Leading global excellence in procurement and supply

A guide for candidates

Marked examanswers with assessor feedback

3

Suggestions, hints and tips for the assessment

• Read the case study and the case questions through

quickly to start with in order to get a general overview of

what it is about, and to help you settle down to thinking.

Then, read the case study through again more carefully,

this time with a pen at the ready to make a few notes and

annotate the case study throughout. It is beneficial to

write any notes in your answer booklet (you can cross

them out at the end). That way, if you run out of time, the

assessor can read your notes which may give him or her

an insight to your analysis

• Next, identify the contextual information, such as the

background data that sets the scene for the key issues. For

example, if there is financial information, or information

on trends, size of the business or procurement spend,

then it is useful to highlight these and consider their

relevance to the case study.

• Then identify the key issues that are presented in the

case and try to prioritise these, including any that

appear to be peripheral to the main case.

Timing is everything

• We recommend you spend 20 minutes on ‘Reading case

study material and all questions’

• As you read through the paper, identify what is being

asked of you in each question or each part of a question.

Remember, there will be one question for each of the

learning outcomes in the ‘Unit Content Guide’:

Determine which part of the subject unit content the

question relates to

Consider what elements of the case study are relevant

to this topic, and the key issues the question is asking

you to write about

Check the number of marks allocated to each question

or part of a question: this helps you to work out how

much information the assessors are expecting you to

include in your answer to each part

Take careful note if the question asks you to provide a

specific number of examples or ideas – make sure you

provide the number required.

• Next, highlight the command words in each question or

part of a question. (See page 16 for examples of command

words and what they mean.)

How to approachunseen case studieswith questions

www.cips.org

03

Recommended time to spend on unseen case study assessments (three hours duration)

Diploma Advanced &

Professional Diploma

Reading case study material and all questions 20 minutes 20 minutes

Planning/making notes for answers (per question) 4 minutes 4 minutes

Writing (per question) 25 minutes 33 minutes

Checking/amending (per question) 2 minutes 2 minutes

Checking that you have correctly followed the instructions, missed

nothing out, labelled everything, last-minute amendments

(per assessment)

5 minutes 4 minutes

20mins

02mins

04mins

05mins

25mins

33mins

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Improving your approach toanswering exam questionsA case study is a brief overview ofa business situation

This is a real exam question paper used in a previous

exam series. In it you will find actual marker feedback

based on the answers of students. It is especially helpful

in this instance as it links the question and the answers

to the case study and the reason why the final mark was

awarded.

This resource not only helps for the type of question but

will also help you to improve your generic exam

technique.

Remember good answers will be well reasoned and

justified with appropriate theories, models or examples.

The following exam question was used for students

sitting the D3 – Sourcing in procurement and supply

exam.

The purpose of the case study is to allow you to demonstrate your ability to analyse and comment

on a procurement and supply situation under assessment conditions. To do this effectively you

need to know, understand and have experience of the application of the relevant theory.

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

(GFATM) is an international organisation that aims to

attract and distribute resources to prevent and treat HIV

and AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. The organisation has

its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It is financed by

government grants and public donations.

GFATM intends to develop its sourcing and procurement

activities. It has recently carried out a review to explore

how efficiency could be improved, to develop increased

commercial expertise in its field staff, and therefore

achieve greater transparency on costs and payments.

Malaria, which is carried by mosquitoes, kills many

thousands of people every year, many of whom are

children. One of its first sourcing activities under this new

approach was to carry out the world’s largest tender for

the supply of mosquito nets, designed to produce

estimated savings of $140 million for GFATM over two

years. The project would provide 190 million bed nets and

protect 400 million people at risk of malaria in 30 African

and Asian countries. The lives of an estimated 1.3 million

children could be saved.

A new sourcing process was established to organise the

structured purchase of mosquito nets, shifting the power

from seller to buyer. The process focused on reducing the

market dominance of individual manufacturers and

mosquito net suppliers. There would be a strong focus by

GFATM on local production and suppliers using this new

approach. Long-term contracts resulting from the new

sourcing process would improve visibility, production,

capacity planning and pricing.

Another aim of the sourcing exercise was to generate

overall value by ordering more nets of a standard size and

simplifying manufacturing processes to cut costs.

Previously the number of mosquito net specifications was

very wide. Through standardisation and reduced prices, a

third more nets could be bought within the same budget.

By using large-scale purchasing power, the new process

would provide better value for money, providing savings

and the reduction of supply chain bottlenecks and

shortages.

The new sourcing process was also meant to achieve a

balanced sustainable supply chain. Contracts would be

spread among a number of suppliers and this would

support innovation, optimise capacity and reduce risk in

GFATM’s supply chain.

In addition, the sourcing process would support domestic

production in countries with high demand for mosquito

nets, which would lower transportation costs and utilise

advice from local experts.

However, the move towards using smaller local suppliers

would need to be managed carefully in order to ensure

the suppliers’ financial stability. The mosquito net

sourcing exercise was part of a more proactive approach

to procurement being adopted by GFATM. The

organisation aims to follow it up with a similar sourcing

exercise for medical supplies.

The GFATM sourcing team has introduced a strategic

review of its approach to sourcing and is trying to gain a

better understanding of market dynamics.

The strategic review process aims to promote capability

development throughout the supply chain, including

better coordination and cooperation. Expected outcomes

of the strategic review process include the better

understanding of stakeholder needs, comprehensive

supply market intelligence, a common sourcing process,

reduced costs, and improved innovation.

This is a collaborative approach which should help GFATM

to achieve common objectives and eliminate duplication

of effort.

05

Sources:

• www.supplymanagement.com - 14 October 2014

• www.globalfund.org - January 2015

• www.guardian.com - 15 November 2013

Unseen Case study example – Sourcing in procurement and supply

Sample answer:

Award of contracts is made to suppliers when the ‘best’ option,

value or price had been determined. Each supplier would be

assessed on their suitability, acceptability and capability, that

they can bring to the requirement at that time and potentially

moving forward with later procurement or requirements.

Award criteria needs to cover both technical and commercial

criteria. Technical is that the supplier has the knowledge, skills,

expertise to deliver the contract. Commercial criteria is that the

supplier has the financial status, innovation and ‘best’ solution to

deliver the contract.

The case study refers to GFATM wishing to reduce supply chain

bottlenecks and shortages. To achieve this they could use the

Kraljic matrix to help them visualise which products are in which

quarter and what they can do to improve where possible.

The Kraljic matrix rates how complex the supply chain is with

how important the item is to the organisation so that a plan can

be devised regarding the amount of time, effort and resource is

dedicated to the purchase type.

Assessor comments:

A good, but lengthy, introduction. It

contextualises the answer, but it doesn't

contribute anything to the answer and no marks

can be awarded for it at this stage. The body of

the answer duplicates some of this content.

No specific marks are given for the introduction

but it does demonstrate some understanding of

the subject matter.

Question 1: Discuss FOUR criteria that GFATM might apply when awarding the contracts to suppliers

(20 marks)

www.cips.org

Complexity of supply chain

Low High

Strategic items

Partnering

Non-critical

items

Bottleneck

items

Imp

ort

an

ce o

f it

em

Hig

hLo

w

1 Innovation

The supplier is the expert in their field and so by using early

supplier involvement and using the expertise to look at the

material grade, quality may end up with a product that

matches or exceeds the original specification for the same or a

lower cost.

The product may be of a better quality and be more durable

and therefore more cost effective. This may lead to a better

reputation in the field/brand for the supplier whilst delivering

the protection required- a win/win for buying organisation

and supplier.

2 Capacity

GFATM would want to know that the supplying organisation

had the capacity to produce the quantity of mosquito nets

require. As they are standardising the net there will be less

variation and so potentially they will have one supplier who

will have the required machinery to provide the specified net

in the quantity that is required.

3 Quality

GFATM would want to ensure that the supplier being awarded

the contract have good, robust quality ethics. Quality control

is checking the item (usually a random quantity i.e. 5% as

organisational policy) after it is made and rejecting the item if

found to be faulty this can lead to waste. Quality assurance is

however looking at the processes involved within the

manufacture of the item ensuring that the item is correct and

fit for purpose the first time. This would include monitoring

the materials used, the process and removing any waste

procedures and a quality culture from the management team

down to the shop floor employees.

4 Price/best value for money

Ensuring that the best quality product is provided for the best

possible price. MEAT- Most economically advantageous

tender- as GFATM are a third sector buying organisation they

may not be looking at price only. As the funding comes via

government grants and public donations their funding is

under huge scrutiny as they are spending public money.

3/5 marks

Innovation – this is one of the relevant criteria

for contract award. This part of the answer could

have been improved by reference to the case

study information.

For example, the case study information states

that GFATM has recently carried out a review to

explore how efficiency could be improved.

Innovation on the part of the supplier might

help to achieve this.

3/5 marks

Capacity – this is also a relevant point. But more

discussion of what capacity means, in addition to

machinery, would have resulted in a higher mark,

e.g. manpower and financial resources.

4/5 marks

Quality - this is a good answer, of a distinction

pass standard. A good knowledge of quality

control and quality assurance is demonstrated.

TQM could have been mentioned.

4/5 marks

Value for money - a good understanding of

price, best value for money and MEAT is

demonstrated. Also, it is applied to GFATM and

the fact that it is a third sector organisation.

Total mark = 14/20, a strong credit pass answer

07

Sample answer:

Carter’s 10 Cs

1 Ethics/Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

As GFATM are sourcing internationally and as stated in

the case study looking to place some contracts with

suppliers using the mosquito nets, the countries may

not be developed and so to ensure GFATMs

reputation they would have to ensure that labour and

pay for these countries were fair and equal, child

labour is not used and that the relevant laws are

adhered to.

2 Staffing/expertise

The case study states that GFATM are looking to

develop the commercial expertise of its field staff. This

would give the staff a better understanding and

knowledge of the sourcing procedures and GFATM

sourcing plan as an organisation. As GFATM are a third

sector organisation the transparency they would

achieve and expert knowledge would be of great

benefit.

3 Stakeholders needs/ compliance

Stakeholders are individuals or organisations that can

influence or put pressure on the organisation in either

a positive or negative manner. Stakeholders can be

either internal or external to the organisation. In the

case of GFATM the stakeholders would be their

employees, directors, supplier, taxpayers, public,

service users. It is important to have stakeholder buy-

in to ensure that the best value for money is achieved.

4 Market intelligence/ continuity

It is important that GFATM looks at the market to

review the options within it. This involves reviewing

current suppliers as well as seeking new suppliers and

the innovation and experience they can bring to add

value and expertise to the individual requirement or

project.

5 Locality/transportation

By using local suppliers and reducing the

transportation required to get the finished product to

its place of need bring value in that sustainability,

‘green’ practice is used. It uses the skills of local

workers bringing economic viability to the areas and

potentially improving their living and working

conditions.

Assessor comments:

This was not a good answer and much of it did not

address the question. The candidate has used sections of

the Carter model of supplier evaluation as the basis of

their answer and this is only indirectly relevant.

A good answer would have described five of the

following elements or others that GFATM could have

included in a sourcing plan:

• Whether the supply base should be wide or narrow

• Whether sourcing should be by negotiation or tender

• Should there be partnership relationships or arm’s

length agreements or any of the options between

these extremes

• Set up a supplier appraisal process

• Develop KPI's to monitor supplier performance

• Consider supplier development activities to be

included in the sourcing plan

These should have been applied to the case study

information for higher marks.

Some marks was awarded for mention of the Carter 10

C's model, the section on Ethics/CSR and the section on

stakeholders, because they are involved in the sourcing

process.

Marks were also awarded for the section on market

intelligence, as this could be considered to be part of a

sourcing plan.

Marks were awarded for the section on locality, because

this was related to the case study information.

Total mark awarded = 9/20, a fail grade answer overall,

mainly because it lacked breadth of detail and depth of

detail. The individual points made were generally valid.

www.cips.org

Question 2: A new and structured sourcing process was established by GFATM as part of its new

proactive approach to procurement. This would involve the development of sourcing plans for goods

and services from external suppliers.

Describe FIVE elements that GFATM should include in sourcing plans

(20 marks)

09

Sample answer:

1 Presentation

The supplier could be asked to make a presentation to the

buying organisation’s finance and procurement managers. They

would outline where they are financially, how they have

improved, any information they could give that shows them to

be a sound, financially healthy organisation. No current or

potential supplier should refuse this opportunity.

2 Credit rating companies

Usually used by using an online website i.e. Experion or Dun +

Bradstreet. For a small fee the credit rating company would

supply information regarding the supplier’s financial health and

status.

3 Using financial statements

For example balance sheets, cash flow statements and profit

and loss accounts. The information can be used to calculate

indicators and ratios that can help in the assessment of a

suppliers financial health.

Assessor comments:

3/3 marks

A very good answer.

2/3 marks

Lacks some detail, but the main point is covered.

2/3 marks

Lacks some detail, but the main points are

covered.

Total mark for part (a) = 7/9, a good answer

overall.

Development of the credit rating and financial

statements responses would have been beneficial

as they are both rather brief.

Question 3a: The case study information states that the move towards using smaller local suppliers

would need to be managed carefully in order to ensure the suppliers’ financial stability.

Describe THREE sources of financial information about suppliers which could be used to assess their

financial stability. (9 marks)

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Sample answer:

1 Quick ratio or acid test ratio

Assets – stock =

Liabilities

This is the more accurate of the liquidity ratios as it removes

unsold stock from the financial indicator. The ratio ideally

should be one or above indicating that the company has

sufficient ‘cash’ to be able to pay its liabilities in the short term.

Stock is removed as it may take time to sell/invoices to be paid

and so the cash is not freely available.

2 Working capital ratio

Assets =

Liabilities

Ideally this indicator total should be 2 or above again indicating

that the organisation has sufficient ‘cash’ to cover their short

and long term liabilities. It is important that this is only a

snapshot taken by using the company’s balance sheet. This

information would only be true on the date of the balance

sheet and so may be outdated.

Assessor comments:

2/3 marks

The formula given is incorrect. It should be current

assets - stock divided by current liabilities. But 2

marks awarded for the narrative, which is correct.

0/3 marks

The working capital ratio is not a liquidity ratio.

The formula given is not used as a financial

liquidity ratio. Current assets and current

liabilities are the items and their elements that are

compared to analyse liquidity.

Total mark for part (b) = 2/6, a fail grade answer.

Question 3b: Describe TWO liquidity ratios that GFATM might use to assess a supplier’s financial

stability. (6 marks)

Sample answer:

1 The liquidity ratios give an idea as to how much cash the

supplier has to cover its own liabilities or debts. This would also

indicate whether a supplier is likely to have good financial

health and resource to take on additional business of producing

more or any mosquito nets. The supplier may need to employ

additional staff, purchase materials to start the contract with

payment from GFATM not coming for maybe a month or two

depending on the terms agreed in the contract.

Assessor comments:

3/5 marks

This answer lacks some detail. Debtors, and the

other different examples of current assets, could

be included in the explanation. A mark of a credit

standard is justified.

Total mark for part (c) = 3/5

Total mark for Q3 is = 12/20, a credit pass grade,

mainly because of the good answer to part (a).

Question 3c: Explain the significance of liquidity ratios to GFATM in assessing the financial stability of a

supplier. (5 marks)

11

Sample answer:

1 E-catalogues

These are easily obtained via the supplier websites to download

or view online. For one-off, small value items or those that have a

framework agreement with pre-qualified suppliers may also allow

purchase online by using a trolley/basket and checkout model.

2 E-auction and reverse e-auction

These can speed up the process dramatically.

E-auction- the supplier advertises the auction and buyers bid for

the items being sold. Usually via an auction site, the bidding is

timed (usually 2 hours), the bidding is open and so bids can be

seen but not the buyer’s identity. The highest bid at the end of the

allotted time ‘wins’ the purchase.

Reverse e-auctions- is where the buyer advertises their

requirement via the auction site. Suppliers then bid competitively

to win the business, bids can be updated throughout the process,

timed as above. Bids are open but the suppliers are not identified

at the end of the process, the lowest bid that meets the

specification and criteria wins the business.

3 E-tender

This is where the tender is advertised via OJEU or another web-

based site used by markets or industries.

All documentation- specification, requirement, tendering process,

award and selection criteria are placed onto the site. Some

industries use CPV- common procurement vocabulary codes for

example, cleaning, security, catering contracts for ease of use.

Some tenders may be open and so any supplier can compete for

the contract whilst others maybe restricted and so a PQQ-

prequalification questionnaire stage will be added. This can help

eliminate bids that do not have essential criteria by the use of

yes/no, pass/fail questions that the system can eliminate.

4 E-inventory/E-POS

Some organisations may have an automated inventory where all

lines are set with a minimum reorder level. When this minimum is

reached the system automatically reorders stock from the

appropriate suppliers. This system gives real time information

regarding stock control.

Assessor comments:

2/2 marks

A good answer with the item supported by

examples.

2/2 marks

Also a good answer with useful additional detail

to demonstrate understanding.

2/2 marks

Also a good answer. OJEU (journal of the

European Union) would only actually be

relevant in a European context but the example

could be valid.

2/2 marks

E-Inventory is not part of sourcing, but 2 marks

awarded for an outline of E-POS, which might be

perceived as part of sourcing. Some latitude

allowed due to relevant supporting content for

the example.

Total mark for part (a) = 8/8, a very good

answer, full marks, that is of a distinction pass

standard.

Question 4a: One of GFATM’s first sourcing activities was to carry out the world’s first tender for the

supply of mosquito nets. The organisation aims to follow it up with another sourcing exercise for medical

supplies.

Outline FOUR electronic systems that GFATM could use to source its requirement from external

suppliers. (8 marks)

www.cips.org

Sample answer:

1 Speed

GFATM is operating globally and so by using electronic

systems information can be sent quickly, efficiently and

securely (with correct governance) to any or all of the

locations worldwide. This can save a lot of time as to send the

paper copies could take several days. Additional benefits in

saving on paper and adding to sustainability and ‘green’

policies are achieved. Decisions can be made promptly that

may effect urgent attention.

2 Duplication of effort/documentation

When updating information on the system this can be done as

one task i.e. supplier details would be updated across the

system network. This would save on duplication of tasks and

human error. Whilst updating tender or contract documents

version control can be applied ensuring that the correct

version is always available when writing new contracts or

tenders then the use of ‘copy and paste’ can speed up the

process and ensure that wording is correct and not having to

retype it each time that may lead to errors.

3 Timescales

As GFATM operate globally they will need to be aware of time

zones. This may mean that one office may be open the other

may be shut due to it being night time. A similar issue would

be encountered with a variation of cultures, public holidays

etc. The use of email and general electronic systems ensures

that business continues as messages and tasks are dealt with

the next working day.

Assessor comments:

4/4 marks

A very good answer, marks also awarded for the

good contextualisation of the answer.

3/4 marks

A good answer, but some slight duplication of the

previous answer in terms of speed. There are

limited examples included in the answer which

restricts it from full marks.

2/4 marks

The candidate seems to have headed the section

incorrectly. The response, while a valid benefit in

terms of time zones, has not been explained well.

Examples of how time zones might have an

impact could also be included. A pass grade only

for this section.

Total mark for part(b) = 9/12

Total mark for Q4 = 17/20, a distinction pass

grade.

Question 4b: Explain THREE benefits that GFATM might gain by using electronic systems to source its

requirements from external suppliers. (12 marks)

13

Sample answer:

1 Ethical

GFATM would need to ensure that their suppliers conformed

to labour laws for example fair pay for a fair day’s work, that

men and women are paid fairly, that child labour is not

acceptable. The international labour organisation has many

policies and directives that support and advise on these

matters. As a third sector organisation that is financed by

government and public donation they are under huge scrutiny

by the public at large. By the public donations they have got

the support but if they were found to exploit the people they

are trying to help this would lead to reputational damage,

donations may fall or stop

2 Incoterms

If GFATM wish to import or export items they will need to

ensure the relevant terms are in the contract and negotiated

with the supplier. Incoterms are the international terms set by

the international Chambers of Commerce. The terms state

who has responsibility and when that changes in the

movement of the supplies from the supplier to the buyer.

For example:

EXW- Exworks- stipulates that the supplier is to leave the

supplies as a destination for the buyer to upload- making

supplies available. The supplier may assist with transit but this

is not necessary.

FOB- free on board- The supplier has responsibility for the

consignment up until it is on the ship, at this point the

responsibility passes to the buyer for the rest of the journey

and transit.

DDP- Delivery- The supplier has full responsibility for the

whole transportation process and so will incur any costs for

insurance, breakages that may occur.

Depending on the cargo it would be up to the buyer to

stipulate their requirements to the supplier.

5/5 marks

A very good answer, demonstrating a good

knowledge of ethical issues and why GFATM

would need to take this into account. The use of

supporting example justifies the award of full

marks.

4/5 marks

Also a very good answer, demonstrating good

knowledge of Incoterms. But some application

to the case study could have been included.

Question 5: The case study information states that GFATM is an international organisation which

supports local production in several countries.

Analyse FOUR legislative, regulatory or organisational requirements that GFATM will need to take into

account when sourcing from international suppliers (20 marks)

3 HMRC

Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise have duties to ensure

that goods entering or leaving the country have paid the

taxes and duties on them as appropriate. They are also

required to produce statistical data and seize any illegal or

banned products. Taxes are enforced in two ways; Ad

valorum- by value or; by quantity- weight or measurement

i.e. container.

4 Payment

Payment terms would be complicated for GFATM as there are

multiple currencies as they trade globally. They would want to

minimise the number of currencies that they trade in whilst

ensuring that they get the best value within the exchange

rate. Payment could be done in a number of ways:

Normal trading- pay for goods when they are received, this

would require trust and only undertaken with known

suppliers.

PIA- Payment in advance. Goods are paid for by the buyer in

advance usually for strategic relationships.

Letter of credit- Once the contract has been signed, the order

is placed. The buyer notifies its bank of the arrangement that

then they contact a bank in suppliers area. Once all

documents have been agreed and goods are received and

checked, payment is passed from the buyer’s bank to that of

the supplier.

1/5 marks

This part of the answer does not address the

question very well. It is a UK centric and

parochial response as HMRC would not need to

be taken into account by GFATM. However 1

mark awarded for the mention of taxes and

duties which would be relevant but in a more

international context.

4/5 marks

A good answer demonstrating good knowledge

of payment mechanisms, but limited application

to the case study. The analysis of payment

methods could include the advantage and

disadvantages of each approach. Development

of this answer to include these would have

resulted in full marks being justified.

Total mark for Q5 = 14/20, a good credit pass

standard.

Question 5: The case study information states that GFATM is an international organisation which

supports local production in several countries.

Analyse FOUR legislative, regulatory or organisational requirements that GFATM will need to take into

account when sourcing from international suppliers (20 marks)

www.cips.org

15

Other Assessment

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Finally, make sure you have read and understood the list of command words below.

These words will appear in the questions, and they tell you exactly what the assessor wants you to

do. Although you do not need to learn the words and their definitions, you should make sure you

have read and understood the different requirements of each command word.

Command words

Definitions of Command words

AnalyseAssess a topic together with thoughts and judgments about it, by dividing the

topic into its separate parts and looking at each part in detail

Appraise Evaluate, judge or assess something, giving views based on strengths and

weaknesses of a given situation

ArgueProvide reasons for or against something, clearly and in proper order, using or

citing evidence so that a case can be proven. Also, compare with Discuss

Assess Evaluate or judge the importance of something, referring to the special

knowledge of experts where possible. This may involve quoting from other texts

Comment

on

Write notes explaining your own criticism and observations of the issues. Base

your comments on a balance of fact versus personal views. Often involves

evaluation

Compare Assess one thing in relation to another thing so that points of similarity or

difference become evident

Contrast Emphasise the differences between two opposite or dissimilar things. This may

include approaches to a particular aspect of procurement

Criticise Give your judgments about the good or bad qualities of theories or opinions,

supporting your decision with evidence and where appropriate, literature

Define Explain the exact meaning of a word or phrase

Describe Give a full account or a detailed representation of something

Discuss Consider something by writing about it from different points of view. Compare

with Argue or evaluate

Enumerate List and mention items separately in number order. Compare with List, Identify

Evaluate Calculate or judge the value of something; include your personal opinion in

your evaluation. Often includes an assessment of strengths and weaknesses

www.cips.org

Definitions of Command words

Explain Give reasons for, or account for something, so that it is clear or easy to understand.

IdentifyMention items separately in number order or by using bullet points. Compare

with Enumerate, List

Illustrate Clarify or explain something by using examples or diagrams

Interpret Use your own ideas to explain the significance of something. This may be

qualitative or quantative

JustifyShow good reasons for decisions or conclusions, perhaps by referring to other

texts or evidence with a case study

List Mention items separately in number order or by using bullet points. Compare

with Enumerate, Identify

Outline Give the main features, facts or the general idea of something, omitting minor details

Propose Put forward (for example, a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for

consideration or action

Reconcile Show how two apparently conflicting things can appear similar or compatible

Relate Establish a connection or association between things to show how they effect

each other or how they are alike

Review Examine and assess a subject critically

Show Explain thoroughly or prove something so that the truth can be established

State Put something into words clearly and briefly

Suggest This means that there may be more than one answer. You must give the most

appropriate answer or answers

Summarise Give a brief, concise account of the main points of something, leaving out details

and examples

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