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Market Squid (Loligo (Doryteuthis) opalescens)

Certification Units Considered Under this Species:

• Californiaroundhaulfishery(purseanddrumseine)

• Californiabrailfishery

Summary

Intermsofvolumeandrevenue,marketsquid(Loligo (Doryteuthis) opalescens)representsoneofthemostimportantcommercialfisheriesinCalifornia,generatingmillionsofdollarsofincomeannuallyfromdomesticandforeignsales.Marketsquidismanagedbythestate,consistentwithfederalfisherymanagementguidelines.Becausesquidlivelessthanayearanddieafterspawning,thereisdifficultyinassessingannualrecruitmentorestimatingstockbiomass.Bycatchratesarelow,andthemajorityofincidentalcatchisothercoastalpelagicspecies(CPS).

Strengths:

• Lowincidentalcatchandbycatch

• ManagedunderastateFMPandmonitoredunderafederalFMP

• Newanalyticalapproachtoestimateabundanceofthespawningpopulation(Dorvaletal. 2013)

Weaknesses:

• Catchlimitsarefixed

• Biomassislargelyinfluencedbyenvironmentalfactors

• Marketsquidareanimportantforagespecies-moreinformationisneededtodetermine howcurrentharvestlevelsimpacttheecosystem

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History of the Fishery in California

Biology of the Species

SquidbelongtotheclassCephalopodaofthephylumMollusca(CDFG2005).Thereareapproximately750recognizedspeciesofsquidalivetodayandmorethan10,000fossilformsofcephalopods.Squidhavelarge,well-developedeyesandstrongparrot-likebeaks.Theyusetheirfinsforswimminginmuchthesamewayfishdoandtheirfunnelforextremelyrapid“jet”propulsionforwardorbackward.Thesquid’scapacityforsustainedswimmingallowsittomigratelongdistancesaswellastomoveverticallythroughhundredsofmetersofwaterduringdailyforaging(feeding)bouts.

Marketsquid,Loligo (Doryteuthis) opalescens,rangefromthesoutherntipofBajaCalifornia,Mexico(23°Nlatitude)tosoutheasternAlaska(55°Nlatitude)(CDFG2005).JuvenilesandadultsrangethroughouttheCaliforniaandAlaskaCurrentsystems(RoperandSweeney1984).Paralarvae,thelifestageofmarketsquidatthetimeofhatching,areoftencollectedclosertoshore(ZeidbergandHamner2002).Theirdistributionispatchy,yetifsquidarefoundatonesite,itislikelythatadditionalsquidwillbefoundincloseproximity(knownascontagiousdistribution).

Marketsquidgenerallyhaveamixed,iridescent(opalescent)colorationofmilkywhiteandpurple;however,colorchangesoccurrapidlyinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions(CDFG2005).Similartomostsquidspecies,marketsquidpossessaninksac,whichservesasadefensemechanismbyexpellinginktoconfoundpredators.Marketsquidarelessthan3mm(0.1in)athatchingandgrowtoanaveragemantlelengthof152mm(6in)atthetimeofspawning.Squidhaveeightarmsandtwolongerfeedingtentacles.Malesarelargerandmorerobustthanfemales.Squidpredominantlyrecruitinspring–summerinnorthernCalifornia(Monterey)andinautumn–winterinsouthernCalifornia,alongtheChannelIslands(Reissetal.2004;Footeetal.2006).Followingrecruitment,maturesquidaggregateinshallowcoastalwaters,wherefemaleslayeggcasesinclutchesforapproximately2–3daysanddiesoonafterspawning(Jackson1998;Macewiczetal.2003).AfemalesquidoffCaliforniacanproduceapproximately20eggcapsuleseachcontainingaround200eggsandareattachedindividuallytotheseafloor.ThesustainabilityoftheCaliforniamarketsquidpopulationishighlydependentonseasonalrecruitments.InCalifornia,commercialfisheriestargetadultsduringspawningevents.

Squidfeedoncopepodsasjuvenilesgraduallychangingtoeuphausiids,othersmallcrustaceans,smallfishandothersquidastheygrow(KarpovandCailliet1987).Theyarealsoanimportantpartofthefoodwebandarefoodformanyspeciesincludingpinnipeds,cetaceans,seabirds,andfish(Morejohnetal.1978).

Commercial Fishery

TheCaliforniafisheryformarketsquidwasestablishedover130yearsagoinMontereyBay,centralCalifornia(Vojkovich1998).ThefisheryexpandedintosouthernCaliforniaafterthe1950s,butremainedrelativelyminoruntilthelate1980s,whenworldwidedemandforallsquidspeciesincreased.LandingsinCaliforniapriorto1987rarelyexceeded20,000metrictons(mt)(22,046shorttons(st)).Sincethen,landingshaveincreasedfourfold,andsquidisnowoneofthestate’slargestfisheriesinbothtonslandedandmarketvalue(Vojkovich1998;CDFG2012b).

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TherearetwomajorfisheryareasinCalifornia.ThenorthernfisheryconsistsofMontereyBayandareasnearHalfMoonBaywithmostsquidlandedatMontereyandMossLanding.ThesouthernfisherycoversmultipleportregionsincludingChannelIslandsandcoastalareasfromPointConceptiontoLaJolla.ThemajorsouthernportsincludeSantaBarbaraarea(VenturaandPortHueneme)andtheLosAngelesarea(SanPedroandTerminalIsland).Sincethe1993-94season,muchoftherevenuehascomefromtheSantaBarbaraandLosAngelesportcomplexes,withthehighestrevenuefromSanPedro,PortHuenemeandVentura(PFMC2011a).IntheMontereyarea,thefisheryismostactiveduringthesummermonths;whereasinsouthernCalifornia,themajorityofmarketsquidlandingstakeplaceduringwintermonths(CDFG2012b).Landingsinthesouthernregiontypicallyexceedthenorth(CDFG2005;CDFG2008).In2011,themarketsquidfisherywasthelargestinCalifornia,bothintermsofvolumeandvalue(CDFW2012b).In2012,over97,076mt(107,007st)ofmarketsquidwerelandedinthecalendaryear,withanex-vesselvalueof$68.3million(Figure1)(personalcommunication).In2012-13season,thecommercialfisherywasclosedmid-seasonforthethirdseasoninarow.

Figure 1.Marketsquidlandings(northernandsouthernfisheriescombined)byfishingseason(1April-31March)from1980-81to2011-12seasons(personalcommunication).

Thepresenceofmarketsquidisstronglycorrelatedwithenvironmentalfactors,suchaswatertemperatureandnutrientavailability(CDFG2011a).InwarmwateryearsandduringElNiñoconditions,squidbecomescarceandlandingsdecline.However,whenwatertemperaturescool,evenafterseverewarmwaterevents,marketsquidnumberscanreboundquicklyanddramatically.

Fishingformarketsquidtypicallyoccursonshallow-waterspawningaggregations.Gearusedinthefisheryincludespurseanddrumseines,andlessfrequentlybrailgear,includingdipandscoopnets(Table1;CDFG2005).Lamparagearhasbeenusedhistoricallyinthefisherybutbecameobsoleteoncetheuseofpurseanddrumseineswaslegalized,thusitisnotbeingconsideredintherapidassessment(CDFG2005).Lightboatsareusedintandemwiththeseinerstoattractandaggregatespawningsquidtosurfacewaters(CDFG2005).Alightboatistypicallyasmallervesselwithseveralhigh-poweredlightslocatedatvariouslevelsaroundthevessel.In2012,42brailpermits,36lightboatpermits,77vesselpermitsandzeroexperimentalpermitswereissued(CDFW2013b).

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Table 1. Marketsquidgeartypedescription.(CDFG2005)

MarketsquidarealsotakenbythecommerciallivebaitindustrytosupplytheCaliforniarecreationalfishingindustry,primarilyinsouthernCalifornia(CDFG2005).Livebaitcatchislargelydependentonlocalavailability,andissoldbyvesselseitheratseaoratlivebaitdealershipsinseveralharborsstatewide.SincethesaleoflivebaitinCaliforniaisnotdocumentedinamannersimilartothatusedforthecommercialsaleofsquid,estimatesoftonnageandvalueareonlyavailableviavoluntarylivebaitlogs.Presentmarketsquidregulationsdonotrequireasquidpermitwhenfishingforlivebait.Itisassumedthetakeoflivebaitisminor,buttheactualamountofsquidtakenaslivebaitisunknown.

Recreational Fishery

Marketsquidmaybetakenrecreationallywithhand-helddipnets(CDFW2013a).Thereisnolimit,closedseasons,closedhoursorminimumsizelimits.Sportfishingvesselsandprivatelyownedskiffscatchsquidforbaitbyusingattractinglightsandbrailnetsand/orrodandreel.Recreationallandingsrecordsarenotkept.

MSC Principle 1: Resource Sustainability

*Sustainability of Target Stock

Thestatusofthepopulationisnotfullyunderstood(CDFG2008).Marketsquidliveonaverageonly6–9months(Butleretal.1999),andthepopulationfluctuatesmarkedlyfromyeartoyear,largelyinapparentresponsetoenvironmentalfactors.DuringElNiñoevents,thefisheryhasdeclinedprecipitouslybyanorderofmagnitudeandmore.However,itrecoverstypicallywithinafewyears,particularlyinresponsetoLaNiñaevents(Zeidbergetal.2006).Becausemarketsquidareashort-livedandhighlyfecundspecies,itseemstobeabletorecoverfromdramaticdecreasesinthepopulationinashortperiodoftime.Thepreponderanceofevidenceindicatesthatthesedramaticfluctuationsaremorelikelyduetochangesinabundancethanmereshiftsinavailabilitytothefishery(Reissetal.2004).Evidencefromstudiesonparalarvae,eggbeds,behavior,genetics,andcatchdatasuggestbiomassislarge,andattimes,mayconstitutethelargestpopulationofanysinglemarketablespeciesinCalifornia’scoastalenvironment.GeneticanalyseshaveindicatednosignificantdifferencesbetweenthesouthernCaliforniaandMontereypopulations,suggestingthattherearenottwodistinctstocksbetweenthetwofisheries(CDFG2008).

*ForCalifornia’sSustainableSeafoodProgram,thiscategorymustscorean80orhigherduringanMSCassessment.

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TheEggEscapementMethodhasbeenusedasanassessmenttool,toevaluatepopulationdynamicsandbiologicalreferencepointsformarketsquid(Dorvaletal.2008).Theestimatesofeggescapementareevaluatedinthecontextofa“threshold”thatisbelievedtorepresentaminimumlevelthatisconsiderednecessarytoallowthepopulationtomaintainitslevelofabundanceintothefuture(i.e.,allowfor“sustainable”reproductionyearafteryear).Inpracticalterms,theEggEscapementapproachcanbeusedtoevaluatetheeffectsoffishingmortality(F)onthespawningpotentialofthestock,andinparticular,toexaminetherelationbetweenthestock’sreproductiveoutputandcandidateproxiesforthefishingmortalitythatresultsinmaximumsustainableyield(FMSY).‘Escapement’inthissenseisdefinedastheproportionofafemalesquid’slifetimefecunditythatisspawned,onaverage,beforethefemaleiscapturedinthefishery(PFMC2011a).Recentresearcheffortshavedevelopedananalyticalapproachforcomputingestimatesofabsoluteabundanceofthespawningpopulationusingrelativelylimitedinformation,i.e.catchandbiologicaltimeseriesdata,andfishingmortalityestimatesinferredfromtheeggs-per-recruitmethods(Dorvaletal.2013).Althoughtimedemanding,thisper-recruitanalysisrepresentsapotentiallyeffectiveapproachformonitoringreproductiveoutputsandforaidingstockstatusdeterminationsofharvestedmarketsquid(Dorvaletal.2013).Atmaximumpeaksofabundance,thetotalspawningstock,includingbothfemaleandmalemarketsquid,mayrangebetween215,000and254,000mt(236,996and279,987st)inasinglequarterinsouthernregions(SantaBarbaraandSanDiego).Insomecases,stockbiomassvariedbyregionfromonetotwoordersofmagnitude.Thecurrentstate-imposedcatchlimitof107,048mt(118,000st)representsanannualquotafortheentireCaliforniafisheryinafishingseason(CDFG2005).

Thereareconcernsaboutoverexploitationduringtheperiodicdownturnsofthepopulation(Zeidbergetal.2006).Catchperuniteffort(CPUE),arelativemeasureofabundance,hasbeenrelativelysteady,butCPUEisgenerallyunreliableasaproxyforstockbiomass,particularlyforafisherywithevolvinggeartechnology(greaterefficiencyovertime)andthattargetsspawningaggregations(HilbornandWalters2001).Theimpactofthefisheryonthepopulationhasbeenrecentlymodeled(Dorvaletal.2013).Increasingfishingmortality(F)wasestimatedtodecreasesinproportionaleggescapement.IncaseswhenFwaskeptconstant,anincreaseinnaturalmortality(M)resultedinanincreaseincatchfecundityandproportionaleggescapement.Studiesindicatethatmarketsquidendureveryhighnaturalmortalityrates,andtheadultpopulationiscomposedalmostentirelyofnewrecruitsmadeupofmultiplecohorts.Evenintheabsenceoffishing,theentirestockreplacesitselfsemi-annually,sothestockisentirelydependentonsuccessfulspawningfromeachgenerationcoupledwithgoodsurvivalofrecruitstoadulthood.

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*MSCevaluationsdefineaLimitReferencePoint(LRP)andaTargetReferencePoint(TRP).Theserepresenttheminimumbiomassofastock,belowwhichmightendangerself-renewal,andthemaintenanceofthestockatlevelsconsistentwithBMSY,respectively.Formarketsquid,aproxyfortheLRPcouldbethemaximumfishingmortalitythreshold(MFMT),setat:FMSYresultingineggescapement≤30%;aproxyforTRPistheMSY,setat:FMSYresultingineggescapement≥30%(PFMC2011b).

Harvest Strategy (Management)

Marketsquidismanagedbythestate,consistentwithfederalfisherymanagementguidelines(CoastalPelagicSpeciesFisheryManagementPlan(CPSFMP)).In2005,theFishandGameCommission(FGC)adoptedtheMarketSquidFisheryManagementPlan(MSFMP),whichimplementedaseriesoffisherycontrolrulesandarestrictedaccessprogramthatlimitsthenumberoffishingpermits.ThefisherycontrolrulescurrentlyinplaceundertheCaliforniaMSFMParethoughttoprecludetheneedforactivemanagementundertheCPSFMP(PFMC2011a).

ThegoalsoftheMSFMParetoprovideaframeworkthatwillberesponsivetoenvironmentalandsocioeconomicchangesandtoensurelong-termresourceconservationandsustainability(CDFG2005).Thetoolsimplementedtoaccomplishthesegoalsinclude:

1.settingafixedseasonalcatchlimitof107,048mt(118,000st)topreventthefisheryfromover-expanding(basedonanaveragecatchovera3yearperiodfrom1999-00to2001-02seasons)(Restrepoetal.1998;CDFG2005),

2.maintainingmonitoringprogramsdesignedtoevaluatetheimpactofthefisheryontheresource,

3.continuingweekendclosuresthatprovideforperiodsofuninterruptedspawning,

4.continuinggearregulationsregardinglightshieldsandwattageusedtoattractsquid,

5.establishingarestrictedaccessprogramthatincludesprovisionsforinitialentryintothefleet,permittypes,permitfees,andpermittransferabilitythatproducesamoderatelyproductiveandspecializedfleet,and

6.creatingaseabirdclosurerestrictingtheuseofattractinglightsforcommercialpurposesinanywatersoftheGulfoftheFarallonesNationalMarineSanctuary.Underthisframework,theMSFMPprovidestheCommissionwithspecificguidelinesformakingmanagementdecisions.

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

1.1.1  Stock  Status     Biomass  has  been  recently  estimated  for  some  seasons  (Dorval  et  al.  2013),  however  populations  fluctuate  markedly  from  year  to  year  due  to  environmental  variables  making  it  difficult  to  determine  the  status  of  the  stock    

1.1.2  Reference  Points     Proxies  for  a  limit  reference  point*  and  a  target  reference  point*.    

1.1.3  Stock  rebuilding       Did  not  assess  

 

Evaluation against MSC Component 1.1: Sustainability of Target Stock

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Thefollowingaretheharvestcontrolrulesformarketsquid(CDFG2005;PFMC2011b):

MFMT:MaximumFishingMortalityThreshold;theleveloffishingmortality(F),onanannualbasis,abovewhichoverfishingisoccurring.MSY:MaximumSustainedYield;thelargestlong-termaveragecatchthatcanbetakenfromastockunderprevailingecological,environmentalandfishingconditions.ABC:AcceptableBiologicalCatch;therangeofallowablecatchforaspeciesACL:AnnualCatchLimit

RegulationsstatethatcommercialfishingformarketsquidisnotallowedbetweennoononFridayandnoononSundayofeachweek;however,vesselstakingsquidforlivebaitpurposesareexempt.Vesselsusinglighttoattractsquidcanuseamaximumof30,000wattsandmustuseshieldsthatcastlightdirectlydownward.UseoflightsisprohibitedforallvesselstakingsquidintheGulfoftheFarallonesNationalMarineSanctuary.TheCommissionhasestablishedastatewideseasonalcatchlimitationbasedonamulti-yearrecentaveragecatch.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW)willestimate,givencurrentlandingtrends,whenthecatchlimitwillbereachedandwillpubliclyannounceadateoffisheryclosure.

TheCommissionhasdecidedtocontinuetheexistingsquidmonitoringprograms,includingfishery-dependentsamplingeffortsandongoingmonitoringofcatchinformation,especiallythosefocusedondevelopingmanagementmodels.TheadoptedprojectalsomaintainsCDFWlogbooksystemforsquidvesselsandlightboats.Theserecordsprovidevaluablecatchinformationotherthanlandingdata.Thesemonitoringprograms(portsamplingandlogbooks)aredesignedtoenablelearningmoreaboutthefisheryandresourceandareintendedtoaidinthedevelopmentofpopulationmodelstosustainharvests(CDFG2005).

Evaluation against MSC Component 1.2: Harvest Strategy

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

1.2.1  Harvest  Strategy     Fixed  seasonal  catch  limit  -­‐  fishery  is  shut  down  once  limit  is  projected  to  be  reached;  Management  structure  and  strategy  is  robust  

1.2.2  Harvest  Control  Rules  and  Tools  

  Egg  escapement  threshold  used  as  a  proxy  for  FMSY;  Restricted  access,  seasonal  catch  limit,  weekend  closures,  area  closures,  gear  restrictions  

1.2.3  Information/Monitoring     Fishery  dependent  and  independent  sampling,  ongoing  catch  monitoring  data  available  (logbooks,  observers,  port  sampling);  Data  collected  to  aid  stock  status  determinations    

1.2.4  Assessment  of  Stock  Status  

  No  stock  assessment  (inherent  difficulties  in  assessing  a  stock  that  is  short-­‐lived);  Recent  research  has  developed  an  approach  for  computing  estimates  of  the  spawning  population,  though  approach  is  not  fully  utilized  to  date  

 

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MSC Principle 2: Impact on Ecosystem

Retained Species

Purse and Drum Seines

Roundhaulgearconsistsofencirclingtypenets,whicharedeployedaroundaschooloffishorpartofaschool(PFMC2011a).Whentheschoolissurrounded,thebottomofthenetmaybeclosed,thenthenetdrawnnexttotheboat.Theareaincludingthefree-swimmingfishisdiminishedbybringingoneendofthenetaboardthevessel.Whenthefisharecrowdednearthefishingvessel,pumpsareloweredintothewatertopumpfishandwaterintotheship’shold.

Roundhaulfishingresultsinsmallquantitiesofunintentionallycaughtfish,primarilybecausethefishermentargetspecificschools,whichusuallyconsistsofonespecies.Theloadispumpedoutoftheholdatthedock,wherethecatchisweighedandincidentally-caughtfishcanbeobservedandsorted.Becausepumpingatseaissocommon,anyincidentalcatchofsmallfishwouldnotbesortedatsea.ThepresenceorabsenceofincidentalcatchhasbeendocumentedthroughCDFW’sportsamplingprogram(allgeartypescombined)butactualamountsofincidentalcatcharenotquantifiedwiththismonitoring(PFMC2011c).Marketsquidtypicallyschoolwithsimilarlysizedfish,andthemostcommonincidentalcatchinthecoastalpelagicspecies(CPS)fisheryisanotherCPS(e.g.,Pacificmackerel,Pacificsardinefishery,northernanchovyandjackmackerel).Noneofthesespecies,includingPacificsardine,Pacificmackerel,areconsideredoverfishedorotherwisejeopardizedbythemarketsquidfishery(PFMC2011a).

DuringapilotobserverprogramconductedbyNationalMarineFisheriesServiceSouthwestRegion(NMFS-SWR)onseinevesselsfrom2004-08,themostincidentallycaughtspecies,Pacificmackerel,waslessthan2%oftotalsquidlandingsduringthattime(Table3).In2010,lessthan1%ofroundhaulmarketsquidlandings(bytonnage)includedreportedincidentalcatchofCPS(PFMC2011c).Similartopreviousyears,mostofthiscatchwasotherpelagicspecies,includingPacificsardineandmackerel,andkelpwasalsoobservedfrequently.

Whilenotspecificallyimpactingtheecosystem,aconcerninthemarketsquidfisheryisincidentalcatchofmarketsquideggcapsules,whichmayaffectthestockitself.In2011,approximately8.4%ofsampledlandingscontainedsquideggcases(PFMC2011d).Undertheproposedmanagementstrategy,thefisheryismonitoredbyevaluatingescapementofsquideggsfromthefishery.Ifthefisherydamagessquidspawningbeds,andthisdamageisasignificantsourceofeggmortality,themonitoringprogramwillbebiasedunlessthisadditionalsourceofmortalityisaccountedfor.

Evaluation against MSC Component 2.1: Retained SpeciesMSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.1.1  Outcome     Retained  species  catch  is  low  and  primarily  consists  of  other  CPS  

2.1.2  Management     Coastal  pelagic  species  (see  2.1.1  Outcome)  are  managed  or  monitored  under  the  PFMC’s  CPS  FMP  

2.1.3  Information     CDFW  port  sampling,  logbooks,  landing  receipts;  NMFS-­‐SWR  CPS    pilot  observer  data  (2004-­‐08)  

 

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Brail

Thebrailfleetproducesonlyasmallfractionoftheoveralltakeofmarketsquid.Thehydraulicbrail(scoop)netisusedonboardvesselsthatareusuallysmallerthanseiners.Becausebrailvesselsarecompactandmoremaneuverable,theyareusedinshallowerdepthsthatareclosertoshoreandinareaswhereseinersareprohibited(e.g.,SantaMonicaBayandthemainlandsideofCatalinaIsland)(Brady2008).

CDFW’sportsamplingprogramdocumentsthepresenceofincidentalcatch.Asstatedabove,themajorityofincidentalcatchinthesquidfisheryareothercoastalpelagicspecies(e.g.,Pacificmackerel,Pacificsardine,northernanchovyandjackmackerel)(PFMC2011d).Noneofthesespecies,includingPacificsardineorPacificmackerel,areconsideredoverfishedorotherwisejeopardizedbythemarketsquidfishery(PFMC2011c).SincethebrailfleetisresponsibleforasmallportionoftotalmarketsquidlandingsinCalifornia,alongwithdatatosuggestmostincidentalcatchconsistsofotherCPS(managedundertheCPSFMP),itisunlikelythatthebrailfisheryposesariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtoretainedspecies.

Evaluation against MSC Component 2.1: Retained SpeciesMSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.1.1  Outcome     Retained  species  catch  is  low  and  primarily  consists  of  other  coastal  pelagic  species  

2.1.2  Management     Coastal  pelagic  species  (see  2.1.1  Outcome)  are  managed  or  monitored  under  the  PFMC’s  CPS  FMP  

2.1.3  Information     CDFW  port  sampling,  logbooks,  landing  receipts,  NMFS-­‐SWR  CPS  pilot  observer  data  (2004-­‐08)  

 

Bycatch Species

Purse and Drum Seine

DuringaCPSpilotobserverprogramconductedbyNMFS-SWRonseinevesselsfrom2004-2008,themajorityofnon-targetspeciesconsistedofotherCPS(anchovy,jackandPacificmackerel,sardine),butalsoinfrequentlyincludedbenthic(bottom-dwelling)speciessuchasstingrays,batrays,brittlestars,andcroaker(Table2;PFMC2011c;PFMC2011d).Iflargerfishareinthenet,theycanbereleasedalivebeforepumpingbyloweringasectionofthecork-lineorbyusingadip-net.Gratescanbeusedtosortlargernon-CPSfromthecatch.

Sincemanybycatchspeciescanbediscardedliveatsea,alongwithsomeobserveddatatosuggestbycatchislow,itisunlikelythattheseinefisheryposesariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtobycatchspecies.

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Evaluation against MSC Component 2.2: BycatchMSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.2.1  Outcome     Bycatch  is  low,  can  be  discarded  live    

2.2.2  Management     Bycatch  is  low,  many  species  covered  under  the  groundfish  FMP  

2.2.3  Information     Logbooks,  NMFS  SAFE  reports,  NMFS-­‐SWR  CPS  pilot  observer  data  (2004-­‐08)  

 

Brail

NMFS-SWRpilotobserverdatafromseinevesselssuggeststhemajorityofnon-targetspeciesconsistedofotherCPS,butalsoinfrequentlyincludedbenthicspecies(PFMC2011c).Becausebrailvesselsoftenfishinareasclosertoshore,thepilotobserverdatamaynotberepresentativeofthebrailfleet.Howeversincethebrailfleetproducesonlyasmallfractionoftheoveralltakeofmarketsquid,itisunlikelythatthebrailfisheryposesariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtobycatchspeciesthoughmoredatamaybenecessaryifthefisheryweretopursueMSCcertification.

Evaluation against MSC Component 2.2: Bycatch

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.2.1  Outcome     Bycatch  is  likely  low,  species  can  be  discarded  live,  but  more  data  is  necessary  for  the  brail  fleet    

2.2.2  Management     Bycatch  is  likely  low,  many  bottom-­‐dwelling  species  are  covered  under  the  groundfish  FMP    

2.2.3  Information     Logbooks  

 

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Table 2.CatchsummaryforseinevesselstargetingmarketsquidfromNMFS-SWRcoastalpelagicspeciespilotobserverprogram,2004-2008.(NMFS2011d)

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*Endangered, Threatened, and Protected Species

Purse and Drum Seine

NOAANationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS)classifiesallU.S.commercialfisheriesintooneofthreecategories(I,II,III)basedonthelevelofincidentalseriousinjuryandmortalityofmarinemammalsthatoccursineachfishery(NMFS2012).TheCaliforniasquidpurseseinefisheryhasoccasionalinteractionswithendangered,threatenedandprotectedspecies,includinglong-beakedcommondolphin,Californiashort-beakedcommondolphin,Californiasealions,andharborseals(Table2;NMFS2012);however,itislistedasacategoryIIIfishery(remotelikelihoodof/noknownincidentalmortalityorseriousinjuryofmarinemammals).GiventheNMFS’s2012LOFclassificationitisunlikelythattheCaliforniaseinefisheryposesariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtoendangered,threatenedandprotectedspecies.

Evaluation against MSC Component 2.3: Endangered, Threatened & Protected Species

*ForCalifornia’sSustainableSeafoodProgram,thiscategorymustscorean80orhigherduringanMSCassessment.

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.3.1  Outcome     NMFS  category  III  fishery,  ETP  species  impacts  are  low,  though  occasional  interactions  with  dolphins,  sea  lions  and  seals    

2.3.2  Management     Measures  exist,  including  Magnuson-­‐Stevens  Act,  CEQA,  Migratory  Bird  Act,  Marine  Mammal  Protection  Act,  to  protect  ETP  species  

2.3.3  Information     Observer  data  from  2004-­‐2008;  logbooks;  NMFS  SAFE  reports;  NMFS  LOF    

 

Brail

NOAANationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS)classifiedtheCaliforniamarketsquidbrail(dipnet)fisheryascategoryIII,indictingnodocumentedinteractionswithmarinemammalspecies(NMFS2012).GiventheNMFS’s2012LOFclassification,itisunlikelythattheCaliforniabrail(dipnet)fisheryposesariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtoendangered,threatenedandprotectedspecies.

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Evaluation against MSC Component 2.3: Endangered, Threatened & Protected SpeciesMSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.3.1  Outcome     NMFS  category  III  fishery,  ETP  species  impacts  are  low,  no  documented  interactions  with  marine  mammals  

2.3.2  Management     Measures  exist,  including  Magnuson-­‐Stevens  Act,  CEQA,  Migratory  Bird  Act,  Marine  Mammal  Protection  Act,  to  protect  ETP  species  

2.3.3  Information     NMFS  SAFE  reports;  NMFS  LOF    

 

Habitats

Purse and Drum Seine

Theeast-westgeographicboundaryofessentialfishhabitat(EFH)formarketsquidisdefinedtobeallmarineandestuarinewatersfromtheshorelinealongthecoastsofCalifornia,Oregon,andWashingtonoffshoretothelimitsoftheexclusiveeconomiczone(EEZ)andabovethethermoclinewhereseasurfacetemperaturesrangebetween10˚Cto26˚C(50˚to79˚F)(CPSMT2010).ThesouthernboundaryofthegeographicrangeofallCPSisconsistentlysouthoftheUS-Mexicoborder,indicatingaconsistencyinseasurfacetemperatures(SSTs)below26˚C(79˚F),theupperthermaltoleranceofCPS.Therefore,thesouthernextentofEFHforCPSistheUS-Mexicomaritimeboundary.ThenorthernboundaryoftherangeofCPSismoredynamicandvariableduetotheseasonalcoolingoftheSST.ThenorthernEFHboundaryis,therefore,thepositionofthe10˚C(50˚f)isotherm,whichvariesbothseasonallyandannually.

AppendixDoftheCPSFMP(PFMC1998)notesthatcontactbetweenroundhaulgear(purseseines)andsubstrateisrareinfishingforCPSfinfishandmarketsquid,becausefishingusuallyoccursinwaterdeeperthantheheightofthenet.Thus,theonlyopportunityfordamagetobenthosoressentialfishhabitatforanyspeciesinfishingforCPSfinfishisfromlostgear.Thereispotentialforfishingtoimpactsquidspawninggroundsbecausemarketsquidattachtheireggcasestothebottomsubstrateatspawningsitesthatincludeshallow,nearshoreareas.Suchdamageisnotbelievedtobeextensiveandistransitorywithregardtothehabitat.

Evaluation against MSC Component 2.4: Habitat

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.4.1  Outcome     Habitat  damage  from  roundhaul  gear  is  not  believed  to  be  extensive    

2.4.2  Management     Temporal  and  spatial  area  closures,  gear  restrictions  

2.4.3  Information     Logbooks,  observer  information    

 

14

Brail

Unabletoassesshabitatimpactsfrombrailgear–lackofdata.

Evaluation against MSC Component 2.4: Habitat

Ecosystem

Marketsquidareanintegralpartofthefoodwebtomanymarinevertebrates(Figure2).Fish,seabirds,andmarinemammalsallutilizesquidasapreyitem.Squidhasbeendocumentedasanimportantdietarycomponentofthenorthernelephantseal,northernfurseal,Californiasealion(LowryandCarretta1999),Dall’sporpoise,Pacificstripeddolphin,Risso’sdolphin,toothedwhalessuchastheshort-finnedpilotwhale(Hacker1992),thespermwhale,andthebottlenosewhale(Fields1965).Inaddition,seabirdssuchasthecommonmurre,ashystorm-petrel,blackstorm-petrel,fork-tailedstorm-petrel,andrhinocerosaukletsfeedonmarketsquid(Morejohnetal.1978).InMontereyBay,19speciesoffishwerefoundtofeeduponmarketsquid,includingmanycommerciallyimportantspeciessuchasPacificbonito,salmon,halibut,andtuna(Fields1965,Morejohnetal.1978).Thesefishesincludealldepleted,threatened,andendangeredsalmonstocksalongthecoast.Infactpredatorsfrommanytrophiclevelsutilizebothsmallpelagicfishes,suchasnorthernanchovyandsardine,andsquidaseitheraprimaryorsupplementaryfoodsource(CDFG2005).

Marketsquidfeedonavarietyofpreyduringtheirlifecycle(CDFG2005).Aslarvaeandjuveniles,squidconsumecopepodsandeuphasiids.Thesefast-movingpreyitemsareachallengetoyoungsquid;theyenhancethedevelopmentofprey-captureandescapeskills(PreussandGilly2000).Asadults,marketsquidfeedonfish,polychaeteworms,squid(cannibalism),andcrustaceanssuchasshrimpandpelagicredcrab.Also,squidarefoundincommercialcatchesofanchovies,sardines,herring,mackerel,andsaurieswheretheyfeedwithandmostlikelyuponthesefish(Fields1965).

UndertheMarineLifeManagementAct(MLMA),CDFWmustconsiderecosystemimpactsofafishery,namelytheconservationofnotonlytheexploitedspecies,buttheotherspeciesthatdependonthatresource.Atpresent,thedynamicsofmanyofthesetrophicrelationshipsforsquidarenotwellunderstood.Inaddition,theFGChasaForageFishPolicythatenvisionsmanagementofforagespeciesthat(1)optimizestheirecological,economicandsocialvalues,(2)accountsforthebenefitsrenderedbyforagespeciestootherspecies,fisheries,wildlife,andtheoverallecosystem,and(3)considersrecreationalandcommercialfishinginterestsandothereconomicsectors.TheCommissionintendstoprovideadequateprotectionforforagespeciesthroughmanagementgoals.Atthisstagehowever,moreinformationisneededtounderstandhoworifthecurrentmanagementmeasuresprotecttheecosystemstructureandfunction.

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  2.4.1  Outcome       No  data,  however  likely  green  since  brail  gear  

only  scoops  from  the  surface  of  the  water  2.4.2  Management       Temporal  and  spatial  area  closures,  gear  

restrictions  2.4.3  Information       Logbooks    

15

Figure 2.Foodwebformarketsquid,Loligo (Doryteuthis) opalescens,involvingcommerciallyimportantorabundantfish,birds,andmarinemammals(Morejohnetal.1978).

Evaluation against MSC Component 2.5: Ecosystem

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

2.5.1  Outcome     Squid  are  an  important  forage  species,  more  information  is  needed  to  determine  how  current  harvest  levels  impact  the  ecosystem;  annual  catch  limit  is  currently  fixed  based  on  a  3  year  average  catch  

2.5.2  Management     MLMA;  The  FGC  has  a  Forage  Species  policy  

2.5.3  Information     Trophic  interactions  are  not  fully  understood  

 

16

MSC Principle 3: Management System

Governance and Policy

Instatewaters(0-3milesoffshore),theFGCmanagesvariousfisheriesthroughmeasuresthatincludebutarenotlimitedtodeterminingseasons,catchlimits,andmethodsoftake.Ineachcase,theFGCholdsregularopenpublicmeetingsthroughoutthestatetoreceiveandconsiderindividualandgroupinputpriortoadoptionofneworchangedregulations.RecommendationsalsocomefromCDFW.OncetheFGCvotestoadoptaregulation,CDFWisresponsibleforenforcingit.CDFWimplementsmanagementplans,providestechnicalexpertise,managesfisheryregulationsandcoordinatestheimplementationofpolicystate-wide.CDFWisresponsibleforprovidingrecommendationstotheFGCandcarryingoutresearchthatinformstheserecommendationsorothermanagementdecisionsbytheLegislature.CDFWisalsoresponsibleforenforcingthefishandgameregulationsmandatedbytheFGC,theLegislature,andthefederalgovernment.TheLegislaturecanincreasetheFGC’spowersbydelegatingfurtherregulatoryandmanagementauthority.TheMLMAgovernsthewaythemajorityofFGCfisheriesaremanaged.

MarketsquidisincludedintheFederalCPSFMPasamonitoredspecies.ThePacificFisheryManagementCouncilisoneofeightregionalfisherymanagementcouncilsestablishedbytheMagnuson-StevensFisheryConservationandManagementActof1976(MSA).TheGuidelinesforFisheryManagementPlans(FMPs)publishedbytheNationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS)requirethatastockassessmentandfisheryevaluation(SAFE)reportbepreparedandreviewedannuallyforeachFMP(PFMC2011c).SAFEreportsareintendedtosummarizethebestavailablescientificinformationconcerningthepast,present,andpossiblefutureconditionofthestocks,marineecosystems,andfisheriesbeingmanagedunderfederalregulation.RegionalFisheryManagementCouncilsusethisinformationtodetermineannualharvestlevelsforeachstock,documentsignificanttrendsorchangesintheresources,marineecosystems,andfisheryovertime,andassesstherelativesuccessofexistingstateandfederalfisherymanagementprograms.

Evaluation against MSC Component 3.1: Governance and Policy

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

3.1.1  Legal  and/or  Customary  Framework  

  The  FGC  must  operate  under  the  MLMA;  PFMC  and  NMFS  must  operate  under  Magnuson-­‐Stevens  Act  

3.1.2  Consultation,  Roles  and  responsibilities  

  The  FGC  holds  public  meetings  prior  to  adoption  of  new  regulations;  CDFW  responsible  for  implementing  and  enforcing  both  state  and  federal  regulations  

3.1.3  Long-­‐term  Objectives     Goals  and  objectives  detailed  in  MLMA,  Magnuson-­‐Stevens  Act  and  FMPs  

3.1.4  Incentives  for  Sustainable  Fishing  

  Sustainability  is  an  underlying  goal  of  the  MLMA,  MSA  

 

17

Fishery Specific Management System

In2001,legislationtransferredtheauthorityformanagementofthemarketsquidfisherytotheFGC.LegislationrequiredthattheFGCadoptamarketsquidfisherymanagementplanandregulationstoprotectandmanagetheresource.InAugustandDecemberof2004,theFGCadoptedtheMSFMP,consistentwiththefederalmanagementbythePacificFisheryManagementCouncil.ThegoalsoftheMSFMParetoprovideaframeworkthatwillberesponsivetoenvironmentalandsocioeconomicchangesandtoensurelong-termresourceconservationandsustainability.

Underthisframework,theMSFMPprovidestheFGCwithspecificguidelinesformakingmanagementdecisions.TheFGChastheabilitytoreactquicklytochangesinthemarketsquidpopulationoffCaliforniaandimplementmanagementstrategieswithouttheneedforafullplanamendment.TheMSFMPframeworkwasalsodesignedtoachievethegoalsandobjectivesoftheMLMA.TheMLMAof1998createdpolicies,goals,andobjectivestogoverntheconservation,sustainableuseandrestorationofCalifornia’slivingmarineresources.TheMLMAgavetheFGCandCDFWspecificauthorities,goals,objectives,andmandatesformanagingmarineresources(CDFG2005).TheMSFMPmustalsobeconsistentwiththemanagementoutlinedinCPSFMPAmendment10.

TheFGCestablishedthattheDirectorofCDFWmaycreateanadvisorycommitteewhennecessarytoassistCDFWwithdevelopmentandreviewoffisheryassessments,managementoptionsandproposals,andPlanamendments(CDFG2005).Thissquidfisheryadvisorycommitteemustincluderepresentativesfromindustry,science,andtheenvironmentalcommunity.ThecommitteecanassistCDFWbyprovidingrecommendationsregardingtheeffectivenessofadoptedsquidmanagement.

TheMLMArequiresperiodicreviewofmanagementmeasuresbecauseenvironmental,social,andeconomicchangesmayleadtoconsiderationofregulatorychangesundertheframeworkdescribedabove(CDFG2005).IfCDFWdeterminesthatcurrentmanagementofthemarketsquidfisheryisnotmeetingthegoalsoftheMSFMP,CDFWwillpresenttheresultsofthisreviewtotheadvisorycommittee(s)establishedundertheMSFMPtoseektheirviewsandrecommendations.CDFWwillthenpresentitsrecommendationsandviewsoftheadvisorycommittee(s)totheFGCregardingtheneedforchangesinmanagementofthemarketsquidfishery.CDFWneedstopresenttherationale,dataandanalysesinsupportofitsrecommendationsforregulatorychanges.Theadvisorycommittee(s)mayalsomakemanagementrecommendationstoCDFW.TheFGCwillthendeterminewhethertoconsideranamendmenttotheMSFMPorafullrulemakingactionfortheregulationsimplementingit.

EnforcementoffishingregulationsisconductedinstatewatersbyCDFW’sLawEnforcementDivisionandinfederalwatersbyNOAA’sOfficeofLawEnforcement.Additionallytoolssuchasportsampling,logbooks,andobservercoverageareusedtomonitorcatchandensurevesselshavethecorrectpermitsforthecatchtheyarelanding.Violatorsareprosecutedunderthelaw.Thereisnoevidenceofsystemicnon-compliance.

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Evaluation against MSC Component 3.2: Fishery Specific Management System

MSC  Performance  Indicators   Rating   Justification  

3.2.1  Fishery  Specific  Objectives     Outlined  in  the  CPS  FMP  and  MSFMP  

3.2.2  Decision-­‐making  Processes     MLMA  gave  the  Commission  and  CDFW  specific  authorities,  goals,  objectives,  and  mandates  for  managing  marine  resources  

3.2.3  Compliance  &  Enforcement  

  An  enforcement  system  exists  and  has  demonstrated  an  ability  to  enforce  relevant  management  measures,  strategies  and/or  rules.    

3.2.4  Research  Plan     CPS  FMP  and  MSFMP  detail  monitoring  plans,  however  they  have  not  been  fully  implemented  to  date  

3.2.5  Management  Performance  Evaluation  

  MLMA  requires  periodic  review  of  management  measures;  the  Commission  may  create  advisory  committee  to  review  and  develop  management  options  and  amendments  

 

California Specific Requirements

TheCaliforniavoluntarysustainableseafoodprogramrequiresfisheriesseekingcertificationtomeetCaliforniaspecificstandardsinadditiontothestandardsandrequirementsoftheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)sustainablefisheriescertificationprogram.Theseinclude:

1.Higherscores(80insteadof60)fortwoperformanceindicators(PI)oftheMSCprogram:“StockStatus”(PI1.1.1)and“By-catchofEndangered,Threatened,orProtected(ETP)Species”(PI2.3.1).ThesetwoPIsarehighlightedinthereport.

2.Additionalindependentscientificreview:TheOPCScienceAdvisoryTeamwillbeengagedinthecertificationprocessthroughearlyconsultationinreviewingminimumeligibilitycriteria,andreviewoftheMSC-requiredpre-assessmentsandfullassessments.ThereviewswillbeconductedinadditiontoMSC’speerreview,thusbringingadditionalcredibility,transparency,andindependencetoCalifornia’scertificationprocess.

3.Additionaltraceabilitycomponents:TheCaliforniaprogramwilldevelopauniquebarcodeforCaliforniacertifiedsustainablefish.Thisbarcodecanbeeitherscannedbyasmart-phoneorlinkedtoawebsitethatwillrevealadditionalinformationaboutthefishery,andinformationabouttoxicitywhenavailable.

Recommendations

Becausemarketsquidareshortlivedandhighlyfecundspeciesitseemstobeabletorecoverfromdramaticdecreasesinthepopulationinashortperiodoftime;however,ifharvestwas

19

reducedduringsuchlowproductivityperiodsthestockmaybeabletorecoverevenfasterwhenconditionsimproved.

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Chuenpagdee,R.,L.E.Morgan,S.M.Maxwell,E.A.Norse,andD.Pauly.2003.Shiftinggears:assessingcollateralimpactsoffishingmethodsinUSwaters.Front.Ecol.Environ.1:517-524.

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Appendix A

MSC Assessment Tree Market Squid Round Haul Brail

Principle Component Performance Indicator All All

Principle 1: Health of Fish Stock

Outcome

1.1.1: Stock status

1.1.2: Reference points

1.1.3: Stock rebuilding Did not assess

Did not assess

Harvest Strategy (Management)

1.2.1: Harvest strategy

1.2.2: Harvest control rules

1.2.3: Info/ monitoring

1.2.4: Stock assessment

Principle 2: Impact on Ecosystem

Retained species

2.1.1: Status

2.1.2: Mgmt strategy

2.1.3: Information

By-catch species 2.2.1: Status

2.2.2: Mgmt strategy

2.2.3: Info

ETP species 2.3.1: Status

2.3.2: Mgmt strategy

2.3.3: Info

Habitats 2.4.1: Status

2.4.2: Mgmt strategy

2.4.3: Info

Ecosystem 2.5.1: Status

2.5.2: Mgmt strategy

2.5.3: Info

Principle 3: Management System

Governance & Policy

3.1.1: Legal framework

3.1.2: Consultation, roles, and responsibilities

3.1.3: Long term objectives

3.1.4: Incentives for sustainable fishing

Fishery Specific Mgmt System

3.2.1: Fishery specific objectives

3.2.2: Decision making process

3.2.3: Compliance & enforcement

3.2.4: Research plan

3.2.5: Management performance evaluation