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Marine EnvironmentsThe environment itself Major groups of organisms in oceanBasics of ecosystems
EnvironmentsPelagic……the waterBenthic…..the bottom
Neritic NearshoreShallower than 200mOmit many details here
200 m
Neritic
OceanicAway from continental shelfDepth zones
Oceanic provincesEpipelagic
Surface down to 200m
Mesopelagic200-1000m
Bathypelagic1000-4000m
1000 m
4000 m
200 m
Oceanic
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Light zones in oceanEuphotic
Light for photosynthesisUsually 0-100 m
AphoticWithout lightDeeper than 1000 m
Benthic EnvironmentSimilar zones as pelagicOmit details and new names
Organisms (in general)
Plankton: floatersMany varieties
Nekton: swimmersWon’t deal with these in this course
Benthos: bottom dwellersA few varieties
PlanktonPhytoplankton
Carry on photosynthesisDiatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates
PHYTOPLANKTON
Plankton (2)Zooplankton
ConsumersRadiolarians, forams, others
ZOOPLANKTON
Plankton (3)Meroplankton
Part of life as a planktonPart of life as nekton or benthosExamples (oysters, barnacles, crabs, fish egg)
Plankton (4)Holoplankton
Whole life in planktonic formExamples (diatoms, for instance)
Benthic organismsEpifuana
Lives on top of sedimentsExamples (barnacles, starfish, crabs)
InfaunaLives within sedimentsExamples (clams, worms)
Epifauna
Infauna (a, b, c, e)
Distribution of lifeLand vs. seaBenthic vs. Pelagic
Land 86%Sea 14%
Benthic 98%Pelagic 2%
Why these patterns?
Making a living in the ocean
Food chains and food websPrimary productivity, respiration, decompositionDepth zone differencesRelationship between resources and numbers of organismsDifferences between “climate” zones
Food webs and chains
Primary productivityPhotosynthesiscarbon dioxide + water
sugar + oxygen
Chemosynthesishydrogen sulfide + water + oxygen +
carbon dioxide sugar + sulfuric acid
Respiration and decayBasically the opposite of photosynthesisReleases nutrients back into the oceanUses oxygen (consider other sources of oxygen to the ocean)
Oxygen with depth (red)Nutrients with depth ( green)
Example of primary producers
AlgaeDiatomsCoccolithophoresDinoflagellates
Basis of food webs and ecosystems
Variations in productivity verses latitude
Photic zone important for photosynthesisSome areas of ocean are light limited, some are nutrient limited, some are bothPictures can tell the story of relationships ……….