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Marconi Challenge:Marconi Challenge:Infrared Data TransmissionInfrared Data Transmission
as theas the2121stst Century Crystal Radio Century Crystal Radio
Dennis SilageDennis SilageECE Temple UniversityECE Temple University
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• A simple and A simple and inexpensive yet inexpensive yet challenging challenging project project
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• 2121stst century crystal century crystal
radio radio
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Guglielmo MarconiGuglielmo Marconi pioneered pioneered wireless telegraphy at a wireless telegraphy at a wavelength of about wavelength of about 1500 meters and 1500 meters and succeeded in sending succeeded in sending an RF signal with an RF signal with kilowatts of power across the kilowatts of power across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901 Atlantic Ocean in 1901
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• The The Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge for for students is to send an students is to send an IR signal at a IR signal at a wavelength of about wavelength of about 950 nanometers with 950 nanometers with milliwatts of power to milliwatts of power to a detector over the largest a detector over the largest distance distance
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Inexpensive infrared Inexpensive infrared semiconductor semiconductor emitter and detector emitter and detector
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR emitter diodeIR emitter diode
• 5 Volts5 Volts
• 0.15 Amperes0.15 Amperes
• 15 milliwatts15 milliwatts
• 950950 nanometers nanometers
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR emitter is aIR emitter is a semiconductor semiconductor diode diode
• No currentNo current flow flow
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR emitter diodeIR emitter diode
• Current flowCurrent flow
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Ben Franklin’sBen Franklin’s current flow current flow
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Georg Simon OhmGeorg Simon Ohm
• Ohm’s LawOhm’s Law
V = I RV = I R
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR emitter diode IR emitter diode transmitter transmitter circuit circuit
R1 = (3.2 – 1.3) V / 0.075 AR1 = (3.2 – 1.3) V / 0.075 AR1 = 1.9 V / 0.075 A R1 = 1.9 V / 0.075 A R1 ≈ 25 ΩR1 ≈ 25 Ω
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Resistors in seriesResistors in series
V = I RV = I RV = I (R1 + R2)V = I (R1 + R2)
• Equivalent resistor: Equivalent resistor: R1 + R2 R1 + R2 sumsum
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Resistors in parallelResistors in parallel
V = I R V = I R R = V / I R = V / I 1 / R = I / V1 / R = I / Vnow now I = I1 + I2I = I1 + I21 / R = (I1 + I2) / V = I1 / V + I2 / V1 / R = (I1 + I2) / V = I1 / V + I2 / V1 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R21 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Resistors in parallelResistors in parallel
1 / R = 1 / R11 / R = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R2
• Equivalent resistor:Equivalent resistor: R = (R1 R = (R1 × × R2) / (R1 + R2)R2) / (R1 + R2) product over the sumproduct over the sum
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR emitter diodeIR emitter diode transmitter circuit transmitter circuit
• Calculate R1Calculate R1
• 0.075 A0.075 A diode diode current current
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR emitter diodeIR emitter diode transmitter circuit transmitter circuit
3.2 V = (0.075 A) R + 1.3 V3.2 V = (0.075 A) R + 1.3 VR = (3.2 – 1.3) V / 0.075 AR = (3.2 – 1.3) V / 0.075 AR = 1.9 V / 0.075 A ≈ 25 ΩR = 1.9 V / 0.075 A ≈ 25 Ω
• R1 is four 100 R1 is four 100 ΩΩ resistors in resistors in parallel parallel
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR detector phototransistorIR detector phototransistor
• 70 Volts70 Volts
• 0.05 Amperes0.05 Amperes
• 850850 nanometer nanometer
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR detector phototransistorIR detector phototransistor
• Like a transistorLike a transistor it but only has a it but only has a collectorcollector and and emitteremitter
• PhotonPhoton input input
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR detector phototransistor IR detector phototransistor receiver circuit receiver circuit
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR detector phototransistor IR detector phototransistor receiver circuit receiver circuit
• Sounder resistanceSounder resistance
R = V / I = 3 /.015 = 200 ΩR = V / I = 3 /.015 = 200 Ω
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR detector phototransistor IR detector phototransistor receiver circuit receiver circuit
• Calculate collectorCalculate collector current current
I = (3.2 – 0.2) V / 200I = (3.2 – 0.2) V / 200 I ≈ 0.015 A = 15 mA I ≈ 0.015 A = 15 mA
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR detector phototransistor IR detector phototransistor receiver circuit receiver circuit
• 15 mA sounder15 mA sounder current current
• 50 mA50 mA phototransistor phototransistor maximum current maximum current
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR detector phototransistor IR detector phototransistor receiver circuit receiver circuit
• Sounder producesSounder produces 70 dB intensity or 70 dB intensity or about 0.00001 about 0.00001 W/m W/m22
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR transmitter-receiverIR transmitter-receiver
Is the IR photodetector circuit Is the IR photodetector circuit sensitive to other sources? sensitive to other sources? Yes, Yes, incandescent lamps and bright incandescent lamps and bright sunlight can causesunlight can causethe sounder tothe sounder to operate. operate.
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR transmitter-receiverIR transmitter-receiver
Can you apply opticalCan you apply opticalprinciples to increase theprinciples to increase thedistance? distance? Yes, lens andYes, lens andmirrors can be used quitemirrors can be used quiteeffectively in lessoneffectively in lessonmodules on optics andmodules on optics and ray tracing. ray tracing.
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR transmitter-receiverIR transmitter-receiver
Can we encode information on the Can we encode information on the sounder? sounder? Yes, we can introduce Yes, we can introduce semaphores such assemaphores such asflagsflags, , Morse CodeMorse Code and andmodern modern ASCIIASCII coding. coding.
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• IR transmitter-receiverIR transmitter-receiver
Can more advanced experiments be Can more advanced experiments be supported?supported? Yes, IR data Yes, IR data transmissiontransmissioncan be used tocan be used tointroduce digitalintroduce digitalsignaling.signaling.
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Marconi Challenge PartsMarconi Challenge Parts
www.radioshack.com www.radioshack.com Total cost Total cost ≈ ≈ $12$12RS 275-142 InfraredRS 275-142 Infrared
emitter detector emitter detectorRS 273-053 MiniRS 273-053 Mini
buzzer buzzer
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Marconi Challenge PartsMarconi Challenge Parts
www.radioshack.com www.radioshack.com Total cost Total cost ≈ ≈ $12$12RS 278-149 PC Board (2)RS 278-149 PC Board (2)RS 270-401 AA battery RS 270-401 AA battery
holder (4) holder (4)RS 271-1331 100 Ω resistorsRS 271-1331 100 Ω resistors AA batteriesAA batteries
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge Optional Parts Optional Parts
Lens, mirrors, brackets,Lens, mirrors, brackets,ruler, telegraph keyruler, telegraph keyand an inexpensiveand an inexpensivedigital voltmeter.digital voltmeter.
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• A Challenge for You!A Challenge for You!
The simplicity and excitement of the The simplicity and excitement of the Marconi Challenge could be the 21st Marconi Challenge could be the 21st century equivalent of century equivalent of the crystal radio. the crystal radio.
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• A Challenge for You!A Challenge for You!
The crystal radio provided the The crystal radio provided the impetuous for many high school impetuous for many high school students to turn-on tostudents to turn-on toengineeringengineeringandandscience. science.
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• A Challenge for You!A Challenge for You!
No, it’s not an No, it’s not an iPodiPod but at least the but at least the students canstudents canunderstandunderstandhow it works!how it works!
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
• For More InformationFor More Information
astro.temple.edu/~silageastro.temple.edu/~silage
www.arrl.orgwww.arrl.org
Marconi ChallengeMarconi Challenge
2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop2006 ASEE K-12 Workshop
Dennis Silage,Dennis Silage, PhD K3DSPhD K3DSProfessorProfessorTemple UniversityTemple [email protected]@temple.edu