KMT WEFEV

Imtegcry Icniepts

Kmn 2 Rypes ca Mitjcn

=) Gcml-rmtjcnml mitjcn6) Qmlue-rmtjcnml mitjcn9) Maaeitjve cr ekctjcnml mitjcn

2) Rrmbjtjcnml mitjcn9 Rypes ca Bckjnmtjcn cr Mutdcrjty

=) Rrmbjtjcnml mutdcrjty

6) Legml-rmtjcnml mutdcrjty9) Idmrjskmtji mutdcrjty

Ycijety Prctestmnt EtdjiImpjtmljsk

Msjmtji Kcbe ca Prcbuitjcn

Msjmn Veljgjcns (Idjnm, Jnbjm, Mnijent Oubmjsk)FuremuirmiyYcijml IlmssKemnjnglessnessIdmrjskmtji Lember

Yijenie, Ycijclcgy,

& tde Ycijml Yijenies

Idmrmiterjstjis ca Yijenie?

• Jnickpleteness• Cfoeitjvjty

Ilmssjajimtjcn ca Yijenie?• Nmturml Yijenie

•

Yijenies ca dukmn remljtyCrjentmtjcns ca tde Yijenies ca Dukmn Vemljty

• Djstcry• Ycijclcgy

ImusmljtyRwc bjreitjcns ca imusml jnqujry

• Djstcrjiml imusmljty• Ycijclcgjiml imusmljty



Jbeml types

Kmn

Wefer‚s icnieptjcn ca kmn js ekfcbjeb jn djs typclcgy ca mitjcn. Debjstjngujsdes fetween acur types ca mitjcn? (=) gcml-rmtjcnml mitjcn cr rmtjcnml mitjcn jn

relmtjcn tc m gcml8 (6) vmlue-rmtjcnml mitjcn cr rmtjcnml mitjcn jn relmtjcn tc m vmlue8 (9)maaeitjve cr ekctjcnml mitjcn8 mnb (2) trmbjtjcnml mitjcn.

Jn m gcml-rmtjcnml type mitjcn, tde mitcr icniejves djs gcml ilemrly mnb ickfjneskemns wjtd m vjew tc mttmjnjng jt. Mn exmkple wculb fe m impjtmljst cr m smleskmnwdcse bmjly fusjness bemljngs mre jnspjreb fy djs gcml ca strjhjng m gccb beml mnb

emrnjng m prjniely suk.

Jn m vmlue-rmtjcnml mitjcn, tde mitcr js mitjng rmtjcnmlly jn miieptjng mll tde rjshsjnvclveb jn djs mitjcns, nct tc midjeve m gcml fut tc fe amjtdaul tc djs cwn jbem ca dcncr.

Mn exmkple js tde amjlure ca m stubent tc get m djgd grmbe feimuse de sufkjtteb djspmper feycnb tde bembljne. Rmhjng jntc icnsjbermtjcn tdmt tde perscn‚s cwn vmlue-

systek jnilubes djs peraeitjcnjst mttjtube tc wcrh mnb grmntjng aurtder tdmt de feljevesdjs pmper js dmrbly pmssmfle acr djs cwn tmste, djs mitjcn ca beaerrjng sufkjssjcn jn

crber tc rewcrh djs pmper imn fe regmrbeb ms rmtjcnml cnly feimuse sufkjttjng jtdmpdmzmrbly bcne wjll fe m vjclmtjcn ca djs ireeb. Cn tde icntrmry, tde stubent imn mlscfe seen (mnb mitumlly kcre sc) ms dmvjng kmbe m rmtjcnml mitjcn wden de sufkjts tde

pmper cn tjke even ja de perscnmlly aeels tdmt jts icntent js jnsufstmntjml, feimuse detdjnhs tdmt vjclmtjng tde bembljne js bjsdcncrmfle.

Mn maaeitjve cr ekctjcnml mitjcn js tde mitjcn beajneb nct fy m gcml cr m vmlue-systek fut fy tde ekctjcnml remitjcn ca mn mitcr plmieb jn m gjven set ca ijriukstmnies.Rdjs js exekpljajeb fy m lmfcrer wdc dcllers expletjves cver djs ekplcyer wdc dms

siclbeb djk jn arcnt ca djs ic-wcrhers cr, icnversely, mn ekplcyer wdc refuhes mlmfcrer wdc dms mrrjveb lmte acr wcrh cr dms feen spctteb, acr exmkple, usjng tdejnternet acr perscnml neebs.

Ajnmlly, trmbjtjcnml mitjcn js mitjcn tdmt js bjitmteb fy iustcks, fy feljeas tdmtdmve feen entrenideb mnb feicke dmfjtuml mnb seicnb nmture. M gremt kmny dukmn

mitjcns beajne everybmy scijml jntermitjcn jn tde acrkml, rjtumljstji, cr rcutjnmry mitjvjtjestdmt kmn bc unicnsijcusly, suid ms rcutjnmry stretidjng rjgdt mater wmhjng up, m wcrher

swjpjng djs JB imrb cn tde funby ilcih, cr m prcvjnijml aclh wdc mutckmtjimlly utters “exiuse ke‛ tc jnmnjkmte spjrjts wden rcmkjng mt njgdt cr pmssjng fy mn mntdjll.

Fmseb djs typclcgy ca dukmn mitjcn, Wefer kmbe m bjstjnitjcn fetween tdreetypes ca bckjnmtjcn cr mutdcrjty? (=) rmtjcnml-legml bckjnmtjcn, (6) trmbjtjcnmlbckjnmtjcn, mnb (9) idmrjskmtji bckjnmtjcn. Cnly jn tde kcbern type ca Western wcrlb



imn m rmtjcnml-legml systek bevelcp, mnb cnly jn wjtdjn tdmt systek bces cne ajnb tdeaull-simle bevelcpkent ca tde kcbern furemuirmiy.

Jn tde rmtjcnml-legml mutdcrjty, mutdcrjty js berjveb arck rules legmlly mnbrmtjcnmlly enmiteb. Rdus presjbents ca nmtjcnml gcvernkent berjve tdejr mutdcrjty arck

tde lmws ca scijety mnb tde eleitcrml systek. Rrmbjtjcnml mutdcrjty, cn tde ctder dmnb,steks arck m lcng-lmstjng systek ca feljeas. Mn exmkple wculb fe m lember ca m ilmn jnickkunml scijetjes cr m trjfml idjea wdc jnderjteb djs pcsjtjcn . M idmrjskmtji lember

berjves djs cr der mutdcrjty arck extrmcrbjnmry mfjljtjes cr idmrmiterjstjis, cr kcre ljhelysjkply arck tde feljea cn tde pmrt ca tde acllcwers tdmt tde lember dms suid trmjts. Ermp,

Vmkcn Kmgsmysmy, mnb Grjngc Dcnmsmn (mkcng djs rmnhs) were idmrjskmtji lemberswdc ickkmnbeb strcng acllcwjng fy vjrtue ca tdejr idmrjskm cr pcpulmrjty mkcng tdepecple, wdc aelt tdey were impmfle ca lembjng tdek.

Ycijety

Wefer‚s ljaelcng jntelleituml preciiupmtjcn wms wjtd tde crjgjn mnb nmture cakcbern impjtmljsk mnb wjtd tde questjcn ca wdy jt ekergeb ajrst jn tde West. Acr tdjspurpcse, Wefer enbemvcreb tc dmve mn mbequmte unberstmnbjng ca tde bjstjnitjve

nmture ca Western ijvjljzmtjcn mnb jts aunbmkentml icntrmsts wjtd tde ijvjljzmtjcns ca tdeEmst. Rc tdjs enb, de ekplcyeb m djstcrjiml-scijclcgjiml ketdcb tdmt js nct entjrelybjaaerent arck tdmt ca Kmrx‚s.

Wefer ekpdmsjzeb tde pmrmkcunt jkpcrtmnie ca eicnckji bevelcpkents mnbtde unberstmnbjng ca eicnckji icnbjtjcn. Jn Rde Prctestmnt Etdji mnb tde Ypjrjt ca

Impjtmljsk , dcwever, de set cut tc mnmlyze dcw m pmrtjiulmr reljgjcus vmlue, tde

Prctestmnt etdji, jnaluenieb cr dmb eicnckji relevmnie acr scijety mnb djstcry. Djs mjkwms tc mnmlyze tde jnaluenie ca tde Prctestmnt etdji jn sdmpjng tde kcbern eicnckji

systek jn mn mttekpt tc sdeb ljgdt jntc tde prciess ca dcw jbems feimke eaaeitjveacries jn djstcry.

Rc beaenb djs tdesjs, Wefer brew upcn prckjnent Prctestmnt ajgures. Deekplcyeb Fenomkjn Armnhljn ms tde jbeml type, mn jbeml representmtjve ca tdese

Prctestmnts, wdc representeb tde new impjtmljstji etdcs ms well ms tde Prctestmnticnieptjcn ca tde eicnckji tcjl ms m imlljng jn m kcrmlly butjaul kmnner. Wefer‚sickkjtkent tc explcrjng tde questjcn ca wdy rmtjcnml impjtmljsk ekergeb ajrst jn tde

West mnb nct jn tde Emst leb djk tc m systekmtji mnmlysjs ca tde fmsji struiturml mnb

iulturml bjaaerenies fetween tde twc ijvjljzmtjcns.

Wefer idmrmiterjzeb Msjmtji kcbe ca prcbuitjcn ms rccteb jn tde neeb tcicnstruit ickplex, mrtjajijml jrrjgmtjcn systeks. Rde Msjmtji pcljtjiml-mbkjnjstrmtjvestruiture wms m djgdly ientrmljzeb furemuirmtji stmte. De besirjfeb tde emrljest acrks ca

“Crjentml bespctjsk‛ fmseb cn acrieb lmfcr mnb ljturgjes exmiteb arck tde pcpulmtjcn fym djgdly repressjve, ientrmljzeb furemuirmiy.



Kcrecver, Wefer mttekpteb tc sdcw tdmt jn fctd Idjnm mnb Jnbjm iertmjn

reljgjcus ncrks prevmjleb tdmt suiiessaully preilubeb tde spcntmnecus ekergenie ca mWestern type ca impjtmljsk. Rde Idjnese ijty wms aunbmkentmlly bjaaerent arck tdeCiijbentml cne. Jt bjb nct feicke m ienter jn wdjid impjtmljst relmtjcns mnb jnstjtutjcns

iculb gerkjnmte, acr jt lmiheb pcljtjiml mutcncky. Pcljtjiml msscijmtjcns ca keridmnt mnbirmat gujlbs were ncnexjstent jn tde Idjnese ijty mnb legml icntrmits, ejtder eicnckji crpcljtjiml, iculb nct fe kmbe. Rdere bjb nct ekerge jn Idjnm mn jnbepenbent fcurgecjs

ilmss ientereb jn mutcnckcus tcwns.

Wefer icniejveb ca impjtmljsk ms “m very ickplex systek ca jnstjtutjcnidmrmiterjzeb fy m djgd begree ca acrkml cr teidnjiml rmtjcnmljty.‛ Wefer scugdt tc brmwsjgnjajimnt bjaaerenie fetween Prctestmntjsk mnb Imtdcljijsk. De mverreb tdmt

Prctestmnts tenbeb tc fe kcre jniljneb tc bevelcp “eicnckji rmtjcnmljsk,‛ m amit tdmt jsnct ms true, mt lemst tc tde smke extent, wjtd tde Imtdcljis. Rdey were pmrtjiulmrlybevcteb tc icnacrkjng tc m strjit reljgjcus mnb kcrml icbe ca sela-benjml, mn msietjijsk.Jrcnjimlly, dcwever, tdjs very msietjijsk crjenteb tdek tcwmrbs m kcre ljferml cpennesstc tde rmtjcnml spjrjt ca impjtmljsk.

M kmocr presuppcsjtjcn ca jnbustrjml impjtmljsk, acr Wefer, js “aree lmfcr, wdjidkemns tdmt pecple dmve tc fe aree arck “idmttel slmvery‛ mnb serabck, tdmt js,sepmrmteb arck tdejr kemns ca prcbuitjcn. Jnbustrjml impjtmljsk entmjleb “tde

icnientrmtjcn ca mll tde kemns ca prcbuitjcn jn tde dmnbs ca tde entrepreneur.Jnbustrjml impjtmljsk bepenbeb upcn tde mpprcprjmtjcn ca tde pdysjiml kemns caprcbuitjcn ’ lmnb, mppmrmtus, kmidjnery, eti. ’ ms bjspcsmfle prcperty ca mutcnckcus

prjvmte jnbustrjml enterprjse. Acr impjtmljsk tc bevelcp, tdere dmve tc fe m aree kmrhet

mnb “aree lmfcr.‛

Acr Wefer, furemuirmtjzmtjcn js cne pcweraul kmnjaestmtjcn ca tde “rmtjcnmljzmtjcnprciess,‛ pmrtjiulmrly jn tde West. De besirjfeb m “furemu‛ ms mn caajijml ourjsbjitjcnml

mrem regulmteb fy beajnjte mbkjnjstrmtjve pcljijes. Rde mitjvjtjes ca m typjiml furemuirmtmre regmrbeb ms butjes acr wdjid de dms feen trmjneb mnb wdjid de js qumljajeb tc imrrycut. Furemus mre mrrmngeb jn m djermridy, m systek ca djgder mnb lcwer caajies jn wdjid

tde lcwer dmve less mutdcrjty tdmn tde djgder mnb mre, miicrbjngly, supervjseb fy tdek.

Ypeeb, preijsjcn, mnb ctder acrks ca rebuitjcn mre mkcng tde remscns acr tde

jniremsjng expmnsjcn ca furemuirmiy. Fut jn fctd prjvmte mnb puflji spderes, nct cnly

icnsjbermtjcn ca eaajijeniy, fut rmtder cr pcwer tdmt dmve miicunteb acr grcwjngfuremuirmtjzmtjcn.

Wefer msserteb tdmt tde icnientrmtjcn ca eicnckji pcwer wms, jn amit, mpcweraul tenbeniy ca impjtmljsk. Mlkcst everycne dms feicke m pmjb lmfcrer, wcrhjng

jn m lmrge ickplex crgmnjzmtjcn, mnb bepenbjng upcn jt acr ljveljdccb. Cnie furemuirmtjistruitures mre estmfljsdeb, tdey mre prmitjimlly jnbestruitjfle, feimuse m furemuirmiy js



m pcwer jnstrukent ca tde ajrst crber acr tdcse wdc ciiupy jts ickkmnb pcst. Jtamijljtmtes tde bckjnmtjcn mnb icntrcl ca lmrge nukfers ca pecple.

Wdmt Wefer smw ms tde negmtjve eaaeit ca tde jniremsjng rmtjcnmljzmtjcn tdmtbckjnmteb mll spderes ca dukmn mitjvjty js kemnjnglessness, cr sjkply tde lmih ca

purpcse mnb kemnjng tde pecple aeel ms m result ca tde beterkjnjstji mnb rcutjnmrymitjvjtjes ca furemuirmtji ljae. Furemuirmtjzmtjcn pcses serjcus tdremt tc bekcirmiy,pmrtjiulmrly tde rjgdts ca jnbjvjbuml kekfers ca tde scijety.

Rc keet tdjs idmllenge, Wefer plmieb djs amjtd jn “lembers‛ tdmt wculb fe mn

mntjbcte tc furemuirmiy. De mssjgneb icnsjbermfle wejgdt cn tde cutstmnbjng jnbjvjbumljn djstcry jn gjvjng bjreitjcn mnb frjngjng mfcut stmfjljty jn tde scijety. De dcpeb tdmtidmrjskmtji lembers wjll pmve tde wmy acr m “lember bekcirmiy‛ tdmt wjll ickkmnb

furemuirmtji mbkjnjstrmtjve mppmrmtus ms well ms furemuirmtji pmrty crgmnjzmtjcn tcensure tdmt tde lembers‚ beijsjcns mre eaajijently imrrjeb cut.

Kemnwdjle, Wefer enukermteb tde kmjn scijml ilmsses jn kcbern scijety? tdewcrhjng ilmss, petty fcurgecjs, tde prcpertyless jntelljgentsjm mnb speijmljsts, tdeilmsses prjvjlegeb tdrcugd prcperty mnb ebuimtjcn. Fesjbes eicnckji pcsjtjcn, Wefer

mttmides jkpcrtmnie tc “stmtus‛ ms m beterkjnmnt ca bjstjnitjcn mkcng vmrjcus types capecple. Rde bjaaerenie jn ebuimtjcn, trmjnjng, mnb prcperty ctder tdmn kemns caprcbuitjcn mll plmyeb m icnsjbermfle rcle jn sdmpjng scijml psyidclcgy, mnb denie, ilmss

jbentjajimtjcn. Acr Wefer, ilmsses, stmtus, grcups, mnb pcljtjiml pmrtjes mre pdenckenmca tde bjstrjfutjcn ca pcwer.

Wefer gces cn tc smy tdmt wjtdjn tde frcmb imtegcrjes ca prcpertjeb mnb

prcpertyless, ctder jkpcrtmnt bjstjnitjcns exjst, suid ms prestjge cr scijml dcncr.Prestjge acr Wefer js msscijmteb wjtd tde ljaestyle ca m stmtus grcup. Wjtdjn m gjven

ilmss, cne wjll ajnb severml stmtus grcups.

Rdus ms cppcseb tc Kmrx‚s icnieptjcn ca scijml strmtjajimtjcn fmseb cn tdepclmrjzmtjcn ca mll ilmsses jntc tde twc gremt ilmsses ca tde prcletmrjmt mnb tdefcurgecjsje, Wefer dmb m kcre dcljstji besirjptjcn ca tde djermridjiml struiture ca

scijety. Fut jt js jkpcrtmnt tc ekpdmsjze tdmt Wefer‚s mnmlysjs ca tde scijml ilmsseskmbe use ca Kmrx‚s ilmss icniepts mnb tdmt tdey serveb tc delp Wefer jn unberstmnbjngtde ickplexjty ca tde ilmss struiture ca scijety.

Wefer stresseb tdmt tde icntrcl ca miiess tc mll types ca wemltd ’ nct cnly tdekemns ca prcbuitjcn ’ wms m scurie ca pcwer, mnb tdmt scijml dcncr cr prestjge fmseb

upcn prcperty, ebuimtjcn, cr wdmtever, kjgdt mlsc fe trmnsacrkeb jntc pcwer. Ilmsssjtumtjcn, miicrbjng tc djk, tenbs tc beterkjne “ljae idmnies.‛ Kekfers ca m ilmss tenbtc sdmre m ickkcn amte. Rdus sckecne wdc grew up jn tde sluk ca Rcnbc ’ wdetder

de dmb tde nmturml tmlent mnb jntelljgenie ’ wjll ajnb tdmt der idmnies ca kcvjng tc m



djgder scijml ilmss, cr even stmtus, mnb kcvjng tc m kcre reputmfle mrem icnstrmjnebmnb jndjfjteb fy djs ilmss crjgjn (tc fcrrcw m Kmrxjst terk).

Pcwer, tc Wefer, reaerreb tc tde mfjljty tc remljze cne‚s wjll bespjte mnb mgmjnsttde resjstmnie ca ctders. Unequml bjstrjfutjcn ca pcwer js nct cnly cfservmfle jn tde

eicnckji spdere fut jn severml mrems ca scijml ljae ms well. Rdus tde icntrcl ca tdekemns ca pcljtjiml mbkjnjstrmtjcn, kemns ca vjclenie, kemns ca sijentjaji resemrid, mnbsc cn, mre mlsc kmocr kemns ca bckjnmtjng kmn.

Yijenie mnb Ycijclcgy

Acr Wefer, sijentjaji fedmvjcr js m ickfjnmtjcn ca gcml-rmtjcnml mitjcn mnb vmlue-

rmtjcnml mitjcn. Rde vmlue js trutd8 tde rmtjcnmljty js tdmt ca tde rules ca lcgji mnbresemrid, m amjtdaulness tc wdjid js neiessmry tc tde vmljbjty ca tde results cftmjneb.Rdus sijenie js mn mspeit ca tde prciess ca rmtjcnmljzmtjcn wdjid js idmrmiterjstji cakcbern Western scijetjes.

Wefer‚s sijenie dms twc idmrmiterjstjis? (=) essentjml jnickpleteness, mnb (6)

cfoeitjvjty. Never wculb Wefer dmve besirjfeb sijenie ms ajxeb mnb ickpcseb ca set carjgjb lmws tdmt gcvern tde exjstenie ca pdenckenm. Cfoeitjvjty js beajneb fy tdevmljbjty ca sijenie acr mll tdcse wdc seeh tdjs type ca trutd mnb fy tde reoeitjcn ca vmlue

oubgkent. Aurtderkcre, Wefer ilmssjajes sijenie jntc twc? (=) nmturml sijenie mnb (6)sijenies ca dukmn remljty, ca djstcry mnb iulture, wdjid mre ickpredensjve, djstcrjiml,mnb dmve tc bc wjtd iulture.

Wefer bjaaerentjmteb twc crjentmtjcns ca tde sijenies ca dukmn remljty, wdjid mreickplekentmry? tcwmrb djstcry, cn tde cne dmnb, wdjid icnsjsts jn icuntjng wdmt wjll

never ciiur mgmjn8 mnb tde ctder tcwmrb scijclcgy, tcwmrb tde reicnstruitjng ca scijmljnstjtutjcns mnb tdejr aunitjcnjng wjtd tde delp ca icniepts.

Rde sijenies ca iulture ’ djstcry mnb scijclcgy ’ prcpcse tc unberstmnb dukmnprcbuitjcn wdjid iremtes vmlues cr mre beajneb wjtd reaerenie tc vmlues. Djstcrjiml mnb

scijclcgjiml stmtekents icniern wjtd mfsent amits, mnb tdey seeh tc mrrjve mt cr re-iremte beajnjte remljty, dukmn fedmvjcr jn terks ca tde kemnjng mssjgneb tc jt fy tdemitcrs tdekselves.

Djstcrjiml mnb scijclcgjiml sijenies seeh tc explmjn imusmlly ms well ms tc jnterpretickpredensjvely. Mnmlysjs ca imusml beterkjnmtjcn js cne ca tde prciebures fy wdjid

tde unjversml vmljbjty ca sijentjaji results js ensureb. Rde imusml jnqujry kmy fe sijentjajijn twc bjreitjcns? djstcrjiml imusmljty mnb scijclcgjiml imusmljty. Djstcrjiml imusmljtybeterkjnes tde unjque ijriukstmnies tdmt dmve gjven rmjse tc m gjven event, wdjle

scijclcgjiml imusmljty mssukes tde estmfljsdkent ca m regulmr relmtjcnsdjp fetween twcpdenckenm, wdjid tmhe tde acrk “M js kcre cr less amvcrmfle tc F.‛



Mn exmkple ca tdese twc acrks ca imusmljty wcrhjng dmnb jn dmnb mt mn mnmlysjs

ca imusml beterkjnmtjcn js tde rcle ca Ocse Vjzml ms mn cutstmnbjng jnbjvjbuml jnPdjljppjne djstcry. Djstcrjiml imusmljty wjll prcfe jntc tde questjcn ca wdetder mPdjljppjne Veacrkmtjcn Kcvekent mnb Vevclutjcnmry Kcvekent wculb dmve tmhen plmie

(ejtder burjng Vjzml‚s tjke cr tderemater) dmb Vjzml nct feen fcrn cr dmb de nct feen msgremt m ajgure ms de dmb feicke. Rden m scijclcgjiml imusmljty, mater m djstcrjimlbeterkjnmtjcn ca tde jnaluenijng amitcr ca Vjzml‚s gremtness mnb kmrtyrbck, wjll stmte

tdmt ’ ms cppcseb tc mssertjng tdmt Vjzml beterkjneb tde icurse ca Pdjljppjne djstcryburjng tde =:td

ientury mnb tderemater ’ tde exjstenie ca Vjzml burjng tdjs icnoeiturml

perjcb jn djstcry kmbe amvcrmfle tde bevelcpkent ca nmtjcnmljst icnsijcusness mkcngtde Ajljpjnc eljte mnb tde rjse ca tde revclutjcnmry kcvekent.

Wefer‚s typclcgy ca scijml mitjcn js mn exmkple ca tde use ca mn jbeml type. Mnjbeml type prcvjbes tde fmsji ketdcb ca djstcrjiml-scijclcgjiml stuby. Jt reaers tc typjiml,

“lcgjimlly icnsjstent‛ aemtures ca scijml jnstjtutjcns cr fedmvjcrs. Rde jbeml type js relmtebtc m idmrmiterjstji ca fctd scijety mnb sijenie, nmkely tde prciess ca rmtjcnmljzmtjcn.Jbeml type js m kemns rmtder tdmn mn enb, tde enb ca tde sijenie ca iulture mlwmys fejngtc unberstmnb tde kemnjng ken dmve gjven tc tdejr exjstenie.



YCIJCLCGJIML BEFMRE

Mll tdree ’ Kmrx, Burhdejk, Wefer ’ were ca tde cpjnjcn tdmt Eurcpemn scijetyca tdejr tjke wms jn irjsjs, fut tdey bjaaereb jn tde vjews tdey delb mnb tde wmy tdeystubjeb scijety. Ja Kmrx‚s scijclcgy aciuseb cn tde eicnckji beterkjnmtjcn ca scijetymnb djstcrjiml kcvekent, tde aunbmkentml tdeke ca Wefer‚s mnb Burhdejk‚s tdcugdtwms tde relmtjcn fetween reljgjcn mnb sijenie. Burhdejk mnb Wefer mgree tdmtscijetjes imn kmjntmjn tdejr icdesjcn cnly tdrcugd ickkcn feljeas, nct jn reaerenie tc

trmbjtjcnml reljgjcn fut m ickkcn amjtd tdmt fjnbs tcgetder tde kekfers ca tdeiclleitjvjty. Kmrx, cn tde icntrmry, mrgueb tdmt icntekpcrmry scijetjes mre unstmfle mnbmre fcunb tc fe superiebeb fy m new kcbe ca scijml crgmnjzmtjcn. Burhdejk tdcugdt

de cfserveb tdmt estmfljsdeb reljgjcn wms nc lcnger ickpmtjfle wjtd tde bekmnbs cawdmt de imlleb tde sijentjaji spjrjt. Rde irjsjs ca kcbern scijety seekeb tc djk tc dmvefeen imuseb fy tde ncnreplmiekent ca trmbjtjcnml kcrmljtjes fmseb cn reljgjcns fy m

kcrmljty fmseb cn sijenie, mnb de envjsjcneb scijclcgy tc delp estmfljsd suid m

kcrmljty.

Wefer, dcwever, besirjfeb kcbern scijety ms tenbjng tcwmrb mn jniremsjnglyfuremuirmtji mnb rmtjcnml crgmnjzmtjcn. Wefer vjeweb tdjs bevelcpkent wjtd

mppredensjcn mnb aemreb tdmt m scijety ca tdjs type kjgdt stjale areebck ca idcjie,mitjcn, mnb amjtd. Fut unljhe Burhdejk wdc mspjreb acr m sijentjaji kcrmljty, Weferfeljeveb tdmt kmn neeb nct fe jn djs furemuirmtji aunitjcn mnb tdmt m ickkjtkent

feycnb tde spdere ca tde furemuirmiy js vjtml tc kmn. Rdjs feljea ca Wefer, tc sckeextent, js jn heepjng wjtd Kmrx‚s exjstentjml pdjlcscpdy? ljhe Kmrx, Wefer wms irjtjiml cakcbern scijety mnb sykpmtdetji tc tde well-fejng ca kmn. Fut unljhe Kmrx, Wefer bjb

nct envjsjcn tde mfcljtjcn ca tde iurrent systek mnb tde estmfljsdkent ca m scijml

crgmnjzmtjcn tdmt js rjb ca furemuirmtji trmppjngs.

Acr Wefer, djs ilmssjajimtjcn ca dukmn mitjcn represents tde demrt mnb scul cascijml jntermitjcn. Wefer‚s icnieptjcn ca dukmn mitjcn ekfrmies tde bjaaerent kemnjngstdmt ken mttmid tc tdejr remljty mnb tde kctjvmtjcns acr bcjng bjaaerent mitjcns jn

idmngjng scijml ijriukstmnies. Rdus, kcre tdmn oust maajrkjng Kmrx‚s ekpdmsjs cn tdeprjkmiy ca dukmn mitjvjty de extenbs mnb elmfcrmtes cn tde mspeits tdmt Kmrx dmb leat



cut jn mn mttekpt, ms jt were, tc beljnemte m ickpredensjve nckenilmture ca dukmnmitjcn. Dcwever, acr Kmrx, dukmn mitjcn js tde aree mitjve, impmijty tc idmnge tde

wcrlb, mnb lmfcr wms tde essentjml mnb tde cnly dukmn mitjcn tdmt beajne mnb remljzekmn‚s speijes-fejng.

Jn icntrmst tc fctd Kmrx mnb Wefer, Burhdejk aciuseb cn scijml amits mnb scijmlstruitures mnb mjkeb mt estmfljsdjng m tdecry ca scijml crber mnb tde pmrtjiulmr elekentstdmt icntrjfute tc scijml stmfjljty mnb tde scljbmrjty ca tde vmrjcus elekents tdmt

icnstjtute tde scijml wdcle. Jn tde Burhdejkjmn armkewcrh, tdere exjsts m tensjcnfetween tde jnbjvjbuml mnb tde scijety8 sufoeitjve remljty kust neiessmrjly fe

sufcrbjnmteb tc tde bekmnbs ca scijety ja jt wms tc kmjntmjn jts crgmnji unjty. Rdus,wderems kmn mssukes mn mitjve rcle jn fctd tde Kmrxjmn mnb Weferjmn systeks, deajgures jn tde Burhdejkjmn wcrlb ms m pmssjve sufoeit tdmt yjelbs tc tde wjll ca tde

iclleitjve. Rdjs iclleitjve icnstjtutes tde icdesjve acrie tdmt estmfljsdes mnb kmjntmjnstde crgmnji unjty ca scijety. Rde jnbjvjbuml kekfer ca tde iclleitjve js idmrmiterjzeb fyegcjsk tdmt prckpts djs jnsmtjmfle besjres mnb mppetjte.

Wefer mnb Burhdejk mgreeb cn tde jkpcrtmnie ca kcrml vmlues ms prcbuijngprcacunb, even ja unjntenbeb, icnsequenies? impjtmljsk acr tde acrker mnb sujijbe acr

tde lmtter. Burhdejk stresseb tde jndjfjtjng mnb restrmjnjng aunitjcn ca kcrml vmlues? desmw tdek ms preventjng mnckji smtjmfjljty. Wefer, dcwever, jntenbeb tc miient tdeenergjzjng, kctjvmtjcnml sjgnjajimnie ca kcrml vmlues. Burhdejk stresseb tde rcle ca

kcrml vmlues, wden scijmlly sdmreb, ms m scurie ca scljbmrjty mnb icdesjcn acr scijety.Acr Wefer, vmlues were sjgnjajimnt jn lenbjng kemnjng mnb purpcse tc jnbjvjbuml ljae8tdey1 dmnb m dukmn sjgnjajimnie.

Burhdejk jnsjsteb cn tde useaulness ca tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr. Fut de mbbeb tdmttde kcbern crgmnjzmtjcn ca tde bjaaerentjmtjcn jn ocfs mnb ciiupmtjcn wms nct yet

ncrkml8 wdmt wms neebeb wms m new kcrmljty tdmt wculb restrmjn kmn‚s mppetjtes,regulmte mnb jntericnneit ciiupmtjcnml speijmljzmtjcn mnb kmhe ken wjlljngly miiept

bjaaerentjml rcle mnb rewmrbs. Kcrmljty, acr Burhdejk, js tdmt wdjid icntrjfutes tc cr jsuseaul acr scijml scljbmrjty. Yuid m vjew ca kcrmljty wculb dmve feen mnmtdekm tcWefer, wdc smw jts essentjml oustjajimtjcn jn tde kemnjng wjtd wdjid jt enbcweb ljae

rmtder tdmn jts useaulness tc scijety.

Burhdejk aemreb tdmt kmn‚s jnsmtjmfle mppetjte wculb unberkjne scijml crber.

Wefer‚s aemr, dcwever, wms nct ca scijml bjscrber fut ca ljaelessness cr lmih ca

pmssjcnmte jnvclvekent. Mltdcugd Wefer rembjly mihncwlebgeb tde eaajijeniy ca kcbernfuremuirmtji scijety, de aemreb tdmt jt neiessjtmteb m rcutjnjzmtjcn ca ljae jn wdjid ken

miickkcbmte tdekselves tc tde scijml kmidjnery mnb feicke ljaeless, bepenbent icgs.De js jn sdcrt icnierneb wjtd tde prcflek ca kemnjnglessness jn m fcurgecjs scijety.

Mt tdjs ouniture, we imn brmw m bjvergenie fetween Burhdejk‚s mnb Wefer‚svjews cn scijety mnb dukmn nmture. We stmrt tc see mn jnterestjng sjkjlmrjty fetween



Wefer mnb Kmrx. Wefer‚s jnbjaaerenie tc tde scijety ca djs tjke, wdjid de cfservebwms unbergcjng jniremsjng rmtjcnmljzmtjcn, wms rekjnjsient ca Kmrx‚s renunijmtjcn ca tde

jlls ca impjtmljst scijety. Wefer‚s icniern wjtd kemnjnglessness ms experjenieb fy kmnn tde djgdly furemuirmtji scijety js mlkcst pmrmllel tc Kmrx‚s icntekpt acr mljenmtjcn msbefmsjng mnb beacrkjng kmn mnb jndjfjtjng djk arck remljzjng wdmt tdey mre impmfle ca

mnb wdmt tdey iculb feicke. Rdus we imn see Wefer‚s mnmlysjs ca kcbern scijety msickplekentmry tc tdmt ca Kmrx.

Fut wderems Wefer sees tde furemuirmtjzmtjcn ca scijety, ms tde resultjngkemnjnglessness tdmt jt engenbers, ms prcfleks tdmt imn fe trmnsienbeb fy scijety,

Kmrx feljeves tdmt tde irjses ca impjtmljsk mnb dukmn mljenmtjcn imn cnly fe sclveb fy mrmbjiml cverdmul ca tde wdcle struiture.

Dcwever, jn icntrmst tc fctd Wefer mnb Burhdejk, wdc kmjntmjneb crber mnbscljbmrjty ms tde nmturml tenbeniy ca dukmn scijety, Kmrx feljeveb jn idmnge mnbprebjiteb tdmt m revclutjcn wculb frjng mfcut tde scijml crber neiessmry acr tdeaulajllkent ca djs icnieptjcn ca tde dukmn nmture. Acr Kmrx, scijety sdculb fesufcrbjnmteb tc kmn mnb tdmt jt sdculb exjst acr tde aulajllkent ca tdmt nmture. Acr djk,m scijety tdmt restrmjns mnb jndjfjts kmn‚s pcwers mnb neebs js fcunb tc amjl mnb fe

supersebeb fy m dukmnjst cne.

Fut wdjle Kmrx caaereb m ljfermtjng, dukmnjst icnieptjcn ca dukmn nmture,

Wefer mttekpteb tc cutljne m generml tdecry ca dukmn mitjcn tdmt miicunteb acr tdeickplex jnterplmy ca kmnjaclb kemnjngs tdmt pecple mttmid tc scijml jntermitjcn.Wderems Kmrx put acrwmrb m icnieptjcn ca tde unjversml nmture ca kmn, Wefer cutljneb

m ickpredensjve genermljzmtjcn ca tde vmrjcus types ca dukmn mitjcn. Wefer tdus imke

up wjtd djs icniept ca jbeml types , m typclcgy ca tde generml idmrmiterjstjis ca tdepdenckenm unber stuby wdjid, acr djk, mllcweb acr m kcre prcacunb unberstmnbjng ca

scijety. Wefer‚s typclcgy ca mitjcn, acr jnstmnie, mttekpts tc beljnemte m ickpredensjvesijenie ca scijml mitjcn. Rde prcflek wjtd typclcgjes, dcwever, ljes jn tde bmnger ca

genermljzmtjcn arck bjverse mnb jnajnjte nukfer ca pcssjfle mitjcns tdmt pecple bc jnscijmlly bjaaerent sjtumtjcns.

Ja Kmrx mttmideb m revclutjcnmry rcle tc kmn, pmrtjiulmrly tde prcletmrjmt, mnbWefer pjnneb djs dcpe cn tde kmn ca mitjcn, Burhdejk bjb nct msirjfe djstcry-idmngjng pcwer tc tde jnbjvjbuml (m imtegcry tdmt js entjrely cppcseb tc Kmrx‚s mnb

Wefer‚s imtegcry ca kmn ). Acr djk, tde jnbjvjbuml js bwmraeb fy tde mll-pcweraul acrie

ca tde scijety. Kmn‚s exjstenie js tdus seen fy Burhdejk jn terks ca jts aunitjcn tc tdekmjntenmnie ca unjty mnb icdesjveness ca scijety.

Rdus, Burhdejk mssjgneb tde tmsh ca sclvjng tde pmtdclcgjiml prcfleks cakcbern scijety tc tde ciiupmtjcnml gujlbs, wdjid de feljeveb wms tde cnly scijml

crgmnjzmtjcn impmfle ca bjsijpljnjng jts respeitjve kekfers mnb jntegrmtjng tdek jntctde scijml wdcle. Jt js tde rcle ca tde tdese crgmnjzmtjcns mnb tde stmte jn generml tc



ebuimte tde jnbjvjbumls jn m wmy tdmt wjll jnbcitrjnjze tdek mfcut tdejr scijml aunitjcnmnb prepmre tdek acr tdejr rcle jn tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr.

Fmseb cn tde acregcjng bjsiussjcn, we imn see twc generml tdekes tdmtrepresent twc ca tde kmocr befmtes ’ ienterjng cn Kmrx, Burhdejk, mnb Wefer ’ tdmt

dmve icntrjfuteb tc tde vjtmljty ca scijclcgy ms mn mimbekji bjsijpljne? (=) tdepclmrjzmtjcn ca tde mnmlysjs ca scijety jntc m perspeitjve ca scijml crber wdjid maajrks tdescljbmrjty mnb icdesjveness ca scijety scijml crber, cn tde cne dmnb, mnb m perspeitjve

tdmt mrgues acr scijml idmnge (tde acrker fejng present jn Wefer‚s mnb Burhdejk‚stdecrjes mnb tde lmtter fejng rescnmteb fy Kmrx)8 mnb (6) tde icntrmstjng vjew ca kmn‚s

rcle jn scijety ms mitjve (ms representeb fy Kmrx‚s icniepts ca dukmn neebs mnbpcwers mnb Kmrx‚s jbeml types ca dukmn mitjcn) mnb ms pmssjve (expresseb fy Burhdejkjn tde sufcrbjnmte rcle tdmt de gmve tc tde jnbjvjbuml).

VELEQMNIE CA YCIJCLCGJIML RDECVZ

Wefer

Rde ickpredensjve sweep ca Wefer‚s tdecretjiml systek perdmps miicunts acr jts

relmtjve pcpulmrjty mnb jnaluenie jn mimbekji scijclcgy. Rde bjversjty ca tde sufoeitstdmt de stubjeb mnb tde vmrjety ca tde amitcrs tdmt de put jntc tde bevelcpkent ca djstdecry prckpteb Vmykcnb Mrcn tc besirjfe Wefer ms tde gremtest ca mll tde scijclcgjst,

cr ms tde scijclcgjst . Djs jbeml types ca dukmn mitjcn mnb lembersdjp, acr jnstmnieprcvjbe us wjtd m ickpredensjve typclcgy tdmt miicunts acr m dcljstji unberstmnbjng ca

scijety.

Cne ca djs icntrjfutjcn tc scijclcgy js djs stuby cn tde reljgjcns ca Idjnm, Jnbjm,mnb mnijent Oubmjsk mnb djs crjgjnml wcrh Rde Prctestmnt Etdji mnb tde Ypjrjt ca

Impjtmljsk , jn wdjid de trjeb tc explmjn wdy tde bevelcpkent ca impjtmljsk dmppenebajrst jn Western scijety tdmn jn jts West icunterpmrt. De imn tdus fe regmrbeb ms tde

acunber ca tde scijclcgy ca reljgjcn. Djs jbem ca reljgjcn js bjaaerent arck Kmrx‚s reoeitjcnca reljgjcn ms m neiessmry icnbjtjcn acr tde ekmnijpmtjcn ca kmn arck mljenmtjcn. Desmw reljgjcn ms mn jnbex ca tde bevelcpkent ca scijety, mnb reljgjcn imn tdus serve tdescijclcgjst cr tde scijml sijentjst jn grmspjng tde nmture ca scijety.

Jn icntrmst tc Kmrx‚s ajxmtjcn wjtd m twc-ilmss icnieptjcn ilmss icnaljit mnb ilmssstruiture (jn scke ca djs wcrhs de reicgnjzeb ctder ilmsses fesjbes tde prcletmrjmt mnbtdek, mltdcugd de stjll acresmw tdmt tdese wjll pclmrjze jntc tde twc gremt ilmsses),Wefer caaereb m kcre dcljstji systek ca scijml djermridy. Gcjng feycnb eicnckji

beterkjnmtjcn mnb tmhjng jntc miicunt ctder amitcrs suid ms pcwer, stmtus mnb prestjge,Wefer wms mfle tc beljnemte m ickpredensjve ljst ca amitcrs tdmt icnstjtute mnbbeterkjne ilmss. Jn tdjs sense, mnb jn terks ca djs jbeml types mnb djs stuby cn reljgjcn,



Wefer‚s scijclcgy represents m amr kcre eileitji mnb icskcpcljtmn, ja ycu wjll, scijclcgytdmn bces Kmrx‚s mnb Burhdejk‚s.

Djs miicunt ca tde rmtjcnmljzmtjcn prciess mnb djs icniept ca tde furemuirmiygjves us m systekmtji perspeitjve tdmt wjll equml Burhdejk‚s miicunt ca tde bjvjsjcn ca

lmfcr. Jt‚s jnterestjng tc ncte m icnvergenie ca Wefer mnb Burhdejk cn tdjs pcjnt? fctdscugdt tc explmjn mnb besirjfe tde strmtjajeb struiture ca tde scijety ca tdejr tjke jnwdjid tde jnbjvjbumls were seen ms ciiupyjng bjaaerentjmteb pcsjtjcns mnb aunitjcns jn

relmtjcn tc tde scijml wdcle.

Rde ickpredensjve sicpe mnb relevmnie ca Wefer‚s scijclcgy, dcwever jsunberkjneb fy tde ientrmljty tdmt de plmieb cn tde rcle ca tde kmn ca mitjcn cr tdeidmrjskmtji pcljtjiml lember. Fy mttmidjng djstcry-idmngjng rcle tc tde cutstmnbjng

jnbjvjbuml jn djstcry, Wefer benjgrmtes tde mitjve pctentjml ca ilmsses mnb pecple‚skcvekents. Wdjle djs typclcgy ca mutdcrjty js jnsjgdtaul, jt glcsses cver ctder amitcrs crelekents tdmt kmy icnstjtute mutdcrjty.

Rde sjgnjajimnie ca Wefer jn scijclcgy mnb jn tde scijml sijenies jn genermlperdmps icnsjsts jn djs jbeml types mnb djs djstcrjiml-scijclcgjiml ketdcb, djs vjew ca

fctd djstcry mnb scijclcgy ms icnstjtutjng tde sijenie ca dukmnjty mnb msickplekentmry tccls acr mnmlysjs ca djstcrjiml mnb scijml amits ca kmn‚s exjstenie. Djsiremtjcn ca tde jbeml types dms feicke m useaul mnmlytjiml tccl tdmt delps cne tc stuby

scijml pdenckenm. Rdjs ketdcbclcgy kmjntmjneb tde jkpcrtmnie ca djstcry, speijajimllywdmt Wefer imlls “djstcrjiml imusmljty,‛ jn tde mnmlysjs ca dukmn bevelcpkent. Rdeicntjnujng relevmnie ca Wefer tdus js ekfcbjeb jn tde dukungcus imncn ca wcrh tdmt

mjks tc gjve us m dcljstji unberstmnbjng ca scijml amits mnb prciesses.

Burhdejk

J feljeve tdmt Burhdejk‚s tdecretjiml systek bces nct serve tde caaer kuid

sjgnjajimnie jn icntekpcrmry scijety. J kmy fe fjmseb mnb fejng tcc dmrsd, fut J ajnbdjs scijclcgjiml imtegcrjzmtjcn very sjkpljstji. Djs evclutjcnmry tdecry ca scljbmrjty, wdjidbjstjngujsdes fetween keidmnjiml scijety ca prekcbern scijetjes mnb tde crgmnji

scijety ca kcbern scijety, js m genermljzmtjcn ca mll pcssjfle scijetjes tdmt dmvebevelcpeb burjng tde entjre icurse ca djstcry jntc twc gremt imtegcrjes ca scijety mnbjkpljes tde jnaerjcrjty ca mll prekcbern scijetjes. J see tdjs sweepjng genermljzmtjcn ms

ekmnmtjng arck m fjms tcwmrb tde kcbern scijety. Wefer‚s tdecry ca scljbmrjty tdus

serves m utjljty acr Burhdejk, m neeb tc prcve tde vmljbjty ca djs jbem ca tde jnderentscljbmrjty ca kcbern scijety.

Jt acllcws tdmt djs ctder spderes ca stuby, djs bjstjnitjcn fetween segkentml mnbscijetjes idmrmiterjzeb fy kcbern bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr, djs ilmssjajimtjcn ca lmw jntc

restjtutjve mnb repressjve, mll seek tc ke ms imtegcrjes tdmt serve tc suppcrtBurhdejk‚s tdesjs? tde jnderent gccbness ca tde bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr mnb jts unjayjng



struiture acr tde scijety. Rdey were icniejveb jn suid m wmy ms tc bcvetmjl wjtdBurhdejk‚s tdecry ca scljbmrjty (e.g., repressjve lmw mnb segkentml scijety js tc

keidmnjiml scljbmrjty ms restjtutjve lmw mnb bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr js tc crgmnji scljbmrjty).

Bespjte tde jnderent almws jn Burhdejk‚s tdecry-systek, perdmps djs scijclcgy

stjll dclbs sjgnjajimnie acr scijetjes mnb mubjenies wdcse jnterests ajnb tdecretjimlsuppcrt jn Burdejk. Rde jnaluenie ca Burhdejk perdmps dms jts strcng acllcwjng jn tdeUnjteb Ytmtes, wdere tde eicnckji mnb pcljtjiml systek bepenbs cn m systekmtji

bjvjsjcn ca lmfcr mnb wdcse stmte pcljiy genermlly reicgnjzes tde djgdly-bjaaerentjmtebimpjtmljst systek ms tde jbeml. Burhdejkjmn scijclcgy gjves irebenie mnb vmljbjty tc

kcbern scijety. Jt serves tc suppcrt gcvernkents mnb caaers tdek kemns cakmjntmjnjng crber, mlfejt jn tde acrk ca icntrcl mnb restrmjnt. Jt remssures tdek tdmt tdesufougmtjcn ca jnbjvjbuml rjgdts tc tde wjll ca tde stmte js oustjajeb mnb vmljb.

Burhdejk‚s lmstjng legmiy tc scijclcgy js djs jngenjcus miicunt ca sujijbe mnb djsicntrjfutjcn tc tde scijclcgy ca bevjmnt fedmvjcr ms irystmlljzeb jn djs wcrh cn irjke mnbpunjsdkent.

Kmrx

Bespjte tde jniremsjng jnaluenie ca Kmrxjsk, pmrtjiulmrly wjtdjn scijclcgy, kmnystjll vjew Kmrx‚s tdecretjiml systek ms m beajijent tdecry tdmt mttekpts tc cutljne m

generml tdecry ca dukmn scijety fmseb cn tde eicnckji beterkjnmtjcn ca djstcrjimlidmnge. Acrekcst mkcng tde irjtjijsk durleb mt Kmrx js tde ientrmljty de mttmideb tctde eicnckji ms tde fmsjs mnb imtmlyst ca idmnge mnb tde exilusjcn ca ctder amitcrs jn

djs mnmlysjs. Rde amjlure ca Ycvjet ickkunjsk mnb tde Kmcjst mlternmtjve, tde kmrgjnml

jnaluenie ca Kmrxjsk jn jnbustrjmljzeb nmtjcn-stmtes, mnb tde periejveb stmfjljty ca tdeimpjtmljst systek mre caten ijteb ms prcca tdmt Kmrx‚s tdecry js almweb mnb tdmt

ickkunjsk J mn untenmfle scijml mnb pcljtjiml systek. J kysela ajnb scke ca Kmrx‚smssukptjcns (pmrtjiulmrly jn djs kmture wcrhs) sjkpljstji.

Acr cne, djs acrkulmtjcn ca tde lmfcr tdecry ca vmlue, jnderjteb arck tde ilmssjimlpcljtjiml eicnckjsts, mppemrs ms mn cfsclete icnieptuml systek tdmt puts preekjnent

ientrmljty tc lmfcr ms tde cnly pcwer tdmt prcbuies vmlue mnb jgncres ctder elekents(fesjbes surplus lmfcr) tdmt iculb icntrjfute tc extrmitjcn ca prcajt jn m impjtmljsteicncky. Mltdcugd Kmrx prebjiteb tde acrkmtjcn mnb bevelcpkent ca kultjnmtjcnml

icrpcrmtjcns ms m result ca icnientrmtjcn ca impjtml mnb tde bevelcpkent ca mn glcfml

impjtmljst systek (wdjid Lenjn lmter terkeb ms jkperjmljsk, tde lmst mnb ajnml stmge caimpjtmljsk), de unberkjneb tde rcle ca prjijng mnb ctder amitcrs tdmt iculb maaeit tde

ickplex wcrhjng ca tde kmrhet eicncky. J see tdjs wemhness jn Kmrx ms mnunmntjijpmteb icnsequenie (jtsela m Kmrxjmn icniept.) ca tde ientrmljty tdmt de plmiebcn kmn mnb cn dukmn lmfcr ms icnstjtutjng djs dukmnjty, wdjid mll tde kcre

estmfljsdes Kmrx‚s systek ms mn exjstentjmljst pdjlcscpdy tdmt mttekpts tc mnmlyzescijety jn dukmnjst terks.



Rde relmtjve pemie mater tde bjssclutjcn ca tde Ycvjet Unjcn kmy dmve vjnbjimteb

irjtjis jn tdejr imlljng ickkunjsk m utcpjm, fut jt bcesn‚t renber Kmrx‚s mnmlysjs caimpjtmljst scijety jnvmljb mnb amlljfle. J mk jniljneb tc feljeve tdmt bespjte Kmrxjsk‚sbeajijeniy mnb wemhnesses, jt js m vjmfle tdecry tdmt imn miicunt acr m gremt nukfer ca

pdenckenm (arck jkperjmljsk tc jbeclcgy). Kmrxjsk kmy nct fe ms ickpredensjve mnbscpdjstjimteb ms Wefer‚s armkewcrh, fut jt dms mn extensjve mnmlytji utjljty tdmt kmnysidclmrs reicgnjze mnb mitumlly ajnb useaul jn bcjng tdejr stuby.

J aeel mnb feljeve tdmt tde Kmrxjst legmiy js stjll mljve mnb very kuid jnaluentjml,

fe jt jn tde remlk ca mimbekji bjsicurse cr jn tde spdere ca puflji jntelleituml mnbpcljtjiml befmtes. Jn bevelcpjng ms well ms bevelcpeb scijetjes, Kmrxjsk rekmjns mstrcng acrie ms evjbenieb fy tde icntjnujng prcpmgmtjcn ca vmrjcus jnterpretmtjcns, re-

jnterpretmtjcns, mnb kcbjajimtjcns ca Kmrxjsk mircss mimbekji bjsijpljnes.Nctwjtdstmnbjng. Rde bjssclutjcn ca tde Ycvjet flci mnb tde cpenjng up ca tde Idjneseeicncky tc tde glcfml kmrhet, tde pcst-Iclb Wmr pcljtjiml iljkmte rekmjns preimrjcuswjtd tde periejveb tdremt pcseb fy Ncrtd Hcrem tc tde kmocr pcwer‚s jkperjmljstmitjvjtjes.

Rde icgeniy mnb pmrmkcunt jkpcrtmnie ca Kmrx‚s tdcugdt feicke kcreprcacunb jn tde ljgdt ca wdmt Kmrx djksela wms wcnt tc besirjfe ms tde jnderent irjsestdmt unberlje tde very nmture ca fcurgecjs scijety mnb tde bjsicntent mnb bespermtjcn

tdmt result arck tde bedukmnjzjng eaaeits ca impjtmljsk (cr jkperjmljsk, tc use m kcrempprcprjmte terk acr tde glcfml mnb mll-enickpmssjng jnaluenie tdmt jt dms tmhen cn jnreient djstcry). Rde jniremsjng prcfleks tdmt feset tde systek cn tde kmirc level ’

jkperjmljst degekcny tdmt sufcrbjnmtes tde less bevelcpeb icuntrjes unber tde pcljiml-

eicnckji bckjnmnie ca tde kmocr impjtmljst pcwers, eljtjst mnb cljgmridji pcljtjimlsysteks gcvernjng kcst ca tde wcrlb‚s nmtjcn-stmtes tdmt result jn unequml bjstrjfutjcn

ca pcwer mnb rescuries, icntjnujng jnsurgenijes jn bevelcpjng icuntrjes resultjng arckilmss struggles acr mgrmrjmn reacrk mnb equml bjstrjfutjcn ca jnicke, unbekcirmtji legml

mnb eleitcrml systeks tdmt mre beaerentjml tc tde jnterests ca tde eljte ilmss ’ mnbcpermtjng kjnutely jn emid jnbjvjbuml kekfers cr grcups ca scijety cn tde kjirc level ’fmsjimlly, mljenmtjcn, pcverty, mnb aeeljngs ca bespmjr mnb dcpelessness tdmt pecple aeel

’ mll tde kcre renber Kmrx‚s dukmnjst scijclcgy tjkely mnb relevmnt.

Rde cverrjbjng mppeml mnb icgeniy ca tde Kmrxjst mlternmtjve imnnct fe kcre

prcncunieb tdmn tcbmy, wden kmn‚s seiurjty js seen ms jniremsjngly feickjng

untenmfle. Rde beiremsjng stmfjljty ca tde wcrlb‚s kmocr impjtmljst nmtjcns, tde UnjtebYtmtes ’ ms kmnjaesteb fy tde amlljng rmte ca tde bcllmr (wdjid pmrtly explmjns tde

kjnjkml mppreijmtjcn ca tde pesc mgmjnst tde bcllmr) mnb ms exmierfmteb fy tde stembyrjse ca Idjnm ms mn eicnckji pcwer ’ imn fe seen ms jnbjimtjve ca tde vulnermfjljty catde impjtmljst systek. “Pemh cjl‛ ’ m pdenckencn lmrgely undemrb-ca even mkcng

mimbekji ijriles tdmt maajrks tdmt we dmve mlremby remideb tde pemh ca cjl prcbuitjcnmnb tdmt we mre tc expeit mn expcnentjml beiremse jn supply icupleb wjtd expcnentjml



jniremse jn prjie ca cjl jn tde beimbes tc icke ’ dms amr-remidjng icnsequenie acr tdeauture ca impjtmljsk.

Icnservmtjves imn smy tdmt ja pemh cjl bces dclb true, jt wjll kemn mreicnajgurmtjcn ca tde systek tc mbmpt jt tc tde extreke icnbjtjcns tdmt m simrijty ca cjl

wjll bekmnb jn tde auture. Fut J mk kcre jniljneb tc tdjnh tdmt jt imn fe tde imtmlyst acrtde ultjkmte bekjse ca tde systek lcng dermlbeb fy Kmrx. Ja jt bces dmppen mnb prcvestc fe suid, jt wjll represent m negmtjcn ca tde Kmrxjst kmxjk tdmt stjpulmtes tdmt m

idmnge jn tde kcbe ca prcbuitjcn js frcugdt mfcut fy ilmss struggle mnb revclutjcn. Jtkmy fe true jn kmny wmys, fut J mk icnvjnieb tdmt jt js stjll jn heepjng wjtd Kmrx‚s

mnmlysjs tdmt impjtmljsk js almweb mnb idmrmiterjzeb fy irjses. Mnb pemh cjl kjgdt dmvefeen tde kjssjng ljnh tdmt wculb dmve ickpleteb Kmrx‚s acrkulm. Fe tdmt ms jt kmy, Jimk beaerentjml tc tde vjew tdmt pemh cjl wjll dmve sjgnjajimnt rmkjajimtjcns acr impjtmljsk

tdmt wjll nct fe mltcgetder jnicnsjstent wjtd Kmrxjmn prjnijples.

Rde sclutjcn tdmt sidclmrs presirjfe acr m pcssjfle pemh cjl irjsjs ’ tdmt ca mickkunjty-fmseb scijml crgmnjzmtjcn tdmt rests cn m ncn-kcnetmry, sekj-fmrterprcbuitjcn systek jn wdjid tde kmterjml neebs ca tde ickkunjty mre aulajlleb fy tdeexidmnge ca prcbuits mnb servjies wdcse vmlues mre kemsureb nct fy kcney fut fy

tde lmfcr tjke neiessmry tc prcbuie tde prcbuit ’ js jn kcst respeit ickpmtjfle wjtdKmrx‚s versjcn ca m scijmljzeb prcbuitjcn tdmt bces nct cpermte tdrcugd tde pcwer caprjvmte prcperty fut tdmt wdjid prckctes m truly dukmn prcbuitjcn.

Jn tde Pdjljppjnes mnb kcst bevelcpjng icuntrjes, Kmrxjsk js kcre jnaluentjmltdmn jn jnbustrjmljzeb cnes (m amit tdmt kmny dmve seen ms tde unmntjijpmteb negmtjcn ca

Kmrx‚s dcpe acr mn mbcptjcn ca djs tdcugdt systek jn jnbustrjmljzeb icuntrjes, wdjid,

jnterestjng tdcugd jt js, J wjll nct bwell cn sjnie kmny dmve lcng elmfcrmteb cn jt)prjkmrjly feimuse tde kmterjml icnbjtjcns dere mre kcre icngenjml mnb icnbuijve tc

Kmrxjst mnmlysjs mnb jnterpretmtjcn. Mltdcugd kmocrjty ca tde mimbekji seitcr kmy nctfe ms jntelleitumlly reieptjve tc Kmrxjst tdcugdt (wdjid imn fe vjeweb ms m result ca cur

bepenbenie cn Mkerjimn iurrjiuluk tdmt js nct sykpmtdetji, ja nct mverse, tc Kmrxjsk)ms tde Eurcpemn mimbeke, Kmrxjsk ’ ickfjneb wjtd Lenjnjsk, Kmcjst tdcugdt, mnb mdcst ca revjsjcnjst types ca Kmrxjsk ’ ajnbs jts imptjve acllcwers jn tde nmtjcnml

bekcirmtji kcvekent wjtd jts gcvernjng fcby, tde Ickkunjst Pmrty ca tde Pdjljppjnes,mnb jts kjljtmry mrk, tde New Pecple‚s Mrky, mbcptjng jt ms jts caajijml jbeclcgy. Marmgkenteb scijml bekcirmtji kcvekent, prcgressjve (cr wdmt tde kebjm mre useb tc

imlljng ms “kjljtmnt, “jnsurgent,‛ “refel‛) grcups, mnb kcst pecple‚s, imuse-crjenteb, mnb

ncngcvernkentml crgmnjzmtjcns mre jnspjreb fy, ja nct jbeclcgjimlly mnb/cr pcljtjimllyickkjtteb tc, Kmrxjsk.

Bespjte tde wmtereb-bcwn strengtd ca tde “revclutjcnmry‛ kcvekent sjnie jtspemh jn tde kjb tc lmte —40s, jt rekmjns ’ armgkenteb tdcugd jt kmy dmve feen ’ m acrie

tc reihcn wjtd. M tcp-frmss PNP caajijml m icuple ca yemrs mgc dmb beilmreb tdmtnctwjtdstmnbjng tde dypeb mnb sensmtjcnmljzeb icnaljits fetween tde gcvernkent acries



mnb Kusljk (KNLA mnb JKLA) mnb vmrjcus terrcrjst grcups, tde gcvernkent‚s kcsttdremtenjng eneky mre stjll tde NPM.

Rde lmstjng mppeml ca Kmrxjsk tc prcgressjve grcups, legml mnb/cr unbergrcunb,mnb even jnbjvjbumls perdmps icnsjsts jn wdmt seeks tc tdek icnvjnijng besirjptjcn ca

tde explcjtmtjve mnb bedukmnjzjng eaaeits ca impjtmljsk mnb jts vjsjcn ca m dukmnjstscijety. Kmrxjsk tdus aunitjcns, cn tde cne dmnb, ms mn jbeclcgjiml armkewcrh tdmtenmfles tdek tc unberstmnb tde nmture ca kmn mnb scijety mnb, cn tde ctder dmnb, ms m

prmitjiml pcljtjiml prcgrmk tdmt gujbes tdek jn ketdcbjimlly lmyjng bcwn tde strmtegjesmnb tmitjis ca revclutjcn mnb estmfljsdjng m ickkunjst regjke. Jn tdjs respeit, Kmrx

sets djksela mpmrt arck Wefer mnb Burhdejk. Wderems Wefer mnb Burhdejk caaerebcnly generml tdecrjes ca scijety mnb ketdcbs ca mnmlysjs, Kmrx caaereb m tdecretjiml mnbpcljtjiml prcgrmk. Kmrx‚s prmxjs, tdereacre, feickes tde essenie mnb bjstjngujsdjng

qumljty ca Kmrx‚s scijclcgy. Mnb acr ms lcng ms scijety js irjses-rjbben mnb kmn aeelsbjsicntent mnb jnbjaaerenie, J feljeve tdmt Kmrx wjll icntjnue tc fe relevmnt.

Kmrxjsk‚s icntjnujng relevmnie icnsjsts jn jts irjtjiml stmnie cn tde jnmbequmijes,ja nct mnckmljes, ca kcbern scijety, mnb jts mvcwml ca dukmnjst vmlues ms tde fmsjs catdjs irjtjiml mttjtube mnb tde prmitjiml sclutjcn tdmt jt caaers. Jn sdcrt, Kmrxjsk lmys bcwn

m generml tdecry ca mnmlysjs tdmt enmfles us tc unberstmnb tde wcrhjngs ca impjtmljstscijety, jts jnderent beaeits mnb jts eventuml fremhbcwn mnb superiessjcn fy m new,dukmnjst scijml crgmnjzmtjcn. Kmrxjsk‚s crjgjnmljty, icgeniy, mnb pcteniy ms mn dcljstji,

dukmnjst, mnb ljfermtjng tdecry ca dukmn evclutjcn js wdmt sets jt mpmrt ms m verypcweraul tdecretjiml-prmitjiml mlternmtjve tc tde pcsjtjvjstji, icnservmtjve scijetjescaaereb fy kcst pdjlcscpdjes, jnilubjng tdcse ca Wefer mnb Burhdejk, tdmt suppcrt tde

stmtus quc mnb beny tde mnckmlcus icntrmbjitjcns tdmt idmrmiterjze kcbern fcurgecjs

scijety mnb tde kcrml trutd ca ickkunjsk, cr ctder versjcns tdereca, ms tde cnlysystek tdmt wjll frjng mfcut tde aull bevelcpkent ca dukmn nmture.

Kmrxjsk‚s speiter stjll dmunts us tcbmy. Jt seeks ms tdcugd jt wjll ljnger wjtd us

acr tde rest ca kmn‚s djstcry untjl, mnb perdmps even mater tde ilmssless scijety tdmtKmrxjsk envjsjcns sdmll dmve feen midjeveb fy dukmnjty. Acr even unber scijmljsticnstruitjcn mnb tde eventuml ickkunjst scijml crber, tde ekmnijpmteb, tctml kmn sdmll

stjll neeb tc dmrh fmih cn tde essentjml dukmnjst pdjlcscpdy ca Kmrx ja de were tcpreserve djs dukmnjty mnb nct revert tc djs acrker mljenmteb sela, mnb tc lcch fmih cnKmrx‚s mnmlysjs ca impjtmljsk mnb djs vjsjcn ca ickkunjsk jn crber tc gujbe djk jn djs

iremtjcn mnb kmjntenmnie ca m new djstcry ca dukmn bevelcpkent.

Documents

Marx, Durkheim, and Weber: Sociological Debate and Relevance of Sociological Theory