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Maritime Security in the Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Straits of Malacca and
Singapore – Industry’s viewsSingapore – Industry’s views
John C. Fawcett-EllisJohn C. Fawcett-EllisGeneral CounselGeneral Counsel, INTERTANKO, INTERTANKO
MILOPS 2006, 17-19 July - BangkokMILOPS 2006, 17-19 July - Bangkok
Presentation OutlinePresentation OutlineINTERTANKO INTERTANKO The Round Table of International Shipping The Round Table of International Shipping
AssociationsAssociationsShipping patterns in SE AsiaShipping patterns in SE AsiaMaritime Security in contextMaritime Security in contextJWC – listing of the StraitsJWC – listing of the StraitsThe response - i) political; ii) operational, The response - i) political; ii) operational,
iii) industry’s, iv) a tanker operator’siii) industry’s, iv) a tanker operator’sReCAAPReCAAPIDSS report IDSS report The role of the mediaThe role of the mediaSummary of industry’s viewsSummary of industry’s views
- representing representing responsible oil and responsible oil and chemical tanker owners chemical tanker owners worldwideworldwide
- promoting Safer Ships, promoting Safer Ships, CleanerCleaner Seas and Free Seas and Free CompetitionCompetition
-strict membership strict membership criteria based on quality criteria based on quality and performanceand performance
The Role of INTERTANKOThe Role of INTERTANKO
• Champion/promote responsible tanker Champion/promote responsible tanker operatorsoperators
• Participate actively in the IMO to Participate actively in the IMO to ensure good international regulations ensure good international regulations for the industryfor the industry
• Forum for tanker operators to meet to Forum for tanker operators to meet to exchange views on current issuesexchange views on current issues
• Provide first class advice and services Provide first class advice and services to the membershipto the membership
The strength of INTERTANKOThe strength of INTERTANKO
• 252 members – operating some 2,500 tankers 252 members – operating some 2,500 tankers (80% of the world’s independant tanker fleet)(80% of the world’s independant tanker fleet)
• 300 associate members300 associate members• Chairman – Mr Stephen Van DyckChairman – Mr Stephen Van Dyck• 28 staff lead by MD – Dr Peter Swift28 staff lead by MD – Dr Peter Swift• Offices in Oslo (Offices in Oslo ([email protected]@intertanko.com), London (), London (
[email protected]@intertanko.com) , Singapore () , Singapore ([email protected]@intertanko.com) and Washington DC () and Washington DC ([email protected]@intertanko.com) )
• 14 committees14 committees• 4 regional panels4 regional panels
The Round Table of The Round Table of International Shipping International Shipping AssociationsAssociations• BIMCOBIMCO• International Chamber of ShippingInternational Chamber of Shipping• INTERCARGOINTERCARGO• INTERTANKOINTERTANKO
Vision Vision - - “A responsible and respected “A responsible and respected international shipping industry meeting international shipping industry meeting the expectations of its stakeholders.”the expectations of its stakeholders.”
Shipping patters in SE Shipping patters in SE AsiaAsia
Shipping Patterns – through Shipping Patterns – through traffictraffic
• For example: larger For example: larger
tankers and cargo tankers and cargo carriers, including carriers, including container vessels, container vessels, larger bulk carriers, larger bulk carriers, ro-ro ships, ro-ro ships, passenger ships and passenger ships and vehicle carriers.vehicle carriers.
• Ships transiting Ships transiting between the Indian between the Indian and Pacific Oceansand Pacific Oceans
Shipping patterns - local Shipping patterns - local traffic:traffic:
• Ships on local voyages Ships on local voyages
• e.g. between ports in e.g. between ports in Indonesia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam or Singapore. Vietnam or Singapore.
• For example: smaller For example: smaller product and chemical product and chemical tankers (under 20,000 tankers (under 20,000 GRT), gas carriers, GRT), gas carriers, container ships container ships (“feeder” vessels), (“feeder” vessels), tugs and barges, and tugs and barges, and general cargo ships.general cargo ships.
Other traffic:Other traffic:
Other vessels using the Straits, including fishing vessels, yachts, oil rig tenders, scientific research ships, dredgers, etc.
Maritime Security in contextMaritime Security in context
Security/safety in the sense ofSecurity/safety in the sense of
• NavigationNavigation• Crews Crews • VesselsVessels• Ports and terminalsPorts and terminals• The environmentThe environment
Without compromising efficiency (i.e. recognising the Without compromising efficiency (i.e. recognising the essential role that shipping plays in world trade)essential role that shipping plays in world trade)
Incidents of piracy / armed Incidents of piracy / armed robbery / maritime robbery / maritime
terrorismterrorism
Which vessel?Which vessel?
High Profile Maritime AttacksHigh Profile Maritime Attacks
• 1974- Hijacking of a Greek freighter in 1974- Hijacking of a Greek freighter in Karachi (Pakistan)Karachi (Pakistan)
• 1985- Seizure of the Achille Lauro1985- Seizure of the Achille Lauro
• February 2000- Bombing of a Philippine February 2000- Bombing of a Philippine ferry (45 killed)ferry (45 killed)
• October 2000- Suicide attack against USS October 2000- Suicide attack against USS Cole (17 Killed)Cole (17 Killed)
• October 2000: LLTE Suicide attack October 2000: LLTE Suicide attack against SL navyagainst SL navy
• October 2002- French Tanker Limburg – October 2002- French Tanker Limburg – off Yemen (1 killed)off Yemen (1 killed)
• February 2004- Superferry 14February 2004- Superferry 14
Table 1 - Piracy in Southeast Asia – Actual and Attempted Attacks 1999-2005
LocationLocation 19991999 20020000
20020011
20020022
20020033
20020044
20052005 TotalTotal
SE ASIASE ASIA
Cambodia/Cambodia/VietnamVietnam
22 66 88 1212 1515 44 1010 5757
IndonesiaIndonesia 115115 119119 9191 103103 121121 9494 7979 722722
Malacca Malacca StraitsStraits
22 7575 1717 1818 2828 3838 1212 190190
MalaysiaMalaysia 1818 2121 1919 1414 55 99 33 8989
PhilippinesPhilippines 66 99 88 1010 1212 44 00 4949
Singapore Singapore StraitsStraits
1414 55 77 55 22 88 77 4848
ThailandThailand 55 88 88 55 22 44 11 3333
South China South China SeaSea
33 99 44 00 22 88 66 3232
TOTALTOTAL 165165 252252 162162 167167 187187 169169 118118 12201220
Location of Attacks 2000-2005Location of Attacks 2000-2005
Analysis of AttacksAnalysis of Attacks• Mainly in and around ports and Mainly in and around ports and
anchorages.anchorages.
• Mainly on ships on local voyages.Mainly on ships on local voyages.
• Mainly on smaller shipsMainly on smaller ships– Fishing vesselsFishing vessels– Tugs and bargesTugs and barges– Smaller cargo vessels e.g. product Smaller cargo vessels e.g. product
tankerstankers
• Hijacking and kidnapping for ransomHijacking and kidnapping for ransom
Typical Vessels AttackedTypical Vessels Attacked• 640 GRT product 640 GRT product
tanker tanker Cherry 201 Cherry 201 attacked off Belawan attacked off Belawan in Feb 2004 – crew in Feb 2004 – crew members kidnapped members kidnapped for ransom and 4 for ransom and 4 murdered.murdered.
• Small Japanese tug Small Japanese tug Idaten Idaten boarded by boarded by pirates in March 2005. pirates in March 2005. 3 crew members taken 3 crew members taken hostage but later hostage but later released.released.
Maritime security in the Maritime security in the StraitsStraits
Distinguish between the different Distinguish between the different types of threats:types of threats:
• Pure terrorist activity?Pure terrorist activity?
• Piratical attacks / armed robbery on Piratical attacks / armed robbery on vessels in transitvessels in transit
• Piractical attacks / armed robbery on Piractical attacks / armed robbery on vessels at anchor or in port vessels at anchor or in port
June 2005 - Joint War June 2005 - Joint War Committee of the London Committee of the London market reactsmarket reacts
- Straits of Malacca and Singapore listed as Straits of Malacca and Singapore listed as area of ”perceived enhanced risk” upon area of ”perceived enhanced risk” upon recomendation of the consultants recomendation of the consultants Aegis Aegis Defence ServicesDefence Services
- Listing reviewed quarterly + current Listing reviewed quarterly + current situation monitoredsituation monitored
Why? Reaction or persuasion?Why? Reaction or persuasion?
Industry’s reaction to the Industry’s reaction to the JWCJWC
• Call for better dialogue with Call for better dialogue with stakeholdersstakeholders
• Consultation with local interestsConsultation with local interests
• Decision should be based on threat Decision should be based on threat assessment rather than vulnerability assessment rather than vulnerability assessmentassessment
The Political ResponseThe Political Response
• Shangri-La DialogueShangri-La Dialogue
• Batam Joint Statement of the Batam Joint Statement of the Tripartite Ministerial Meeting – Aug 05Tripartite Ministerial Meeting – Aug 05
• Jakarta Statement on Safety, Security Jakarta Statement on Safety, Security & Environmental Protection in & Environmental Protection in Malacca & Singapore Straits – Sept 05Malacca & Singapore Straits – Sept 05
• Regional Cooperation Agreement on Regional Cooperation Agreement on Anti-Piracy (ReCAAP)Anti-Piracy (ReCAAP)
The Role of the IMO – a The Role of the IMO – a welcome facilitatorwelcome facilitator
• Joint IMO & Indonesian Government Joint IMO & Indonesian Government meeting in Jakarta in Sept 05meeting in Jakarta in Sept 05
• Joint IMO & Malaysian Government Joint IMO & Malaysian Government meeting in KL in Sept 06meeting in KL in Sept 06
The Operational Response The Operational Response
• Trilateral Trilateral Coordinated PatrolsCoordinated Patrols
• ““Eyes in the Sky”Eyes in the Sky”
• Joint exercisesJoint exercises
• Malaysian maritime Malaysian maritime enforcement enforcement agency is set up agency is set up
• Singapore Singapore mandates mandates transponders on all transponders on all small craftsmall craft
The private sector also steps in The private sector also steps in – is this desireable?– is this desireable?
ReCAAP (due to enter into ReCAAP (due to enter into force 4 Sept 2006)– the force 4 Sept 2006)– the
positivespositives• Now ratified by 11 out of the 16 States - Now ratified by 11 out of the 16 States -
Cambodia, Japan, Laos, Singapore, Thailand, the Cambodia, Japan, Laos, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Myanmar, South Korea, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, South Korea, Vietnam, India and Sri Lanka have all ratified the India and Sri Lanka have all ratified the agreement, while Brunei is in the process of agreement, while Brunei is in the process of ratification.ratification.
• Good example of further cooperation amongst Good example of further cooperation amongst states in the regionstates in the region
• Information Sharing CentreInformation Sharing Centre – aims to – aims to ”manage ”manage and maintain the expeditious flow of information and maintain the expeditious flow of information relating to incidents of piracy and armed robbery relating to incidents of piracy and armed robbery against ships among the contracting parties.”against ships among the contracting parties.”
ReCAAP (cont)ReCAAP (cont)
• AlertsAlerts – ”To provide an appropriate alert – ”To provide an appropriate alert whenever possible to contracting parties if whenever possible to contracting parties if there is reasonable ground to believe that there is reasonable ground to believe that a threat of incidents ... is imminent”a threat of incidents ... is imminent”
• Request for cooperationRequest for cooperation – – ”a contracting ”a contracting party may request any other contracting party may request any other contracting party, through the centre or directly, to party, through the centre or directly, to cooperate in detecting ... pirates, persons cooperate in detecting ... pirates, persons who have committed armed robbery who have committed armed robbery against ships, ships ...used for committing against ships, ships ...used for committing piracy or armed robbery...”piracy or armed robbery...”
ReCAAP (cont)ReCAAP (cont)
• ExtraditionExtradition – contracting parties shall – contracting parties shall endeavour to extradite pirates or persons endeavour to extradite pirates or persons who have committeed armed robbery who have committeed armed robbery against ships to the party who has against ships to the party who has jurisdiction over themjurisdiction over them
• Capacity buildingCapacity building assistance assistance• Joint exercisesJoint exercises• Encourage ship operators to take Encourage ship operators to take
protective measuresprotective measures taking into account taking into account relevant international standardsrelevant international standards
May 2006 - Singapore’s May 2006 - Singapore’s Institute for Defence and Institute for Defence and Stategic Studies publishes Stategic Studies publishes report – report – ””Safety and Security in Safety and Security in the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Malacca and Singapore”Singapore”
IDSS recommendations in the areas IDSS recommendations in the areas of:of:
• Institutional Arrangements and Institutional Arrangements and Capacity BuildingCapacity Building
• Risk Assessment and ReductionRisk Assessment and Reduction
• Regime BuildingRegime Building
• Operational CooperationOperational Cooperation
Basic Recommendations:Basic Recommendations:1.1. Adopt a Adopt a comprehensivecomprehensive approach to approach to
maritime security, safety and maritime security, safety and environmental protection in the Malacca environmental protection in the Malacca and Singapore Straits.and Singapore Straits.
2. Establish an 2. Establish an inclusiveinclusive approach to approach to maritime security, safety and maritime security, safety and environmental protection in the Malacca environmental protection in the Malacca and Singapore Straits that recognises the and Singapore Straits that recognises the interests of all stakeholders.interests of all stakeholders.
3. Strengthen the IMO-sponsored meeting 3. Strengthen the IMO-sponsored meeting process to provide a regular forum for process to provide a regular forum for dialogue between stakeholdersdialogue between stakeholders on security, on security, safety safety and environmental protection and environmental protection arrangements in the Straits.arrangements in the Straits.
Industry’s responseIndustry’s response
• ISPS Code complianceISPS Code compliance
• ICS anti-piracy guidelines followedICS anti-piracy guidelines followed
• Support for littorals states to increase Support for littorals states to increase cooperation and coordination of security cooperation and coordination of security effortsefforts
• Support for amendment to SOLAS re Long Support for amendment to SOLAS re Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT)Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT)
• Support for Marine Electronic Highway Support for Marine Electronic Highway (MEH) project(MEH) project
An INTERTANKO member’s An INTERTANKO member’s response:response:1. Vsl are advised to comply with the security level as per the 1. Vsl are advised to comply with the security level as per the
flag state in accordance with the ISPS Code (currently level flag state in accordance with the ISPS Code (currently level 1).1).
2. Briefing of crew/officers to discuss watch rotation.2. Briefing of crew/officers to discuss watch rotation.3. Additional watches/patrols on deck, fire hoses rigged/poop 3. Additional watches/patrols on deck, fire hoses rigged/poop
deck lights on .deck lights on .2. All accommodation doors latched from inside. Only access is 2. All accommodation doors latched from inside. Only access is
from bridge wing doors.from bridge wing doors.3. All crew on watches are equipped with “walkie talkies” and 3. All crew on watches are equipped with “walkie talkies” and
regularly report to bridge.regularly report to bridge.4. Anti-piracy radar if fitted is used.4. Anti-piracy radar if fitted is used.5. All stores are locked.5. All stores are locked.6. Engine room to be manned as required.6. Engine room to be manned as required.
Plus – regular training of crew for anti-piracy measures, Plus – regular training of crew for anti-piracy measures, scenarios including dealing with boardingsscenarios including dealing with boardings
Media frenzy – ”a good story”Media frenzy – ”a good story”
Lloyd’s List front page 5 July 06Lloyd’s List front page 5 July 06
BBC – 6 July 2006 - BBC – 6 July 2006 - Forget Johnny Depp Forget Johnny Depp and cutlasses. Pirates today carry AK-47s and cutlasses. Pirates today carry AK-47s and use speed boats to plunder gas tankers and use speed boats to plunder gas tankers and aid ships -with six attacks this week and aid ships -with six attacks this week
alone.alone.
And back in March 2004:And back in March 2004:
Summary of Industry’s Summary of Industry’s viewsviews1.1. Initiatives and practical measures to ensure safety and Initiatives and practical measures to ensure safety and
security in the Straits must continuesecurity in the Straits must continue2.2. Littoral States should be encouraged to continue with their Littoral States should be encouraged to continue with their
cooperationcooperation3.3. Encourage remaining 5 states to ratify ReCAAPEncourage remaining 5 states to ratify ReCAAP4.4. Support the recommendations in the IDSS reportSupport the recommendations in the IDSS report5.5. Ship operators must remain vigilantShip operators must remain vigilant6.6. Ports should increase their vigilancePorts should increase their vigilance7.7. Get the message accross that attacks on vessels in transit Get the message accross that attacks on vessels in transit
are not to be toleratedare not to be tolerated8.8. Prosecute those responsible Prosecute those responsible 9.9. Support the fitting of transponders to small craft to ensure Support the fitting of transponders to small craft to ensure
positive identificationpositive identification10.10.Encourage the media to react proportionately to incidentsEncourage the media to react proportionately to incidents
Thank youThank you
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