Marine Fisheries Enhancement

8/3/2019 Marine Fisheries Enhancement

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Marine Fisheries Management ChallengesMarine Fisheries Management Challenges

and Opportunitiesand Opportunities The Role of HatcheryThe Role of HatcheryScience in Fisheries RestorationScience in Fisheries Restoration

Ken LeberKen Leber

Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership Saltwater Media SummTheodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership Saltwater Media Summitit


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As population growth continues toAs population growth continues to

increase, how will we sustain fisheries?increase, how will we sustain fisheries?Fishery Management 101: fishery yieldsFishery Management 101: fishery yields

Harvest Management:Harvest Management:Control fishing catch & effortControl fishing catch & effortseasonal closures, size and catch limitations, area

seasonal closures, size and catch limitations, areaclosures, incentives (catch shares), number of anglerclosures, incentives (catch shares), number of anglerlicenses (limited entry), spatial planninglicenses (limited entry), spatial planning

Habitat Management:Habitat Management:We canWe can identifyidentify,, protect andprotect andrestore essential habitatrestore essential habitat

---- EFH, MPAs, spatial planning, habitat restorationEFH, MPAs, spatial planning, habitat restoration

Marine Fisheries Enhancement:Marine Fisheries Enhancement:Fishery managersFishery managerscancan boost abundance by stocking hatcheryboost abundance by stocking hatchery--rearedrearedfishfish to increase the number of young fish (new

to increase the number of young fish (newrecruits) in the populationrecruits) in the populationin certain situationsin certain situations


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Coupling Fisheries ManagementCoupling Fisheries Management

and Aquacultureand Aquaculture Marine fisheries enhancementMarine fisheries enhancementTypes:Types:

Stock Enhancement:Stock Enhancement: release of culturedrelease of culturedorganisms into wild populations to increase theorganisms into wild populations to increase the

natural supply of juvenilesnatural supply of juveniles

Restocking:Restocking:release of cultured organisms into wildrelease of cultured organisms into wild

populations to help rebuild depleted wild stock topopulations to help rebuild depleted wild stock to

higher abundancehigher abundance

Sea Ranching:Sea Ranching:release of cultured juveniles into therelease of cultured juveniles into the

ocean for harvest at a larger size (putocean for harvest at a larger size (put--growgrow--take)take)(Bell et al., 2008. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 16(1):1(Bell et al., 2008. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 16(1):1--9)9)

3rd ISSESR


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Putting Theory to PracticePutting Theory to Practice

The PromiseThe Promise

The DeficitThe Deficit

Constraints to progressConstraints to progress

Enlightenment and Policy ChangeEnlightenment and Policy Change

Careful Approach for Putting Theory to PracticeCareful Approach for Putting Theory to Practice


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The PromiseThe Promise

Stocking cultured fishes into the sea canStocking cultured fishes into the sea canrestore abundance lost from overfishing andrestore abundance lost from overfishing and

habitat degradationhabitat degradation---- a popular idea starting in the 19a popular idea starting in the 19ththcentury, when millions of marine fish eggs and yolkcentury, when millions of marine fish eggs and yolk--sac larvaesac larvaewere released per year.were released per year.

The expectations:The expectations: stocking will increase yields in fisheries,stocking will increase yields in fisheries,

aid in restoring depleted, threatened andaid in restoring depleted, threatened andendangered species,endangered species,

and provide partial mitigation for habitat loss.and provide partial mitigation for habitat loss.


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The DeficitThe Deficit

By the 1950By the 1950s, 80 years of stocking hads, 80 years of stocking hadproduced no evidence that fish stocks had beenproduced no evidence that fish stocks had been

increased.increased.

After nearly a century of stocking fish as theAfter nearly a century of stocking fish as the

principal way to maintain fisheries,principal way to maintain fisheries, agenciesagenciesbegan to close marine hatcheries in the 1950began to close marine hatcheries in the 1950ss

and use harvest managementand use harvest management (control of catch(control of catch

and fishing effort) and dismissed stocking.and fishing effort) and dismissed stocking.


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Technological Constraints to ProgressTechnological Constraints to Progress

During that early period,During that early period, marine aquaculturemarine aquacultureprovided only the ability to produce eggs andprovided only the ability to produce eggs and

very young larvaevery young larvae

extremely vulnerable ages to stock.extremely vulnerable ages to stock.

And, prior to the 1970And, prior to the 1970ss no method existed forno method existed for

identifying released hatchery organismsidentifying released hatchery organisms no marking or tagging technology was sufficientno marking or tagging technology was sufficient

for the small sizes released.for the small sizes released.


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Fisheries Enhancement Lacked theFisheries Enhancement Lacked the

Science Needed to Use it EffectivelyScience Needed to Use it EffectivelyAnd Has All the Symptoms of a New ScienceAnd Has All the Symptoms of a New Science::

No Agreed UponNo Agreed Upon TerminologyTerminology

No TextbooksNo Textbooks on Stock Enhancementon Stock Enhancement

Enhancement Paradigm Only RecentlyEnhancement Paradigm Only Recently EmergedEmerged e.g. Hilborn; Walters; Lorenzene.g. Hilborn; Walters; Lorenzen

Scientific Method was Essentially LackingScientific Method was Essentially Lacking in Allin AllInvestigations Until 1970Investigations Until 1970s (salmon)s (salmon)

Nothing PublishedNothing Published onon EffectivenessEffectiveness ofofStocking Marine Organisms, Until 1989Stocking Marine Organisms, Until 1989


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Tactical Constraints to ProgressTactical Constraints to Progress

Lack of understanding of effectsLack of understanding of effects of releases onof releases onfish population dynamics.fish population dynamics.

Lack of quantitativeLack of quantitative assessment toolsassessment tools..

Lack ofLack of essential governance and fisheryessential governance and fisherymanagement considerationsmanagement considerations in planning.in planning.

Lack ofLack of understanding of when and whereunderstanding of when and whereenhancement can workenhancement can work andand how to controlhow to control

effectiveness of release strategies.effectiveness of release strategies.


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Enlightenment and Policy ChangeEnlightenment and Policy Change

After 2 generations of fishery scientists in theAfter 2 generations of fishery scientists in theUSA had rejected stock enhancement, someUSA had rejected stock enhancement, some

began to notice abegan to notice a logarithmic increase inlogarithmic increase instocking literaturestocking literature in scientific journals over thein scientific journals over the

past 2 decadespast 2 decades

New interest in the potential of using stockNew interest in the potential of using stockenhancement, restocking and sea ranching hasenhancement, restocking and sea ranching hasemergedemerged, following a few, following a few success storiessuccess stories

leading to aleading to a policy shiftpolicy shifttowards antowards an increaseincrease ininfunding for stocking and research to evaluate it.funding for stocking and research to evaluate it.


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Historical Background:Historical Background: Evaluation ofEvaluation of

Marine Stock EnhancementMarine Stock Enhancement Early Constraints to Successful EnhancementEarly Constraints to Successful Enhancement Aquaculture constraintsAquaculture constraints

Assessment constraintsAssessment constraints

Pioneering Work to Quantify Stocking EffectsPioneering Work to Quantify Stocking Effects SvSvsand, Jsand, Jrstad, Kristiansen and colleagues in Norwayrstad, Kristiansen and colleagues in Norway

Tsukamoto; Kitada; Tanaka; Yamashita; colleagues in JapanTsukamoto; Kitada; Tanaka; Yamashita; colleagues in Japan

Bannister and colleagues in the UKBannister and colleagues in the UK

StStttrup and colleagues in Denmarkttrup and colleagues in Denmark

Bell in Solomon IslandsBell in Solomon Islands

Stoner; Willis; Smith; Kent; Blankenship, Leber & colleagues inStoner; Willis; Smith; Kent; Blankenship, Leber & colleagues in USUS Rimmer, Russell and colleagues in AustraliaRimmer, Russell and colleagues in Australia

Recent ApproachRecent Approach

Improved Experimental DesignImproved Experimental Design Comprehensive Assessment EffortsComprehensive Assessment Efforts

18801880ss 19801980ss

19901990ss

20002000ss


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Science & Fishery PerspectiveScience & Fishery Perspective--

Driven Policy DevelopmentDriven Policy Development New research in early 1990New research in early 1990s generateds generated WAS &WAS &

EAS began sessions at conferencesEAS began sessions at conferences on marineon marinestock enhancementstock enhancement

International Working GroupInternational Working Group on Stockon StockEnhancement formed in 1993 in SpainEnhancement formed in 1993 in Spain Platform Paper:Platform Paper: Responsible ApproachResponsible Approach

Presented at 1994 AFS SymposiumPresented at 1994 AFS Symposium

International SymposiumInternational Symposium on Stock Enhancementon Stock Enhancementand Sea Ranching (and Sea Ranching (ISSESRISSESR):): every 4every 4--5 years5 years

NorwayNorway--1997, Japan1997, Japan--2002, US2002, US--2006, China2006, China--2011,2011,(Australia(Australia--2015...)2015...)


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A Responsible Approach toA Responsible Approach to

Marine Stock EnhancementMarine Stock Enhancement**

Stay Within Context of Fisheries Management Plan:Stay Within Context of Fisheries Management Plan: 1. Prioritize Species for Enhancement1. Prioritize Species for Enhancement 2. Make Stocking Plan that Fits with and Helps Achieve the Goal2. Make Stocking Plan that Fits with and Helps Achieve the Goals ofs of

the Fishery Management Plan and Identify the Expectationsthe Fishery Management Plan and Identify the Expectations

Develop Sound Enhancement Strategy:Develop Sound Enhancement Strategy: 3. Define Quantitative Measures of Success3. Define Quantitative Measures of Success 4. Use Genetic Resource Mgmt. to Prevent Deleterious Effects4. Use Genetic Resource Mgmt. to Prevent Deleterious Effects

5. Use Disease and Health Management5. Use Disease and Health Management

6. Consider Ecological, Biological, & Life6. Consider Ecological, Biological, & Life--History PatternsHistory Patterns

7. Identify Hatchery Fish & Assess Stocking Effects7. Identify Hatchery Fish & Assess Stocking Effects 8. Use an Empirical Process to Define Optimal Release Strategie8. Use an Empirical Process to Define Optimal Release Strategiess

9. Identify Economic & Policy Guidelines9. Identify Economic & Policy Guidelines

10. Use Adaptive Management10. Use Adaptive Management

(* Blankenship & Leber, 1995. Am. Fish. Soc. Symposium 15:67(* Blankenship & Leber, 1995. Am. Fish. Soc. Symposium 15:67--175)175)

PDF is online atPDF is online at www.StockEnhancement.org/science/publications.htmlwww.StockEnhancement.org/science/publications.html

(Spawned by Lee Blankenship, Devin Bartley, Don Kent, Ken Leber,(Spawned by Lee Blankenship, Devin Bartley, Don Kent, Ken Leber, StanStan

Moberly,Moberly, TerjeTerjeSvSvsand, Katsumi Tsukamoto [and Rich Lincoln])sand, Katsumi Tsukamoto [and Rich Lincoln])


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Where Hatcheries Can Go WrongWhere Hatcheries Can Go Wrong1.1. Replacement of wild with hatchery recruitsReplacement of wild with hatchery recruits, with no net, with no net

increase in total stockincrease in total stock2.2. Unregulated fishing effort responses to presence ofUnregulated fishing effort responses to presence of

hatchery fish can causehatchery fish can cause overfishing of wild stockoverfishing of wild stock

3.3. OverexploitationOverexploitation of forage resource baseof forage resource base for the stockedfor the stockedspeciesspecies

4.4. Genetic impactsGenetic impacts on the longon the long--term viability of the wild stockterm viability of the wild stock

They stress it isThey stress it is critical to monitor the impactscritical to monitor the impacts ofofenhancement as the program develops to have evidence inenhancement as the program develops to have evidence in

hand if debate about effectiveness surfaceshand if debate about effectiveness surfaces((Carl Walters & Steve Martell, 2004Carl Walters & Steve Martell, 2004))


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Code of Responsible ConductCode of Responsible Conduct Make certain thatMake certain that management priorities and acceptablemanagement priorities and acceptabletradetrade--offsoffs are absolutely clearare absolutely clear

Do carefulDo careful stock assessmentsstock assessments to show that the target stockto show that the target stockis recruitment overfished or can no longer rear successfullyis recruitment overfished or can no longer rear successfullyin the wildin the wild

Show that enhanced fishShow that enhanced fish can recruit successfully in the wildcan recruit successfully in the wild

Show thatShow that total abundance is at least initially increasedtotal abundance is at least initially increased bybythe hatchery fish contributionthe hatchery fish contribution

Show that fisheryShow that fishery regulations are adequateregulations are adequate to preventto preventcontinued overfishing of the wild populationcontinued overfishing of the wild population

Show theShow the hatchery production system is actually sustainablehatchery production system is actually sustainableover the long run, when it is to be a permanent componentover the long run, when it is to be a permanent component

((Carl Walters & Steve Martell, 2004Carl Walters & Steve Martell, 2004))


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UpdatedUpdatedResponsible Approach toResponsible Approach to

Marine Stock EnhancementMarine Stock Enhancement**

(Lorenzen, Leber, and Blankenship. 2010. Rev. Fish. Sci. 18(2):1(Lorenzen, Leber, and Blankenship. 2010. Rev. Fish. Sci. 18(2):18989--210)210)


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Most Enhancements are Weak in 5Most Enhancements are Weak in 5

AreasAreas Lack of a clearLack of a clear fisheryfishery--management perspectivemanagement perspective

FisheryFishery stock assessments & modelingstock assessments & modeling are integral toare integral toexploring the potential of stocking, yet both are found lackingexploring the potential of stocking, yet both are found lackingin most stock enhancement effortsin most stock enhancement efforts

Establishing anEstablishing an institutional frameworkinstitutional framework for enhancements isfor enhancements islargely ignoredlargely ignored

Involvement of stakeholders in planning and executionInvolvement of stakeholders in planning and execution ofofstocking programs is key from the start, but is rarely anstocking programs is key from the start, but is rarely anintegral partintegral part

Adaptive managementAdaptive management is not well integrated intois not well integrated intoenhancement plansenhancement plans


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UpdatedUpdatedResponsible Approach toResponsible Approach toMarine Stock EnhancementMarine Stock Enhancement

Stage 1: Initial Appraisal & Goal SettingStage 1: Initial Appraisal & Goal Setting1.1. Understand theUnderstand the role of enhancementrole of enhancement within the fishery systemwithin the fishery system2.2.

Engage stakeholders & develop a rigorous & accountableEngage stakeholders & develop a rigorous & accountable

decisiondecision--makingmaking

processprocess3.3.

Quantitatively assessQuantitatively assess contributions of enhancementcontributions of enhancement

toto fisheriesfisheries

management goalsmanagement goals / compare with harvest & habitat management/ compare with harvest & habitat management4.4. Prioritize and selectPrioritize and select target speciestarget species

and stocks for enhancementand stocks for enhancement

5.5. AssessAssess economic and social benefitseconomic and social benefits

and costs of enhancementand costs of enhancement

Stage 2: Research & Technology Development & Pilot StudiesStage 2: Research & Technology Development & Pilot Studies

6.6.

DefineDefine enhancement system designsenhancement system designs

suitable for the fishery andsuitable for the fishery and

management objectivesmanagement objectives7.7. Develop appropriateDevelop appropriate aquaculture systems and rearing practicesaquaculture systems and rearing practices8.8. UseUse genetic resource managementgenetic resource management

to avoid deleterious genetic effectsto avoid deleterious genetic effects

9.9. UseUse disease and health managementdisease and health management10.10. Ensure that releasedEnsure that released hatchery fish can be identifiedhatchery fish can be identified11.11. Use an empirical process for definingUse an empirical process for defining optimal release strategiesoptimal release strategies

Stage 3: Operational Implementation & Adaptive ManagementStage 3: Operational Implementation & Adaptive Management12.12. Devise effectiveDevise effective governance arrangementsgovernance arrangements13.13.

Define a fisheries management plan withDefine a fisheries management plan with clear goals, measures of successclear goals, measures of success

and decision rulesand decision rules14.14. Assess andAssess and manage ecological impactsmanage ecological impacts15.15. Use adaptive managementUse adaptive management


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Key Areas of Expertise NeededKey Areas of Expertise Needed

in Marine Fisheries Enhancementin Marine Fisheries Enhancement Fisheries scienceFisheries science Fisheries managementFisheries management Adaptive ManagementAdaptive Management

Marine aquacultureMarine aquaculture Population geneticsPopulation genetics Aquatic animal healthAquatic animal health

Population ecologyPopulation ecology Behavioral ecologyBehavioral ecology

Community ecologyCommunity ecology

Resource economicsResource economics Social science andSocial science and

institutional analysisinstitutional analysisand designand design

Statistics andStatistics andexperimental designexperimental design

Tagging TechnologyTagging Technology Communications andCommunications andOutreachOutreach

(In:(In:Leber, K.M., in press. Marine Fisheries Enhancement: Coming ofLeber, K.M., in press. Marine Fisheries Enhancement: Coming of AgeAge

in the New Millennium. Springer Science)in the New Millennium. Springer Science)


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HumanHuman--Biological Interactions:Biological Interactions:Institutional Analysis andInstitutional Analysis and

DesignDesign: the key is to provide incentives to individuals to: the key is to provide incentives to individuals to

cooperate & contribute positively to the outcomescooperate & contribute positively to the outcomes

Adapted from: Oakerson,1992 and Pido et al. 1996

(Lorenzen,Rev. Fish.

Sci. 16: 10-23, 2008)

Operational interactions

Dynamic interactions

3rd ISSESR


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0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

Number of recruits stocked

Spawnerbiomass(kg)

Target: 0.4 unexploited spawner biomass

Total

Directly stocked hatchery type

Naturally recruited hatchery-wild type

Wild

Effect of Enhancements, harvest and habitatEffect of Enhancements, harvest and habitat

management should be modeled, a priori, andmanagement should be modeled, a priori, and

integrated into the decision making processintegrated into the decision making process

(http://(http://www.aquaticresources.org/pubs/EnhanceFish_Manual.pdfwww.aquaticresources.org/pubs/EnhanceFish_Manual.pdf ))

ffS D i ff


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System Design affectsSystem Design affects

production efficiency &production efficiency &

fitness of released fishfitness of released fish--Sourcing of broodstockSourcing of broodstock

--Production ofProduction ofwildwild--like typeslike types

--Minimize domesticationMinimize domestication


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Genetic Management Is EssentialGenetic Management Is Essential

Avoid transfer of exogenous alleles

Avoid change in gene frequencies

Avoid inbreeding and outbreedingdepression


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Virtually all aspects of enhancementVirtually all aspects of enhancement

research and management require theresearch and management require theability to identify released fishability to identify released fish

R l V i bl


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Release Variables:Release Variables:

Critical UncertaintiesCritical Uncertainties Critical Choices Managers of Hatchery ReleasesCritical Choices Managers of Hatchery ReleasesNeed to MakeNeed to Make

Tag type, tag placement, tagged proportionTag type, tag placement, tagged proportion

Acclimation at release siteAcclimation at release site

SizeSize--atat--release (SAR)release (SAR)

Season and tidal timingSeason and tidal timing

Release habitat/Release habitat/microhabitatmicrohabitat

Effects of interactionsEffects of interactions Release magnitudeRelease magnitude

Thus, use of pilot studies and adaptive management to optimizeThus, use of pilot studies and adaptive management to optimizereleasereleasestrategies is key to understanding effects and effectiveness andstrategies is key to understanding effects and effectiveness andefficienciesefficiencies


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Release DesignDay 1: Stocked Acclimation pens

Day 3: Released snook from acclimation pens& also Stocked non-acclimated snook

NCO NCMCLCL

NCO NCMCLCLReplicated this experiment 3 times

(Brennan, Darcy and Leber, 2006. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 16(1):(Brennan, Darcy and Leber, 2006. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 16(1):11--9)9)


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Acclimation effect on recapture rateAcclimation effect on recapture rate

Nearly doubled survival of released hatchery fishNearly doubled survival of released hatchery fish

(Brennan, Darcy and Leber, 2006. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 16(1):(Brennan, Darcy and Leber, 2006. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 16(1):11--9)9)

Pacific Threadfin in HawaiiPacific Threadfin in Hawaii


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0.25

0.75

1.25

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

RECA

PTURE

FR

EQUENCY

SUMMER FALL WINTERSEASON

100-130mm

48-70 mm

70-100 mm

n=172

n=210

n=155

Season: P 0.085

Pacific Threadfin in HawaiiPacific Threadfin in HawaiiReleases atReleases at Kaalaea BeachKaalaea Beach

Leber, K. M., N. P. Brennan and S. M. Arce. 1998. Recruitment patterns of juvenile, cultured Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis(Polynemidae), released along sandy marine shores in Hawaii. Bulletin of Marine Science 62(2):389-408.

Pacific Threadfin in HawaiiPacific Threadfin in Hawaii


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0

1

2

3

4

RECAPTURE

FREQUENCY

SUMMER FALL WINTER

SEASON

100-130mm

48-70 mm

70-100 mm

n=276

n=526

n=277

Seas: P 0.006*

Pacific Threadfin in HawaiiPacific Threadfin in HawaiiReleases atReleases at KahanaKahana BayBay

Leber, K. M., N. P. Brennan and S. M. Arce. 1998. Recruitment patterns of juvenile, cultured Pacific threadfin, Polydactylussexfilis(Polynemidae), released along sandy marine shores in Hawaii. Bulletin of Marine Science 62(2):389-408.

hh


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assess enhancementassess enhancement

EffectivenessEffectiveness


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One of our Guinea Pigs in Florida:Common Snook (Centropomus undecimalus) Top predator in estuarine and

near-shore environments

Prized game fish in Florida

Four-fold increase in annualharvest (Florida) since 1988

Approximately 1.8 million

snook caught by anglersannually in Florida of which200,000 are harvested

Attains weights up to 27 kgand lengths of 1.3 m


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RequiresRequires

evaluation ofevaluation ofhatcheryhatchery--wildwild

interactionsinteractions

at all three

stages ofdeveloping

enhancements


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Bowlees Creek Whitaker Bayou

North Creek

Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr

2002 2003

Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar MayMay Jun

South Creek


2002 2003

Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jun


2002


2003


2002


2003

Low Augmentation Creeks

High Augmentation Creeks

Numberofsnook

Number

ofsnook

wildhatcheryhatchery




Latesummer/fallabundance

decline

Late

summer/fallabundance

decline


decline


decline

0

500

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Bowlees Creek Whitaker Bayou

North Creek


2002 2003


South Creek


2002 2003

Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jun


2002


2003


2002


2003

Low Augmentation Creeks

High Augmentation Creeks

Numberofsnook

Number

ofsnook





Post-release losshatchery fish

~64-85%

(Brennan, N.P., C.J. Walters and K.M. Leber. 1998. Rev. Fi(Brennan, N.P., C.J. Walters and K.M. Leber. 1998. Rev. Fish. Sci. 16(1sh. Sci. 16(1--3):2283):228--241 )241 )

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Adaptive Management is CrucialAdaptive Management is Crucial

RecognizedRecognized ProductionProduction -- EnhancementEnhancementManagement DichotomyManagement Dichotomy

ReleaseRelease

StrategyStrategy

AdaptiveAdaptive

StockingStockingProductionProduction

ImpactImpact

AssessmentAssessment

ManagementManagementPlanPlan

IncreasedIncreased

ControlControl

E.Eff.LoopP.Eff.Loop

Pro

ductionOriented E

nhan

cement

Orie

nted

(Leber, 2002. Advances in Marine SE: Shifting Emphasis to Theory(Leber, 2002. Advances in Marine SE: Shifting Emphasis to Theory & Accountability.& Accountability. InInStickney & McVeyStickney & McVey ))

Small scale stocking clearly


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Small-scale stocking clearly

making a contribution to avaluable fishery in Florida

PER

CENT

HA T

CHRY

FIS

H

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004


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3434 Hatchery SnookHatchery Snook ---- 66 whenwhen

released Apr 1999 in Bowlees Creekreleased Apr 1999 in Bowlees CreekCaught July 2004 in Bowlees CreekCaught July 2004 in Bowlees Creek


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Legacy from the PastLegacy from the Past

Allure of a Quick FixAllure of a Quick Fix

If not implemented responsibly, enhancements may lull fisheryIf not implemented responsibly, enhancements may lull fisherymanagers into false confidence and thus lead to inaction andmanagers into false confidence and thus lead to inaction anddelay in development of other fisheries management anddelay in development of other fisheries management andrestoration programsrestoration programs

Has often prompted stakeholders & managers to skip or ignoreHas often prompted stakeholders & managers to skip or ignoreseveral elements needed to allow those programs to succeedseveral elements needed to allow those programs to succeed

Isolation from the Fisheries Science CommunityIsolation from the Fisheries Science Community Often lack funds for monitoring impacts and adaptiveOften lack funds for monitoring impacts and adaptive

management needed to control enhancement effects andmanagement needed to control enhancement effects andeffectivenesseffectiveness

Often run with no connectivity to existing fishery managementOften run with no connectivity to existing fishery managementprocess, with hatcheries isolated and operating independentprocess, with hatcheries isolated and operating independentfrom stock assessment and fisheries monitoring programsfrom stock assessment and fisheries monitoring programs



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Enabling Factors for ExpandingEnabling Factors for Expanding

Successful Marine EnhancementsSuccessful Marine Enhancements

Greater awareness among all stakeholders of the issues,Greater awareness among all stakeholders of the issues,

pitfalls, progress and opportunitiespitfalls, progress and opportunities Use of Adaptive management is critical for managingUse of Adaptive management is critical for managingenhancement programs for successenhancement programs for success Adapt the Responsible Approach to local circumstancesAdapt the Responsible Approach to local circumstances the scope for augmentation declines as we better manage wildthe scope for augmentation declines as we better manage wildstocksstocks

enhancement becomes a very site specific tool whenenhancement becomes a very site specific tool when

habitat has been lost or something needs rebuilding or you havehabitat has been lost or something needs rebuilding or you have

species of particularly high valuespecies of particularly high value Seek Assistance from established expertise in this fieldSeek Assistance from established expertise in this fieldand the key associated fieldsand the key associated fields


in the New Millennium. Springer Science)in the New Millennium. Springer Science)


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StockEnhancement.org/science/publications.htmlStockEnhancement.org/science/publications.html

65 Fisheries65 Fisheries

EnhancementEnhancement

PublicationsPublications


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GOM Hatchery & Restoration ConsortiumGOM Hatchery & Restoration Consortium

**

*

* *UTUT LUMCOMLUMCOM

USMUSMAUAU

MOTEMOTE

UMUM

Florida Fish & WildlifeFlorida Fish & Wildlifes new statewides new statewide


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Florida Fish & WildlifeFlorida Fish & Wildlifes new statewides new statewidereplenishment initiativereplenishment initiative

Http://www.fmfei.org


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SummarySummary

We have provided a set of issues that need to beWe have provided a set of issues that need to beaddressed if enhancements are to be developed oraddressed if enhancements are to be developed orreformed responsibly and effectivelyreformed responsibly and effectively

The debate focused on enhancement is a healthy one,The debate focused on enhancement is a healthy one,fostering steady improvements and careful planning.fostering steady improvements and careful planning. One of the greatest lessons learned is to keep the focusOne of the greatest lessons learned is to keep the focuson the objectiveon the objective increasing yields in fisheries andincreasing yields in fisheries andrecovering stocks in restoration programsrecovering stocks in restoration programs With the focus shifted to outcomes in marineWith the focus shifted to outcomes in marineenhancement programs, enhancement has become aenhancement programs, enhancement has become a

useful addition to the fishery management toolbox.useful addition to the fishery management toolbox.

Documents

Marine Fisheries Enhancement