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Marine Biotechnology in the 21st Century:
Fulfilling the 20th Century promise?
Rachael Ritchie, DPhil
University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada
Marine biotechnology : Use of marine organisms as the source or target of biotechnology
Much needed new source of innovation and economic growth in many countries …
Viewed as a way to address global grand challenges:
Pursuing human health and well-being
Sustainable supply of high quality food
Developing sustainable sources of energy alternatives to crude oil and gas
New industrial products and processes with lower GHG emission
Protection and management of the already stressed marine environment
Caribbean sponge Tethya crypta, source of
spongothymidine, led to synthesis of new
class of arabinosyl nucleosides.
Cytarabine,
FDA approval 1969
Vidarabine
FDA approval 1976
Marine natural products (1950-60s)
Ecteinascidia turbinata Cone snail Conus magus
Trends in Marine Natural Product Discovery
FT-NMR
Superconductor
magnet
2D-NMR
Hu et al., (2011) Marine Drugs, 9(4), 514-525; doi:10.3390/md9040514
Scuba
technology
PCR
HTSequencing
“Drugs from the Sea”
(1967), Rhode Island
* *
Global marine pharmaceutical pipeline (2012)
FDA
approved:
7
Clinical pipeline: 11
Chemistry marine natural products: 8,940
Preclinical pipeline: 1,458
Mayer (2012) OECD Marine Biotechnology Workshop, Vancouver, May 2012 ; Mayer et al. (2011) Comparative Biochemistry
and Physiology Part C153, 191-222.
Antitumour
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiviral
Antimalarial
Antituberculosis
Antiprotozoal
Anticoagulant
Cardiovascular
Anti-inflammatory
Immune system
Nervous system
Variety of molecular targets
enzymes
receptors
Marine microbes (1980s)
Novel compounds from the sea: industrial and
biotechnological purposes
Thermus aquaticus PCR DNA amplification
1989 Science
‘Molecule of the Year’
The DNA polymerase world
market is currently more than
USD 350 million and growing
(2012) www.in-
pharmatechnologist.com)
Symbolized the potential for marine biotechnology
Transformed the field, allowing access to & study of ‘unculturable’ organisms
Metagenomics of marine environment 2000s
DNA
extraction
Environmental
sample
Sequencing of selected taxa
DNA of all species
present in the
environment
Next generation
sequencing (NGS) of
global diversity
Venter, et al., (2004) Science Vol. 304 no. 5667 pp. 66-74; Pawlowski (2012) OECD Marine Biotechnology Workshop,
Vancouver, May 2012.
2004 Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS)
Sampling of Sargasso Sea
1.045 billion base pairs of nonredundant sequence
…derived from at least 1800 genomic species
> 1.2 million previously unknown genes
Intensive Aquaculture 1970s
”40 years of technology development has
changed the industry completely”
Arnesen (2012) OECD Marine Biotechnology Workshop, Vancouver, May 2012
Increasing global aquaculture production is essential to meet increasing demand for food
Source: FAO
Molecular aquaculture: Vaccine development, fish health diagnostics, selective breeding…
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Kg
an
tib
ioti
cs p
er
ton
ne liv
e w
eig
ht
To
nn
es p
rod
uced
Year
Produksjon Antibiotika per tonn fisk
Arnesen, OECD Marine Biotechnology Workshop, Vancouver, May 2012
Aquaculture today ”… the fish farming industry must be able to document that the production is
truly sustainable. Both the fishery and the fish farming industry must have the
perspective of eternity. Industry and nature must go hand in hand”
Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs Lisbeth Berg-Hansen .
"If Aquaculture did not exist we would have to invent it. … the declining
European fisheries stocks complicate the supply of fish. Aquaculture plays a
significant role in offsetting this ever-increasing gap …"
European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Maria Damanaki .
"Farmed fish is an excellent source of protein and, when produced well, helps
protect the environment. I am totally convinced that aquaculture is the most
sustainable way to feed the world.”
Director WWF Aquaculture Program Jose Viallon .
“The strongest growth (in animal production) is expected in the consumption of
farmed fish and chicken. By convenient coincidence, these also seem to be
the animal protein sources with the smallest carbon footprint.”
Director-General of the FAO Dr. Jacques Diouf .
(bioethanol)
Novel bioactive
compounds
(bioprospecting)
Food/Ingredients
Soil improvement
Alginate
Agar
Carrageenan
Fjord management
Rehabilitation of
ecosystems
Sukkertare is a
nearly extinct
species
Feeds/feed
ingredients
Macro algae offers a lot!
Lie (2012) OECD Marine Biotechnology Workshop, Vancouver, May 2012. :
Slide: Karl Almås, Adm dir. SINTEF Fiskeri & Aquaculture;
Algal Biofuels vs plant feedstocks
Very high growth rates1
Growth at non-arable locations
Improved solar conversion efficiencies
High oil yields
No lignin
Exploit salt and brackish water supplies
1 Day et al. (2012). Bioresource Technology 109, 245-251
Crop Oil yield
[gallons (acre)-1]
Corn 18
Cotton 35
Soybean 48
Mustard seed 61
Sunflower 102
Rapeseed 127
Jatropha 202
Oil palm 635
Algae 10,000
Synthetic biology to improve processing
and extraction--engineered a microbe to
degrade and a pathway to metabolise
alginate, the most abundant sugar in
seaweed
Biorefinery concept
Over coming algal biofuels challenges
Wargacki, et al., (2012) Science Vol. 335 no. 6066 pp. 308-313
Development of improved growth strains
Genomic modification of algal strains to
better suit production scenarios
Modified by altering bioreactor-based
growing conditions
Boardman, Oregon: Conversion of woody biomass
into acetic acid and ethyl acetate (250,000 gal y-1)
Monitoring/protecting marine environment
Ecosystem services
-- valued at US$20.9 trillion/year,
equivalent to the global GNP
Tools to monitor health of ocean
The promise of marine biotechnology may be driven by scientific and technological advances…
…but the promise can only be realised through sound policy and investment.
«The bioeconomy offers technological solutions for
many challenges facing the world…achieving its
potential will require appropriate national, regional and
in some cases global policies»
- OECD: The Bioeconomy to 2030: designing a policy agenda
Review the potential of marine biotechnology
Identify challenges to realising this potential
Identify areas of focus for future policy work:
1.Governance of marine bioresources and ecosystems
2.Measures and indicators for marine biotechnology
3.Development of new research and development infrastructure
OECD Global Forum on Biotechnology: Marine Biotechnology Enabling Solutions for Ocean Productivity and Sustainability (Vancouver, Canada, 30-31 May 2012)
>> international collaboration and coordination & stakeholder dialogue <<
Thank you
Rachael Ritchie, DPhil
University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada