Marunna Manasukal Maalinyamakalunna Theruvukal

8/11/2019 Marunna Manasukal Maalinyamakalunna Theruvukal

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marunna manassukalmalinyamakalunna theruvukal

alappuzha nagaram vrithiyakunnu

t m thomas isaacm gopakumar

first editionseptember 2014

typesetting & publishedchintha publishers, thiruvananthapuram

printedakshara offset, thiruvananthapuram

coverrajesh

pricerupeesone hundred and seventy only

Rights reserved

hnX cWwtZim`nam\n _pv lukvH O Xncph\]pcw 695 035

phone: 0471-2303026, 6063026www.chinthapublishers.com

[email protected]

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Sn Fw tXmakv sFkIv

Fw tKm]Ipam

Bepg hS BcymSv P\\w. BcymSv eqYdkv kvIq,Be pg Fkv Un tImtfPv, tNe FkvF tImtf Pv, FdWm Ipfw tem tImtfPv Fn hn S fn ]T\w. 200611 FUn

F v kmcn [\Imcy a{nbmbncp tUm. tXmakv sFkIns AUojW ss{]hv sk{Idn. kPohkmaqly {]hI. tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy ]cnjns Bepg Pnm {]knU v, sk{I dn, kwm\ ]cn nXn Iho \ Fo \ne Ifn {]hnp. Ctm tI{ \nmlIkanXn AwKw, imkv{XKXn ]{Xm[n]kanXnbwKw Fo \neIfn {]hnpp.

`mcy: tUm. APnX, FdWmIpfw tem tImtfPv Aym]nI


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\ne`h\w \ne\Kcw ]Xn hnPbnsengn m Be pg A\p h sf p dnv Hcp ]pkvXIwXm dm Ww Fv R Xocp am \n n cp p. FmF.sI.Pn ]T \ K th j W tI { ns B`n ap Jy n 2014sk]vw_ Ahkm\w \Sp DdhnSamen\y kwkvc

Ws Ipdnp skan\m RfpsS B{Klw Ipdpt\cs \S m p Xn\v \nan ambn. ipNn Xz Iym ws] bn]qn bm bn n s nepw CXp h sc bp kar amb A\p h Xs Hcp {Kn\p hIbpv. Ch ap \Kcfnephv {]tNmZ\amIpw Fv IcpXs.

Cu {KcN\bn Rsf klmbn Htsdt]cpv.Sow AwKfn B. APnXv Ipam, tPmv tPm, ]n.PbcmPv, B.{ioPnv, ssePp FnhcpsS t]cpI FSpv

]d b s. Pnm IfIvS {io. F ]fl Ip amdns Fm]npWbpapv. Atl n\v {]tXyIw \n. \Kck`msNbt]gvk sagvkn So, sshkv sNbam Akmcn,BtcmKymUnwKv Inn sNb t]gvk kXotZhnFnhpw \n

emdn t_dpsS Nn{X Cu ]pkvXIn D]tbmKnm A\phmZw \Inb tImv t^mUv UbdIvSN{Zn\v \n tcJsSppp. BepgbpsS `mhn

kw_nv Xs {lkzki\ thfbn emdn t_{]ISnn ktl bmYmyambnsmncnpp.Atlns kz]v\ Xncnp]nSnm\p Hcp ]cn{iawIqSnbmWv RfpsS {]h\w.

Npcpnb Znhkw sImmsWnepw Chbnse Aymb v ]e ]pXp ep Ifpw \Sn bn pv. CXn\v sI.Pn. _nPphnt\mSv {]tXyI ISmSv tcJsSppp.cLp\mYmWv ]pkvXIn tN n cn p Nn{X

hcXv. Atlnt\mSpw \n tcJsSppp. HmWncn\nSbnepw CXv ASnv Xmdmnb Nnm ]ntjgvkn\v {]tXyIw \n.

Sn Fw tXmakv sFkvFw tKm] Ip am

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AhXmcnI]nWdmbn hnPb

tIcfw A`napJoIcnp Ghpw {][m\s Hcp P\Iob{]iv\amWv amen\ykwkvcWw. AgpInb amen\y IppIqSnb sXcphpIfpw HmSIfpw s]mXpefpw kmw{IanI tcmK

fpsS {]`htI{amIpp. ]pXnbXpw ]gbXpamb ]Ihym[nIv \mSpw P\Xbpw IogSpp. Sqdnkw t]mep hyhkmbfpsS hfbvpw Cu nXnhntijw hnepXSnbmbn amdnbnpv. amdp PohnXssienbpw D]t`mKkwkvmchpw amen\yfpsS Afhnepw sshhnynepw hcpnb amp apnFmpIfnepap `cWm]\ GXmv kvXw`np\npIbmWv. P\XbpsS Aht_m[n ASnm\ ]camb

Drawing by Laurie Baker


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8amdp a\ p I amen \y a I ep sXcp hp ISn Fw tXmakv sFkIv, Fw tKm] Ip am

amw krjvSnpXn\mhiyamb Hcp _lpP\aptn\p am{X

ta Cu {]iv\n\v Fsnepw ]cnlmcw krjvSnm Ignbq.\Kchc W ns `mKambn cq]sSp Ccw {]iv\

]e bn Spw henb kwLj p hgnacpmIpp.Ahbpambn _sv hnhn[Xcnep NIfpw kaqlnDbphcnIbpw sNpp. 2007 HIvtSm_dnse tZim`nam\nbn{]knoIcn "B[p\nIhXvIcWns BhiyIX' F teJ\n tUm. sI F ]Wn Cs\sbgpXn;

BtcmKy n\v ASnm\ ]cambn thXv ipNnXzamWv.s]mXpipNnXzanmbva tIcfns "kzw KpW'ambnamdngnn cnpp. XpdpInSp AgppNmepIfpwIppIqSn InSp amen\yhpanm sXcphpI Xem\ \Kcntmepw hncensemhptXbpq. `Wkm[\ hnpXv tdmUcpInemWv. Fm \ncpIfpw aoNIfmWv. ChbpsS hn\bvv \nnXe DmIWw. Hcp kaqlw B[p\nIamtWm F Xns

AfhptIm ipNnXzamsWp ]dm sXmhpIbn.

P\PohnXs _m[np {][m\ {]iv\ ambn ipNnXzwamdpp F Xncn dn hns ASn m \ n Ign F UnF^v km kq ipNnXzbn\mbn Hcp ]cn]mSnXpSnbncpp. Av Cy {]knUmbncp {]Xn`m ]moemWv]cn]mSn DLmS\w sNbvXXv. Htsd Imcy sNm Ignsnepw th{X aptmp t]mIm Ignn. bp Un F v A[n

Imcn htXmsS Imcy IqSpX cqambtXbpq.nXn A\pZn\w hjfmIp ]menemWv Ccw s]mXphnjb GsSpp Hcp _lpP\{]m\w cq]oIcn mkn ]n sF (Fw) apssI FSppXv.

{]Xy cm jv{Sob {]h \ smw P\ fpsSssZ\wZn\ PohnXs _m[np {]iv\fn IqSpX kPohambn CSs]SWsap 2013 ]memSp tN kn ]n sF (Fw)s kwm\ o\w Xocpam\np. \ncmew_cmb htbmP\

pw amdmtcmK _m[nv Bcpw Xncnpt\mm\nmhpwBizmkamIp kmz\ NnIn ]cn]mSn kn ]n sF (Fw)sapssIbn hym]Iambn \Sppv. Ccw {]h\sfsbmw P\ kljw kzmKXw sNbvXp Ignp. BtcmKycwKpw, Imjn ItaJ ebnepw Ccw {]h\ IqSpX\ \nebn GsSptXpv.

hcp cphj n\pn kq ipNnXzw ssIhcnp


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I F eytmsSbp {]h\ Bcw`npXn\p

ihpw Imcyahpamb \S]SnIfntev kn ]n sF (Fw) t\XrXzw \Ip tIm td j \p Ifpw apkn m en n Ifpw \Kckz`mhap ]m b p Ifpw \op I bm Wv. \K c k` t]mepXti kzbw`cW m]\v amen\y \nm\\wsNpXn\v Imcyaambn CSs]Sm Ignbpsav Bepg \Kck` t]mephbnse A\p`hw sXfnbnppv. Cu A\p`hfpsS t{ImUoIcWamWv Cu ]pkvXIw. ChnsS hniZoIcnpXv BepgbpsS A\p`hamWv. av ]ebnSfnsebpw A\p`h

tfbpw amXr I Itfbpw kzmwio I cn m\pw ]pkvXInscNbnXm {iannpv. ChnsS ]cmainm \nch[n amXrII thsdbpapmImw. Ahsbmw ]cntim[npXpw A\p`h ]ckv]cw ssIamw sNpXpw tIcfn imkv{Xobamb ipNnXz ]cn ]me\ ]cn ]mSn kwLSn np Xn\v AXy mt] n X amWv. Cu bmYmyw Xncn dn p sIm v F sI Pn]T\KthjW tI{w 2014 sk]vXw_ 27 \v Bepgbn hn]peamb Hcp ipNnXz skan\m kwLSnnpp.

hnIk\n\mbn P\ HntXns Bhiyw tIcfkwm\ cq]o I c W n\p app X s Iayq Wnv ]mnkwm\ kt f \ n Ah X cn n hnI k\ ]cn ]m Sn bnhy am n bn cp p. tIc f ns AXp h sc bp A\p h sfkzmwioIcnpsImv F sI Pn ]T\ KthjW tI{ns HmaXv Amcmjv{S tIcf ]T\ tIm{Kkns Ay {]kwKw\S n smv C Fw Fkv Cmcyw ASn h c bn Sp I bp mbn.tIcfw t\Snb t\ \ne \np Xn\pw \psS Zu_ ey ]cnlcnpXn\pw Ccnep Hcp tbmPnv Gsd A\nhmcyamb Hcp LamWnXv. P\sf hnhn[ AdIfmbn Xncnv ]ckv]cw t]mc Sn n p Ibpw Gp ap n p Ibpw sNp in IkPohamb ham\Imev s]mXp {]iv\mbn P\tbmPnpI FXv \mSns sFIytbpw AJfiXtbbpw kwcn p Xn\v IcpmIpw.

ipNnXz]cn]mSn kn ]n sF (Fw) s am{Xw ]cn]mSnbmbn \Sn em pI F bmsXm cp t ihpw ]mnn. CSXp]P\m[n]Xy apWnbnse ap LSIInIfpambpw Cmcyw NsNpw. am{Xa, bp Un F^pambpw Cmcyn tbmPnv aptmpt]mIpXn\v bmsXmcp aSnbpw kn ]n sF (Fw) \n. Ccw]cn ]m Sn I fp ambn tbmPn m Xm dm bp hyn I fp sS]npWbpw klIcWhpw Ddphcpnsmv hn _lpP\]cn ]m Sn bmbn CXv amWw FmWv ]mn Dt in p Xv. P\


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Iob {]iv\ fpsS t]cn P\ fpsS sFIyw cq]s SppI

FXv BtcmKyIcamb kmaqlyPohnXn\v A\nhmcyamb HmWv. P\Io bm kq {XWnepssS kn ]n sF (Fw) kzoI cn\ne]mSv AXmWv.

hntI{oIrXamb Bkq{XW {]h\tmSvFpw XnItbmPnmWv ]mnpXv. sshZypXnmaw ]cnlcnpXn\pwhInS hyhkmbsf t{]mmlnnpXn\pw apw kwm\Xen Xs iamb \S]SnI kzoIcntnhcpw. Ccnep _rlmb ]XnI \SnempXn tI{oIrX

Bkq {X W n\v henb {]m[m \y ap v. Fm, Nne taJ e Ifn hntI{oIrX Bkq{XWn\p {]m[m\yw Gsd hepXmWv. Imc Ww, {]m tZ inI {] tXy I X I sf bpw kmy X I sf bpw IWnseSppsImv ]cn]mSnI BhnjvIcnpXn\v {]mtZinIXe n emWv kmy X I \ne \np Xv. am{X a, ]ckv]c_sf IWnseSppsImv ka{Kamb ]cn]mSnI CuXen {InbmflIambn \Snemm\mhpw. k {]h\neqsSbpw kw`mh\bneqsSbpw apap {]mtZinI hn`h kamlcWn\v hntI{oIcWamb {]h\w Gsd klmbnpw.

amen \y \nm\w t]mep P\ fpsS {Inbm fl I amb]mfn tmsS \S t {]h \ n\v hntI {o Ir X ambcoXnbmWv Gsd klmbIamhpI. km Dup tI{oIrXamb kwhn[m\v AXntXmb {]m[m\yapv. ]s, {]mtbmKn Iambn Ah sbmpw \S nem Im kml N cyn hntI{oIr X amb Dd hnS amen\ykwkvI c W s ASn m \ am nbp{]h\amWv A`nImayw. _tbmKymkv mpIfpw hnhn[fmbItm knv kwhn [m \ fpw D] tbm K s Sp p coXn GsdklmbIamsWv Bepgbnse A\p`hw hyampp.

amen \y \nm\w t]mep {]h \ ^e hmbnoc W sa n \psS kao ] \ fn am w DmIWw.mnIv Iymcn_mKpI CmXmn _Z Dev] krjvSnpXn\p {]h\fpw thWw,. mnIv tiJcnv dossknn\v e`yamWw. amen\y hensdnbp {]hWXbvsXncmbn iamb {]NcWw kwLSnnWw. Ccn amen\y\nm\ {]h\fn P\sfqSn t_m[hevcnpsImp {]h\v kn ]n sF (Fw) apssIsbSppw. AXn\pthn Fm cmjv{Sob ]mnIfpambpw kn ]n sF(Fw) klIcnpw.

amen\y kwkvcW {]h\ ]ebnSfnepw kwLjn\p ImcWamImdpv. P\sf hnizmknseSppsImpw


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A`n{]mb ka\zbneqsSbpw am{Xta Ccw ]XnI Bhn

jvIcnv \Smm Ignbq. AXn\p t\Xr]camb ]v kn ]nsF (Fw) s `mKp \npmIpw. kaqlns Fm XpdIfnepaphsc Cu _lpP\apt ns `mKampw. hnZymnIfpw bphP\fpw Poh\mcpw Aym]Icpw sXmgnemfnIfpwcwKndWw. AhchcpsS ]cnkcw ipNnbmbn ]cn]menpwF ZrV\nbtmsS Fmhcpw cwKndnbmte \apveyw t\Sm\mhq.

amen\yw Dbp BtcmKy {]iv\ hnhn[ {]tZi

fnepmb kw`hfpsS ]men Cu ]pkvXIw hniZoIcnppv. amen\y{]iv\w ssIImcyw sNpXn \mw ImWnp Aew`mhw kaqlsbmsI Fs\ _m[npp Fpwhy am p pv. hnhn[ cmPy fnse amen\y \nm\{]h\sf kw_n kqN\Ifpapv. CXns ]men Bepgbnse amen\y {]iv\w AhXcnnpIbpw sNpp v. Be p g bpsS khn ti jX IW n se Spv amen \y\nm\ {]h\ kwLSnn coXn efnXambpw AtX

Ahkcn s]mXp{]hIv am\ntiw \Ip Xcnepw Ah X cn n n p v. CXn eqsS Hmtcm {]tZinsbpwtijnbpw {]tXyIXbpw a\knemn X\Xv ]cn ]m Sn IBhnjvIcnpXn\v Cu ]pkvXIw Gsd klmbIcamWv.

X fpsS ImgvN m S \p k cnv ] Xn I cq] s Sp p IbpwAh {]mtbmKnIXen sImphcptm A\p`hntnh_pnappItfbpw Cu ]pkvXIw hniZoIcnpp. A\p`hfpsS]m e n X fpsS ImgvN m Sp Isf \ho I cn p sImvhopw CSs]Sp ssienbmWv CXns {]hIm kzoIcnXv. {]tIm]\]cambn Imcy sNpXn\p ]Icw kaNnXtbmsS {]iv\fn CSs]SpXn ImWn coXnbpw amXrIm]camWv. \mSns hnIk\ {]h\w aptmpsImpt]mIpXn\v CXmWv Ghpw icnbmb kao]\w. Acw A\p`hhniZo Icnm Xmdmb teJ Ipw Bepgbnse ipNnXz ]cn]mSnbn `mK`mmbhpw Fmhn[ A`n\\fpw t\cpp.ipNnXz ]cn]me\n\mbp P\Iob aptn\v ASnm\ambn Bepgbnse A\p`h Gsd klmbIcamWv.

F sI Pn sk05.09.2014


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t]c dn bm hvXIgn inh i c ]n bpsS "tXmn bpsS aI'

Bepg \Kcnse aqv Xeapd ipNoIcW sXmgnem fn I fpsS IY bm Wv. Bepgbn am{Xa, Fm]Wfnepw ipNo IcW sXmgn emfn Ifp m bncpp.AhcpsS nXnbpw CXpXsbmbncpp. AhcpsS]nXeapdbpsS IYbmWv tUm._nPphns "t]cdnbm

h' F kn\na. amen\yw kw`cnpIbpw IbnAb p Ibpw sNp h F \ne bn \nvkwkvcW tI{fnse sSIv\ojyamcmbn Bepgbnse ipNoIcWsXmgnemfnIsf amm\mWv \ne`h\w \ne \Kcw ]Xn {ianpXv.

"t]c dn bmhcpsS' A[zm\n\p apn Cu]pkvXIw kanpp.

kaWw



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Bepgbnse aqv Xeapd tXmnIfpsS IY ]dbp XIgn

inhicnbpsS tXmnbpsS aI F t\mh ]pdndnbXv 1947 emWv. 30 hjs tkh\n\p tijw acWnSbn shv aI NpSe apphn\v Xs ]Wnbmbp[ fmb]mbpw anbpw Cinapp ssIamdptXmsSbmWv t\mhBcw`npXv. 1894 cq]oIcn Bepg Su Cw{]q hvsa vInnbmWv \Kcnse IqkpIfpsS ipNoIcWn\v tXmnIsf \nbanXv. lo\amb Ipesmgnen \nv tamN\anmsX

ktmZb]pcn\vim]tamw

""\mdpt{X! Xs \mdph\mnb hkvXp, BtbmKy mcpsS Dn Dsmncnp I bmWv! Ccphihpap Krl {]Imiam\ambn,B\ns CcnnSfmbn Dbp ImWpp.AhnsSsbmw mKyhmm ]mpp; ]t, CukpJhpw B\hpsamw IqkpI hrnbmbnInSpXp sImt Fv NpSe Nnnp.tXmnbnmbncpsn, tXmnbmIm; a\pjy\pa\nmbncpsn; Cu ]Wsas\bncnpw?

\inpw. Cu henbhmscmw aqp s]mnsmtmSpw ]t, tXmnsb krnm Ahbvdnbmw...

""Iqknsemw Iq\t]mseInSpp. Htcmns\bpw ImWWw. XSnpsImgpv Fmw NnXept]mse Xnpw.'' ]nmn NpSeapphns hnhrnbmpIbmWv. NpSe XpSp: ""CsXmwa\pjycm hmtcsXv Hmbn IqknIbdn bm; FmtSmw hrntISmpw. Fn v

tXmnv InSsmdpXnbn''hSnthep tNmZnp: ""a\pjycm hmtcsXpshvXnmtbm?'' inh\mn {]XnIcnp: ""Xntms.Iam\w Xnn vIqkv hrntISmo v tXmosS]pdv IpXnctIam. AXm ]dXv!''

]f\nv kpNnnXamb Hc`n{]mbw B Ahkcn ]dbm\pmbncpq: ""XnWsatbpq\ Iqkv thWsan AXm sImgw''

(XIgn, tXmnbpsS aI)

1


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F{X XeapdI ISp t]mbncnWw? tXmn PohnXw Dt]n

m NpSeapp Xocpam\np. tXmnWn Dt]nv ivaim\]meI\mbn. aIs\ taml\ Fv t]cnp kvIqfn tNp.Ahs\nepw tXmnbmIcpsXv tamlnp. henb kz]v\Ip ]t, ]Ws {Kkn tImfd NpSeapphns\IhtXmsS kvIq Ipnbmb taml\\pw tXmnWnndtnhp. Fmw hn[nsbp IcpXn kln ap\n \npwbmYmyn \nv HfntmSm {ianv IcnmenWnbvpt]mb A\n \npw hyXykvX\mbn, hn[ntbbpw bmYmy

sbpw amm shp BepgbpsS ]pXnb XeapdbpsS{]Xn\n[nbmbn taml\ amdpp.

tXmnIfpsS \cIXpey PohnXs ]bmbn hcp ImnbXIgnbpsS t\mh kmlnXynepw tIcf kaqlnepw henbtImfnfw krnp. cv ]Xnmn\pn tXmnWn tIcfn \npw A{]Xyambn. 2013 emWv tXmnWn kqambn\ntcm[npsImp \nbaw ]esa v ]mmnbsXtmWw.

\Kcns hrnbpsSbpw shSnntbpw adp]pdambncpp

tXmnIfpsS \cIPohnXw. Cu \cIns Bm\w XIgn hnhcnp BepgWns ss\v tkmbn Untmbmbncpp.ChnsSbmWv Cinapphns\ IpgnnXv. aew am{Xa\Kcn\p thmsXmw sImphncnpXv ChntSbvmbncpp. Cu ss\v tkmbn Untm Ccp eamWvCs ktmZb]pcw; \Kcns amen\y Gphmmhn[ns {Kma{]tZiw. ChnSs Ccp]tXmfw Gew ap\nknmenn ]stm hmnbXmWv. (ktmZb]pcwFmbncpp As t]cv. Cu t]cv ]noSpmbXmWvAXns IY ]nmse ]dbmw).

aew UntmsXncmb kacns kvacWI AbhndnbmWv amcmcnpfw sXv ]mbns BZy {]knUmbncp sI Sn entbm ]nbpsS ]mbv kvacWIBcw`npXv. Hma\n F t]cn Adnbsncp sI Sn entbm]n amcmcnpfs IuXpIIchpw X\nabmXpamb hynXzambncpp. Bepg hgn sdbnmX thWsa Hbn\ am\ns^tmbpambn sskn Nnn Atlw ncw kzX{m\mnbmbncpp. AhnhmlnX\pw [\mVy\pambncpentbm ]n sNnmSv Bip]{Xnt]mep m]\vkuP\yambn `qan Zm\w sNbvXp. ImSp t]mse h acfm\n_nUamb Atlns ]dpImWptm IcpdnsssPhsshhnyspdnv ]TnWsan ChnsS \npw


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Bcw`nWsav Rfn Nne ]dbmdpmbncpp.

1953 BKkvXv 15\mWv entbm ]nbpsS t\XrXznamcmcnpfw sXv ]mbns BZy `cWkanXn \nehnhXv. ]pXnb cWkanXn m\tan v BZyw e`n ]cmXn BdmwhmUv sa hn F hokpw ehmknIfpw tNv \Inb`oa lPnbmWv. AhcpsS Bhiyw Bepg \Kck`bpsS aewUntm ASnbcambn amn m]nWsaXmbncpp.

aew Untm hnX ZpcnXsfpdnv entbm ]nbpsShnhcWw Cs\bmbncpp:

henb Ie hq A e n\p ]Sn mdv GXm\pw Gev Bepg ap\nknmenn m]nXmWv hnhmZ hnjbamb aew Untm. \Kcnse aehpw Npw Nhdpw A\mYt{]Xfpw ChnsSbmWv \nt]nncpXv. AhnsS Hcp aekmKcw Xs cq]saSp p. sNmcn aW {]tZiw ImSmbnamdn. AhnsS\np hanp AXncqamb ZpKw \mpImsc s]mdp Xn ap n p.

amen \yfn s]mSnp hf sIm sNn I sXpI B{I an p \ in np Xgp hf Imn tabm s\p IpImen I ]eXv aekm Kc n \n]Xnv Nnp v. aXntem thentbm HpanmsX Xpd m bn n SCXnte kcn Ien I h S m cn bmb Hcp kv{XobpwCXn hoWp acnpt]mbt{X! ihw tXSn Fp ]nIfpwCXn hogmdpv. csSp ]nI \mSmsI ZpKw]cpIbpw hoSpIfn Fn Akl\obamb ieyw Dmp Ibpw sNbvXncpp. hjImev ChnSw s]mnsbmgpInAb{]tZ i fnse tXmSp Ifpw Ipffpw aen \ am n bncp p. Xqew \mpIm IpSn \o InmsX hnj an npv.

ktm Z b ]pcw amen \y Un tm bn aehpw Np N hdpIfpwam{Xa A\mYt{]Xsfbpw Xnbncpp. Cu {]tZis P\Po hn X ns kakvX taJ e I fnepw Cu amen \y UntmF{Xam{Xw ZpcnXw hnXncppshv Cu HmpdnpIfn hy

amWv. Ic p ds IpSpw _ fpsS {][m\ D] hcpam\ amam bncpp hop h f nse GXm\pw sX p I. sIm sNn I fpsSB{IaWw aqew Ahbvpmb \miw apX amen\yw IevIpSn shw apn bXphsc \nXy Po hn X nse hnh c Wm Xo X ambZpcn X . Cs\ s]mdpXn apnbmWv aew Untm am WsaBhiyhpambn P\ ]mbv kanXnsb kao]npXv.


16/152


Cmev Cu {]tZisamw sImw PnbpsS mKambncpp.

sImw Pnm hnIk\ kanXn (Un Un kn) bn {]iv\w AhXcnnss nepw ]cnlmcapmbn. XpSv 1957 Bepg Pncq]oIcnsXn\ptijw Bepg Un Un knbn aew UntmkPoh Nbmbn. AXns\ XpSv Pnm slv Hm^oksdAt\z jWn\mbn \ntbm Kn p. CXn \n S bn ]m bvssltmSXnbn dnv lPn kao]np. Cu Ln aew Untmbn knhtdPv m v m]nm \Kck` Xocpam\np. aZncminbnse Hcp I\nbpambpmnb DSSn tcJ \Kck` ssltm

S Xn bn lmP cm n. Hcp hjn\Iw Cu m v {]h\wBcw`np. CXmbncpp ktmZb]pcv \Snemnb BZysB[p\nI kwkvcW kwhn[m\w.

knhsdPv m v A[nI\m {]hntn hn.tXmnWn ]Xnsb A{]Xyambn. \Kcnse hoSpIfn ]mIqkpIfpsS m\v Ipgn IqkpIfpw sk]vSnIv SmvIqkpIfpw hp. XIgn hnhcn tXmn PohnXw Ahkm\np._pw anbpambn cmhnse IqkpI tXmdpw Ibdnbndn,

aew tImcn _nemn, AXp \ndbptm hgnbcnInshnp IpnIfntev ]Iv, B IpnI ]p aWnsp ss\v tkmbn temdnbntev Ibnbncp tXmnIsf]gamv am{Xta Hmbpq. ]t, ktmZb]pcnsim]w XpSp. aew Hgnhmsbnepw av \Kcamen\yXm\p CSambn Untm amdn. \Kcn \np amen\yns Afhv IqSnhp. AtXkabw Cu {]tZis tXmnIfpsS tImf\n \Kcntep amn. `qclnXcmb ]mhktmZb]pctv IpSnIbdn. HcpImev P\hmkanmXncp{]tZi P\\n_nVambn. CtXmsS ktmZb]pcs amen\y{]Xnkn AXnKpcpXcamb Hcp kmaqly cm{ob {]iv\ambncq]mcsp.

{]XnZn\w 40 50 S XcwXncnm \Kcamen\yfmWvkao]Imev ktmZb]pctv FnsmncpXv. CXpIpanp IqSnbtXmsS GsXnepw Xcnep kwkvcWwAkmyambn. ]s kzothPv mpt]mse ]pXnsbmcpJcamen\y kwkvcW m v m]nv {]iv\w ]cnlcnm\papknmennbpsS {iahpw ]cmPbsp. hjImev amen\yqmcn \nv Hensp aen\Pew InWdpIsfbpw ap Pet{kmXkpIsfbpw hnjabamn. IoS s]cpIn. ZpKw aqewkao]hmknIv Xmaknm ]msXbmbn. XzIv tcmKkm{XnIambn. kao]hmknI kmaqlyambpw Hsp XpSn.


17/152


]ehoSpIfnsebpw IeymWt]mepw apSn. CtXmsS

{]Xntj[fpw kacfpw Dbphp. 2012 se Imehjmev klnsI P\ ktmZb]pcn\v D]tcm[tasSpn.

\Kcn\pn ]pdtmpIfnepw Hgn efnepsamw \Kck` amen\y IpgnpaqSn. ]t, F{X\m Cs\IpgnpaqSpw? AXpw \mgn Ipgnm shw ImWp \mn.A\nhmcyambXp kw`hnp. \Kcscpthmcfnsemw mnIvInn sInb amen\yw IpanpIqSn. agsbnbtXmsS \Kcw

Nop\mdm XpSn.

tamamw tXSnFmWp ]cnlmcw? FpInpw ktmZb]pcn\v

im]tamw? ktmZb]pcns tamw \Kcn\v im]ambnamdptam? \nehnep mp hn]peoIcnv \mbn \SmsavA[nIrX ]dpt\mn. ]t, ktmZb]pcpImv]pXnb ktXfntem apknmennbpsS Imcy{]m]vXnbntemhnizmkapmbncpn. CXmWv Hcp \qmns A\p`hw.\Kcamen\yw Atmpth FXmbn ap{ZmhmIyw. hnfnimebnepw emeqcpw sRfnb]dnepsamw {]tZihmknIfpsShnImcw HpXs. Atm FmWp sNm\mhpI?

R I Dcw efnXamWv. HcpImev ktmZb]pcns im]ambncp aewUntm CshnsS? \KcnHmtcmcpcpsSbpw hons. AXp hjw app aebmfnI Iqknembncpn aeaq{X hnk\n\p t]mbncpXv. "shfnndpI'bmbncpp. ]noSv IqkpI hp. BZyw]dns GsXnepw aqebn. ]noSv hoSn\p ]n]pdv. CtmIqkv InSpapdnbpsS DnemWv. ]{Xmknsbpw ]InnsbpwASbmffmbn B[p\nI tSmbvse pI amdn. a\pjyaewhon\pns kwkvcnpp. Ac\qmn\pn \psS{]IrXn h amw F{X hepXmWv.

FpsImv Iqkv amen\yw t]mse \psS ASpfamen\yhpw DdhnSn kwkvcnpIqSm. Iqkv amen\ywhon\pn kwkvcnmsan Fn\v ASpf amen\ywhensdnbWw? hons AXp kwkvcnpIqtS?.

Cu efnXamb tNmZyamWv \ne `h\w, \ne \Kcw]Xn \KchmknItfmSpbnbXv. \Kcw amen\y apamm\p ]Xn DNnXamb kmtXnIhnZybpsS XncsSppkw_n Hcp {]iv\w am{Xa. a\pjya\nemWv BZyw amw


18/152


thXv. "shfnndp' {]IrXn amw hXpt]mse.AXpsImmWv km[mcWKXnbn \Kck`bpsS {]h\ambn\St ipNoIcW{]h\n\p]cnbmbn P\tfmSv t\cnpkwhZnp \ne `h\w, \ne \Kcw ]Xnbvp cq]w\InbXv. ktmZb]pcn\p am{Xa, \Kcn\pw im]tamw \Im\mWo ]Xn.

Ign cp hjambn Bepgbn \Sp ipNnXzImbn\ns Hcp eLphnhcWamWv Cu {Kw. cp hjwsImv \Kcns at\m`mhnh amw hfsc hepXmWv.hensdnbp ioew ]qambn amdnbnn. tXmSpIfpw HmSIfpwhrnbmWw. lukv t_mpI henb XethZ\bmbn XpScpp.B[p\nI kzothPv k{Zmbw thXpv. Cs\ ]eXpw. ]t,Rpdpv, ASp th\meamIptmtgpw amen\yap\Kcambn Bepg amdnbncnpw. amen\y kwkvcW

n\p]tbmKn ktX, Chbvmbn \Snb {]NcW]cn]mSnI, ]pXpXmbn GsSpm t]mIp {]hrnI XpSnbhsbmw Ignbp{X kmtXnIXzw Hgnhmn RfnhnsS {]Xn]mZnpIbmWv. 2010 emWv Cy bqWnb {]knU v {]Xn`m]mo ipNnXztIcf eyns {]Jym]\w \SnbXv.AXn\mbp bn BepgbpsS A\p`h klmbIcamIpw Fp Rpdpv.



19/152


sXmgnet\zjnv Bepgbnsen sXmgnemfn t\Xmhmbnamdnb sI kn tKmhns HmIpdnpIfn (A{]IminXw)Bepgsbpdnp {]Xn]mZ\amWv apIfnepcnXv. 1920 sI kn tKmhn \S hgnbneqsS Ctm \Sp HcmImWp Nn{Xsambncnpw? ASpInSp ]mnIimeIfpw, Rcn aqfn \op s]mXptaJem Ib m]\fpw,HgpSv If \ndv InSp I\mepIfpw. {]uVamb]gbImens XI tijnpIfmWh. Nne tlmwtIfpw

BepgbpsS aqmw Pw

""1096 (1920) aIcamkn sImp\npwt_mn ]pds v Bepg t_mpsPnbnendn.tXmns adpIcbn tdmUn\pdambn \ofapHcp cp\ne sInSw ImWpIbpmbn. ]otbgvkvsen Fpt]cp Hcp bqtdm]y I\nbmbncpp AXv. GXmv Bbncntesd sXmgnemfnI AhnsS ]WnsbSpncp hensbmcp IbI\nbmbncpp AXv. HmSn ISI A[nIhpwH\ne sInSfmbncpp.... mIvSdnpw Itcn

pw kao]w \mb tlm, {_mWm tlm,t]mn tlm Fns\ t_mUpI Xqnbncpp. Chbn Cughv {]thi\ anmbncpp.NmnsnsbSp ev Ccp p thWwCugh DutWm Imntbm IgntXv. CcnmXdbn ]eIbnncnpw. {InkvXym\nIfpsSbpwapofpsSbpw tlmepIfn FhnsSbncppwBlmcw Ignm kzmX{yapmbncpp.

cmhnse t_mp sPnbn \nv Ccpp]men\p

sXphiw ImbwIpfw \oeIWvT Fbmfnstlmen ssIhiapm bncp km[\kqnmt\evn tijw tPmenbt\zjnvISIfpw I\nIfpw tXmdpw \Sp. tXmSnsIcbneqsS KpPdmnIfpsS I\nI hsc \Sp.]noSvadpIcbneqsS Xncnv t_mpsPnbntepw.sImhpw ]p\eqcpsamw Rm InpsnepwBepgbpsS {]uVn thsdmp Xs.''

(sI kn tKmhn HmpdnpI

(ssIsbgpptImn)

2


20/152


Sq/lukvt_mv Hmtdtgvkns Hm^okpIfpw ImWmw. ]gb

]e XdhmSpIfpw _wmhpIfpw tlmwtIfmbpw dntkmpIfmbpw amdnbncnpp.

BepgbpsS hrnbv cc\qmns IYbpv.tIcfnse CXc \Kcsftmse \nehnepm bncp{Kmatfm Itmftfm hnIknv cq]sX Bepg ]Ww.ISen\pw Imben\pw aynep Hcp {]tZiw Bkq{XnX\Kcambn ]WnXpbnbmWv Cu ]Ww cq]sSpnbXv.I\mepI, XpdapJw, ]mnIimeI, sInS, \ncpI

FnhbpsSsbms \nmWw kqvaamb Hcp Bkq{XW{]{InbbpsS `mKambncpp. GXmv Im\qmsSp Cu\nmW {]{Inb ]Xns\mw \qmns Ahkm\ZiIfnemWv Bcw`nXv. ChnsS XpSpp, Bepg ]Wns Ncn{Xw.Ign cc \qmns Ncn{Xs aqp Lfmbn Xncnmw.aqp P.

hmWnPy XpdapJ \KcwXpdapJ\Kcw FXmbncpp BepgbpsS BZyIme

{]uVn. XncphnXmwIqdnse tI{oIrX cmP`cWns hmWnPyIpI \ne\nm\p ]cn{ians `mKambmWv Bepg]Whpw XpdapJhpw cq]wsImXv. XncphnXmwIqdns hmWnPyIpIbvv hnLmXambncpXv sImnbnse Uv B[n]Xyambncpp. sImnbmbncpp As {][m\ XpdapJw. XncphnXmwIqdns IbpaXnpt]mepw sImnbn UpImv IwsImSptnbncpp. sImnbvv sXtmv IepIv t]mIWsanepw UpImcpsS A\paXn thnbncpp. Cu AhbvvAdpXnhcppI XncphnXmwIqdns kmnI eyvA\nhmcyambncpp. B[p\nI ssk\y kwhn[m\ sbpw_yqtdm{Ikntbbpw t]mpXn\v hmWnPyIp Ibn \nphcpam\ambncpp B{ibw.

sImhpw ]p d mSpw t]mep ]p cm X \ Xp dapJ ] W fpsS hym]mcn\pta ]mccy{]Imcw UpImmbncpp ta

tmbva. Cu ]WnSbn ]pXnsbmcp Xpd apJ]Ww XpSn bm ta d Io gvh g n \p am wh cpmw F m bn cpp Xn cp hnXmw Iqdn s Kq Ve yw. U p Im C Xv hIhpsIm Spn. Bepg Xocv \qcanncp Ad_nKpPdmn IepIp t\tc sImnbn \nsnb Uv ]SepI ]ocn{]tbmKnp. `ojWnsSpn sImnv ]nSnpsImpt]mbn. Ipf n bp n \p ti jw U p Im cp am bn hop sam cp bp n \v


21/152


I f sam cp p IbmtWm F v C cp Iq cpw k t lnp. A h km \w

amthencbn hmWv kpZoLamb knkw`mjWw \SXv.Bepgpw kzX{ {]h\mhImiw e`np. As\ BepgXn cp hnXmw Iqdn s Hmw \ hm Wn Py Xp dap J ambn op. AhntSsp hv kcnm Itagvky I\m am{Xwt]mcmsX hp. As\bmWv Icpdns AXnnbmbn Dmbncp tImbpsS InSv hmS\membn amdnbXv. PqXmcpwKpP dm n Ifpw Iv Imcpw sImn Wn Ifpw U pImcpw Cwo jpImcpsamw B e p g bn ]mp d np.

19mw \qmns BZyZiIfn XncphnXmwIq {_nojvB[n]Xyn\v Iognembn. ae_mdnteXpt]mse t\cnp`cWambncpn FnqSn {_nojv dknUns IognepcmPhmgvbmbncpp \nehn hXv. 19mw \qmnsAhkm\ambtmtgpw sImn XpdapJns \hoIcWn\v{_onjv t\hnbpsS apIn [mcWbmbtXmsS BepgXpdapJns `mhn sImnbSbvsp. B e pgbp sS hn I k \n\v NsNbvXpsImncp Acqpnbntep {Smwthbpw

BepgtNe I\mepsamw tImUv tmtdPnembn. hym]mcwsImnbntev hgnamdn. As\ BepgbpsS Hcp Pw Ahkm\np. ]ns \Kcns ]p\P\nv ASnd ]mInbXv Ibhyhkmbns A`nhrnbmbncpp. hmWnPy\Kcn \npwhyhkmb \ Kc ambn Bep g cq ]mc sp.

hyhkmb XpdapJ \Kcw1859 Pbnwkv Umdsb sFdojv hwiP\mb Atacn

mc\mWv Bepgbnse BZys Ib ^mIvSdn m]nXv.sln kvsabn F kmbv]pw UmdtbmsSmw IqSn. As\Umd kvsabn & I\n cq]sp. 20mw \qmns BZy]mZwhsc hfsc aKXnbnembncpp Ib hyhkmbns hf.Fm Hmw temIbpw IgntXmsS Bepg \KcnseIb hyhkmbw hfbpsS Dmbnbnembn. Umdm kvsabnam{Xa, hnyw KptUdpw ]ntbgvkv senbpw Bkv]nhmfpwthmmv {_tZgvkpw a[pc I\nbpw t_mws_ I\nbpsamwX fpsS Ib ^mdnIv Bm\ambn Bepg sXcsSpp. AXphsc tIcfn \nv Ib bqtdmnepw Atacnbnepw sImpt]mbn AhnsS Ibp]mbpw XSppw s\pIbmbncpp sNbvXphXv. ]pXnb ImeLn Bepgbnse ^mdnI temIhn]Wnbn acnp aptdm XpSn. BtKmfamyns Imev hneIpd Ib ]chXm\nIfpsS UnamUv


22/152


bqtdmn ]e aSv Dbp. Bepgbnse hyhkmbw A`qX

]qhamb ]ptcmKXn ssIhcnp. hntZinI am{Xa, sI kn IcpWm I c\pw Fw F P \m \ ]nbpw Fw ] b sIm b h Ivkns tk phpw t]m ep C ymcpw ^m dn I m]np. 1930I fnembncpp Cu g hkpdnbm\n apXem fnam cp sS cwK {] thiw.

Cu hy hkmbapXemfnamcpsS hfv kamcambn GXmv 50000tm fw I b m dn sXmgn emfn Ifp sS hhpw h fp.C h X n ep G p ap ep I fp sSbpw H p Xo p I fp sSbpwIYIfntev Cu k`n ISpn. Chcn _lp`qcn]

hpw ]WnsbSpncpXv Bepg ]WnembncpXn\m\K chevIcW ns {]iv\fpw cq]wsImp. A [nIrXv ipNnXzw Hcp thhemXnbmbn. almamcnI km[mcWmv am{Xa,ta emf mpw ] m f n \p samw `o j Wn bm bncpp. I ep Ihgn ]pXnb tcmK ISphp. Cs\ hnphcp ]ucmh iy sf Xr ]v Xn s Sp p Xn \v Iq Sp X ^ e {] Zam b am w{]mtZin I `c W kwhn [m \ fp mp I F Xm sW v {_nojpIm Xncndnp. CXmbncpp {_nojv Cybn ap\nknmen

nI cq]oIcnXns ]mew.

Su Cw{]qhvsa v Innbpw ap\nknmennbpw1894 emWv Bepgbn Su Cw{]qhvsa v Inn cq]oIcn

Xv. apv {_nojv Itagvky GPns NpaXebnepmbncpkm\ntj, BtcmKyw, tdmUv \nmWw, sXcphp hnfp In Fnh ]pXnb kanXnbn \nn]vXambn. Bepg bnseInnv Nne khntijXIfpmbncpp. asmbnSpw Unhnj t]jvImcpsS {]Xn\n[nbmWv {]knUmbncpsXnBepgbn Itagvky GPmbncpp FIvkv H^ntjym {]knU v. 1920 XncphnXmwIqdnse Fm Su Cw{]qhvsa v InnIfpw sXcsSps apkn IuknepIfmbn amdn. SuCw{]qhvsa v InnbpsSbpw ap\nknmennbpsSbpw apJyNpaXekm\ntj Xsbmbncpp. 189495 Su Cw{]qhvsa vInnbn Dmbncp 41 Poh\mcn 35 t]cpw ASnpXfnmcmbncpp.

1895 Adhpimebvpw aoNbvpw ew \nbnp.1896 tXmn k{Zmbw sImphp. Bepgbn IpSnshwHcp {]iv\ambncpp. ]Wm tImbp\nv hnsImph shamWv D]tbmKnXv. ]W\nhmknIpthnInWdpIfpw apw IpgnpXv Su Cw{]qhvsa v InnbpsSbpw]noSv apknmennbpsSbpw Hcp {][m\ {]h\ambncpp.


23/152


Ccp]Xmw \qmns Bcw`nembncpp sXcphphnfpIfpsS

cwK{]thiw.tKv, tImfd, hkqcn XpSnb ]Ihym[nIfpsS Imem

Wv {]mtZinI `cWpaXemcpsS {]h\w DmbnbnembXv. 193536 se XncphnXmwIq AUvan\nkvt{Sj dntmn,apkn Iukn amv hmUn s]mnpds tKvt\cnXp kw_nv Hcp eLphnhcWapv: hmUv ]qambpwHgnnp. 278 IpSnepIfpw hoSpIfpw Xobnp. FenIsf sImsmSpn. 44532 t]v Ipnshp \Sn. 26 t]cpsS acWn

Iem in tKv_m[ As\ \nb{Whnt[bamn. SuCw{]qhvsa v Inn shmcpsS \nb{Wnembncpp.Fm XncsSps apkn Iukn k{ZmbwhtXmSpIqSn {]mXn\nyw Bepgbnse \mS hI{]amWnammbn Xop.

kzmX{yentbmsS ap\nknmennbpsS `cWw IqSpX P\mb]cambn. A[nImchpw hnp. ]t BepgbpsS cmwPns Ahkm\w XpSpIbmbncpp Fv A[nIamcpw A

mev Xncndnn. Bepgbnse Ib hyhkmbn ta[mhnw ]penbncp hntZinI Adp]XpIfpsS BZyambsmtgpw ]nhmn. hyhkmb IbpaXnm tIhew hmWnPyIbpaXnmcmbn Xop. DmZ\w ]Wn\p shfnbnsesNdpInS mdnIfntev \on. BbncWn\v sXmgnemfnI]WnsbSpncp ]Wnse ^mdnI Hgnp. hntZitp IbpaXn Ips\ CSnp. CXv XpdapJs bnnp.{Ita W Xp d apJ ta Cm Xmbn. A s\ KXIme {]uVnbpsStijnpI t]dn \nevp Hcp t{]X`qanbmbn Bepg amdn.

Sqdnkw C\nsbmcp Pw IqSn] g b Xp d apJ s ]p \ cp o hn np I G Xm v A km y

amWv. ]pXn sbm cp b { h XvIr X I b ^m dn hy h km bw hfphcppv. ]t, AXv Bepg ]Ws tI{oIcnmhn.]n s F m bn cnpw B e p g bp sS h f m t{km Xkv? C hn sSbmWv Sqdnkns kmyXI ]cntim[nstSXv.

1986 kwm\w kin hntZi hnt\mZbm{XnI AXn\mbncn Xmsgbmbncpp. 2012 CXv 793696 Bbn Dbp.CtXImebfhn kwm\w kin B`ycSqdnpIfpsSFw 1076854 Bbn Dbp. Bepgbvv tIcfns hnt\mZkmc `q]Sn \memastbm Amattbm m\amWpXv. CtWmanv dnhyphns IWp{]Imcw Sqdnkn


24/152


\npw kwm\n\v 2012 e`n {]Xyhpw ]tcmhpamb

hcpam\w 20430 tImSn cq]bmWv. hntZi\mWb hcpam\w am{Xw4571.69 tImSn hcpw. kwm\ B`ychcpam\ns 9% SqdnkwtaJebpsS kw`mh\bmWv.

]nI 2.1

Bepg kin hnt\mZbm{XnIcpsS Fw

skIv 2009 2010 2011 2012

hntZiSqdnpI 33493 41977 46019 50760B`ycSqdnpI 164223 183416 199670 211749

BsI 197716 225393 245689 262509Ahew_w FtWmanIv dnhyq.

Bepg kinp hntZi SqdnpIfpsS Fw aqphjw sImv 50 iXam\ntesd hnp. B`yc SqdnpIfpsS Fn GXmv 30 iXam\w h\bpmbn. Fm e`yamb IWpI {]Imcw hntZiSqdnpIfpsS Ggv iXam\nXmsg am{XamWv 2012 Bepg kinXv. B`yc SqdnpIfn BepgbpsS hnlnXw 20 iXam\amWv. CXv kqNnnpXv`mhnbnse hfm kmyXIsfbmWv. Imbepw ISepw ktfnp ]pcmX\ hmWnPy \Kcns Sqdnkw hfmkmyXIfpsS sNdnsbmcp `mKw am{Xta D]tbmKsSpppq. ImbPeSqdnkn am{Xw DunbpXmWv Ctmgs Sqdnkw. ss]XrI, kmwkvImcnI Sqdnks AhKWnncnpp.

CsXmw a\n hpsImmWv Hcp saKm Sqdnkw ]XnXmdmpXn\v 2010 se _Pn ] Ww \o nhXpw Hcp IcSv]Xnv cq]w\InbXpw. Cu ]Xnv Ctm tI{kmcns AwKoImchpapv. ]t, CXntmgpw PeSqdnkn am{XwDu n sm p XmWv. ap kn cnkv, X e t cn ss] Xr I ] Xn I fpsS am XrIIfn \npw ]mTapsmm I gnnn. C Xp kw_ n X w th . C s Sq dn kw ] Xn bp sS cq ] tc Jbn Cmh \apv {]tXyIambn IqntmhptXbpq.]t, Cu ]Xn hnPbnpXn\v Hcp A\nhmcyamb LSIapv.AXmWv ipNnXzw.

ISocn\pw CS\mSn\panSbn Imbepw BdpIfpw]pmSfpw tNv {]IrXn hc caWob Nn{XamWv]Wns Ing {]tZiw. Ip\mSpw AhnSps khntijImjnI coXnIfpw IuXpIIchpw at\mlchpamWv. CXv Bepg


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bvv \Ip Sqdnkw kmyXIfmWv Cu ]gb XpdapJ \Kcns ]pXp{]Xo. av Sqdnkw tI{ \Ip A\p`h Bepg ]mTampI Xs thWw.

Ccnsemcp ]p\\n thWsan DchmZnXztmsS \apv {]IrXnhn`htfbpw AXns at\mlmcnXsbbpwImpcnWw. AgpSnv, Hgpv \ne I\mepIfntcmKhmlnIfmb PohnItfbpw t]dn ]pXpPntebvv \SpIbdm\mhn. \Kcs \mw F{X ipNnbmbn Impp FXns\IqSn B{ibnmWv Bepg \Kcns Sqdnkw `mhn.



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akq aebmf ans\ sXmSpXv t\cnp ImWpXn\mWv Adventure Journal (www.adventure-journal.com)s m]I\pw FgppImc\pw t^mtm {Km^dpamb Imknantdm 2011 BepgbnsenbXv. agbpw Impw `bv lukvt_mv BpXoc

Ipsmnbntevhnt\mZbm{Xtbm?

""Imehjw, Cym D]`qJfintev ISpXv ImWm\p XnSpn hfsc s]sv bm{X]p dstSn hp. Fm {]Xntcm[Ip nhbvpIfpw FSpm\p kabw F\nv Innbn. BistS HmcytabpqshvFs tUmFs Bizknnp. AXvsImXpIpIfmWv. ]Ishfnn Ipp sImXpIv sUn\n \Intbmw. cm{XnbpsS Ccpn Ipp asmcpsImXpIv atednb \Intbmw. {Kmanse s\

hbepIfpsS {]tZimWv Ipv InpsXnPmPzcamImw InpI.

HcmgvN Igntm GtXm ]mSv IpdpsIbp I\men Hcp henb sIphn RmsNps]p. Ccp v ]cpXpSnbtmtgv BZys sImXpIpkwLsan. t`jv, sImXpIpP\yamb tcmK{XbfpsS an{inXw Imv Rm\ncpp......{]iv\w Xopshv Rm\mizknp. Rm sImXpIphepnepw Pm Pzcw ]pdpw. s_Un

Np cpp Iq Sn smv s\n\nSbn IqSn H cp ssIkq{Xn ]pdn v ssev Hm^mn. s]sv Ip nmes kmlknIIYIfn Hv Fs Hmbnsen. hebvpn InSptm tZlwhebn sXmScpXv. Asn Hcp anYymkpcmt_m[n DdpXn\nsS sImXpIvhebv v]pdp\npw AXns sNdpZzmcneqsS \sf Zwinmw... .Dw! BdSn aqnpImc\mb F\nvAXv]dbp{X Ffpn sNmhp H. Inen

\mhs BdSn \ofta bpq.... F\nv k ln mhpXn\v Apdambncpp. sImXpIpI \pgpIbdpn Fpdv hcpn Rm Fs\tbmsImXpIphebvv]pdpISp. Ipfnapdnbn Ibdn jh Xpdp.(Declination: Dodging Mosquitos, Dengue Fever and

Encephilitis in India ohvImknantdm sk]v w_ 6, 2011)

3


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v Xs \qcanp. Imbentebvv t]mbn. Ccpv hoWtmt]m hnam\sftmse Ccnsbnb sImXpIv ]SsbImknantdm Xs tUmIvSdpsS hmpI Hmp. `oXn]qncpohns\ ^m sImp hcmsap]dv ssKUv cm[mIrjvWkam[m\nnp. CcnnSn\v cSn AIse Hcp Itkcbn mshv Idm XpSn. s\n\p apIfnep ]mXn DSens\sImXpIp]Sbn \npw m cnp. Atmgpw taibvSnbnse

]mXn icocn Ah B{IaWw XpSp. cm[mIrjvW HcpsImXpIpXncn Inpshp. Npn ASnp Imn hnjpIkmbvns apJtpXs ASnp Ibdn. ITn\amb NqSnicocw apgph ]i t]mep sImXpIp kwlmcn kvt{] sNbvXvhepn hfpIqSn InS B cm{XnsbpdnmWv ohv Imknantdm FgpXnbXv.. sImXpIpISn Imcyambn sImnpw Upthm,Pzctam ]nSns]ntm Fpw ohv Bizknppv.



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PohnXKpWXbpw tcmKmXpcXbpwhn I kn X cm Py sm w In S ]n Sn p B bpkpw B tcm

Kyhpw ssIhcn \mnemWo Ah FtmWw. Fv hFh t]m se A]cnNnXamb ] I hym [n I I S p h p.tImfdbpw Pzchpw Xncnsn. hbdnftcmK km{XnIw.inipacW\ncv ]{pw PohnXmbpkv 76 Dw Bbncnp \mn C cw H cp tcmKmXp cX Hcp {] tlfn I bmWv.

C Xn s Ip cp gn W sa n B e p g bn sebpw Ip \m S{] tZi n sbpw sh spw Pe a en \o I c Whpw ]cntim[\mhnjbamWw. Ip\mSv hnIk\ns t]cn ]WnX _v Hcp \mSns\ Ipntmdmn. Hmcpshns Ibw \netXmsS aykv bnp. ]mbepw t]mfbpw \ndp. Znhtk\bpmbn cp th en tb hpw th en bn d hpw \ne tXm sS B e p g bnsebpw Ip\mnsebpw Pemib \neambn. i_cnae apXen tm p mtj\p Ifp sSbpw P\ hm k tI{fp sSbpw amen\yhpw Io S \m in \n XpSnb hn j fpw Fmw BepgbnsePemibfn ASnpIqSn. CXn\v ]pdsabmWv \Kcamen\ysImv ]W fnse I\mep I \n d Xv.

HcpImev BbncWn\v sXmgnemfnI theIgnv honte v aS pwap v tZlw Igp In bn cp I\mep I fn Im sXmSm\mhmsXbmbn. Bepgbnse tcmKmXpcXbpsS tNcph ]TnmA hsbmw X s ]mcnnXnI XIm P \ytcm K fmsW v Im

Drawing by Reghu Harmony


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Wmw. then tb th enbnd CmXm b Xpw P emib fnte

v Nh dpI h en s dn bp Xpw a en\Pew H gp pXpw lukvt_m p I fn \np hn k Py Xnhn SpXp samw AXnKp cp X cam b ]m cn nXn I X I sImpmhphsbpImWmw. ImphnXv \mw sImSpmv sImpIbmWv. {]IrXnbpsStaep AXncpIhn ssItbspdnv hm\c\n \nv \c\n te v F p hnJymX teJ\n am Iv kv apdnbnp\Inbnpv. Xoapw _v \nnv {]IrXnsb IogvsSpnsbv AlcnhtcmSv amdmtcmKfneqsS {]IrXn {]XnIm

cw sNpp.Cu ZpcnXmgvNIfntev C\nbpw hnt\mZbm{XnI hsp

tam? ]m Xn X amibpw ]m Xn Im cy hp am bn o hv Im knantdm ] dphp ImcyanXmWv. hnt\mZkmcnI hmepw Csnepw\ apv F{X\m C s\ Xp Scm\mhpw? tcm KmXp c X bp sS `mchpwt]dn F {X\m NXns\mpwhn[w km[mcWm Po hnpw?



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tIc f nse \K c h XvI c W ns A c n p thKXamen\y Dev]mZ\nepw {]ISamWv. \nehnep \Kcfntep

IpSntbw FXnt\m D]t`mKns kz`mhnepmIpamw IqSnbmWv tIcfnse \KchXvIcWw. CXv \psS {Kmafn t]mepw amen\y{]iv\s KpcpXcamnbnpv. 2001 seImt\ jp amcn IW p I {]Imcw tIc f ns \K c P \ kwJy25.96% Bbncpp. 2011 CXv 47.72 iXam\ambn hnp. \KcP\kwJybn 92.72% s h\hmWv Hcp ]Xnmn\nsS DmbXv.

t\cs \nehnepmbncp \Kcfntev BfpI IpSntbdpXp sImpam{Xw DmbX Cu h\hv. \Kc fpsS

Fw Xs s]cpIpIbmWv. 2001 Imt\ jp amcn IW p I{]Imcw 60 myqdn \Kcfpw 99 skkkv \K cfpw ASw159 {]tZi sf bmWv \Kc fmbn IW mn bn cn p Xv. 2011 skkkv \KcfpsS Fw 461 Bbn IqSn. BsI 520 {]tZisfbmWv \K cfmbn 2011 Imt\ jpamcn IW mnbncnp Xv. \K c P \ kw Jy bnse h \hv t\cs kqNn n p h tm.tIcfnse IqSpX IqSpX {]tZi \Kckz`mhw ssIh

""\Kcneqnb `mhnbntep temIw IpXnptm AXns Dt]mXv]ambn \Kcamen\ywIpanp IqSpIbmWv. \KcPohnX ssienbpsS`mKambn hcp Cu amen\y \KchXvIcWns \ncns\mfpw thKn emWvhfcpXv. Hcp Zim_vZn\papv Bsfmpv{]XnZn\w 0.64 Intem{Kmw amen\yw Dev]mZnnncpnSp \nv Hmtcmcpcpw {]XnZn\w 1.2Intem{Kmw Dev]mZnnp \nebntev temIwFnbncnpp. 2025 BIptmtgpw 1.42Intem{Kmw BIpsapw IWm nbnpv.amen\yw D]t`mr kwkvmcns Dt]mev]amWv. D]tbmKnp hensdnbp ioenskrjvSn.

What a Waste - A Global Review of Solidwaste Management _ Daniel Hoornweg

and Perinaz Bhada-Tata

4

\Kcamen\yw hchpw Xchpw tNcphbpw


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cnpp Fw. \Kcamen\y kwkvIcWw tIcfns Hcp

{][m\ hnIk\ shphnfnbmbn amdpIbmWv.

\Kcamen\yns AfhvtIcfnse \Kcamen\yns Afhp kw_nv IrXyw

IWpIsfmpw e`ya. tiJcnpIbpw tI{oIrX kwhn[m\ntev ampIbpw sNp Jcamen\yns Afhv \Kck`IIrXyambn tcJsSpp ]Xnhn. e`yamb ]T\GtIm]nnv amen\yns t{kmXpw Xchpw tNcphbpsamw

kw_nv Nne \nKa\fn Fm {ianXv tUm. APbvIpam hbmWv (Status of Municipal solid Waste Generation inKerala and characteristics - Dr. Ajayakumar Varma, Excecutive Di-rector, Suchitwa mission, LSGD, GOK - 2008). \Kcamen\ynst{kmXpIfpw AhbpsS Afhpw Xchpw `uXnI, cmk kz`mhfpw AdntbXv icnbmb amt\Pvsa v kwhn[m\hpw kwkvcW kmtXfpw Ahwew_npXn\v A\nhmcyamWv.

2001 CESS Dw (Centre for Earth Science Studies) 2002 ]flem, amb Fnhcpw 2004 APbvIpam h, Zneo]vFnhcpw \Snb ]T\fpsS ASnm\n kwm\sicmicn {]XnZn\ {]Xnioj (Average Daily Per Capita WasteGeneration) amen\y Dev]mZ\w 178 {Kmw Bbn IWmmsa \nK a \ n h F n tp. CXns B[n Im cn I X bnAtlw Xs kwibw {]ISnnnpv. Hmtcm \Kck`bptSbpwIW v {]tXyIambn FSpptm henb AcamWv IXv.Iqp]dn aXnp IWv 34 {Kmw BsWn XetcnbnCXv 707 {Kmw BWv. C{X henb AcapmIpXn\v Hcp\ymbhpan.

1996 NEERI (National Environment Engineering ResearchInstitute) Cy \Kcfnse amen\y Dev]mZ\w Bsfmpv{]XnZn\w 210 {Kman\pw 350 CSbnemsWv IWmn. h\Kcfn CXv 1/2 Intem hscbmImsapw NEERI ]T\w Isn.CXn{]Imcw tIcf \Kcfnse amen\y Dev]mZ\w Bsfmn\v{]Xn Zn\w 210 {Kmambn IW m mw FmWv tUm.hFnt \nKa\w. 1996 embncpp. NEERI ]T\w. kZvLS\ bpsS hfbpw amen\y Dev]m Z \hpw Xn ep _w IWmn amen\y Dev]mZ\n {]Xnhjw 1.4 iXam\w Iv h\hpmIpsav temI_mns A_ sUhevsa v sk\Snb ]T\ NqnmWnnpv. CXns ASnm\ntIcf \Kcfnse {]XnZn\ {]Xnioj amen\y Dev]mZ\w 242


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{Kmambn IWmmw Fv tUm. APbvIpam h A`n{]mb

sp.CXns ASnm\n Bepg \Kcnse amen\y D

mZ\w kw_n Nne \nKa\fn Fm\mIpw. 2011 It\jpamcn IWp I {]Imcw Bepg \Kc nse P\kwJy 174164BWv. CXn Bdphbn Xmsg bp IpnIfpsS Fw 15434BWv. Bdphbn Xmsgbp IpnIsf Hgnhmn \nnbm158730 BWv P\kwJy. Ch {]XnZn\w icm icn 242 {Kmw tXmXn

amen\yw Dev]mZnnpp Fp IWmnbm Bepg \Kcn {]XnZn\w 38.41 S amen\yamWv DmZnnppv. 06{]mb ] cn [n bn ep Ipn IsfqSn DsSpn bm {]Xn Zn\amen\y D]mZ\w 42.15 S BWv.

Bsfmn\v {]XnZn\w 242 {Kmw amen\yw DmIpsa ASnm\ A \p am\w 2008se nXn K Xn I hp sIm m Wtm. CXn{] Xn hjw 1.4 i X am \w h v h \ bp mIpsa v I W m nbm {]XnZn\ amen\y DmZ\w 42.5 Sns\m IqSpX hcpw. am{X a Be pg \KctmSv tNv InSp \Kckz`mhap {]tZisfqSn tNv IWmnbm BsI P\kwJy 241072 BWv. CXmWv It\jpamcn IWpI {]ImcapAlleppy Urban Agglomerationse P\kwJy. AXn \Kck`bpsSAXnnbn Xma kn p h cpsS Fw am{X amWv 174164.CsXmw IW n se Sp p tm Be pg \K c nse {]Xn Zn\icmicn Jcamen\y Dev]mZ\w 50 Sn\p tasebmbncnpw.

Cu aXnpIWv \Kck`bpsS IWpIfpambn Hpt]mIpw. kthmZb]pcs mntev IbnbbncpXv 4050 Samen\yw FmWv IWv. \Kcn Xs Dt]nsSpam en \yw, {]tXy In v A ssP h am en\yw Iq Sn I W n se Sp m{]XnZn\ amen\yns Afhv 58 S hcpsamWv \Kck`bpsSaXnv IWv.

amen \y ns t{kmXkp Ifpw AfhpwBepg \Kck`bn {]XnZn\w DmZnnsSp 58S

am en\yw G sXmw X c n ep Xm Wv, A h bp sS D d hn S tf hXpSnb tNmZyp DcfmWv C\n ]cntim[npXv.amen\yns t{kmXkv kw_np \Kck`bpsS aXnv IWv ]nI 4.1 sImSpncnpp.


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]nI 4.1

\Kcnse amen\yns t{kmXkpw Afhpw

t{kmXv Afhv(S) iXam\w

KmlnI amen\yw 20 34.5IymW afi ]/lmfp I/Hm^o kp I 14 24.13IS I, N I 10 17.24

\nc p I 6 10.33\nmWw 4 6.9

Bip ] {Xn I/ Ad hp im e I 4 6.9BsI 58 100

Bepgbnse \Kc amen\yns 34.5 iXam\w hoSpIfn\np amen\yamWv. Cu amen\yw hophfnse sXnstbm

hmgbpsStbm Nphn CSpXmbncpp ]Xnhv. Cs\KmlnI amen\yw ASpf Irjnbn hfambn amdn. Av{]IrXnv Dsmm Ignbp XcnepXmbn \psSASpf amen\yw. AXns Afhpw A{Xtb Dmbncp pq.Imew amdn . \Kcnse B ]mp IqSn . Hgn efnmsXbmbn. sXmSnbnse hnfI hcpam\ amamsXbmbn.\mw hon D]tbmKnp hkvXpfpsS kz`mhw IqSnamdnbtXmsS KmlnIamen\yfpmp {]iv\ cqambn.

Dphsc Fpw mkvSnv IhdpIfn s]mXnXmWv \mwhmpXv. Ah ]nsbpw mnIv Innemn Xqnbmtet_m[nq. ]ns tNmdpw Idnbpw mnpw ]dnbpsSAhinhpsams AtX Inn sIn s]mXp\ncn Xpw.BepgbnemsWn Bpw thm Hcp eapv.tXmSpIfpw I\mepIfpw. AhnsS sImnm Bp tNXw?^esambncpp? tXmSpIfpsS HgppXSp, If \ndp,tcmKIoS s]cpIn. Adpmp AoemgvNbmbn

I\mepI amdn. BfpIsf Fs\ IpsSppw? amdnbImens\m Nne NnI thWsapw Nne amkzoIcnWw Fpw Bcpw BtemNnn. Fm t\fpsSbpwapIfn Xqp hmfmbn amen\y`mcw amdnbncnpp.

Ccp]n\mev iXam\ne[nIw hcpXv IeymWafi]fn \npw apamWv. XpWn hncn taibn Xqi\nebn hnfnbncp kZy Hm am{Xw. Cv t] hncn, AXn


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ISemkv Ce, hdhv C\ Hnp tNv tamSnbn Hcp mnIv

Inv. Fmw Ignp Hcv \npw H aSmWv. Npcpnt{Smfnbntem atm Ibn tXmntev Htcdv. _ncnbmWn kZybmsWn mnnsbpw t] ]m{XfpsSbpw ]qcambncnpw.NpcpnsbSpv tXmntetm tdmUntetm FdnbpXnChnsSbpw Hcpamhpan. I\ hmSI hmp afi]n\v CXvkwkvIcnm\p _myXbpv. kwkvIcnmhpXcw]m{Xfpw apta D]tbmKnm A\phZnmhq.

ISIfnse amen\yfn ]Xn\p iXam\hpw mnIv

]mnMv hkvXpfmWv. CXv \psS \ncpIfnse HgnaqeIfnepw Im\Ifnepw Xpp. \psS \msfsbbmWv Cs\\mw Xs ZpcnX]qampXv. CXnssbms D]tbmKw]qambn \nm\mhn. ]t, \nb{Wfpw kwkvIcWn\p NnIfpw ]mennsn \Kchpw I\mepIfpw\ncpw Fmw Ipsmnbmbn Xocpw. Adhpime amen\ywGXmv Ggp iXam\hpamWv. A{XXs Bip]{Xn amen\yhpwhcpw. henb Bip]{XnIfnse amen\yw IMA bpsS mntev

sImpt]mIpw. _mn imkvXobambn Intn (incinerate)hcpw. ]nghpI \on Adhpime {]h\ tbmKyam Ww;Adhv AhnsS am{Xambn \nb{nWw. Cv Adhp arKfpsSIpSepw ]hpsamw \psS I\menepw tXmnepw FdnbpIbmWv.Cu I\mepIfmWv BepgbpsS Sqdnkw `mhnbntev hgnXpdtXv!!!!!

amen\yns XcwXncnhpI\K c am en \y ns tNcph kw_npw Nne IWpI

e`yamWv. Bepg \Kcnse amen\yns 7580% ssPhamen\yamWv (compostable organic waste). ISemkpw apw 1011iXam\amWv. mnIv 45 iXam\w, XpWn XpSnbhbpsS Afhv67 iXam\w. d, eX, dIvkn Fnh Hcp iXam\hpw hcpw.amen\ynse Cuns Afhv 61.61% BWv.

]nI 4.2

amen\yns Xcw

Xcw iXam\wssPhamen\yw 7576%ISemkv etc 1011%mnIv 45 %


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XpWn, Ib etc 67%d_, eX etc 1.00%temlw 1.00%\nmW AhinjnjvS 23%B sI 100

Bepg \Kcnse Jcamen\yn A]ISImcnIfmbJcamen\yns Afhv CXc\Kc {]tZifnse icmicntb

m DbXmsWv CESS, SEUF FnhbpsS IWpIImWnpp. L\teml ASnb Jcamen\yw AeyambnhensdnbpXv KpcpXcamb ]cnnXn BtcmKy{]iv\krjvSnpw.

]nI 4.3

ap\nkn amen\ynse L\temlfpsS Afhv

L\ tem l ap \n kn m ennIfpsS B ep g icmicn ap \n kn m enn

Ccpv (%) 1.52 1.32amwK \okv 247 191\n 21 22.71Im Uv anbw 2.08 1.88seUv 308 164.57t{Im anbw 56 66.57tIm 68 106.58kn v 224 190.83

Ah ew_w CESS (2001), SEUF(2006)

D]tbmKw Ignv _mdnbpw kn F^v Fpw t]mep A]ISIcamb amen\y \psS honepmp ssPhamen\ysmamWv \mw \ncnepw Ipsmnbnepw

XpXv. ap ]e teml hkvXpfpw \mw Cs\ ]dnAhinjvSsmw \ndn Xpw. \ agbpw, amen\ynse I\ Cuhpw aqew Cu teml Awiw Duembn \psSPenepw anepw thKw Fpw. shneqsSbpw ao\neqsSbpwChnsSbpp ]dnIfneqsSbpw temlmwiw a\pjyicocnse Fpw. CXv AXoh KpcpXcamb BtcmKy {]iv\DmpIbpw sNpw. an L\temlfpw Imk Dmp


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hbmWv. ap ]eXcnep BtcmKy {]iv\pw ChImcWamImsav ]T\ hyamnbnpv.

a\pjyicocn sapdn ISXpaqeamWv 1950 IfnPm\n ao\amX ZpcapmbXv. sapdn Ie Pemibnse ayn \npamWv CXv a\pjycntev ISXv. \mUohyh XIv, AwK`wKw hv, ImgvN inbpw tIhnbpwXIv 17000 t]cmWv tcmK_[nXcmbXv. tcmKtmsS Ipp ]ndhnsbSpm\pw XpSn. 1970 Cdmn sapdn Iean \npw sImbvX tKmXv sImpm nb {_Uv Ignp10000 n A[nIw t]mWv hnj _m[bpmbXv. ImUvanbwInUv\n Imkdn\v hgn shpw. Imk Dmp hkvXphmbnmWv International Agency for Cancer Research(IACR-WHO)Chsb ]cnKWnncnpXv. seUv \mUo hyhsb tZmjIcambn _m[npXpw ISp am\knI Akzmyn\p ImcWamIpXpamWv. IpnIfn ]T\ sshIeypw seUv ImcWamImw.

Ccn Poh\p Xs `ojWnbmIp amen\yamWv \mwAeyambn sXcphn hensdnbpXv. ChbpsS kmnywBepgbn icmicnbn IqSpXemsWXv Iv XpdntHcp hkvXpXbmWv.



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]nI 4.4

ap\nkn amen\yfpsS cmk{]tXyIXI

cmk {]tXyIX B ep g \Kck`IfpsSicmicn

km{X 570 541.63Cuns Afhv(%) 61.61 55.74 Du am{X(k.cal/kg) 2393 1638.75

]n Fv aqeyw 7 7.31Im_ 17.98 19.60ss\{SP (%) 0.53 0.51Im_/ ss\ {SP 34.25 39.61t^m kv d kvs]tmIvsskUv (%) 0.72 0.41s]mmjyw HmIvsskUv (%) 0.44 0.50

Ah ew_w: CESS (2001), SEUF(2006)

hfamtbm C\amtbm amm Ignbp cmkkz`mhamWvBepgbnse \Kcamen\yn\pXv. Cuns Afhvamen\ynse Du DSw, ]n Fv aqeyw, Im_ ss\{SP A\p]mXw Fnhsbmw _tbmKymkv mpIpwItmnMv bqWnpIpw DXIp hn[nemWv. _tbmKymkvmpIfn \Sp hmbpkmnynem Zl\neqsS]camh[n hmXIw krjvSnm Ignbp cmkLS\bmWnXv.ItmnneqsS DmIp hfns KpWhntijw XnsSppXv Im_ ss\{SP A\p]mXw IWmnbmWv.KpWtabp hfw D]mZnnm ]mInep cmkkz`mhamWv Cu amen\yv FmWv Aw.

Bepg \Kcamen\yns 35 iXam\w hcp KmlnIssPh amen\yw _tbmKymkv mpIfpw ItmnMv bqWnpIfpwm]nv hoSpIfns ssIImcyw sNpXn\v kmtXnI

amb XSkfn Fw.


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AXn{ZpX \K chevcWhpw PohnXssi enbnep amhpwamen\y Dev]mZ\ns Afhv KWyambn hnm ImcWambn . Npp ]m Sp Iv kzm`m hn I ambn Dsmm Ign bp

Xntesd amen\yw Dev]mZnnpXpaqew amen\ykwkvIcWw Hcpshphnfnbmbn amdnbnpv. amen\yns kz`mhhpw Cu shphnfn ISpXmn. GXfhn amen\yw Dev]mZnnmepw ]pkmtXnIhnZy D]tbmKnv Ah kwkvcnp Ifbmw FmWv`mhw. amen\y Dev]m Z \ ns Afhv t_m[ ]qw Ipd bvpIFXv Cu cwKs ASnm\ XzfnsemmWv. AXpt]msebmWv ]p\cp]tbmKw F Xzhpw. AXn\ptijamWv ]p\xNw{IaWw F amw. Cu LnemWv kmtXnIhnZybpsS

{]tbmKw ISphcpXv.amen\yamt\Pvsan\v kmaqlnIhihpw A\ptbmPy kmtXnI hnZym{]tbmKns hihpapv. BZytXv amen\ykwkvIcWns IebmsWn cmatXv AXns imkv{XamWv.Ch bpambn ka\zbnnpsImp am{Xta \Kcamen\y kwkvIcWw kmyamIq. t_m[]qamb Acsamcp {iant\ ^ewsImm\m Iq. amen\yns Afhv Ipd bv Ww. A\n hm cy ambn

Cu \oehm\fnXgpInsbpanfw ImnIfIfw ]mSpao ]pgIfnhnjw XppakpctcR hnXmCu ]pXnb Ipcpt{X qanbnRfo a\pjyt\In AAn Acw Adnhpw\ntfm Xncnp \In

t_mw_pI ansskepIRfo {]]kXysapamp ]mSnbtm\n \mhpI AdppIpcpXnsbmcpn. (]cnjv Km\w)

5

amen\ykwkvIcWnsimkv{Xhpw Iebpw


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krjvSnsSp amen\yw kwkvIcnm A\ptbmPyamb kmt

XnIhnZy D]tbmKnWw. CXmbncnWw kao]\w.

\Kcamen\y amt\Pvsans kmaqlnI hiwDev]mZnnp amen\ya{Xbpw kmtXnIhnZy D]tbmKnv

ssIImcyw sNbvXp Ifbmw F at\m`mhw icnbsv t\cskqNnnphtm? amen\yns Afhpw Xchpsamw amen\y amt\Pvsan {][m\amWv. Npp]mSn\v (]cnnXnv) Xmm\mhmamen\y Dev]m Z \ amWv {]iv\ krjvSn p Xv. AtXk abw

amen\y Dev]mZ\w Hgnhmm Ignbn F hkvXpXbpw AwKoI cn Ww. Atmgpw A\n hm cy ambtX Dmhq Fp dmWw.at\m mhn C c samcp amw A\n hm cy am Wv. \K c am en\yamt\Pvsanse {][m\ hiamWnXv. AXv Hcp _Z aqeykwlnXbmWv. CXmWv CXns kmaqlnIXew. CXn\mbn s]mXphnAwKoIcns Nne Xzfpv. Ipdbv, ]p\cp]tbmKw,]p\xNw{IaWw FnhbmWv Cu {][m\Xz.

Ipd bvpI (Reduce)A\m h iy D ] t`mKw Ipd bvpI F XmWv CXns A

. Cu Ipd bv \psS Pohn X Kp W Xsb tZmj I c ambn_m[npIb sasSppIbmWv sNpI. AXn\v A\mhiyamb Nne hkvXpfpw coXnIfpw \ncknWw. s]m NcpI fp tSbpw A] I S Im cn I fmb hkvXp fp tSbpw D] tbmKw \ncknmw. AXpt]mse Xs ]mbvv sNbvX Hcpev]w hopwmnIv sImps]mXnbpXv HgnhmmhptXbpq. Hgnhm(Refuse) FXv amen\yw IpdbvpXns Hcp {][m\ hiamWv.Bhiyhpw Bnbpw thdndnbp Hcp ]p\Nnbpw (Rethink)Xncndnhpw (Realise) Cu Ipdbvens `mKamWv. {]IrXnbpsShmlItijnbvv CWm Dev]v _ZepI Isn(Replace) D]tbmKnpI FXpw Cu kao]\ns A\nhmcy`mKamWv. mnIv Imcn_mKpIp ]Icw {]IrXnv CW pXpWn, t] knI D]tbmKnpXpw sdUyqkv F XXz

ns `mKamWv.]p\cp ]tbmKw (Reuse)

tISp ]m Sp I Xov (Repair), t]mcm bva I ]cn l cnv(Rectify)Hcp Dev]ns D]tbmK Imew \apv \omw. \\psSPohnXns A\nhmcyLSIfmbn amdnb CeIvt{SmWnIv Dev] fpsS D] tbm K ns Imcy n Cu Xzw hf sc tbsd


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{]k am Wv. Iyq ASw ]e Ce Ivt{Sm WnIv hkvXp fpsSbpw \nmWn\v seUv ASw A]ISImcnbmb L\teml KWy ambn D] tbm Kn p p. Hcp Iyq tamWn dnsBsI `mc ns 6 iX am\w seUv BWv. Ch Ipd Imewam{Xw D] tbm Knv hen s dn bpXns A] ISw Btem Nnpt\mq! ChbpsS D]tbmK Imew hnnpI FXv {][m\amWv. AXnkoamb Iyq t{]m{KmapI D]tbmKntn

hcp I\nIpw tkm vSvshb tI{pw \nnXImeb fhn\pn Iyq amtn ht mw. Fm Ch Iyq dns {]mYanI ]mT ]Tnp kvIqfpIfnepw apw [mcfambn cn pw. Atm tv Ch amn bm (Relocate) A{XbpwCamen\yw Ipd bvm \m Ipw. dn b, sdIvSnss^, do semtvFnh do bqkv F Xzns A\nhmcyLSIfmWv.

]p\xNw{IaWw (Recycle)

Ipdbvepw ]p\cp]tbmKhpw Ignnpw A\nhmcyambn DmIp amen\ys ]p\xNw{IaWw sNmw. amen\y A\ptbmPy kmtXnI hnZybpsS klmbm ]pXnb Dev]fmnamp coXnbmWnXv. amen\yn\npw ]camh[n D]tbmKaqeyamb hkvXp hosSppXn\mWv ChnsS {]m[m\yw. ssPhamen\yn\npw hfhpw C\hpw thXncnsSpv D]tbmKtbmKyampXpw dosskowKv BWv. CXn\v Hcp apIcpX



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Bh iyap v. Fmcw amen\y fpw Iqn tv ]p\x Nw{Ia

Wn\v hnt[bamm\mhn. amen\yw XcwXncnv am{Xta ]ehn[ n ep ]p\ Nw {I a W n\v hnt[ b am m\m hq. CXn \m Is,Inn sIn Fmw IqSn hensdnbp a\v amdntb Xocq.

amen\yamt\Pvsanse Cu kmaqlyXes A`nkwt_m[\sNm\mWv "\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw' ]Xn \smcp ]v{i tI{oIcnXv. AXn\mbn \Snemnb ]cn]mSnIfpsS hniZmw i XpSp Aymb fn hni Zo Icn p p v.

A\nhmcyambn krjvSnsSp amen\yw kwkvIcnpXn

\p kmt XnI kmy X Isf kw_ nv eLp ] cn tim [ \ bntemWv C\n \mw ISpXv. \psS \Kcamen\yns knwl`mKhpw C\amtbm hfamtbm ammhp ssPhamen\yamWv Fv\mw t\cs Ip. CXns kwkvI c W n \p kmt XnIkmyXI kmam\yambn ]cntim[nm\mWv ChnsS {iaw. "\ne`h\w \ne \Kcw' ]Xnbn ChbpsS {]tbmKw AXnsA\p`hw Fnh XpSp Aymbfn ]cntim[nmw.

\Kcamen\ykwkvIcW ktX\K c am en \y kw kvI c W n\v e`y amb kmt XnI hnZy I

ssPh cq ]m cWntem (Bio Conversion), Xm]ob cq]m cWntem (Thermal Conversion) A[njvTnXamb kmtXnI hnZyIfmWv. Bio Conversion kmtXnI hnZy D]tbmKnv ssPhamen\y Itmmbpw ssPhhmXIambpw ammw. ssPhamen\ysC \hpw hf hp ambmWv ampXv. Pze\w/In emWv Ther-mal Conversion kmtXnI hnZyIfpsS ASnm\ kz`mhw. XcwXn cn m amen \y Db Dujvam hn Inv amt\PvsNp Cu coXn s]mXphn kzoImcyambnn. Ipd tXmXnep In Bh iy am tbmw. t] tp I t]mepamen \y ssIImcyw sNm\mWnXv. Fm aen \o I cW \nb{W am\Zfifpw ]menp am{Xta Ch \Snemmhq. ssPh,AssPh amen\yfpw A]ISImcnIfmbhbpw Hnv InpIq Thermal Conversion mpI s]mXpth ]mcnn Xn IambnAkzoImcyamWv. am{Xa, Ch Db Afhn Duw Bhiyamb Dukm{ kmtXnI hnZybmWv.

Kymkn^ntjIm_ ASnb aen\hkvXp HmIvknPs kmny

n Db Dujvamhn hnLSnnv hmXIfmp{]{InbbmWv Kymkn^ntj. Im_ tamtWmIvsskUpw


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ssl{UP\pamWv CXns `mKambn DmIpXv. CXns\ kn

Kymkv (synthesis gas) FmWv hnfnpI. kn Kymkv DbaXbp C\amWv. 700 Un{Knbne[nIw DujvamhnHmIvknPs kmnyn \Sp cmk{]{InbbneqsSbmWvChnsS hmXI Dev]mZnnpXv. _tbmKymkv mpIfn\SpXpt]mse HmIvknPs A`mhnep ssPhhnLS\akw`hnpXv. dnbmIvSdn hmbp ISnhnv ssPhamen\ynsNdnb `mKw Inpp. Atm Im_ tamtWmIvsskUpwDuhpw DmIpp. CXv Hcp cmwL {]h\n\p

IfsamcppIbpw sNpw. Cu {]{Inbbn tijnp amen\yw]qambpw ssl{UP\pw Im_ ssU HmIvsskUpambnamdpw, CXmWv kn Kymkv. CXp sshZypXnbmn ammw. CukmtXnI hnZybpsS ]WsehmWv Ghpw henb ]cnanXn.]eXcnep Kymkn^ntj mpI e`yamsWnepwChbpsSsbmpw {]mtbmKnIaX \psS \mn th{XsXfnbnsnn.

\psS amsav?\psS \Kcamen\yns 70 iXam\ne[nIhpw Cuw

IqSnb Agp Ip ssPh am en \y am Wv. CXv amt\Pv sNp Xn\vBio Conversion kmtXnI hnZyIfmWv A\ptbmPyw. ]e Xcnep Itm npw ssPhhmXI mp Ifpw BWv Ccw amen\y kwkvIcnm A\ptbmPyw. AtXkabw \psS \Kcamen\yns GXmv Ansemv mnIv mkv, Sn XpSnbAgpIm AssPh amen\yfmWv. Ch ssIImcyw sNpXn\p kao]\sav FXpw {][m\amWv.

Hcp Imcyw hyw. Ch sbmw Hnv ssIImcyw sNpIkmya. XcwXncnv {]tXyIw {]tXyIambn ssIImcyw sNWw.ssPh am en \y Itm nMv hgntbm _tbm Kymkv mntemkwkvI cn Ww. AhbpsS t{kmX kn Xs, As n kao]v Xs kwkvIcnpXmWv Daw. amen\yw A[nIw Zqctv Db Afhn ISnsmpt]mIpXv A`nImayaF XmWv temIs mSpw kzoIcnn cnp Xzw.

hnhn[ Xcw Itm nMv coXnI \nehnep v. hoSpIfnepwhmWnPy m] \fnepw m]n mhp kmt XnI XnIhp_tbm Kymkv mp Ifpw Cv e`yamWv. t{kmX nse amen\ykwkvI c W n emWv "\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw' ]Xn{]mapJyw \evIp Xv. amen \y t cp h bn ssPh amen \y nsDb Af hmWv CXn tI{oIcnm ImcW amb Xv.


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ItmnMv F efnX kmtXnIhnZyhmbphns kmnyn kqvaPohnIfpsS {]h\n

eqsS ssPhLSI hnLSnnv hfamn amp {]{InbbmWvItm nMv. kqvam Wp ssPh L S Is hnL Sn nv hfamn ampw. Cu {]{Inbbn Dev]mZnnsSp NqSv tcmKImcnIfmb IoSsf \innpw. XcwXncnm amen\y Itmnn\p hnt[bamIptm mnIv ASw AssPh hkvXphf n tNcmsX InSpw. CXv Acnp amn KpW \n e hmcaphfw thXncnsSp AXoh tiIcamWv. \psS \Kcfnm]n Itm nMv bmUp I fn semw hym] I ambn kw` hnZpcw CXmbncpp. AssPhamen\yns Afhv GdptXmsSItmnMv AkmyamIpIbpw mpI UnMv bmUpIfmbnamdpIbpw sNbvXp.

]e Xcw Itm nMv coXn I {]Nm c n ep v. tIcfnGhpw {]NmcnepXv hnt{Um ItmnMv coXnbmWv.sImbvp Ignv sshtmspI \nc\ncbmbn IqnbnSp

Xns\bmWv hnt{Um Fp ]dbpXv. Cu amXrIbn ssPhamen\yw \ncpp. hmbp kmcw DdphcppXn\v amen\ywCSbvnSbvv CfnsmSppp. CXv ]mmXycmPyfn]qambpw b{hevrXambnmWv sNpXv. b{ k lm btmsS amen\yw anIvkv sNbvXv Itm nMv thK n em pkwhn[m\amWv Csh coXn.

tIcfn sjUpIfn XpdnmWv amen\yw hnt{UmbnSpI. ImbnIamtbm b{w D]tbmKntm Cfpp. {]tXyIw

Xm dm p _np I fn ssPh am en\yw AS cp I fmbn \ndvItmnn\v hnt[bamp _n Iwt]mnwpw ]e cmPyfnepw D]tbmKnepv.

{]tXyI C\w anc bp sSbpw kqvam Wp fp sSbpwkwbp {]h\neqsS ssPhamen\yw hfamn amp coXnbmWv anc ItmnMv. ancbvv PohnpXn\p A\pIqekmlNcy kwcntXv ChnsS A\nhmcyamWv. IoS\min \n I fpsS kmnyw, Aan X ambn Fbpw Fcnhpw ]pfnbpw

Fmw ASnb amen\y Fnhsbmpw ancbvv ]Yya.AXn\m Xs \psS h \Kcamen\y kwkvIcW tI{v anc ItmnMv tbmPnX. AtXkabw hoSpIfn\nb{nXambn sNmhp ItmnMv coXnbmWnXv. Ghpw \ssPhhfamWv anc Itmv. IpSpw_Irjnbpambn IntNvNnbmbn sNmhp HmWv anc ItmnMv.

"\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw' ] Xnbn D] tbm Knp


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cp ItmnMv kwhn[m\fpv. 1. ss]v ItmnMv 2. Fb

tdm_nIv ItmnMv. ASnm\]cambn cpw _n ItmnmWv. tIc f ns Imem h bvpw amen \y ns kz`m hn\pw Fmw A\pkcnv th ]pXpepIfpw Iqntepwhcpn ]cnjvIcn kwhn[m\fmWv ChnsS m]npXv. ChbpsS kmtXnI hni I e\w A\p_n \evInbnpv.Ipd Af hn emsWnepw shan Itm npw apw Bep gbn ]conppv.

_tbmKymkv mpIhmbp k an msX, Pe ns kmn y n ssPh am

en\yw hnLSnnp {]{InbbmWv _tbmKymkv mpIfn \Sp Xv. aqp Xcw _mIvSocn b I ssPhamen \ys {Ia ambnhnLSnnv ssPhhmXIhpw hfqdp dnbpw Dev]mZnnpIbmWv sNp Xv. ssPh hm XIw {]IrXn hmX I a . {]IrXnhmXIw s]t{Sm fnbw Dev] am Wv. aotYbv\pw Im_ ssUHmIvsskUpamWv _tbmKymkv mpIfn Dev]mZnnsSp

Xv. Hcp Iyp_nIv ao ssPhhmXIns C\aX 0.62 enas , 3.5 Intem {Kmw hndIv, 0.433 F ]n Pn Fn hbvvXpeyamWv. ssPhhmXIns tNcphbn 6070 iXam\w aotYDtmgmWv CXv Imcy aXtbmsS ImWp Xv. Im_ ssUHmIvsskUns Afhv IqSp Xv A`n Im ay a . IrXy ambpw {Iaambpw Zl\w \SmXncnptmgmWv CXv kw`hnpI.

_tbmKymkv mpI \psS Zl\hyh t]msebmWv.AcpXmtXm Bhiyne[nItam amen\y mn \nt

]nm Zl\tSv Ddv. AXv m v ]WnapSpXntev \bnpw. IrXyamb ]cn]me\w Bhiy ap Hcp kmtXnI hnZybmWnXv. Hmtcm mntbpw tijn\pkcnv am{Xw amen\yw \nt]npI. Zl\{]{Inbbn ]sSpp kqva PohnIv A\pIqeamb Ah DdmpXn\v {inpI, AcpXm hkvXp mn \nt]npXv HgnhmpI, Ccn eLphmbNne NnI ]menv Imcyaambn D]tbmKnm Ignbp Hcpamen\ykwkvIcW kwhn[m\amWv _tbmKymkv mpI.

]cnNcWw Bhiyamb HmWv _tbmKymkv mpI Fp]dtm? _tbmKymkv mpI ]cntim[npXn\pw dnbsNpXn\pw Cu kmtXnI hnZybpsS hniZmwi kzmbamnb Hcp kokv Sow DmIWw. Ccsamcp kwLw Dmn\ne\npp FXmWv "\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw' ]XnbpsS Hcp khntijX. ap ]e efnepw m]n _tbmKymkv mp I Dt] n s Sp Xn\p ImcWw IrXy amb


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kokv \evIm IgnbmXmWv. Cu t]mcmbva ]cnlcnv mpIfpsS {]h\w kpKaamm Bepgbn klmbnpXvkokv Soans kmn y am Wv. kokv Soans\ kw_ nv]nmse hniZambn {]Xn]mZnppv.

]e AfhpIfnepw kz mhnepap _tbmKymkvmpI Dv .

KmlnI ssPhamen\yw ssIImcyw sNphm Ghpw tbmPnamXrIIfmWvBepgbn sXcsSpnpXv. 1 m3tijnbpFSp p ammhp (Portable bio gas plants)amXr II fmWv hym] Iambn D]tbmKnpXv. tIm{Iov dnpIfpw vtfmnMv tUmapw(hmXI Ad) D nIvkUv mpIfpw m]nppv. hmWnPym]\fnepw apw ^nIvkUv mpIfmWv D]tbmKnpXv.

amen\yw Hcp kmaqlnI {]iv\amWv. AXn\v tIheamb kmtXnI ]cnlmcw kmya. ssIImcyw sNmhp ]cn[nIv

\npI FXv Hcp kmaqlnI eyamWv. Atmgpw A\nhmcyamb Afhn amen\yw Dev]mZnnsSpw. AXv kwkvIcnpXn\v A\ptbmPyamb kmtXnI hnZy {]tbmKntXpapv.Cu cv LSIfpw ka\zbnnv am{Xta tIcfw Cv t\cnSp{][m\ shphnfnbmb \Kcamen\y {]iv\s t\cnSm\mIq. Acsamcp {iaamWv Bepgbn \Sp "\ne `h\w \ne\Kcw ]Xn.'



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BZy Imesmpw amen\y kwkvIcW spdnv BtemNn n cp tXbn . ChnsSsb Fhn sSbpw Ccw tI{ m]nXv \Kcamen\y XpXn\p tI{w (dump yard)F XcnembncnWw. 5 ]XnmpImes amen\y amWv 14G hnkvXrXnbp kthmZb]pcw bmUns ]e `mKfnembn IqSnnSpXv. CXn ssPhamen\yw apgph ImegwsImv ambn amdn bn p v. aet]mse IqSnnSpXn`qcn`mKhpw mnIv, XSn, Sb, Ccpv XpSnbhbpsS AhinjvSfmWv. CXv imkv{Xobambn aqSn emUvkvtIp sNpXn\v

ipNnXzanj\v At] \evInbnv Hcp hjntesdbmbn.amen\yw IpgnpaqSpXv Aimkv{XobamsWpw HgnhmtXmsWpap Imcyspdnv Xan. Fm ktmZb]pcv Fsnepw ]pXnb amen\yw IpgnpaqSpXns\pdnmbncpn At]. adnv F{Xtbm Imeambn AhnsS InSpamen\y HhW Iymp sNbvXv Cs A{ioIcambAh CmXmembncpp {iaw. ChnsS \nv ChsbmsFSpp amn thsd FhnsS sImpt]mbmepw emUv nnnt\

]pIbpq. Cu efnXamb bmYmyw ]cnKWnmsX Hcphjmew ^ben Imcy N sNbvXv Ahkm\wktmZb]pcv cmasXmcphw kacw A\nhmcy amn.CXntev ]noSp hcmw.

amen\ykwkvIcW mpI ]cmPbsSpsXpsImv?20042005 Ime mWv Hcp B[p \nI amen \y kw kvI cW

]pgI Im v hgnIho v sXmSnI IppIaen\amnSmsX\nXyapdhnSfnNhsdms thXncnpthsdbmpInXpSn hp \fmZyNphSp wKnbn

(lcnX Ipd knt tkmMv A\nXm Xn)

6

BZyw thXv t{kmXknXsXcwXncn


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mns\Ipdnp NI Bepgbn Kuchambn DbcpXv.

2005 G{]n 11mw XobXnbmWv Jcamen\ykwkvIcW ]Xnv\Kck` Hu]NmcnIambn AwKoImcw \evIpXv. Andra PradeshTechnology Development and promotion center (APTDC) Fm] \ ns ]Xn \ntiw \K ck` AwKoI cn p. 2005 [mcWm]{Xw Hw shp. 2006 s^{_phcnbn tS Io ASnm\n Cu ]Xn \SnempXn\v APTDCbpambn \Kck` Icm dn GsSp Ibpw sNbvXp. {]XnZn\w 50 S \K c amen\yw ssIImcyw sNpXn\p mmWv hn`mh\w sNbvXXv.

Adhpamen\yw, ao ]dn amnse amen\yw FnhbSw 50 S amen\yw kwkvI cn p sap ]d bp Icm dn\nmW kma{KnIfpsS AhinjvS, Bip]{Xn amen\yw, A]I S Im cn I fmb amen \y Fn hsb {]tXyIw Hgn hm n bn pv. 4000 NXpc{i ao hnkvXrXnbp ItmnMv bmUv \nnvhnt{Um ItmnMv kwhn[m\w hgn \Kcamen\yw hfamn ampXn\pw AhinjvS amen\yw kpcnXambn adhp sNpXn\pap ]Xnbmbncpp CXv. CXn\p th \nmWw b{kma

{KnIfpw apw hmn m]n XpSn ]coWmSnm\nm v \Sn ImWnp Xn \p D chmZnXzhpw Icm{] ImcwAPTDCbvmbncpp. ]coW \Snns kabv {]XnZn\w50 S \K c am en\yw mn Fpw Fv Dd m tDchmZnw \Kck`bvmbncpp. mn Dev]mZnnp hfwAPTDCbvv Ah Im is Xmbn cn pw.



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3.77 tImSn cq] bm bn cpp ] Xn bpsS sNe hv. APTDC

kwm\ km AwKo Icn Hcp tkh\ZmXmhmbncpp. Cu]Xn APTDCapJm ncw Turn Key ASnm\n \Snemp Xn\pw kwm\ km A\p aXn \evIn bn cp p. CXns\XpSmWv \Kck` APTDCbpambn [mc Wm ]{Xw Hp shpXv. \nba]camb A\paXnI e`yamn ew ssIamdngnv10 amkn\Iw {]hrnI ]qoIcnv m v Ioj sNW saXmbncpp Icm. ]Xn ]qoIcnp Xn\v A hyam b Im e Xma kw h cp n sb v am {Xa, ^ e {] Z am bn m v

\SpXnepw IcmdpIm ] cmPbsp. Inv 510 S amen\ywam{XamWv ChnsS Itmmn amnbXv. _mn hcp 3040 Samen\yw t\cs ChnsS Ipp Iq n bn cp amen \y tm sSmwIqn t s Sp \ne bm bn. Itm nMv bmUn tep hgnbnepw apw amen\yw IppIqSnbtXmsS Atmtv amen\ysanpXv Xs Akmyambn. agmesaptmtgv KpcpXcamb ]cnnXn BtcmKy{]iv\ DSseSpp nXnbmbn.

CXv ktmZb]pcv am{Xa, kam\amb tI{oIrX mp

I m]n hnfnime, {_]pcw, emeq, sRfnb ]dvFnhnSfnsemw Dmb A\p`hfmWv. \nbambpw Nnes]mXpImcW Cu {]Xn`mkn\v ]nnepmIpw. \KckÌ hyXykvX tkh\ ZmXmfpambn Dmnb IcmdpI ]cntim[nm Hcp Imcyw hy am Ipw. GXmv Fm IcmdpIfnepw\KckÌ IpdXv C{X amen\yw mn FnWw Fhyh Ds Sp n bn cp p. Be p g bn {]Xn Zn\w 50 Samen\yw Fn W sa Xm bn cpp hyh . DS Sn {]Im cap{X Afhv amen\yw Fn m ]cm P b s Xns\ XpSvtkh\ ZmXmv \KckÌ \jvS]cnlmcw \evtI Ahbvpw tIcfn Dmbnpv. CXv hyamp Hcp kwKXn bp v.

Jcamen\yw F{Xbmbmepw AXv tI{oIrX mn kwkvIcnm Ignbpw F [mcWbnembncpp s]mXphn tIcfw. CXvkmtXnIambn kmyamtWm? kmaqlnIambpw ]mcnnXnIambpwkzoImcyamtWm? km nIambn \ne\nevp XmtWm? CcwBi I tfmSv tIcfw s]mXp hn apJw Xncn p I bm bn cp p.Fm AkzoIm cyhpw Akm y hp amb Cu h ] Xn IkrjvSn ZpcnX A\p`hn P\ {ItaW {]tm` cwKvFpIbmbncpp. Cu Ah XsbmWv Bepgbnepw kwPmX am b Xv.

mpIfp sS \ Snn I cm dpIm henb Aew`m hhpw ]m


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fnIfpw hcpn. mpIfpsS kmtXnIhnZybnepw Htsd {]iv

\ fpmbncpp. Hcp mnt]mepw ssPhamen\yfn\nvHen ndp eo sv kw kvI cnp Xn \p ku I cy fpmbncpn. agmev Cu {]iv\w hfsc KpcpXcambn. ZpKns\mw P\fpsS {]Xntj[n\nSbmnb LSIw Peaen\oIc W am bn cpp.

DdhnS thXncnens {]m[m\ywGhpw A Sn m \ ] cam b Im c W am bn R Im Wp Xv

am en \y X cw Xn cn m sX bmWv kw kv I cW tI { n te vsImp s]m bv sm n cp Xv F bm Ym y amWv. Fm cwssPhAssPh amen\yfpw Iqambn hnt{Um Itmkvnn\v hnt[ bam p I bm Wv sN bv XXv. C Xv c p X c n ep {] iv\ krnp. Hv, Itmkvn AssPhhkvXp CSIepInSp. CXv b{klmbtmsS Acnv thXncnp k{Zm bamWv FmbnS p apmbn pXv. F m X Sn jWfpwS bdpw apw Cu b { fn Ip Sp n A h ] e tmgpw tI Sm hpIbpw {]h\w \nebvpIbpw sNpXv ]Xnhmbn. cv, AcnsSp Itm kv nemh s cmk] Zm fpw a pw CS I e ncpp. k tm Z b]p c mI s m n Iv Xcn I fp sS Af hv IqSp XemWv F hkvXpX NqnmWnv FACT t]mep s]mXpta J em m ] \ t]mepw h fw hm p Xn \p [m c W bn\npw ]nhmpIbmWv sNbvXXv. AXn\hsc IpsSpm\pam hn.

^e{]Zambn amen\ykwkvIcWw \Sp HcnSpw amen\y thXncnmsX Iqambn kw`cnp k{Zmbw ImWmIgnbn. ]mmXycmPy GsXSpmepw hfsc IrXy ambn amen\y thXncnv hyXykvXZnhkfn hoSpIfn\nv kw`cnp coXnbmWv ImWm IgnbpI. Nne Pm\okv ] Wfn ho p Im amen \yw 68 C\ fmbn Xcw Xn cn v \ev Im _mycmWv. kao]Imev jmMvlmbv \Kck` DdhnS thXncnhv ImcyaampXn\pthn ]e\ndnep _pI hnXcWw sNbvXpsImp hensbmcp {]m\w Xs Bcw`nnpv.Fm tIcfnse nXn adnmWv. ChnsS\npthWw \psS {]h\w Bcw`nphm.

t{kmXn thXncnp am{Xta amen\yw ssIImcywsNm\mIq. Hmtcm Xcw amen\yhpw Hmtcm coXnbnemWv ssIImcywsNtXv. Cuap ssPh amen\y Itmp sNmw,AXn\npw ssPhhmXIw Dmmw. dosskn sNp


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tI{n temlfpw apw FnWw. mnpw AXv t]mse

Xs. \nmW AhinjvS sNdnb sNdnb ]mXI hncnpXnt\m, eLphmb ap \nmWtm D]tbmKnmw. L\teml t]meph Ghpw kpcnXambn adhp sNWw.Bip]{Xn amen\y Db Dujvamhn, Fm ]cnnXnam\Zfifpw]menp InWw. Cs\ ]e coXnIfpv.

AsXmpw sNmsXbmWvFmcw amen\yfpw H InnsIn \mw ItmnMv bmUn FnXv. amw ]cmP b sXn ApXaptm? t{kmXn Xsbp Xcw Xncn

amen\y amt\Pvan Ghpw {][m\s ImcyamWv. sXcphntem,bmUntem Xcw Xncnmw Fv IcpXpXv AkmyamsWvA\p`hw sXfnbnp Ignp.

amen\yw t{kmXn Xs thXncnpXn\p Nn tI{aen\oIcW \nb{W t_mUv Dmnbnpv. amen\yw XcwXncnpXv Fs\? AXp Hmtcmpw ssIImcyw sNpsXs\ Fv CXn hyamWv. GsXnepw Hcp amw am{XwkzoIcnp amen\yw ssIImcyw sNm\mhn. t\cs \mw

IXpt]mse kmaqly \nb{Wnsbpw A\ptbmPykmtXnIhnZybpsS {]tbmKnsbpw icnbmb tNcphbvt{]iv\w ]cnlcnm\mIq. A\ptbmPy kmtXnI hnZym{]tbmKn\v Xcw Xncn kp{][m\amWv.

Jcamen\ysf ASnm\]cambn \membn tI{ aen\oIcW \nb{W t_mUv XcwXncnpp. HmatXv ]p\xNw{IaWn\v D]tbmKsSpmhp Cuanm amen\yamWv. CXns aqn\fpv. mkv, teml Fnh t]mepZlnnm Ignbm hkvXp Chsbmw dosskn sNWw. cmasbn\w mnmWv. CXpw dossknfnn\v hnt[bamtXmWv. aqmatXv ]mtPnMv saocnbepw t]dpwapamWv. C h Xosb cn m \p ] s pIfmn amm\mhpw.

J c am en \y fn c m a s bn \w ssP h am en \y amWv. C h{] tXy Iw tiJ cn v hnhn[ X c n ep I tm nnt\m _ tbmKymkv \nmWnt\m D]tbmKnmhpXmWv.

Jcamen\yfn aqmasbn\w sInSmhinfmWv. Chsb Xmgvbn\w tdmUpIpw apambn D]tbmKnmw.

amen\yfn \memasbn\w A]ISIcambnphbmWv.Chbnse Ghpw henb `mKw Bip]{Xnamen\yfmWv. Chsbimkv{Xobambn ZlnnpIbmsX hgnbn. ap A]ISImcnIfmb amen\yn sapdn ASp SyqsspIfpw kn F vF em pIfpw henb Afhn se Uv D Iyq t]m ep


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D]IcWfpw s]Spw. Ch Hmtcmpw C\w Xncnv tiJcnv {]tXy

Iw kwkv I cn p Xn\p kwhn[m\fp m tnhcpw. D d hnSnemsX Fs\ \apnXv ê{]Zambn thXncnm\mhpw?

Ipptams "thXncn' kwcw`wamen\ysf ê{]Zambn Xcw XncnpXneqsS am{Xw

Ahsb Fs\ emÌcamb Hcp hmWnPy CS]mSmbn ammwFXns Da {ZmamWv tNemc Ipptam Famen\y kwkvIcW kwcwÌ. Ipptams _nkn\kv tamU

hfsc efnXamWv.Hv) XfpsS amen\yw \ow sNWsav Xev]ccmb

m]\ Hcp \nnX ôkv Ipntam\p Znhkw tXmdpw\evIWw. AssPhssPh amen\yfmbn Xcw Xncnv \evImm]\ _mycmWv. Ah Znhkw tXmdpw m]\nsNv tiJcnv sImpt]mIm\p NpaXe Ipntamsbpw.

cv) Ipptam Xs hop apv Hcpnbnp ssSep]mIn hesInb bmUn Ch kqvaambn hopw thXncnpw.]n, ao, tImgn, CXn aqn\pw ]mXv Fns\ ssPhamen\y XcwXncnpw. Xo km[\ ApXs hnIfnembn hf tI{fnsenpw. Xobvv kmam\yw \hne Inpw. inw hcp ssPh amen\y bm Un XssInbnp AdIfn Itmv sNpw. CXn\p]tbmKnpktXhpw \qX\amWv. tImbq ImjnI kIemimebn\nv KthjW_ncpZw t\Snb ]mem kztZin tPmjnhnIknnsSp NIncntmdv aoUnbamWv CXn\mbn D]tbmKnpXv. s]mmnbn kpeàmb NIncntmdn ssPhhkvXpsfhnLSnnp _mIvSocnb (C\mpew) IqntmWv an{inXwDmpXv.

aqv) mnIv hopw Xcw Xncnpw. IgptIh IgpIn hrnbmpw. Ah B{Inmv hnv InpXpw Hcp hcpam\amWv.

\mev) Ipptams sNehv apJyambpw aqmWv. XcwXncn tPmenbn Gsncnp kv{Xo ]pcpjmcp Iqen.365 Znhkhpw tPmenbpXpsImv \mp\Sp Iqen\ncnAStmsS sXmgnseSpm Bsf Inm {]bmkan.cmas sNehv amen\yw tiJcnpXn\pw Xcw XncnvD]tbmK tI{fn FnpXn\pap hnsehpIfmWv,aqmatXv NIncntmdv C\mpen\p sNehmWv. CusNehpI Ingnmepw kwcw`w hem`nemWv.

Cu emÌcamb kwcw`w hnIknnm\p {ian\nS


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bnemWv Ipptam Rfpambn _sSpXv. Bepg \Kc

nse m]\fpsS amen\yw tiJcnm m]\fpambnIcmdn GsSm\p kuIcyw ap\nknenn sNbvXpsImSpWw. ]camh[n CuSmmhp ^okv \ncv ap\nknmennv\nbnmhpXmWv. ktmZb]pcs amen\y kwkvIcWmnse Hcp sjUpw ]cnkc {]tZihpw Cu {]h\ mbn hnp sImSpWw. {]Xyp]Imcambn ap\nknmennbn\npw Zn\w {]Xnsbp \mev S amen\yw kuP\yambnkwkvIcn Wsa NpaXe Ipptam\pw GsSpp. ]pXnb

_myXIsfmpw GevmsX \Kcnse amen\ynse \smcp`mKw kwkvIcnsSp Cu ]Xn hfsc BIjIambncpp.Cu \nti ktmZb]pcs kac kanXnpw kzoImcyambn. kzw hopapv sNbvXpsImncnp ]cn]mSnhnimeamb amen\y kwkvIcW hfn ]conpXns\ AhkzmKXw sNbvXp. bYmn Cu ]cn]mSn \SmWw FpiTnXv AhcmWv. Cu ]Xn ap\nknmenn shp XmannppFv Bt]npsImv mntep ap\nknmennbpsS

hnIsf Ah XSbpI t]mepw sNbvXp. Cu ]Xnv ]noSvFp kw`hnp Fv ASp Aymbn hniZoIcnppv.

DdhnS thXncnens {]kntbbpw {]m[m\ytbpw Cu]Xn ASnhcbnp ImWnpp. kqvaamb thXncnen eqsSam{Xw amen\yw aqamb Bhiy Xr]vXnsSpm\paqey hnX Dev]fmbn amdpp. CXv bmUn sImp hvXcwXncnt Bhiyw t]mepw ]etmgpw DmIpn. ISmXs {]tXyIw _npIfnemn shphsb F{Xbpw thKwXo tI{fntev sImp t]mbm aXn. {intp ImcywAv Xs \ow sNWw FpXmWv AXpsImvZpKw Hgnhmm\mhpw, bmUn shv ImbnIambn Ah XcwXncnpXn\pw _pnappmIn. Fm s]mXphmbn t]mepwXcw XncnmsX, ]etmgpw Htm ctm Znhkw Ignv ap\nknmenn hnIfn ktmZb]pcsnsmnp \Kcamen\yw \hpw {]Xnknbpw am{Xta krnpp. AtXkabwNnbmb Xcw XncnhneqsS am{Xw amen\yw em`Icamb Hcp hmWnPyhkvXphmbn amdpp. ]t Be pg AS ap \K c fnseamen\yfpsS Hcp mKw hopapv Fnbtm Hcp]t AXvB sNdp {]tZin\v DsmmhpXn\pw Apdambncpncnmw. kao ] hm kn I {]Xn tj[ ap bn bn pv. Fmepw apshfn{tZi tI{amn Cu thXncn kwcw`w aptmpXs s]mbvsmncnpp.


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1998 _wm tZinepmb shsmw temIw Cpwadnn. ag tXmv BgvNI Ignnpw [m \Kcw shn apnnSp. HmS I fpsSbpw Nmep I fpsSbpw Hgpv ASbvp hns\ A[nImcnI Xncndnp. [mbn {]Xnhjw9 Zi ew mnIv Imcn_m Kp IfmWt{X hen s dn b s Sp Xv.AXn 1015 iXam\w _npIfn Fpw. _mnb{Xbpw HmSI fnepw Nmep Ifnepw Xp I bmWv. CXns\pSmWv 2002 [mbn am{Xa, _wmtZinemsI mnIv Imcn_mKpI\ntcm[nXv.

Cyhgnbp Hcp ITn\bm{X Ignv _wmtZinsenb Rv Ftm Hcp hyXykvXXA\p`hsp: km[mcW KXnbn ]dntbm]gtfm Cdntbm aot\m hmptm ]mpsNm\p]tbmKnp km{XnIamb kma{KnmnIv_mKmWv . ]t, _wmtZin Chsbmwshdpw ISemkv IqSbnemWv e`npI. ]{XSemtkm BokvISemkpItfm sImmWv IqSIfpmnbncnpXv. In v henb IpgsampwtXmnbn.

CXn\p ImcWsasv Adnbm\mbncppRp IqSpX Xmev]cyw... Hcp aqmw temI]Ws kw_nnStmfw hfsc Akm[mcWamb ]mtPnMv coXnbmWv. 2002 _wmtZivkm mnIv_mKpI ]qambn \ntcm[npshv Nne hnZymnI RtfmSp ]dp.mnIv _mKpI \ndv HmSI ASpt]mbXmWv 1988 \pw 1998 \panSbvv [mbnepmb

`oa shsmp ImcWsav ]e]T\fpw sXfnbnp. CXv tIhew ]cnnXn{]iv\ambncpn. PohcW {]iv\am bncpp.AysamIp sapXv {]iv\a. CsbmYmyw _wmtZin mnIv _mKpI\ntcm[nsncnpp FXmWv.

(mnIv _mKpI Hcp BtKmfaen\oIcW {]iv\w \nk, cookiesound.com)

7

mnIv FpsNpw?


55/152


tIcfnse GsXmcp {]tZin\pw ]cnNnXamsbmcp Nn{X

at CXv? HmSIfnepw I\mepIfnepw mnIv _mKpI Iqnsn FdnbpXpaqew Hgpv ASv DmIp shsmnsA\p`hanm \Kcfptm tIcfn? \Kc am{Xa,{Kmafnepw CXpXsbmWv nXn.

2012 se ag mew. Fd WmIpfs CSn tSm PMvj \nAcsbmw shw. tZiob]mXbn KXmKXw kvXw`np. {Sm^nIvIpcpv \KcsbmsI _m[np. If a tcn \K c k`m A[n IrX tdmUn\Snbn IqsS t]mIp HmS Ipnsmfnv ]cntim[\

\Snbtm temdn IW n\v mnIv. CXv sIn n Sv HmSBsI tmm b XmWv vfmjv vfUn\v Imc Wam b Xv. temdnIfn Ibn mnIv \onbXv Av henb hmbmbncpp.

1998 se t_mws_ shsmns Nn{X {^v sseAS ap amya {]kn o Icnncpp. ac fpsS Xe pIsmw Av shw s]mn. shw Cdnbtm acensemw Fa mnIv _mKpI XqnInSp Nn{XamWvAv amya {]knoIcnXv.

Bepgbnse {][m\ I\mepIfntev Fp AkwJywCStmSpIfpv. \Kcnse ]e{]tZifn\npw agshwHgnp t]mIm klm bn n cp Xv Cu CS tm Sp I fmbncpp.Cu CStmSp Ifpw HmSIfpsamw Cv mnIv _mKpIfpw IpnIfpw sImv \ndv Hgp Sv, Ao e m gvN I fmbn amdnbncnpp.

mn ns\mWv ]cnlmcw?

mnIv F {]amWn]Zm{Xbnse(material trinity) {]amWnbmWnh. teml

, kndmanIvkv, t]mfna FnhbmWv Cu XraqnI. Chcn t]mfn a F hn`m K n hcp XmWv mn Iv. Fmt]mfnadpw mkvn. \psS kzm`mhnI ddpw t]mfnaIpSpw_nsSpw.

Hcp]mSv Xcw mknIv Dv. cmkLS\bnse hyXymkamWvsshPmXyn\p ASnm\w. Cu hyXymkw AhbpsS kz`mhnepw {]Xn^enpw. NneXv \ _eaphbmbncnpw. NneXn\pIqSpX NqSv Xmm tijnbpmIpw. ap Nneh IqSpXhgph (flexible)kz`mhaphbmWv. ChbpsS D]tbmKhpwCu kz`mh khntijXI\pkcnmWv. HmtcmXcw mknpwD]tbmKnv \nnp hkvXpfpsS ASnm\n AhXncndnbpIbmbncnpw \apv Ffpw.


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mkvnns\ s]mXphn cmbn Xncnmw . Hv sXtam

mnpI. Ch kwkvIcWn\v (Recyclable) hgphbmWv.Fm ssPh amen\yw t]mseb. hnPn mnIv (virgin plas-tic) cp aqp XhW am{Xta do ssknn\p hnt[bammIgnbq. Hmtcm Lnepw mnns in KWyambn bnpw.]ns Dt]npItb cbpq. AsXmw amen\yambn, qanpta BhcWambn InSpw. am{Xa do ssknn \ndhpw,_ehpw Hs DmIm A[nIambn cmkhkvXp tNpw.CsXw IqSpX hnjabamWv.

hm t_mnepw apw Dmp PET (polyethylene tereph-thalate), ]m hcp Ih, Isbn\dpI Fnh DmpHDPE (High-denstiy polyethylene), InpIfpw apw DmpLDPE (Low denstiy polyethylene), tI_nfpI, ss]v FnhbpsS\nmWn\v D]tbmKnp PVC (polyvinyl chloride), s]mXnbm D]tbmKnp t\ mnIv jopw apw Dmp PP(polypropylene), ]nnSnm ]m{Xfn(non-stick cookware)]qim(coating) D]tbmKnpteflon (poly tetra fluoro ethylene

(PTFE)), CD, DVD FnhbpsS \nmWn D]tbmKnpPS (Polystyrene) Fnhsbmw sXtam mnpIfmWv.

sXtamskv (thermoset plastic) mnmWv asmcps]mXphn`mKw. mnIv B`cW, _WpI Fmw \nnp Bakelite,dq^nMv jopI \nnp t]mfn Im_tWv(PC), Ipj\pI, _pjpI Fnhsbmw \nnmD]tbmKnp Polyurethane, ss\tem(nylone) (\psS \qevXs) Fnhsbmw Cu KWn hcpw. ChbpsS kz`mhw\apdnbmw. InbpcpIpw. hmsX In ]nSnp InSpw. Cs\DcpIn I ]nSnm Ch ]ns ]gb coXnbntev amm (remould)Ignbn. As\ InSpw. Ch s]mXphn dossknn\phgn. t]v, acppI FnhbpsSsbmw Sq_pI, IhFnh Dmp multilayer laminated palstic-Dw CtXkz`mhaphbmWv.

ap cv ]Zmsfbpw At]nv mnn\v ]e taIfpapv. mcpdhv, _ewIqSpX, Ipd {Zhn \ncv, GXpcq] nepw sskknepw Dev] fmn amm sa ta, ]nshne p dhpw. teml tfbpw kndmanIvknt\bpw At]nv mnn\v IqSpX D]tbmKw DmIpXv Cu KpW hntijsImm Wv. 1950 5 Zi ew S am{X am bn cpp temIsmnIv D]t`mKw. Ctm AXv GXmv 100 Ziew S ISncnpp.


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mnIv krjvSnp amen\y {]XnknIfn m apX hnam \ ns \nm W n\v hsc

mnIv Hgnhmm\mIm ]ZmamWv. Ir{Xna AhbhfpsS\nnXnbnepw mnIv {][m\w Xs. hop]IcWfpw NnInmD]IcWfpw Fn\v mnIv Hgnhmn a\pjyPohnXw aptmpt]mIpI kmyam \ne. AtXkabw BsI mnIv D]tbmK ns 35 iX am\w ]mt Pnn \mWv D] tbm Kn p Xv. Cu]mt PnMv sao cn b ep I fmWv mn n\v Cs hn ]cnthjw \evInbnpXv.

]nI 7.1

mnns D]tbmKw

taJe iX am\w

taJe]mtPnMv 35\nmWw 23

CeIv{Sn/CeIvt{SmWnIv hkvXp 8hop]IcW 8KXmKXw 8Irjn 7Ifnm 3NnIn 2sNcpv \nmWw 2aph 3

Source: Plastic and Environment - Centre for Excellence in

Environmental Economics. Madras School of Economics

BtKm f X e n \K c am en \y ns 2.6 iX am \ amWvmnIv amen\yw. Cybn CXv 0.6 iXam\w am{XamWv. FmtIcfnse \Kc{]tZifn amen\ynse mnns Afhv4 apX 6 iX am\w hsc bm Wv. hnI knX cmPy fnse 8 iXam\nt\mSv ASpp \nevp nXnbmWnXv. Bepg \Kc

nse mnns Afhpw Cu IWnt\mSv Hpt]mIpXmWv.D]tbmKnv hensdnbp PohnX{IaamWv mnIv amen\y

ns h \ hn\v Imc Ww Fp hy am Wv. ssPh am en\ywmnIv Iymcn_mKpIfn sIn hensdnbpXv mnnsbpwssPh am en \y n sbpw kwkvI cWw Akm y am p I bm Wv.\psS D] tbm K{I a amWv mn ns\ ]cn nXn {]iv\ fn


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{]XnbmIpXn\v {][m\ ImcWw. Cu {Ian am hcpn

sImp am{Xta mnIv amen\yw \apv ssIImcyw sNm\mIq.{Zhn msX e W n\v hjw an InS p mnIvans apIXew aqSn shw DundpXpw Poh s]mSnp Xpsamw XS bpw. shhpw hmbphpw ISmsX, ssPh{]{InbI XSbsv ans ac W am bn cnpw ^ew. an InSp mnIv {Zhnnsnepw hnLSnsSpw. As\bpmIpcmkhkvXp anepw Penepw ]Scpw. \psS \Kcamen\yn L\temlfpsS B[nIyw \mw t\cs IXmWv. L\

temlfn ]eXpw amcItcmK hcpn shpXmsWpw\mw Ip. Ccn A]ISIcamb coXnbnemWv \mw mnIvssIImcyw sNpXv FXmWv {]iv\w. hyXykvX ]Zman AenptNcpXn\v FSpp Imebfhv ]nIbn.

]nI 7.2

an Aenp tNcm hyXykvX

]Zmv th Imebfhv

hkvXp (hjw)

mnIv _mKv 10 ewAeq an \nbw 200500Sn 80100Ubm ] 500600seX jq 4050

XSn 1015XpWn kn 5 amkwt] _mKv 1 amkwssPh am en\yw 3050 Znhkw

mnIv Inv {]iv\w Xomtam?hoSpIfnepw \K camen\yw ssIImcyw sNp e fnepw

]e tmgpw mnIv In p I bmWv sNp Xv. bmUp I fn

\smcp]v ehpw \Kcamen\ytmsSmw Fp mnIvssIbSpw. sNfnbpw shhpsamap mnIvv Bcpw dossknn\v kzoI cn p I bp an . ]ns In pI am{X amIpw hgn.Fmw Iqnbnv Xo sImfppw. Ingnm CXns AfhvKWyambn Npcppw. _mn an Xs InSpIbpw sNpw.CXmWv Ctmgs coXn. mnIv InpXv hfsc A]ISIcamWv. Inptm mnns cmkL S\ amdpIbpw amc


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I amb hnj hmXI Dm Ip Ibpw sNpw. A] IS ImcnIfmbL\teml anepw Penepw Iecpw. ]n hn kn Inptm ]pdphcp UtbmIvkn, yqdm, hnss\ tmssdUvXpSnb hmXI amcIamb izmktImi Imkdn\v hgnshpwFv ]T\fn Isnbnpv. Ipj\pIfnepw apw D]tbmKnp t^mw (Poly Urethene foam) In p tm Imkdn\vImc W am tb m hp A] Xn e [nIw cmk ] Zm fmWt{X]pdphcpXv. th{X HmIvknP kmnyanmsX ]n hn knt{]mkkv sNbvXm amcIamb Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv DmIpw. \psS \mnse mnIv kw`cW tI{fnsems amcIamb Cu In \SpIbmWv. sNdpam{XI t]mepw Imkdn\pw apw hgnshp cmkhkvXp ]pdphnSp mnIvamen\yw AXy[nIw A{itbmsSbmWv ssIImcyw sNpXv.

\apv FmWv sNm IgnbpI? `qan \nIen\v mnIvD]tbmKnm A]ISImcnIfmb hkvXp anepw shnepw Iecpw. Ctm Xs tIcfnse \Kcamen\ynL\temlfpsS Afhv IqSpXemWv. mnns D]tbmKhpwhensdnbepw XpSm KpcpXc {]XymLmX DmhpIbpwsNpw.



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mnns kwkvIcWw t\cnSp Cu hnjakn

aphgnI At\zjntXv A\nhmcyamnbncnpp. tI{aen\oIcW \nb{W t_mUv Nne kmyXI NqnmWnppv. B kmyXI Hv ]cntim[nmw.

kwkvIcW kmyXI8 Ziew S mkvnmWv {]Xnhjw \psS cmPyv

D]tbmKnpXv. Npcpnb Imen\pn Xs CXns 70iXam\hpw amen\yambn amdpp FmWv tI{ aen\oIcW

\nb{W t_mUns IWv. CsXs\bmWv kwkvIcnpIFXn\v IrXyamb [mcW Ctmgpw \nehnen. cmPysCcp]n Ambncn A[nIw dossknMv bpWnpIfn\smcp ]pw tNcnIfpsS ]nmpdv ISp aen\oIcWwkrnp hn[nemWv {]hnpsXv a{Zmkv kvIqHm^v CtWmanIvkn \S Hcp ]T\w NqnmWnpp.]mcnnXnI am\Zfi ]menpsImp Hcp dossknMvbqWnv Inpgn tmp ]mbns B`napJynBepgbn \Sp. ew hmn NppaXnepw ]WnXp. FmipNnXzanjs AwKoImcw ]Xnp e`nn. C\nbntm apkmtXnIhnZKv[cpsS klmbtmsS tmns X\Xp^p]tbmKnv Ccsamcp imkv{Xob dossknMv mpm]npXn\p {ia \Sppv.

tdmUp Smdnn\p mnIvt]pw t]pw hmIfn \ndbp HmWv mkvnIv

D]tbmKnp tdmUp SmdnMv. CsXmcp kmyXbmbn tI{aen\oIcW \nb{W t_mUv NqnmWnpp. Agpp\onb mnIv cp apX \mev ann ao hsc hennAcnbpIbmWv (shredding) BZyw sNpI. saepw apw (stoneaggregate) 160-170 Un{Kn NqSmn Acn mnIv AXnteptNpp. Smdnn\p]tbmKnp hkvXpfpsS BsI`mcns 10 iXam\w (10% w/w) mnIv tNmw. CXntev150-160

Un{Kn NqSn Sm Dcpn tNpp. Cu an{inXw tdmUvSmdnn\v D]tbmKnpp.mnIv DcpIn tNcptXmsS Dntev shw CdpXv

XSbsSpw. tdmUp s]mfnp IpgnI DmIm\p kmyXCtXmsS Ipdbpat{X. CXv tIcfn\v henb D]Imcambncnpw.mnIv tdmUpI ]p sImmew tISp IqSmsX \nevpsav]dbsSpp. CXns hym]Iamb {]mtbmKnI kmyXI


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ASnbcambn tXSWw.

Hcp Imcyw HmWw. sXtam mnIv am{Xta CXnD]tbmKnm Ignbq. Ipd ssat{Im D InpI HpwChnsS ]n. Agpp \on, XcwXncn mnIv am{Xta CXnepwD]tbmKnm Ignbq. hensdnm CsXmpw \SnFw. Fmcw mnpw Cw t]mse D]tbmKnv hensdnmepw {]iv\w kmtXnIhnZy ]cnlcnp sImpw Fkao]\w ]n Fv kmcw. \psS coXnIfn amw IqSntb Xocq.

amen\yn\npw C\wknsa v \nmWnepw apw {][m\ C\n\pw

AkwkvIrX hkvXppsamw (Co-processing) mnpw avamen\yfpw D]tbmKnp XpSnbnpv. hfscb[nIw DuwBhiyap HmWv knsap hyhkmbhpw apw. knsapNqfIfn _Z DuambnmWv mnn \npw kwkvIcnsSpp C\w D]tbmKnpXv. \Kcamen\yn\npwthXncnp mnIv Dt{]cIfpsS klmbm Inv(Catalytic Pyrolisis) {Zh C\amn (Liquid refuse derived oil)C\amn ampp. {]tXyIw cq]Iev]\ sNbvX dnbmIvSdpIfn 350 skjykv NqSnemWv Cu {]{Inb \SpI. C\hpwKymkpw Ipdp dnbpamWv DmIpXv. Cu Dev]sfmwD]tbmK{]ZamWv FmWv tI{ aen\oIcW \nb{W t_mUvam\Zfifn ]dbpXv. CXv ASnm\]cambn In(Incineration) XsbmWv.

mkvam ss]tdmenknkvamen\ys HmIvknPs Akmnyn hnLSnnv

hmXIfmn amp {]{InbbmWv mkvam ss]tdmenknkn\SpXv. Ckn\tddpIfnsetmse amen\yw InpIbChnsS sNpXv. Db sshZypXn ISnhnv krjvSnpCeIv{Sn Bn amen\yw hnLSnv hmXIfmbn amdpp.aotY, Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv, Im_ UtbmIvsskUv,

ssl{UP, sslt{Um Im_WpI FnhbmWv HmwLn cq]sSpXv. Cu hmXI Db thmXbnInptm Im_ UtbmIvsskUpw Pehpw DmIpp.CXmWv mkvam ss]tdmenknkn (Plasma Pyrolisis) \SpXv.

amcIamb hnjhmXI DmIm\p kmyX hncfamWvFXmWv CXns ]mcnnXnI ta. Fm CXnssshZypXnsehv Xmm\mhn. mkvam Ihdn\pnse NqSv


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13870 Un{Kn hscsbpw. Cu NqSns\ mns ]pdtmSn (shell)

FmsX XSbp sse\dpI Cu kwhn[m\ns {][m\`mKamWv. CXn\v Xmm\mhm hnebmWv. CXv hjmhjwamtnbpw hcpw. CXn\ms mkvam ss]tdmenknkv\Kck`Ip Xmmhp Hcp kwhn[m\a.

enkmnIv amen\yw ASnbc ]cn]mSn

mnns Dev]mZ\nepw AXp]tbmKnp hnhn[hkvXp fpsS \nm Wnepw mnns kwkvIc WnepwC t Xn t\ m ]cn nXn kulr Z ] c amb coXn Ifpw apwDmIWw. \psS \mnse mnIv dossknMv tI{sfmpwbmsXmcp ]cnnXn kpcbpw ]menmsXbmWv {]hnp sXv ]T \ Nqn m Wn n p v. 17 iX am\w hmjnIhfm \n cv tcJ s Sp p Hcp kqtcym Zb hyh km b amWvmnIv hyhkmbw. 1999 hnPn mnIv hyhkmbn 3000tImSn cq]bpsS Dev]mZ\amWv \SXv. mnIv dossknMv hyhkmbnse tS Hmh 6500 tImSn cq]bmbncpp. C{Xbpw _rlmb Hcp hyhkmbn\v IqSpX ]cnnXn kulrZ]cambt{]mtmtImfpI DmtXv Hcp tZiob DchmZnamWv.

\Kcamen\ynse mnIv ssIImcyw sNpXn\v Hcp ]cn]mSn \mw cq]sSpWw. mnIv hensdnbp coXnsbnepwamdntb aXnbmIq. ssPhamen\yns Imcynset]mse ChnsSbpw Ipd bvpXpw ]p\ cp ] tbm Kn pXpw kmaqly ey

fmbn amdWw. mnIv D]tbmKns 35 iXam\w ]mtPnMvsao cn bep I fm bn mWv Fp \mw Itm? CXn Ipdhp hcpm Ignbnt? `wKnbmbn ]mbvp sNbvX Hcp hkvXp hopwHcp mnIv IqSnempXv Fn\mWv? Cp \mw hym]IambnD] tbm Kn p mnIv Inp Iv ]Icw hbvm ]cn nXnbvv CWp _mKpI DmnqtS?

"\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw ]Xn' Ccw Hcp _ZDev] \nmWn\pw {]NcWn\pw apssIsbSppw. Cu

]XnbpsS C\nbp {][m\ DuepIfnsemv Ccw _ZDev] \nnv {]NcnnpIbmWv. IpSpw_{io bqWnpIfn \npw Abqfn\npw sXcsSpph tNvcq]oIcnp BIvSnhnn {KqpIfmbncnpw Cu {]h\nGsSpI. CXn\v _mv entPv DdmpXn\pw hn]W\n\psamw \ne`h\w ]Xn apssIsbSppw.

mnIv Imcn_mKpI A\mIjIamIWw. Cv ]dnbpw


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Blmc]Zmfpw hmptm kuP\y ambn Inp Inns

hne `yhkvXpfnepw apw Hfnv tNnpv. Inns Imcyn \apv s]sv t_myssp hcn. Fm Blmcw]mk sNptm ]e apnb tlmepIfnepw Ctm Nmv{]tXy I ambn CuSmpnt? AXpt]mse Imcn_m Kp I Bhiyaph ]Ww sImSpv hmp \ne hcWw. ]e kq amp Ifpw C c n Imcn _m Kp Iv {]tXy I ]Ww CuSm ppv. AtXmsS knbpambn hv km[\w hmphcpsS FwIqSppv. X hnevp hkvXpfn hne Hfnp tNv

kuP\yw F `mth\ \evIm IgnbpXnt\m DbhnemnIv InpIv hcWw. AXn\v Db \nIpXn CuSmtnhcpw. 40 ssat{ImWn Xmsgbp mnIv Imcn_mKpI ]qambpw \ntcm[nm\mWv \Kck` Xocpam\nnpXv. AXn\p apIfnep Imcn_mKpI \Kck`bn \nnX^okv HSpn kosNbvXv hmtn hcpw. Amh A\phZnn. mnIv _mKpI fn A Sn p Xpw \nb {n t Xp v. X fpsS m] \ns ]ckyw F \nebn mnIv IqSpI D]tbmKnm\m

hm nXn hcp tm kuP\yw \evIp Xv Ipd t pw.HutZymKnI kwhn[m\fn Ccw ssekknMv coXn GsSpptm DmImhp {]iv\ ad Cu \nb{Wn\v\Kck` apXncpXv. B {]iv\ adnIStn hcpw.

C\nbpw A\nhmcyambpmIp mnIv Nnbmbn kw`cnpXn\p ]cn]mSn cq]sSpm\mWv {ianpXv. hmSvk _pIfneqsSbp mnIv kw`cWn\p ]cn]mSn t\ct hniZoIcntm? sNfnbpw apw \on DWn kqnp mnIv\Kck` kw`cnpXn\mWv ]cn]mSn CSpXv. Hmtcm hmUnepw{]tXyI mnIv If t]mbnpI DmIpw. AhnsS \nnXCS th f I fn \K c k bpsS hml\w Fn mnIv tiJcnpIbpw dntkmgvkv dnhdn tI{nsenpIbpw thWw.dntkmgvkv skdn\v amen\ykwkvIcW tI{ns a\w aSpnp AcoamIcpXv. _n\mse IemImcm AWnbnsmcpnb hgntcnbnse Gtdm_nIv _n t]mse Bpw Ibdn\nevm ]p IuXpIapWp Hcp B[p\nI kwhn[m\ambn AhnSw amWw.


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2012 se agmew ktmZb]pcs {]Xntj[w s]mnsdnbnsenp. {]XnZn\w 3040 S amen\yw Fnncp hnI\mpIm XSp. ]Xnhpt]mse NI. HSphn {]XnZn\w 5temUv am{Xw A\p h Znmw F [mc W bnsen. \K c n\npw tiJcnp _mn amen\yw FmWv sNpI? F{X\mIpgn p aqSpw? kXyw ]dm \Kcn amen\yw Ipgnp

aqSm\p s]mXpew Cm Ahbmbn. sXcpthmcIpsmnIfmbn.

dknU vkv Atkmkntbj\pIfpsSbpw IpSpw_{io{]hIcpsSbpw ]uc{]apJcpsSbpw Hcp skan\m \Kck`hnfnpIqn. kpZoLamb {]kwKsmSphn DdhnSns amen\yw thXncnWsap Xocpam\np. ssPhamen\ywam{Xw ktmZb]pctp sImpt]mhpI. CXn\mbn Fm

\ hknpw hoSpIfn\psS \mS NIfn`Wime, sXmgnimehnev]\imeIsfnhbnDmbv hcpsamcp amen\yIbnSfnsednbcptX .AcptX AcptX sNcptX .sNcpXmXv sNcptX.

amen\y \mn\ndmsImXpIpI CuI s]cpIntIpSnshn hmbphnamcItcmKmWp IecntXpSp\onb ]Ihym[nIXnct]m XncnphcpIntanw, tImfd, NnpKp\nb, sUn\n ]nsav, ae\n, bs\ ]e]e

hym[nIfnhnsS ]Scnt\msSmcp NpSpImSmhnt.

(ipNnXz IemPmYbnse Km\w)

8

B]v Ahkcamn\ne h\w \ne \Kcw


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honepw cp _pI apknmenn \evIWsap [mcWm

bmbn. _p hmnsbnepw ImeXmakapmbn. AXn\nsSapknmennv ssIImcyw sNm\mhmhn[w KmlnI amen\yfpsS kw`cWw s]cpIn. o tIcf kvIoan {]hnncpIpSpw_{io {]hI hoSpIfn\nv amen\yw kzoIcnpk{Zmbw \nehnhXns\ XpSv t\cs honskwkvIcnncp amen\yw t]mepw thXncnmsX apknmennbpsS Xebn sInshp nXnbmbn. KXycanmsXapknmenn hoSpIfn\np kw`cWw \nemn. ]t,

CXpsImv {]iv\w Xocntm. sXcphpI fnse amen\yqmc hepXmbnsmncpp.

XmevmenI DSSnIfpsS ASnm\n A\Imew amen\y {] Xn kn adn I S m \m hn Fp hy am Ip I bm bn cp p.ktm Z b ]p c tv A\p h Zn 45 temUv F Af hn tevamen \y h chv Ipd bvp sX s\? \K c n IppIqSpamen\yw Insv \Snv aptmp t]mIm\mIpambncpn. Hcpadp amw A\n hm cy amb kml N cyw. ap\nknmennbpsSB`napJyn hopw Hcp kIn skan\m \Sp. Xnn\nd ap\nknlmfn ]nsbpw kpZoLamb {]kwKfpmbn. ]t, Hcp ^ehpw Dmbn. Cu ]menemWv"\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw ]Xn' cq]w sImXv.

XpSw InSmw]dn2012 BKkvXn Bepg \ntbmPI afien s] \Kc

k`m Iukn e am cp ambn \S nb N bn ] Xnv HcphmUn XpSanSm Xocpam\npIbmbncpp. InSmw]dv XmcXtay\ sNdnb hmUmWv. \ ]pw A`ykvXhnZycmb ayhm cpsS hoSp I. Aev]w ]Wsehv h cp Dd hnS amen\ykwkvI cW DZy a tfmSv kl I cn m Chv {]bm k ap mIn Fp tXmn. dknU v Atkmkntbj\pIfpsS k{Inbkmnyambncpp asmcp A\pIqeLSIw. B]ns\ Ahkcamn Hcp ]pXphgn tXSnbp ]cn{iaw. 2012 sk]vXw_ 2 \v

InS mw ] dv hmUnse dkn Ukv Atkm kn tb j \p I fpsStbmKn BWv "\ne `h\w \ne \Kcw ]Xn' Hu]NmcnIambn P\fpsS apn AhXcnnXv. {]Xo sXnbnInSmw]dpIm ]Xn GsSpp. Xosc ]cnNbanm HcpDyaw GsSpptm DmIp BiIfpw apw Dmbn.Fm AXv ]conm Xs Xocpam\np. Cs hgnA[nIw aptmv t]mIn Fv Fmhpw t_myambncpp.


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^nv sNp tamUemWv m]nncpXv. hfsc Ipdv ew

am{Xap hoSpIfn Cu ^nIvkUv tamU kzoImcyamImnXn hp. IqSpX HXpnb FSpp ammhpXcwmpIfntev FpXv As\bmWv. IRTC CcsamcptamU Isn kmcns AwKoImcw hmnbncpp. Cu{]h\fpsS A{IUnUv GPknbmbn IRTCsb kmAwKoIcnpIbpw sNbvXncpp.

GXp Xcnep _tbmKymkv mmbmepw AXv IpdvsNethdnbXmWv. nIvkUv mpIv 17500 cq]bpw t]m_n

tamUen\v 13500 cq]bpw. CXns 50 iXam\w ipNnXzanj aptJ\k_vkn Unbmbn Inpw ]t, CXpw XpSn hopImcapSWw. k_vknUn hnlnXw Bscsbnepw sImv AUzmkvsNnmw Fpshmepw hopSabpsS hnlnXw Xs Fmhscsmpw XmmhpX. am{Xa _tbmKymkv m v BhiysSp NnI ]menm Ignbm hoSpIfpapv. ZnhktfmfwBfpI enm kmlNcyw hcp hoSpIfpv. AhnsS_tbmKymkv mpI A\ptbmPya. e]cnanXnbpw

{]iv\amWv. AhnsS asmcp amw thWw. efnXamb ss]vItmntev FpXv As\bmWv.

hmUn icmicn 1000 hoSpI Fp IWmnbm 12hmUnembn 12000 hoSpI. AhnsS DdhnS amen\y kwkvIcWn\v Hcp {]tXyI ]Xn Xmdmtnbncpp. hopImvkzoImcyamb kwkvIcWktXw Fsdnbm eLphmbtNmZymhen D]tbmKnv Hcp kt \Sn. A`ncpNnsb kw_nv Hcp {]mYanI [mcW e`npI FXpam{Xambncpp ktbpsS eyw. CXn\np e`n {]mYanI [mcWbpsS ASnm\nemWv ipNnXz anj\v t{]mPIvSv \ntiw kanXv.

4.675 tImSn cq] ASep ]Xnbmbncpp ipNnXzanj\vkanXv. 2.475 tImSn cq] k_vknUnbpw 2.2 tImSn cq] KpWt`mr hnlnXhpap ]Xn. CXp {]Imcw ]{p hmUpIfn 1 m3 tijnbp 2500 t]m_n _tbmKymkv mpIfpw5250 ss]v Itmp bqWnpIfpw 500 anc Itmpw 1500t]mv Itmv bqWnpIfpw 1200 dnMv Itmp bqWnpIfpamWv]Xn \ntin DsmnncpXv. CXn\p ]pdsabmWvAs\ns 500 ^nIvkUv _tbmKymkv mpI.

1 m3 t]m_n _tbmKymkv mpImbncpp \ntiwkanncpsXnepw ipNnXzanj AwKoIcnXv 0.5m3mpIfmWv. A\p`hns ASnm\n 0.5 m3 t]m_n_tbmKymkv mpI Bepgbn kzoImcyambncpn.


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Ccn {]iv\ IqSpX DmbXv Hntesd

IpSpw_m Hcpanv D]tbmKnncp mpIfnemWv. kzambnmpI m]nmhcpsS Ahin AbmcpsSmn \nt]nm t{]cnnncpp. As\ GXm\pwIpSpw_fpsS dnemWv mpI m]nXv Cu ]coWw{]mtbmKnIasv sXfnp. ]e hopImcmIptm tat\mwicnbmbn \Sn. HcmfpsS \ncpchmZ]camb s]cpamwaXnbtm Imcy AhXmfnemm.

CXn\npw Rsfmcp ]mTw ]Tnp. hniZamb D]t`mr

hnZym`ymkw A\nhmcyamWv, mpI shpXn\p ap]pwtijhpw. D]t`mmp ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSn AXphscdknUkv Atkmkntbjs ASnm\nemWv \SnbXv. BtbmKfn BWpfmWv IqSpX ]sSpncpXv. bYmD]t`mmfmb kv{XoIsf Imcy ]dp a\nemntbXocq, AXpw \mepw Apw IpSpw_fSnb sNdp {KqpIfn.Ccsamcp ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnbvv ipNnXzanj AwKoImcw\evIn.

Fm ]IpXntbmfw ]cmXnI \SnpImcpsS `mKv\np hogvNIfpsS ^eambncpp. ]camh[n mpIshm\p [rXnbn sNdnb Imcy ]eXpw hnp t]mbn. HcpFIvj ow Hcp Znhkn ctm aqtm mn\pdwm]ntXn Fv Xocpam\np. kmtXnIambn h Nne]nghpIfpw Dmbncpp. NmWIns KpWnepw AfhnepwDmb A]cym]vXXbmbncpp Ghpw {][m\w. Cmcy n]pXnb am\Zfi \nbnsp. ]cmXn Innbm DSs\{]XnIcWansp Bt]w hfscbpmbncpp.

_tbmKymkv mpIv CSbvnsS DmIp {]iv\ASnbcambn ]cnlcnm ncw sabn\kv Soans\insSpm Xocpam\np. Cu A\p`h ]mTsfpdnvASp Aymbn IqSpX hniZambn {]Xn]mZnppv.

GXmbmepw ta]d {]iv\ ]cnlcnpXn\pwXncp \S]SnI DdmpXn\pw thn IymbnASnm\n ]pXnb mpI m]npXv \nnshp.cp {]tXyI SoapI mpI kinv {]iv\w ]cnlcnp.cv Uk mpI do ^n sNtn hp. AXmbXvAXnep amen\ysfmw amn hopw NmWIw \ndp. CXvAXoh ZpjvIcambncppshv ]dtbXntm. aqv Ukt\mfwmpI do Nmp sNbvXp. AXmbXv HpIn A[nI NmWIwIensbmgnp. Asn \mbn {]hnp mpIfpsS


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dn Hgnv do Nmv sNbvXp. asmcp \qtXmfw mpIfnsNdnb tXmXnep dnbndn

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Marunna Manasukal Maalinyamakalunna Theruvukal