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NIDA. Marijuana. NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE. Prepared by Dr. Linda Thomas. What Have We Learned Through Research?. 83 million Americans have tried it at least once. An estimated 2.4 million Americans used it for the first time in 2001. Extent of the Problem…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MarijuanaMarijuana
What Have We LearnedThrough Research?
What Have We LearnedThrough Research?
NIDANIDANATIONAL INSTITUTE
ON DRUG ABUSE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE
ON DRUG ABUSE
Prepared by Dr. Linda Thomas
Marijuana is the Most CommonlyUsed Illicit Drug In the U.S.
Marijuana is the Most CommonlyUsed Illicit Drug In the U.S.
83 million Americans have tried itat least once83 million Americans have tried itat least once
An estimated 2.4 million Americansused it for the first time in 2001An estimated 2.4 million Americansused it for the first time in 2001
Source: 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, SAMHSASource: 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, SAMHSA
Extent of the Problem…Extent of the Problem…
24%24%
20%20%
56%56%
Marijuana OnlyMarijuana Only
Marijuana and Some Other DrugMarijuana and Some Other Drug
Drug Other than MarijuanaDrug Other than Marijuana
Types of Drugs Used By Past Month Illicit Drug Users Aged 12 and Older: 2001
Types of Drugs Used By Past Month Illicit Drug Users Aged 12 and Older: 2001
Source: 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, SAMHSASource: 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, SAMHSA
Percent of Students Reporting Any Illicit Drug Use in Past Year, by Grade
Percent of Students Reporting Any Illicit Drug Use in Past Year, by Grade
05
1015202530354045
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade
Source: Monitoring the Future Study 2002Source: Monitoring the Future Study 2002
Percent of Students Reporting Use of Marijuana in Past Year, by Grade
Percent of Students Reporting Use of Marijuana in Past Year, by Grade
05
1015202530354045
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade
Source: Monitoring the Future Study 2002Source: Monitoring the Future Study 2002
Marijuana, specificallyMarijuana, specifically
Drug abuse/addiction, in generalDrug abuse/addiction, in general
Research on MarijuanaResearch on MarijuanaHas Taught Us A Lot About:Has Taught Us A Lot About:
Research on MarijuanaResearch on MarijuanaHas Taught Us A Lot About:Has Taught Us A Lot About:
Neuroscience of Marijuana Use and Abuse
Neuroscience of Marijuana Use and Abuse
Tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (THC)
9`9`--
CannabinoidReceptor
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CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors in Rodent BrainCB1 Cannabinoid Receptors in Rodent Brain
Gifford, A.N. et al., Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 21(1-2), pp. 65-72, December 2002.Gifford, A.N. et al., Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 21(1-2), pp. 65-72, December 2002.
Dopamine pathways(reward, eurphoria)Dopamine pathways(reward, eurphoria)
Nucleus accumbens
00100100200200300300400400500500600600700700800800900900
1000100011001100
00 11 22 33 44 5 hr5 hr
Time After AmphetamineTime After Amphetamine
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
DADADOPACDOPACHVAHVA
AccumbensAccumbens AMPHETAMINEAMPHETAMINE
00
100100
200200
300300
400400
00 11 22 33 44 5 hr5 hrTime After CocaineTime After Cocaine
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
DADADOPACDOPACHVAHVA
AccumbensAccumbensCOCAINECOCAINE
00
100100
150150
200200
250250
00 11 22 33 44 5hr5hrTime After MorphineTime After Morphine
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
AccumbensAccumbens
0.50.51.01.02.52.51010
Dose (mg/kg)Dose (mg/kg)
MORPHINEMORPHINE
00
100100
150150
200200
250250
00 11 22 3 hr3 hrTime After NicotineTime After Nicotine
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
% o
f B
as
al
Re
lea
se
AccumbensAccumbensCaudateCaudate
NICOTINENICOTINE
Source: Di Chiara and ImperatoSource: Di Chiara and Imperato
Effects of Drugs on Dopamine LevelsEffects of Drugs on Dopamine LevelsEffects of Drugs on Dopamine LevelsEffects of Drugs on Dopamine Levels
Recently, Self-Administration of THCHas Been Demonstrated in
A Variety of Animal Models
Recently, Self-Administration of THCHas Been Demonstrated in
A Variety of Animal Models
Tanda, G. et al., Nature Neuroscience, 3(11), November 2000.Tanda, G. et al., Nature Neuroscience, 3(11), November 2000.
Acquisition of THC Self-AdministrationBehavior InSquirrel Monkeys
Acquisition of THC Self-AdministrationBehavior InSquirrel Monkeys
Effects of Injection Dose on Self-AdministrationBehavior
Effects of Injection Dose on Self-AdministrationBehavior
A Cannabinoid AntagonistCan Block THC Self-Administration
A Cannabinoid AntagonistCan Block THC Self-Administration
Tanda, G. et al., Nature Neuroscience, 3(11), November 2000.Tanda, G. et al., Nature Neuroscience, 3(11), November 2000.
AND…AND…
Why Do Some People Use and Others Don’t?
Why Do Some People Use and Others Don’t?
GeneticsGeneticsGeneticsGenetics
EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironment
Gene/Gene/EnvironmentEnvironmentInteractionInteraction
Gene/Gene/EnvironmentEnvironmentInteractionInteraction
Heritabilities Derived From Twin StudiesHeritabilities Derived From Twin Studies
DRUGDRUG MalesMales FemalesFemalesHeroin (opiates)
Sedatives
Marijuana
Cocaine
Hallucinogens
Nicotine
Heroin (opiates)
Sedatives
Marijuana
Cocaine
Hallucinogens
Nicotine
54% (Tsuang et al., 1996)
87% (Kendler, et al., 2000)
33% (Tsuang et al., 1996)58% (Kendler, et al., 2000)
44% (Tsuang et al., 1996)79% (Kendler et al., 2000)
79% (Kendler, et al., 2000)
53% (Carmelli et al., 1990)
54% (Tsuang et al., 1996)
87% (Kendler, et al., 2000)
33% (Tsuang et al., 1996)58% (Kendler, et al., 2000)
44% (Tsuang et al., 1996)79% (Kendler et al., 2000)
79% (Kendler, et al., 2000)
53% (Carmelli et al., 1990)
79% (Kendler & Prescott, 1998)
81% (Kendler et al., 1999)
72% (Kendler et al., 1999)
79% (Kendler & Prescott, 1998)
81% (Kendler et al., 1999)
72% (Kendler et al., 1999)
A Gene Has Recently Been IdentifiedThat May Play A Role
in Drug Addiction…
A Gene Has Recently Been IdentifiedThat May Play A Role
in Drug Addiction…
This Gene Controls An Enzyme Responsible for the Breakdown of
Endocannabinoids, the Brain’sOwn Cannabis-Like Compounds
This Gene Controls An Enzyme Responsible for the Breakdown of
Endocannabinoids, the Brain’sOwn Cannabis-Like Compounds
Source: Sipe, J.C. et al., PNAS, 99(12), pp 8394-8399, June 11, 2002.Source: Sipe, J.C. et al., PNAS, 99(12), pp 8394-8399, June 11, 2002.
Consequences of Marijuana AbuseConsequences of Marijuana Abuse
Initial Euphoria or "High" Followed by SedationInitial Euphoria or "High" Followed by Sedation
Sense of Time AlteredSense of Time Altered
Hearing Less DiscriminateHearing Less Discriminate
Visual DistortionsVisual Distortions
DepersonalizationDepersonalization
Concentration ImpairedConcentration Impaired
Dream-like States ProminentDream-like States Prominent
Initial Euphoria or "High" Followed by SedationInitial Euphoria or "High" Followed by Sedation
Sense of Time AlteredSense of Time Altered
Hearing Less DiscriminateHearing Less Discriminate
Visual DistortionsVisual Distortions
DepersonalizationDepersonalization
Concentration ImpairedConcentration Impaired
Dream-like States ProminentDream-like States Prominent
Acute Effects of MarijuanaAcute Effects of MarijuanaAcute Effects of MarijuanaAcute Effects of Marijuana
Other Acute EffectsOther Acute EffectsOther Acute EffectsOther Acute Effects
Heart Rate IncreasedHeart Rate Increased
Blood Pressure UnchangedBlood Pressure Unchanged
Orthostatic Hypotension (At High Doses)Orthostatic Hypotension (At High Doses)
Conjunctival ReddeningConjunctival Reddening
Muscle Strength DecreasedMuscle Strength Decreased
Appetite Increased (Variable)Appetite Increased (Variable)
Food Intake Increased (Variable)Food Intake Increased (Variable)
Heart Rate IncreasedHeart Rate Increased
Blood Pressure UnchangedBlood Pressure Unchanged
Orthostatic Hypotension (At High Doses)Orthostatic Hypotension (At High Doses)
Conjunctival ReddeningConjunctival Reddening
Muscle Strength DecreasedMuscle Strength Decreased
Appetite Increased (Variable)Appetite Increased (Variable)
Food Intake Increased (Variable)Food Intake Increased (Variable)
What are the More PersistentWhat are the More PersistentEffects of Marijuana?Effects of Marijuana?
PET Scans Examining Glucose Metabolism4 Days After Last Use
PET Scans Examining Glucose Metabolism4 Days After Last Use
Volkow, N.D. et al., Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 67, pp. 29-38, 1996.Volkow, N.D. et al., Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 67, pp. 29-38, 1996.
Deficits In Cognitive Function inHeavy Cannabis Users Have Been
Shown to Persist For At Least 7 DaysAfter Discontinuing the Drug
Deficits In Cognitive Function inHeavy Cannabis Users Have Been
Shown to Persist For At Least 7 DaysAfter Discontinuing the Drug
Source: Pope, H.G. et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, October 2001.Source: Pope, H.G. et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, October 2001.
Bolla, K.I. et al., Neurology, 59, pp. 1337-1343, 2002. Bolla, K.I. et al., Neurology, 59, pp. 1337-1343, 2002.
In Very Heavy Marijuana Users, Persistent, Negative Dose-Related EffectsHave Been Shown on Tests Measuring…
In Very Heavy Marijuana Users, Persistent, Negative Dose-Related EffectsHave Been Shown on Tests Measuring…
Verbal and visual memoryExecutive functioningVisuoperceptionPsychomotor speedManual Dexterity
Verbal and visual memoryExecutive functioningVisuoperceptionPsychomotor speedManual Dexterity
Relationship Between Amount of Marijuana Smoked and Task Performance
In 28-Day Abstinent Heavy Marijuana Users
Relationship Between Amount of Marijuana Smoked and Task Performance
In 28-Day Abstinent Heavy Marijuana Users
Bolla, K.I. et al., Neurology, 59, pp. 1337-1343, 2002. Bolla, K.I. et al., Neurology, 59, pp. 1337-1343, 2002.
High Shipley IQ Group Low Shipley IQ Group
Note: high IQs are less likely tobe affected on tests that requiresuppression of habit---frontalcortex function
Note: high IQs are less likely tobe affected on tests that requiresuppression of habit---frontalcortex function
Can Marijuana Cause Permanent Changes?Can Marijuana Cause Permanent Changes?
Long-term, Yes; Permanent, Probably NoLong-term, Yes; Permanent, Probably No
Note: impact onattention/impulsivity andproblem solving after 3years of age--considerableequivocation
Note: impact onattention/impulsivity andproblem solving after 3years of age--considerableequivocation
Recent Research Suggests ThatIn-Utero Cannabis Exposure CanNegatively Impact Certain Aspects
of Executive Functioning
Recent Research Suggests ThatIn-Utero Cannabis Exposure CanNegatively Impact Certain Aspects
of Executive Functioning
Fried, P.A. and Smith, A.M., Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23, pp. 1-11, 2001.Fried, P.A. and Smith, A.M., Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23, pp. 1-11, 2001.
Lynsky, M. and Hall, W. Addiction, 95(11), pp. 1621-1630, 2000.Lynsky, M. and Hall, W. Addiction, 95(11), pp. 1621-1630, 2000.
Chronic Marijuana Use Has Been Shown to Be Associated With
Chronic Marijuana Use Has Been Shown to Be Associated With
Poorer Academic Performance and Higher Dropout Rates
Poorer Academic Performance and Higher Dropout Rates
Lehman, W.E.K. and Simpson, D.D. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), pp. 309-321, 1992. Lehman, W.E.K. and Simpson, D.D. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), pp. 309-321, 1992.
Poor Job Performance andIncreased Absences From Work
Poor Job Performance andIncreased Absences From Work
Chronic Marijuana Use Has BeenShown to Be Linked To
Chronic Marijuana Use Has BeenShown to Be Linked To
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program, NIJArrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program, NIJ
Percentage Arrestees Detected AsMarijuana Users
Percentage Arrestees Detected AsMarijuana Users
In the Last Decade, Marijuana UseHas Been On the Rise Among Arrestees
In the Last Decade, Marijuana UseHas Been On the Rise Among Arrestees
Especially Youthful OnesEspecially Youthful Ones
AND…AND…
Recent Research Has Validated theReliability and Clinical Significance of
Marijuana Withdrawal Effects
Recent Research Has Validated theReliability and Clinical Significance of
Marijuana Withdrawal Effects
Source: Budney, A. J. et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, October 2001.Source: Budney, A. J. et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, October 2001.
Budney, A.J., et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(10), pp. 917-924, 2001.Budney, A.J., et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(10), pp. 917-924, 2001.
Kouri, E.M. et al., Psychopharmacology, 143, pp. 302-308, 1999.Kouri, E.M. et al., Psychopharmacology, 143, pp. 302-308, 1999.
Marijuana Smokers Show IncreasedAggressive Behavior During Withdrawal
Marijuana Smokers Show IncreasedAggressive Behavior During Withdrawal
Days of Abstinence
We Are Beginning to BetterUnderstand What Makes Marijuana
Addictive…
We Are Beginning to BetterUnderstand What Makes Marijuana
Addictive…
And How These MechanismsAre Affected by Other Drugs of Abuse
And How These MechanismsAre Affected by Other Drugs of Abuse
Research Shows that the CentralMechanism Involved in Cocaine
Relapse Is Closely Linked to the SitesWhere Marijuana Has Its Effect
Research Shows that the CentralMechanism Involved in Cocaine
Relapse Is Closely Linked to the SitesWhere Marijuana Has Its Effect
Source: DeVries, T.J., et al., Nature Medicine, 7(10) October 2001.Source: DeVries, T.J., et al., Nature Medicine, 7(10) October 2001.
For Example…For Example…
Source: DeVries, T.J., et al., Nature Medicine, 7(10) October 2001.Source: DeVries, T.J., et al., Nature Medicine, 7(10) October 2001.
(note: hole pokes for cocaine and for no reward)(note: hole pokes for cocaine and for no reward)
(agonist) (antagonist)
Cannabinoid Receptor AntagonistsMay Prove To Be Useful
Anti-Craving Agents
Cannabinoid Receptor AntagonistsMay Prove To Be Useful
Anti-Craving Agents
And So… cannabinoid agonist reinstates cocaine-seeking
We Have Learned A Lot AboutMarijuana’s Potential to Affect
Other Organ Systems
We Have Learned A Lot AboutMarijuana’s Potential to Affect
Other Organ Systems
In Addition to It’s Effects on the Brain…In Addition to It’s Effects on the Brain…
Lung ToxicityLung ToxicityLung ToxicityLung Toxicity
Heavy Hashish Use:Heavy Hashish Use: Chronic Chronic BronchitisBronchitis Chronic Chronic CoughCough
Heavy Marijuana UseHeavy Marijuana Use (5 Times a Day for 59 Days): (5 Times a Day for 59 Days): Produces Airway Produces Airway ObstructionObstruction Marijuana Smoke Contains More " Marijuana Smoke Contains More "TarTar"" Than Tobacco Than Tobacco Smoke Contains Smoke Contains CarcinogenicCarcinogenic Materials Materials
Heavy Hashish Use:Heavy Hashish Use: Chronic Chronic BronchitisBronchitis Chronic Chronic CoughCough
Heavy Marijuana UseHeavy Marijuana Use (5 Times a Day for 59 Days): (5 Times a Day for 59 Days): Produces Airway Produces Airway ObstructionObstruction Marijuana Smoke Contains More " Marijuana Smoke Contains More "TarTar"" Than Tobacco Than Tobacco Smoke Contains Smoke Contains CarcinogenicCarcinogenic Materials Materials
Endocrine EffectsEndocrine EffectsEndocrine EffectsEndocrine Effects
Male Sex Hormones: - ControversialMale Sex Hormones: - Controversial Decrease in Decrease in TestosteroneTestosterone - Usually Within - Usually Within Normal Range Normal Range Decreased Decreased SpermSperm Production - No Evidence Production - No Evidence of Infertility of Infertility GynecomastiaGynecomastia Has Been Implicated But Has Been Implicated But Not Proven Not Proven THC is THC is Not EstrogenicNot Estrogenic
Female Sex Hormones:Female Sex Hormones: Suppressed Suppressed LHLH Surge and Surge and OvulationOvulation Increased Incidence of Increased Incidence of AnovulatoryAnovulatory Cycles Cycles (Use More Than 4 Times a Week) (Use More Than 4 Times a Week)
Male Sex Hormones: - ControversialMale Sex Hormones: - Controversial Decrease in Decrease in TestosteroneTestosterone - Usually Within - Usually Within Normal Range Normal Range Decreased Decreased SpermSperm Production - No Evidence Production - No Evidence of Infertility of Infertility GynecomastiaGynecomastia Has Been Implicated But Has Been Implicated But Not Proven Not Proven THC is THC is Not EstrogenicNot Estrogenic
Female Sex Hormones:Female Sex Hormones: Suppressed Suppressed LHLH Surge and Surge and OvulationOvulation Increased Incidence of Increased Incidence of AnovulatoryAnovulatory Cycles Cycles (Use More Than 4 Times a Week) (Use More Than 4 Times a Week)
Most Animal Studies Have Been Conducted UsingMost Animal Studies Have Been Conducted UsingHigh Doses of THC for High Doses of THC for Short PeriodsShort Periods of Time of Time
Marijuana is Used By Young Persons In the Marijuana is Used By Young Persons In the BestBestof Healthof Health
Intermittent Use of Small DosesIntermittent Use of Small Doses May Underestimate May UnderestimateHazardsHazards
Used With Used With Other DrugsOther Drugs -- Especially Tobacco and -- Especially Tobacco andAlcoholAlcohol
Marijuana Use is An Marijuana Use is An EmotionalEmotional Topic Topic
Most Animal Studies Have Been Conducted UsingMost Animal Studies Have Been Conducted UsingHigh Doses of THC for High Doses of THC for Short PeriodsShort Periods of Time of Time
Marijuana is Used By Young Persons In the Marijuana is Used By Young Persons In the BestBestof Healthof Health
Intermittent Use of Small DosesIntermittent Use of Small Doses May Underestimate May UnderestimateHazardsHazards
Used With Used With Other DrugsOther Drugs -- Especially Tobacco and -- Especially Tobacco andAlcoholAlcohol
Marijuana Use is An Marijuana Use is An EmotionalEmotional Topic Topic
Difficulties Associated With Establishing Difficulties Associated With Establishing the Health Hazards of Marijuanathe Health Hazards of Marijuana
Difficulties Associated With Establishing Difficulties Associated With Establishing the Health Hazards of Marijuanathe Health Hazards of Marijuana
Treatment for Marijuana Addiction
Treatment for Marijuana Addiction
Percentages of Persons Aged 12 to 25Reporting Past Month Marijuana UsePercentages of Persons Aged 12 to 25Reporting Past Month Marijuana Use
Source: SAMHSA, 1999 and 2000 NHSDAsSource: SAMHSA, 1999 and 2000 NHSDAs
Changes in Marijuana Treatment Admission Rates: 1993-1999
Changes in Marijuana Treatment Admission Rates: 1993-1999
Source: 1999 SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS).Source: 1999 SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS).
Number of Adolescent Marijuana Admissions, by Referral Source
Number of Adolescent Marijuana Admissions, by Referral Source
Source: 1999 SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS).Source: 1999 SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS).
Less than 1/10th of adolescents with substance dependenceproblems receive treatment
Under 50% stay 6 weeks, 75% stay less than the 3 monthsrecommended by NIDA
From 1992 to 1998, admissions for treatment of primary,secondary or tertiary marijuana use disorders increased115% (51,081 to 109,875)
Source: Dennis, Dwaud-Noursi, Muck, & McDermeit, 2002; Hser et al., 2001; OAS, 2000
Less than 1/10th of adolescents with substance dependenceproblems receive treatment
Under 50% stay 6 weeks, 75% stay less than the 3 monthsrecommended by NIDA
From 1992 to 1998, admissions for treatment of primary,secondary or tertiary marijuana use disorders increased115% (51,081 to 109,875)
Source: Dennis, Dwaud-Noursi, Muck, & McDermeit, 2002; Hser et al., 2001; OAS, 2000
The Adolescent Treatment System
Behavioral TherapiesBehavioral Therapies
Marijuana Abstinence at End of TreatmentMarijuana Abstinence at End of Treatment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Per
cen
tage
of
Par
tici
pan
ts
Motivational enhancementplus coping skills plus voucher-based incentives
Motivational enhancementplus behavioral coping skills therapy
Motivational enhancementtherapy
Budney, A.J. et al., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, December 2000.Budney, A.J. et al., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, December 2000.
Pharmacological TherapyPharmacological Therapy
Cannabinoid Antagonists forTreatment
Cannabinoid Antagonists forTreatment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
MJ Only MJ & SR141716
Cannabinoid Antagonist ReducesMarijuana’s Effects
Cannabinoid Antagonist ReducesMarijuana’s Effects
Max
imum
Mea
n R
atin
g of
Dru
g E
ffec
t
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mea
n I
ncre
ase
in H
eart
Rat
e(b
eats
/min
)Huestis, M.A. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(4), pp. 322-328, 2001.Huestis, M.A. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(4), pp. 322-328, 2001.
FeelingHigh
FeelingStoned
Strength ofDrug Effect
HeartRate
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Coc
aine
-See
king
Res
pon
ses
(per
30
min
)
Coc
aine
-See
king
Res
pon
ses
(per
120
min
)
Cannabinoid Antagonist BlocksMajor Triggers of Drug Relapse in Rats
Cannabinoid Antagonist BlocksMajor Triggers of Drug Relapse in Rats
Impact of SR141716 on Response to Priming Dose of Cocaine
Impact of SR141716 on Response to Priming Dose of Cocaine
Impact of SR141716 on Response to Cocaine-Related Cues
Impact of SR141716 on Response to Cocaine-Related Cues
0 0.3mg/kg
1.0mg/kg
3.0mg/kg
SR141716 Dose
0 0.3mg/kg
1.0mg/kg
3.0mg/kg
SR141716 Dose
De Vries, T.J., and Shaham, Y. et al., Nature Medicine, 7(10), pp. 1151-1154, 2002.De Vries, T.J., and Shaham, Y. et al., Nature Medicine, 7(10), pp. 1151-1154, 2002.
Naloxone Reverses Brain Reward of THCNaloxone Reverses Brain Reward of THC
Gardner, E.L., Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 121, pp. 267-290, 2002.Gardner, E.L., Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 121, pp. 267-290, 2002.
Naloxone Reverses THC-Induced Increases in NAcc Dopamine
Naloxone Reverses THC-Induced Increases in NAcc Dopamine
Gardner, E.L., Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 121, pp. 267-290, 2002.Gardner, E.L., Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 121, pp. 267-290, 2002.
Does Marijuana HaveTherapeutic Utility?
Does Marijuana HaveTherapeutic Utility?
Comprehensive Reviews of the Medical Utility of Marijuana
Were Undertaken By:
Comprehensive Reviews of the Medical Utility of Marijuana
Were Undertaken By:
National Institutes of HealthWorkshop (1997)National Institutes of HealthWorkshop (1997)
National Academy of SciencesInstitute of Medicine (1999)National Academy of SciencesInstitute of Medicine (1999)
These Reviews Concluded That:These Reviews Concluded That:
Source: Strauss, S.E. PNAS, 97(17), August 15, 2000.Source: Strauss, S.E. PNAS, 97(17), August 15, 2000.
Smoking marijuana reduces intraocularpressure in glaucoma and is claimed toameliorate pain, nausea, poor appetite,and other debilitating conditions
Smoking marijuana reduces intraocularpressure in glaucoma and is claimed toameliorate pain, nausea, poor appetite,and other debilitating conditions
Source: Strauss, S.E. PNAS, 97(17), August 15, 2000.Source: Strauss, S.E. PNAS, 97(17), August 15, 2000.
The Problem Is…The Problem Is…
Large controlled trials have not been conducted to supportthe majority of such claims
Large controlled trials have not been conducted to supportthe majority of such claims
Moreover…Moreover…
There are better, well-defined treatments for most such indications
There are better, well-defined treatments for most such indications
NIDA Is Helping to PutScience-Based Information On
Marijuana and Other Drugs of Abuseto Work in Our Schools and Communities
NIDA Is Helping to PutScience-Based Information On
Marijuana and Other Drugs of Abuseto Work in Our Schools and Communities
www.drugabuse.govwww.drugabuse.gov
NIDANIDA NATIONAL INSTITUTE
ON DRUG ABUSE NATIONAL INSTITUTE
ON DRUG ABUSE
Visit Our Website @Visit Our Website @
