MARITIME SECURITY OF INDIA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESDr. Omprakash Dahiya

M aritime security is a comprehensiveconcept that derives from the sys-

temic nature of the maritime domain pre-senting multiple and interrelated require-ments for cooperative security by stateand non-state actors. It addresses tradi-tional and non-traditional security chal-lenges. Maritime security involves coordi-nating collective and cooperative risk miti-gation and vulnerability reduction efforts inorder to protect and promote national,regional and global vital interests, objec-tives and core values, including thoserelating to state sovereignty, freedom ofnavigation, economic development, envi-ronment and ocean resources, humanand social development, and political sta-bility.The fact is that India is a maritime nation,not just by historical tradition but alsobecause it's geophysical configuration andgeo-political circumstances makes it asdependent on the seas as any islandnation. With 11 maritime states and islandterritories of India probably has more sea-faring people than the population of mostEuropean countries. Asian countrieswhich have brought holistic focus on theirmaritime sector have not only reapedtremendous economic benefits but alsoreinforced their maritime security. Indiastill needs a lot to do in this direction.Challenges:India's maritime security challenges coverthe entire range from low intensity conflictand piracy, all the way to major-power

strategic contests. Given its distinctivegeography and the shift of global maritimefocus from the Atlantic-Pacific combine tothe Indo-Pacific continuum, the impor-tance of the Indian Ocean Region inIndia's national security calculus hasg r e a t l yincreased in thepost-Cold Warera. Maritimesecurity of Indiacomprised ofseaborne tradeand infrastruc-ture for its pur-suit, manage-ment of searesources, envi-ronmental issues and employment ofnaval forces.Increased activity throughout the IndianOcean region due to expanding regionaland global trade in goods, ideas, people,and resources has raised a new set ofmaritime security challenges. Historicalstate-based concerns such as geopoliticalfragility, internal political upheaval, insur-gency, inter-state tensions, sea-lane secu-rity, and territorial disputes are now cou-pled with growing threats from non-statesources and asymmetric risks. Amongthese are growing risks from non-stateactors including piracy, terrorism, and traf-ficking; the impacts of environmentaldegradation, resource depletion, climatechange, and natural disasters; and weak

states and failing institutions. Thesediverse challenges confront an equallydiverse set of nations bordering thisregion. Such diversity in interests andcapabilities saddles the region with politi-cal tensions and brings with it a greater

danger of instabilityand conflict.The energy thirstynations such asChina, India andother developingcountries have nochoice but to importlarge quantities ofenergy resourcesfrom around theworld specially,

West Asia. The dependence on the seasto get energy products to sustain theireconomies is growing progressively. Thisalso brings in the threat of these vesselsand products being targeted by bothpirates and non-state actors. Chineseunits while proceeding for anti-piracypatrols or while returning will plan forengaging the neighbouring navies of Indiain naval exercises that would graduallywitness enhanced bilateral/multilateralexercises. The challenge for South Asiaand particularly India is to manage theChinese advances in to the Indian Ocean.The devastating effect of '2004 Tsunami'and other climate change effects are big-ger threats for the region specially India. Inthe traditional security domain, the two

incidents of shooting of fishermen in theEEZ of India by an Italian Tanker in 2013and another shooting by a US ship USSRappahannock in the waters of Dubai onJuly last year, bring out dimensions ofsecurity challenges as they impinge onnormal fisheries and livelihood issues. Inboth the cases which resulted in the deathof innocent Indians, it appears that theguards/crew did not assess the situationcorrectly and misinterpreted the action asthat of pirates/suicide attackers. The period after the defeat of the LTTEhas seen increased incidence of theIndian fishermen coming in to conflict withtheir counter parts in Sri Lanka and alsowith the SL Navy. There have been alle-gations and counter allegations about useof excessive force and even fire arms toprevent fishermen from poaching. Fromthe Indian fishermen point of view, histori-cally, the contested waters belonged toIndia and they have every right to fish inthe traditional waters. Having demarcatedthe maritime boundary with Sri Lanka in1974, wherein, Kachchativu was gifted toSri Lanka, the Indian fishermen have beendebarred from fishing around that rich fish-ing grounds around that Island leading toskirmishes and incidents. It is not that onlyIndian fishermen are guilty of trespassing,the Indian Ocean has witnessed intrusionsby fishermen of Pakistan, Bangladesh,Thailand, Myanmar and Sri Lanka who docross in to each other's territory while

F rom a scientific viewpoint, nanotechnology marks a newaccess into the realm of opportunity since it emancipates the

sciences from the restraints of space and material precincts. Froma research perspective, nanotechnology facilitates scientists toexperiment at the molecular level by overcoming practicallimitations. Miniaturization is essential to progresstowards smaller, faster, and more powerful.Therefore, the manipulation and control ofmatter at atomic, micro-molecular andmacromolecular scales to attributevaried functional properties that dif-fer significantly from the bulkmaterials create Nanomaterials.The principles of classicphysics/chemistry are no longerapplicable at nano-dimensions,as the behaviour dramaticallychanges and the principles ofquantum mechanics no longerapply e.g. gold at the nanoscalehave optical, mechanical and electri-cal properties that are very differentfrom the inert properties ofbulk/macroscale. The propertieslikestrength,colour, electrical conductivity andweight change at nano-levels; a metal can become asemiconductor at bulk level or an insulator at nano-level.Nanotechnology is the control on design, synthesis, characterisa-tion of matter by monitoring shape and size to maintain the nano-scale, at least in one dimension.So, nanotechnology focuses onmatter at the scale or dimensions that are roughly 1 to 100nanometers (1nm = 10-9 m) and this measurement science istermed 'Nanometrology'. Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM,Scanning Electron Microscopy (SPM) as well as Optical tweezers(single beam gradient trap) are the equipments used for their meas-urements. Naturally occurring nanoparticles are categorised as ultrafine parti-cles owing to their heterogeneity both chemically and physically,that are the incidental by products of combustion processes likevolcanic ash, soot from forest fires, welding, diesel engines.

Alternatively, engineered nanoparticles designed to produce spe-cific properties in terms of shape, size, surface charge, functionalproperties and catalytic chemistry. These properties are evident incolloids, aerosols, or powders. The functional behaviour of nano-

materials depends on surface area than particle compo-sition itself. To enhance its reactivity, electrical

properties and strength, relative-surfacearea is the key factor. Synthetic

nanoparticles can be purchased orsynthesized in the laboratory e.g.,

laser ablation can be used to syn-thesize CNTs.Nanomaterials can be fabricat-ed, atom by atom by a processcalled "bottom-up" or "Topdown". The information for thisfabrication process is embed-ded in the material building

blocks so that these can self-assemble in the final product.

Nanomaterials have an increasedsurface-to-volume ratio compared to

bulk materials. This has significant con-cerns for all those processes that occur at

the surface of a material, such as catalysis anddetection.

Fabrication of NanoparticlesNanotechnology in its very essence is an interdisciplinary and inte-grating science that cuts across all basic sciences and engineeringdisciplines for industrial applications leading to commercialization.A major challenge that nanotechnology faces today is the lack ofeducated, trainedand skilled workers. Paradoxically working on'small things could lead to a big career', whereby, nanotechnol-ogists are involved in developing nove linnovations and applica-tions regularly thereby offering plenty of job opportunities to skilledmanpower.Nanotechnology can be applied and has infiltrated inalmost every aspect of human life. Nanotoxicology' is the study of interaction of physical and chemi-cal properties of nanoparticles with biological systems that may

Uttar Pradesh Public ServiceCommission invites applications forvarious posts.Last Date : 18.04.2015 (pg 2-7)

UP PSC

PG DAV College, New Delhi invitesapplications for 57 posts ofAssistant Professor in various sub-jects.Last Date : 21 days from thedate of publication (pg 24)

P.G.D.A.V.COLLEGE

JOB HIGHLIGHTS

Turn over the pages for other vacan-cies in Banks, Armed Forces,Railways, PSUs and other Govt.Deptts

@ROZGAR_indiaFollow us on:

Visit our facebook pagefacebook.com/director.employmentnews

WEB EXCLUSIVESFollowing item is available in the WebExclusives section on www.employment-news.gov.in :

Mission Indradhanush to Put VaccinationEfforts on HIgh Speed

For Informative articles on current affairsyou can also visit :www.facebook.com/yojanaJournalwww.facebook.com/publicationsdivision

CAREER IN NANOTECHNOLOGYDr Anita Kamra Verma

VOL. XL NO. 1 PAGES 32 NEW DELHI 4 - 10 APRIL 2015 ` 8.00

WEEKLY

www.employmentnews.gov.inwww.rojgarsamachar.gov.in

Also in Hindi & UrduAnnual Subscription : ` 350

‚àÿ◊fl ¡ÿÃ

Continued on page 32

Continued on page 32

Border Security Force requires 346Constable (GD) (Male-241 & Female-105) against Sports Quota.Last Date : 30 days from thedate of publication (pg 29)

BSF

DELHI POSTAL REGD. NO. DL-SW-1/4101/2015-17U(C)-108/2015-17 Licensed to Post without prepayment RNI 28728/76 N.D.P.S.O. New Delhi 3/4.04.2015 Date of Publishing : 30.03.2015 (` 8.00)

Air Surcharge 20p for Srinagar, Leh, Kalimpong, Imphal, Dimapur, Agartala, Duliajan, Karimganj, Chabua, Diphu, Dibrugarh, Tezpur, Haillakandi, Mariani, Jorhat, Shillong, Digboi, Silchar, Port Blair

32 www.employmentnews.gov.in Employment News 4 - 10 April 2015

Printed & Published by Dr. Sadhana Rout, Additional Director General, on behalf of Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India, New Delhi and Printed at Amar Ujala Publication Ltd., C-21 & 22,Sector-59, Noida-201301. Published from Employment News (Ministry of I. & B.) East Block-IV, Level-5, R.K. Puram, New Delhi-110066. Senior Editor - Hasan Zia

looking for fish. This will remain a greatchallenge with security overtones.There are some serious issues such asPiracy, Terrorism, Safety of mercantilemarine trade, proliferation, security ofStraits, environmental protection thatrequire deft handling. All these demandgreat attention to see that India and otherstake holders work out strategies toensure a peaceful environment in theIndian Ocean Region. It is argued that weak legislations cancompromise maritime security. So, it isimportant to point out that the CoastalSecurity Bill drafted in 2013 is yet to betabled. Unfortunately, the draft Piracy Billplaced before the law makers in 2012lapsed. If India is to fulfil its role as the 'netsecurity provider in the Indian Ocean' andits ambitions as a regional maritimepower, the vulnerabilities of its maritimesecurity architecture, cruelly exposed in aseries of recent accidents, must beaddressed.OpportunitiesAlthough the Indian security forces hadresponded swiftly to '26/11 Mumbaiattack', but it exposed three significantcracks in India's maritime security calcu-lus, the porous nature of India's coastline;the inadequate surveillance of the mar-itime domain; and the lack of inter-agencycoordination. Post the 26/11 attacks, the

Indian government specially, Indian Navyundertook a number of proactive meas-ures to restructure coastal security andpush the defensive perimeter further awayfrom the coast into the seas. One of themost significant achievements has beenthe integration of all maritime stakehold-ers, including several State and Centralagencies into the new coastal securitymechanism. Indian Navy has establishedfour Joint Operations Centres (JOC) atMumbai, Visakhapatnam, Kochi and PortBlair. As a result, there is good coordina-tion, synergy and understanding betweenall agencies. Navy, Coast Guard and StatePolice teams have visited coastal villagesand fishermen have been made aware ofpossible threats from the sea and theirimportant role towards strengtheningcoastal security. This has paid rich divi-dends in last few years as there havebeen many incidents, reported by them,leading to successful interceptions. In order to periodically review the readi-ness of the security agencies and thestate administrations in thwarting threatsfrom inimical elements, the Indian Navyhas taken the lead in conducting coastalsecurity exercises in every coastal statesand in the Island territories in conjunctionwith the Coast Guard, Marine Police,Customs, and Immigration and PortAuthorities etc. As a result of these exer-cises and drills, there has been a signifi-cant improvement in the coordinationbetween all the agencies.

The Indian Navy has now set up theNational Command Control CommunicationIntelligence (NC3I) network that hosts theInformation Management and AnalysisCentre (IMAC). The focus was on buildingnational maritime domain awareness(NMDA) grid via a number of organisation-al, operational and technologicalchanges. The network connects 51 radarstations (20 Indian Navy and 31 CoastGuard) located along the coast and onthe island territories, and helps collate,fuse and disseminate critical intelligenceand information about 'unusual or suspi-cious movements and activities at sea'.The Indian government has also drawnplans to reinforce the NMDA via multilat-eral cooperation. It is in talks with at least24 countries for exchanging informationon shipping to ensure that the seas aresafe and secure for global commerce.India has placed maritime security highon the agenda through active participa-tion in the Indian Ocean Rim Association(IORA), the Indian Ocean NavalSymposium (IONS), the East AsiaSummit (EAS), the ASEAN DefenceMinisters Meeting (ADMM) Plus.Additionally, it is in talks with other coun-tries to institutionalise intelligenceexchange among the respective securityagencies. A nation with India's maritime assets,challenges and opportunities urgentlyneeds a multi-disciplinary maritime advi-sory body to conceptualize a vision, draw

up plans and monitor activities in the mar-itime domain. The first task of such abody should be to craft an overarchingMaritime Security Policy and thereafter toundertake its integration with India'sMaritime Strategy. Only such a synergycan ensure that we draw maximumadvantage from the maritime sector - tobenefit our economy and also to reinforcemaritime security. It is a daunting task tobalance economic, environmental, andsecurity interests at the national level.Maritime policy can be seen as thepurview of coastal defence, so that thenavy or coast guard would have the leador sole role in determining policy. Thereare always compelling practical and polit-ical reasons to keep maritime decision-making bodies separate.India's national security community seesthe maritime space as an importantdimension of its rising power status and akey component of its economic growthand energy security, although the strategicconcepts of its maritime role have yet tobe fully developed. Enhanced maritimecapabilities will nonetheless have conse-quences for how its neighbors view India'srole and ambition and its ability to con-tribute to regional peace and security.

(The author is Associate Fellow,National Maritime Foundation, NewDelhi The Views expressed by theauthor are his own)E-mail : opdjnu@gmail.com)

induce biological insults resulting in toxicity.'Bionanotechnology' is the analysis of theworking of biological "machines" and creat-ing new technologies with existing biologicalmotifs. But 'Nanobiomechanics' combinesbiomechanics and nanomaterials to createefficient and powerful machines to explorethe fundamentals of biological systems.Applications of NanotechnologyNanomedicine/Nanobiotechnology: Itdeals with emerging new technologies fordeveloping customized solutions for diag-nostics, drug/gene delivery and for thera-peutics. Biomedical scientists conductresearch and design experiments that areextremely sophisticated, specialized alterna-tive medicines to address heathcare andchronic diseases. Nanomaterials such asnanofibers, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes,polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, metallicnanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles,quantum dots, dendrimers, niosomes andliposomes are perfect candidates for evolv-ing contrast agents for the imaging and drugdelivery.Functionalised nanoparticles areevolving as 'Biomarkers' for early detectionof diseases.Nanotechnology in Food Science can beutilized in different stages of food process-ing, production and quality control.Nanosensors can be used to identify poten-tial contaminants or diseases that are dan-gerous to consumers. It may also be used todevelop processes to keep food fresh forlonger periods of time eg. improving productpackaging to prevent microbes from contam-inating consumables.Nanography uses nano-sized ink pigmentsthat may show enhanced features like quickdrying of colours for digitally printed images.It creates nanomaterials that consume lowenergy, create reduced waste, are eco-friendly, have variable data printing, as wellas the ability to print reruns as short as a sin-gle copy. Hence, nanography influences thecost structure associated with commercial,packaging, folding carton, and publishingprinting, and thereby empowering the cost-effective short to medium run lengths.Nanotechnology in Engineering disci-plines: Engineers utilize nanotechnology for

many purposes, such as creating nanomate-rials, designing computer components, cre-ating explosive-resistant materials and build-ing microscopic sensors. In the computerindustry, engineers use nanowires andoptics to create microchips with immensestorage capacity for data processing.Engineers working in nationaldefence have found ways to usenanofibers to create light-weight, super-strong materi-als that can withstand theforce of bullets or otherexplosive devices.Professionals have alsodeveloped microscopicsensors that can remotelydetect trace amounts of dan-gerous chemicals or radiation.Nanotechnology for RenewableEnergy: Nanotechnology may be har-nessed to generate excess power by con-suming substantially low amounts of energy,making it a dynamic alternative to currentmethods of generating power.Nanotechnology in Textile Industry:Consumer products from stain-resistant andanti-wrinkle textiles in clothing, to cosmeticsbased on nanotechnology are already in themarket. The concept 'smart clothing' couldmonitor your heart rate and other vital signs,as well as self-cleaning fabrics are ready forcommercial purposes.Nano-Filtration: The ratio of surface area tovolume alters the functional properties atnanoscales that help create better adsor-bents to facilitate water purification.This canallow new kinds of filtering processes usingnanomaterials. Nancomposites may be usedfor removal of chemical and biological con-taminants. Nanotechnology in Defence: Nanodevicesfor explosives, propellants and pyrotechnicapplications; stealth and camouflage coat-ings to protect battle tanks and air vehiclesby misleading enemy; and reactive adsor-bents for chemical warfare agents to protecthumans. Nanosensors for the detection oflethal toxic agents, bombs, explosives, etc.to protect our soldiers and human populationfrom impending catastrophes likely to becaused by hostile action of our adversary oras an act of terrorism. Chemical sensors are

also being established to meet on-line moni-toring requirements of nuclear installations. Education Requirements for pursuingNanotechnology: Interested students fromany field of science /engineering can initiatework in nanotechnology at any level as a

skilled workforce trained at variedstages are required to meet the

estimated personnel chal-lenge. Education levels

include a Class XII degreeplus rigorous training toqualify as a Technician,an Associate's degreethat includes two yearsof college plus training, a

Bachelor's degree thatmay be a basic science

degree (3 years) or aTechnical degree (4 years) of

college. A Master's degree i.e.about 6 years of total college time is pre-ferred as a skilled manpower. A Doctorate(about 9 years of college total) is the highestlevel of training that is sought for a career inNanotechnology. Associate degree pro-grams may include understanding the instru-

mentation and the techniques to manufac-ture and characterize nanomaterials.Nanotechnology internships are important toapply for jobs as Associates.Food and agri-cultural scientists can apply with only abachelor's degree, but a medical/biomedicalprofessional should pursue a doctoratedegree to enable them to conduct advancedresearch projects.Although the developmentand application of nanotechnology is still at anascent research phase, specific engi-neered nanomaterials have been producedand commercialized eg. Sun screens andcosmetics,light-weight, stronger racquetsand long-lasting tennis balls, conceptualiz-ing stain-free clothing andmattresses,Polymer films used in displaysfor cell phones, digital cameras and laptops,glass coatings for faster cleaning,protectiveand glare-reducing coatings for eye glassesand cars.As nature exists successfully in nanoscale,so there is ample optimism in a career innanotechnology. (The author is Associate Professor,Nanobiotech Lab, Dept of Zoology, K.M.College, University of Delhi.)

MARITIME SECURITY..Continued from page 1

CAREER IN...Continued from page 1

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has appealed the people who can afford buyingLPG at market rates to give up subsidy on cooking gas. Motivating well-offs to giveup subsidised LPG, he has asked over 2 lakh 80 thousand consumers to give upLPG subsidy and save Rs.100 crore to the exchequer. This money saved will beutilised for the poorest of the poor.The Union Cabinet has cleared pooling of natural gas prices. The move will helprevive stuck power plants run on natural gas. At least 31 plants based on gas willbe benefited from this decision.The Supreme Court has struck down Section 66A of the Information TechnologyAct calling it unconstitutional and untenable. The court has said it interferes withfreedom of speech and expression enshrined in the Constitution. Terming liberty ofthought and expression as cardinal, the apex court said, the public's right to knowis directly affected by section 66A which gives the police power to arrest a personfor posting offensive content online and provides for a three-year jail term.India and Qatar have signed six pacts of understanding in several key areasincluding Transfer of Sentenced Persons and Radio and Television. The MoUswere exchanged between External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj and her Qataricounterpart Dr Khalid Bin Mohammed Al Attiyah. The agreement on Transfer ofSentenced Persons will enable the sentenced persons to be near their families andhelp their social rehabilitation. Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee has been conferred with the BharatRatna. The Government had announced the Bharat Ratna for Mr Vajpayee andfreedom fighter Madan Mohan Malviya in December last year. 43 people havebeen honoured with the prestigious award since its inception, including scientistC V Raman, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, singer Lata Mangeshkar and politicianC RajagopalachariLegendary actor Shashi Kapoor will be given the Dada Saheb Phalke Award forthe year 2014. Mr Kapoor's cinematic journey as a lead actor started in 1961 withthe movie Dharmputra and acted in more than 100 Hindi films. Mr Kapoor is the46th Dada Saheb Phalke Award Winner. In 2011, Mr Shashi Kapoor was honouredwith Padma Bhushan. He is also a recipient of 3 National Film Awards.

NNEEWWSS DDIIGGEESSTT

Pushpinder Kaur (GM & Chief Editor) Hasan Zia (Senior Editor)Rakeshrenu (Senior Editor)Dr. Mamta Rani (Editor)V.K. Meena (Joint Director) (Production)Sandeep Nigam (Production Officer)P.K. Mandal (Sr. Artist)K.P. Manilal (Accounts Officer)

E-Mail : GM-cum-chief Editor : director.employmentnews@gmail.comAdvertisement : enewsadvt@yahoo.comEditorial : 26195165Advertisement : 26104284Tele Fax : 26193012Circulation : 26107405Tele Fax : 26175516Accounts (Advt.) : 26193179Accounts (Cir.) : 26182079

Employment News