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Political Causes Monarchs challenged the Church for power in Europe (like Henry VIII) Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
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MARTIN LUTHER & BEYOND
The Protestant Reformation
Social Causes
The values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church.
The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.
Political Causes
Monarchs challenged the Church for power in Europe (like Henry VIII)
Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
Religious Causes
Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt.
Many people found Church practices no longer acceptable
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Priest and Professor from Wittenberg, Germany.
Grew tired of the Church and its corruption, especially indulgences.
Started the Reformation
Luther’s 95 Theses
A list of 95 critiques that he posted on the door of his town’s church.
Against the selling of indulgences. Thought people were
trying to buy there way into heaven and the Church was OK with it.
Luther’s teachings
People could win salvation only by faith.
All Church teachings should be based on the words of the Bible.
All people with faith were equal.
His teachings were written in pamphlets and distributed across Europe.
Response to Luther
Excommunicated in 1520 by Pope Leo X
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issues the Edict of Worms in 1521 declaring Luther an outlaw.
In 1524, German peasants revolt seeking an end to serfdom.
Protestant Church
Two sacraments Baptism & Eucharist
Bible and Sermons in native language Allows people to make
their own decisions on Christianity
Focus on the individual
Elimination of the Pope
Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent 1545-1563 Illegal to sell offices or
religious goods Established the seminary to
teach priests Bishops cannot reside
outside their seat of authority
Creation of the Jesuit order, their goal was to: Establish public institutions Convert as many people as
possible Be warriors for God
Effects of the Reformation
Calvinism Predestination
Creation of the Church of England by Henry VII
Catholic reformation
Emphasis on role of education
Enlightenment