MAPPING OUR MAPPING OUR

WORLDWORLD cartographycartography = science of map making = science of map makingcartographerscartographers = map makers = map makers

Reference Points:Reference Points:1. North and South Geographic Poles1. North and South Geographic Poles2. 2. equatorequator = imaginary line the circles earth = imaginary line the circles earth dividing it into the Northern and Southerndividing it into the Northern and SouthernHemispheresHemispheres

latitudelatitude = angular distance north or south of = angular distance north or south of equatorequator

1. 1. parallelsparallels = circles that run east and west around = circles that run east and west around the world parallel to the equator the world parallel to the equator

2. lines never meet or cross2. lines never meet or cross

3. areas are labeled as either 3. areas are labeled as either N N or or S S of the equatorof the equator

4. equator = 04. equator = 0oo latitude latitude

5. all values fall between 05. all values fall between 0oo to 90 to 90oo

a. North Pole = 90a. North Pole = 90ooNN b. South Pole = 90b. South Pole = 90ooSS6. measured in degrees (more precise to give 6. measured in degrees (more precise to give

degrees, minutes, and seconds)degrees, minutes, and seconds) a. 1 degree of latitude = about 111 km or 69 a. 1 degree of latitude = about 111 km or 69

milesmiles b. each degree has 60 equal parts = b. each degree has 60 equal parts = minutesminutes

(symbol: ‘)(symbol: ‘)1 minute of latitude = 1.85 km1 minute of latitude = 1.85 km

c. each minute has to equal parts = c. each minute has to equal parts = secondsseconds (symbol: “)(symbol: “)1 second of latitude = 0.031 km (31m)1 second of latitude = 0.031 km (31m)

longitudelongitude = angular distance east or west of = angular distance east or west of the the prime meridian prime meridian

1. 1. meridianmeridian = half circle (semicircle) running = half circle (semicircle) running from from pole to pole pole to pole

2. 2. prime meridianprime meridian = reference point for = reference point for longitudelongitude

a. represents 0a. represents 0oo longitude longitude b. passes through Greenwich, Englandb. passes through Greenwich, England3. all values fall between 3. all values fall between 00oo to 180 to 180oo

4. can be expressed in degrees, minutes, and 4. can be expressed in degrees, minutes, and secondsseconds

a. distance covered depends on where the a. distance covered depends on where the degree degree

is measured is measured b. farthest apart at equator and closest at theb. farthest apart at equator and closest at the

polespoles

c. lines are not parallelc. lines are not parallel5. 5. International Date LineInternational Date Line = longitude opposite the = longitude opposite the

prime meridianprime meridian a. represents 180a. represents 180oo longitude longitude b. where east lines of longitude b. where east lines of longitude

meet west lines of longitudemeet west lines of longitude

great circlegreat circle = any circle that divides the globe into = any circle that divides the globe into halves halves

1. formed by two meridians on opposite sides of the 1. formed by two meridians on opposite sides of the globeglobe2. equator is the only line of latitude which forms a2. equator is the only line of latitude which forms a great circlegreat circle3. can run in any direction around the globe3. can run in any direction around the globe4. shortest distance between two points on a sphere4. shortest distance between two points on a sphere

Time Zones:Time Zones:1. sun basis for measuring time 1. sun basis for measuring time [12 noon - sun highest point in sky][12 noon - sun highest point in sky]2. 2. standard time zonesstandard time zones = noon is set as time = noon is set as time

when when sun is highest over center of each sun is highest over center of each zonezone

a. 24 zones - each 15a. 24 zones - each 15oo degrees wide degrees wide b. 1 hour difference in eachb. 1 hour difference in each3. at 12 midnight (AM) calendar advances to the 3. at 12 midnight (AM) calendar advances to the next day in each time zonenext day in each time zone4. crossing from one time zone to another causes 4. crossing from one time zone to another causes

local time changes by one hourlocal time changes by one hour a. traveling east a. traveling east →→ add one hour for each time add one hour for each time

zonezone b. traveling west b. traveling west →→ subtract one hour subtract one hour

5. 5. International Date LineInternational Date Line = transition line for = transition line for calendar dayscalendar days

a. traveling east across line a. traveling east across line →→ subtract one day subtract one day (gain one day)(gain one day) b. traveling west across line b. traveling west across line →→ add one day add one day

(lose (lose one day)one day)

6. 6. daylight savings timedaylight savings time = plan where clocks are = plan where clocks are set set one hour ahead of standard time for a one hour ahead of standard time for a

certain number of monthscertain number of months- usually begins first Sunday in April; ends last - usually begins first Sunday in April; ends last

Sunday in OctoberSunday in October

Finding Direction:Finding Direction:

1. 1. magnetic compassmagnetic compass = indicates direction due = indicates direction due to to

earth’s magnetic propertiesearth’s magnetic properties

2. 2. geomagnetic polesgeomagnetic poles = points on earth’s surface = points on earth’s surface just above the poles just above the poles

- different from geographic poles- different from geographic poles

3. 3. magnetic declinationmagnetic declination = angle between the = angle between the direction of geographic pole and direction of geographic pole and

direction in direction in which compass needle pointswhich compass needle points

a. a. true northtrue north = direction of geographic North = direction of geographic North PolePole

b. determined for points all over earthb. determined for points all over earth

c. by adjusting measurement of magnetic c. by adjusting measurement of magnetic north north one can determine geographic one can determine geographic north for any north for any

place on earthplace on earth

globeglobe = spherical model of earth = spherical model of earth1. locations of surface features and relative areas 1. locations of surface features and relative areas and shapes represented accuratelyand shapes represented accurately2. used in studying larger surface features2. used in studying larger surface features

mapmap = flat representation of earth’s curved = flat representation of earth’s curved surface surface

1. areas shown may be distorted in size, 1. areas shown may be distorted in size, shape, distance and directionshape, distance and direction

2. larger the surface area 2. larger the surface area being shown, greater being shown, greater the distortionthe distortion

map projectionmap projection = flat map = flat map that represents three-that represents three- dimensional curved dimensional curved surface of globesurface of globe

TYPES OF MAP TYPES OF MAP PROJECTIONSPROJECTIONS1. 1. Mercator projectionMercator projection

a. distorts regions of land and sizes of areas near a. distorts regions of land and sizes of areas near

polespoles

b. shapes of land and water bodies are correctb. shapes of land and water bodies are correct

c. both latitude and longitude lines are parallel and c. both latitude and longitude lines are parallel and

intersect at right anglesintersect at right angles

d. used for navigation of ships and planesd. used for navigation of ships and planes

2. 2. conic projectionsconic projections: produce by projecting : produce by projecting points & points & lines from globe on a lines from globe on a conecone

a. produces accurate maps of small areasa. produces accurate maps of small areas b. areas near contact are least distortedb. areas near contact are least distorted c. c. polyconic projectionspolyconic projections = series of = series of

projections projections used to map neighboring used to map neighboring areas which are areas which are

fitted together to fitted together to make a continuous make a continuous mapmap d. includes road maps d. includes road maps and weather mapsand weather maps

3. 3. Gnomonic projection: Gnomonic projection: produced by projecting produced by projecting points points & lines from globe onto a piece of & lines from globe onto a piece of paper that paper that touches the globe at a single touches the globe at a single pointpoint

a. little distortion occurs at the point of contacta. little distortion occurs at the point of contact

b. distort both direction and distance increase b. distort both direction and distance increase as as distance from point of contact increasesdistance from point of contact increases

c. used by navigators in plotting c. used by navigators in plotting

routes used in air routes used in air

& sea travel& sea travel

d. great circles will appear d. great circles will appear

as straight linesas straight lines

4. 4. Robinson projection:Robinson projection:

a. has accurate continent shapes and land a. has accurate continent shapes and land areasareas

b. lines of latitude parallel while longitude is b. lines of latitude parallel while longitude is

curvedcurved

c. less distortion near the polesc. less distortion near the poles

5. 5. polar projectionspolar projections::

a. latitude lines appear as circles with smallest a. latitude lines appear as circles with smallest

near the centernear the center

b. circular rather than rectangularb. circular rather than rectangular

c. land areas near poles show in true c. land areas near poles show in true proportions proportions

while those at equator are distortedwhile those at equator are distorted

d. used for countries around the Arctic Oceand. used for countries around the Arctic Ocean

topographytopography = shape of Earth’s surface = shape of Earth’s surfacetopographic mapstopographic maps = show changes in elevation = show changes in elevation

of of Earth’s surface Earth’s surface1. 1. natural featuresnatural features = mountains, hills, plains, = mountains, hills, plains,

lakes, lakes, and riversand rivers- also called - also called landscape featureslandscape features

2. 2. cultural featurescultural features (constructed) = roads, cities, (constructed) = roads, cities, and and other structures built by peopleother structures built by people

3. provide more detailed 3. provide more detailed information about the information about the surface of an areasurface of an area

4. 4. elevationelevation = height/distance of a location above or = height/distance of a location above or below sea levelbelow sea level

a. measured from a. measured from mean sea levelmean sea level = point midway = point midway between highest and lowest tide levels of between highest and lowest tide levels of the oceanthe ocean

b. mean sea level elevation = 0b. mean sea level elevation = 0 c. all others are measured distances above or c. all others are measured distances above or

below below mean sea levelmean sea level

5. 5. contour linecontour line = connect points of equal elevation = connect points of equal elevation a. connect all points on a map that have the a. connect all points on a map that have the

same same elevationelevation

b. shape of line reflects shape of the landb. shape of line reflects shape of the land c. never crossc. never cross d. will either close or extend to the edge of the d. will either close or extend to the edge of the

mapmap

6. 6. contour intervalcontour interval = difference in elevation = difference in elevation between between two side by side contour two side by side contour lineslines

a. determined by size of map and reliefa. determined by size of map and relief b. b. reliefrelief = difference in elevation between the = difference in elevation between the

highest and lowest points of highest and lowest points of area being area being mapped mapped

1) high - large interval (50 m) [steep land]1) high - large interval (50 m) [steep land]2) low - small interval (5 m)2) low - small interval (5 m)

INTERPRETING TOPOGRAPHIC INTERPRETING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPSMAPS1. 1. topographic sheetstopographic sheets (quadrangles) = detailed (quadrangles) = detailed

maps of all the United States created by USGS maps of all the United States created by USGS (United States Geological Survey)(United States Geological Survey)

a. first quadrangles covered 15’ of latitude a. first quadrangles covered 15’ of latitude and and 15’ of longitude15’ of longitude

b. new series covers 7.5’ latitude and 7.5’ b. new series covers 7.5’ latitude and 7.5’ longitude; smaller area but greater detaillongitude; smaller area but greater detail

2. 2. symbolssymbols = show certain features = show certain features a. different colors used for different typesa. different colors used for different types b. include: constructed features = black; b. include: constructed features = black;

major major highways = red; bodies of water = highways = red; bodies of water = blue; blue;

forested areas = green; contour lines = forested areas = green; contour lines = brownbrown

3. direction3. direction a. follow line of latitude and longitudea. follow line of latitude and longitude b. all parallels and meridians shown are b. all parallels and meridians shown are

labeled in labeled in degrees and minutesdegrees and minutes

4. distance4. distance a. refer to map scalea. refer to map scale b. most common = 1:24,000 (1 in. on map = b. most common = 1:24,000 (1 in. on map =

2,000 ft. on surface)2,000 ft. on surface) c. can use ruler to measure c. can use ruler to measure distances on map and distances on map and

covert the inches to covert the inches to feet or milesfeet or miles

5. elevation5. elevation

a. a. index contoursindex contours = lines marked with = lines marked with elevationelevation

1) also called a 1) also called a bench markbench mark

2) usually every fifth line, printed bolder 2) usually every fifth line, printed bolder than than others others

b. points between two contour lines has an b. points between two contour lines has an

elevation somewhere between two lineselevation somewhere between two lines

c. exact elevations are c. exact elevations are

marked by an marked by an

“ “ x ” and labeledx ” and labeled

6. landforms6. landforms a. can determine shapea. can determine shape b. lines far apart indicate gradual change, land b. lines far apart indicate gradual change, land

relatively levelrelatively level c. lines close together indicate a rapid change in c. lines close together indicate a rapid change in

elevation or steep slopeelevation or steep slope d. lines almost touching indicate a very steep d. lines almost touching indicate a very steep

slope slope or cliffor cliff

e. lines evenly spaced shows slope increases about e. lines evenly spaced shows slope increases about the same over distancesthe same over distances f. lines bend to form V-shape indicate a valleyf. lines bend to form V-shape indicate a valley

1) points toward higher end of valley1) points toward higher end of valley2) points upstream if river or stream flows through 2) points upstream if river or stream flows through

valley (direction from which the water flows)valley (direction from which the water flows)3) river always flow from higher to lower elevations3) river always flow from higher to lower elevations a) steep course of river - lines close together a) steep course of river - lines close together

when cross when cross 4) width of valley shown by width of V4) width of valley shown by width of V

g. closed loops indicate a hilltop or depressiong. closed loops indicate a hilltop or depression 1) 1) depression contoursdepression contours = marked with short, = marked with short,

straight lines straight lines a) drawn on inside of loop and point a) drawn on inside of loop and point toward toward center center b) b) hachureshachures = short lines at right angle to = short lines at right angle to

contour linecontour line c) always point toward the lower elevation c) always point toward the lower elevation

(Ex: pg. 34 text)(Ex: pg. 34 text)

7. 7. profileprofile = line that shows changes in elevation = line that shows changes in elevation across a section of a topographic map across a section of a topographic map

8. average slope, or gradient, between any two 8. average slope, or gradient, between any two points can be determined from contour mappoints can be determined from contour map

average slope = average slope = change in elevationchange in elevation

distancedistance

Ex: A trail is 4 miles long based on the map scale. Ex: A trail is 4 miles long based on the map scale.

It begins at the 1060 ft. contour and ends at It begins at the 1060 ft. contour and ends at the the

960 ft. contour. Calculate the average slope.960 ft. contour. Calculate the average slope.

avg. slope = avg. slope = 1060 ft.- 960 ft.1060 ft.- 960 ft. = = 100 ft.100 ft. = 25 ft./mi. = 25 ft./mi.

4 mi4 mi 4 mi. 4 mi.

READING A MAP:READING A MAP:

1. 1. map legendmap legend = list of the symbols and their = list of the symbols and their meaningmeaning

2. determine direction2. determine direction

a. usually drawn with north at top, east at right, a. usually drawn with north at top, east at right,

west at left, and south at bottomwest at left, and south at bottom

b. parallels run from side to sideb. parallels run from side to side

c. meridians run from top to bottomc. meridians run from top to bottom

3. 3. map scalemap scale = relationship between distances on = relationship between distances on map map and actual distances on Earth’s and actual distances on Earth’s surface surface

a. a. graphic scalegraphic scale = printed line divided into equal = printed line divided into equal parts and labeled parts and labeled

1) line represents a unit of measure1) line represents a unit of measure 2) to find actual distance between two points 2) to find actual distance between two points on on earth earth a) first measure the distance between the a) first measure the distance between the

points on the map points on the map b) compare that measurement with the scaleb) compare that measurement with the scale

b. b. fractional scalefractional scale = ratio of represented = ratio of represented distance distance on map to actual on map to actual distance on surfacedistance on surface

*two numbers must be in the same unit*two numbers must be in the same unit

Ex: 1:5000000Ex: 1:5000000[1 cm on map = 5 [1 cm on map = 5 million cm million cm (50 km) on (50 km) on earth]earth]

c. c. verbal scaleverbal scale = equates two different units = equates two different units

Ex: 1 cm (map) = 1 km (on Earth)Ex: 1 cm (map) = 1 km (on Earth)

remote sensingremote sensing = process of collecting data about = process of collecting data about Earth from far above Earth’s Earth from far above Earth’s

surfacesurface1. uses 1. uses electromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrum = arrangement of = arrangement of electromagnetic (EM) radiation based on electromagnetic (EM) radiation based on wavelengthwavelength a.a. frequency frequency = number of waves that pass a = number of waves that pass a

particular point each second particular point each second b. wavelengths, speeds, and frequencies of EM b. wavelengths, speeds, and frequencies of EM

wave determine how energy is used by wave determine how energy is used by different different

satellites to map Earth satellites to map Earth

2. 2. LandsatLandsat satellite satellite = receives reflected = receives reflected wavelengths wavelengths

of energy emitted by Earth’s of energy emitted by Earth’s surfacesurface

a. Earth’s surface features radiate warmth at a. Earth’s surface features radiate warmth at slightly different frequenciesslightly different frequencies

b. features will show up different colors in map b. features will show up different colors in map imagesimages

c. scan entire surface of planet in 16 daysc. scan entire surface of planet in 16 days d. show landforms in great d. show landforms in great detail; also used to detail; also used to

study plate movement, study plate movement, rivers, earthquakes, rivers, earthquakes, and pollutionand pollution

3. 3. Topex/PoseidonTopex/Poseidon satellite satellite = uses radar to map = uses radar to map ocean ocean

floor featuresfloor features

a. emitter sends outgoing signal to ocean a. emitter sends outgoing signal to ocean surface, surface,

receiver times returning signal, distance to receiver times returning signal, distance to

surface is calculated using know speed of light surface is calculated using know speed of light

and return timeand return time

b. used to study tidal b. used to study tidal

changes and global changes and global

ocean currentsocean currents

4. 4. Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System (GPS) = radio- (GPS) = radio-navigation navigation system of at least 24 satellites system of at least 24 satellites that allows users that allows users to determine their exact to determine their exact position on Earthposition on Earth

a. user’s receiver calculates user’s location by a. user’s receiver calculates user’s location by processing signals emitted by multiple processing signals emitted by multiple satellitessatellites

b. can also relay information about elevation, b. can also relay information about elevation, direction, and speeddirection, and speed

c. frequently used for c. frequently used for navigation by airplanes & navigation by airplanes &

ships; popular among ships; popular among hikers and backpackershikers and backpackers d. also used to detect d. also used to detect earthquakes, create earthquakes, create maps, track wildlifemaps, track wildlife

5. 5. Sea Beam Sea Beam = technology similar to = technology similar to Topex/PoseidonTopex/Poseidon satellitesatellite

a. located on a ship rather than on a satellitea. located on a ship rather than on a satellite b. uses sonar (sound waves) to detect and b. uses sonar (sound waves) to detect and

measure measure objects underwaterobjects underwater

c. used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling c. used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling operations, scientistsoperations, scientists

Mid-Atlantic ridge