Mapping Climate Communication

Mapping Climate CommunicationPoster Summary Report

15 October 2014

Dr. Joanna BoehnertVisiting Research Fellow

Center for Science and Technology Policy Research

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

University of Colorado Boulder

climate science climate justice

neoliberalism contrarian

ecological modernization

P O L I C Y R E S E A R C H

C E N T E R FORSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY

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Legend

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Africa

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South America

Oceania



Figure 1. Network of Actors (detail)

Mapping Climate CommunicationPoster Summary Report*15 October 2014

Dr. Joanna BoehnertVisiting Research Fellow Center for Science and Technology Policy ResearchCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado Boulder

Contents1. Introduction.....................................................5

2. Methodology (Design, Discourse)........... 63. Five Climate Change Discourses.............. 84. Theorizing Discursive Confusion...............11

5. Map #1: Climate Timeline............................13

6. Map #2: Network of Actors........................15

7. Map #3: Strategy Map.................................20

8. Reflections.......................................................21

9. Ideas for Development................................21

10. Conclusion.....................................................23

11. Position Statement.....................................24

12. Acknowledgements....................................24 13. Endnotes.........................................................25

14. Bibliography...................................................25

15. Appendix - Posters......................................27

*This report is the author’s write-up of her research project. It will be published on her personal website and potentially on other open scholarly web-sites. This is a pre-print version of a research paper that will be re-written and submitted for peer review to an academic journal in November 2014.

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Mapping Climate Communication

Figure 2. Five discourses and the Network of Actors framework

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Poster Summary Report

1. IntroductionResponsive social, technological and political change depends on public awareness of risks associated climate change. Public understanding of climate change is dependent on effective communication. Since climate communication competes for cultural legitimacy with well-funded advertising and industrial lobby groups, and the climate contrarian perspective is featured on network news and in prominent newspapers, the need for strategic climate science literate communication is crucial. In an increasingly image-oriented society, visuals are a primary means of sense-making.1 This project harnesses the communicative power of images to reveal key events, participants and strategies in climate communication.

Three posters map climate communication by means of a timeline, an actor’s network and a strategy map. The Climate Timeline visualizes the historical processes and events that have lead to the growth of various ways of communicating climate change. The Network of Actors illustrates relationships between actors participating in climate communication in Canada, United States and the United Kingdom. The Strategy Map will display various rhetorical devices, methods and types of actions. Together the posters offer an overview of how climate change is communicated in the public realm by contextualizing events, actors and strategies within five discourses: climate science, climate justice, ecological modernization, neoliberalism and climate contrarianism (see figure 2).

Climate communication in this project refers to all of the ways in which public understanding of climate change is developed through social communication processes. This includes a wide spectrum of relevant types of communication including media, education, the Internet, various types of corporate communications, NGO and IGO communication, various types of government communication, academic research and of course climate science itself. Climate communication here refers not only to explicit messaging and rhetorical positions, but also communication that is implicit within policies, law and other activities that impact climate change. This includes communication by omission, i.e. what is communicated by the denial or ignoring of climate change in places where it is relevant. With this approach the project examines contradictions and mixed messaging when what is said about climate change clashes with what is done about it. These communicative contradictions are explored in section four: ‘Theorizing Discursive Confusion’.

The posters provide an expansive overview of a complex area. The scope of this work exposes political dynamics, reveals patterns and addresses communication problems which cannot be understood from a reductive perceptive. Design is an integrative practice that enables such a systemic overview. Communication design is a practice that illustrates new ideas. This work contextualizes information and makes links between disparate dynamics that contribute to public understanding of climate change. The posters will be available on-line in various formats.

Mapping Climate Communication Poster Series

1) Climate Timeline: 1960-2014 Discourses, Events and Media Coverage

2) Network of Actors: USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals Participating in Climate Communication

3) Strategy Map: Tactics in Five Discourses (this poster is still in an early stage of development)

The poster series is available on-line at this address: http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com

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2. Methodology: Design + DiscourseThe project uses design and discourse methodologies to reveal key dynamics in climate communication. Specific details about the methods used in each poster are described in sections 5-7.

A: DesignDesign is a problem solving practice. Approaching this project with design methods, tools and practices, I developed an approach to address what I perceive to be some of the dominant problems in climate communication. Unlike posters created to present previously conducted research, this work uses design methods to explore the research questions in the original research proposal:

R2. How can climate communication networks be visualized to support transparency and analysis of system dynamics in climate communication processes?

R3. How does visualizing ecological and socio-political systems facilitate collaboration, support learning, inform analysis and build capacity for environmentally informed decision-making?

The work responds to these questions by mapping debates, discourses, events, strategies and actors in climate communication. Mapping serves to stimulate interest, build awareness and ‘open doors for future discoveries and interpretations’ (Lima 2011, p.80). In the construction of this work, I concentrated on illustrating how events, actors and strategies are contextualized by discourses. The maps had to be both accessible and visually appealing to audiences beyond the community of climate communication researchers.

I used design conventions such as timelines, bubble charts, network visualizations, strategies maps and other design strategies in the construction of these posters. This project is inspired by Robert Horn’s work on visual language and visual cognitive maps (Horn 1998; 2001). Visual cognitive maps are tools for communicating complex, multi-dimensional information and sharing mental models. They display the structure of complex issues and reflect on issues from a wide range of disciplines. These knowledge maps illustrate the ‘logical structure and visual structure of the emerging arguments, empirical data, scenarios, trends and policy options… and help keep the big picture from being obscured by the details’ (Horn 2001, p. 5). I have argued elsewhere that images can be especially well suited for environmental communication since they have the unique ability to reveal relationships, patterns, dynamics and causality in complex systems (Boehnert 2014). In this project the visual cognitive maps explore discourse, ideology and power in climate communication.

The figures on this spread are examples of visual cognitive maps that have been inspirational in the development of the design methodology for this project. They are network visualizations, timelines, discourse maps and other visualization techniques. These maps all reveal patterns of relationships.

Both figures on this page are network visualizations. The first is a large scale pencil drawing by network visualization pioneer Mark Lombardi. This image was part of the Lombardi’s Global Networks exhibition.

Figure 3. Mark Lombardi. George Bush, Harken En-ergy and Jackson Stephens. 5th ed. 1979-90 (including legend detail).Figure 4. EMAPS (Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science), DMI Summer School 2013. Twitter hashtag clusters around the hashtag global warming/climate change. 2013.

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B: Discourse

Discourses are shared ways of understanding the world. They are also concepts that frame a problem. Discourses provide the basic terms for analysis and define what is understood as common sense and legitimate knowledge (Dryzek, 2013, p.9). Diverse values, vested interests, critical perspectives and insights are embedded within discourses and these both reflect and construct attitudes towards the natural world. The five discourses presented in this project represent positions on climate change motivated by science (or not) and ideology. These five discourses are described in the next section.

Informed by discourse analysis, mapping these discursive positions visually is a means of illustrat-ing the similarities and differences between various ways of communicating climate change. Visual discourse mapping reveals the fluid relationships and dynamics in discourses as they relate to each other and change over time. Since this work may be unfamiliar to some readers, I have included illustrations in this tradition below. Figures display techniques used to map discourses, movements or empires. The History of EcoSocial Movements 1840-1995 map (figure 6), the art movement maps (figures 7+9) and the historical civilization maps (figure 5+8) use similar visual strategies. All figures on this page illustrate relationships over time. Figure 10 is a timeline by Buckminster Fuller. Figures 4 and 11 are climate communication maps (a network graph and a bubble matrix) by the Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science (EMAPs) project. Climate change formats and keyword uptake (figure 11) focuses on the keywords ‘adaptation’, ‘mitigation’ and ‘skepticism’.

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Figure 5. John Sparks. The Histomap. 1931. 5’, Published by Rand McNally.Figure 6. Charlene Spretnak. History of EcoSocial Movements 1840-1995. 1999. Map of environmental movements in relation to ‘modernity’.

Figure 7. George Maciunas. Fluxus (Its Historical Development and Relationship to Avant Guard Movements). ca. 1966.Figure 8. William Bell. Strom der Zeiten. 1849. tr: ‘Stream of Time’

Figure 9. Alfred H. Barr. Cubism and Abstract Art. 1939. Figure 10. Buckminster Fuller. Shrinking of our Planet by Man’s Increased Travel and Communication Speeds Around the Globe. 1963.

Figure 11. Emaps Group. (Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science). DMI Summer School 2013. Climate change formats and keyword uptake. 2013. Depicted as bubble matrix. Maps keywords from book titles.

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3. Five Discourses on Climate Change

Climate science: This discourse emerges from physics, chemistry, the atmospheric sciences and the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within science (Cook et al, 2013; Anderegg et al 2000) is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal, associated impacts are occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical record and that these changes are predominately due to human influence. Climate change presents severe risks to civilization and to the non-human natural world and these impacts will become increasingly expensive, difficult and even impossible to mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate justice: Climate justice movements see climate change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest impacts are felt by those least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and also as a con-sequence of a particular way of organizing economic relations. Advocates demand radical changes in modes of governance to reduce emissions while also addressing issues of social justice and equity. This perspective sees the ‘free-market’2 sic as unable to deliver sufficiently reduced net emissions. This is primarily because capitalism3 is a system that was designed as if it was not embedded in an ecological and social context4. As such it is structurally committed to quantitative economic growth5, which is dependent on unsustainable use of fossil fuels. The radical position holds that capitalism is the factor driving climate change (and other injustices) since it is designed to prioritize capital accu-mulation over all other priorities (both social and ecological). New ways of organizing social relations and the political economy must be created to respond to climate change and issues of social justice.

Ecological modernization holds that climate change can be addressed within the current capitalist system and that low emissions and economic benefits can be achieved with market mechanisms, clean energy and other innovative solutions to climate change. This broad discourse is supported by the vast majority of the actors in the central part of the framework (blue, green and grey). In this project ecological modernization subsumes what discourse theorists Drysek (2013), Nisbet (2014) and White, Damian White, Rudy and Gareau (2015) divide into several discourses (see figure 12). While articulating the variety of environmental discourses is important work, in this framework several of the central environmental discourses are considered to share enough similari-ties to be characterized in one category. This is done in order to explore other dynamics.

Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic policy ‘imperatives’. Neoliberalism is an ideology and mode of governance that is characterized by privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity (Harvey, 2007, Dean 2009, Peck 2010, Parr 2012, Connolly 2013). Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the state (i.e. public services) and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck 2010, p.23). In practice neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this discourse and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere to monitor and regulate polluting activities. Authoritarian modes of governance are emergent within this discourse.

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Climate contrarian: Climate contrarians have ideological motives behind their critiques of various dimensions of climate science and the policies directed at lowering emissions. Typically contrarians challenge what they see as a false consensus in climate science. This discourse is promoted by conservative think tanks, climate skeptic bloggers, media outlets supporting this perspective, fossil fuel lobbyists, public relations personnel and some politicians, often with financial support from the fossil fuel industry. The radical position, promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves regardless of the consequences to the climate.


neoliberalism contrarian

ecological modernization Figure 12: Discourses identified by John

Drysek (2013) in The Politics of the Earth; Matthew Nisbet (2014) in Disruptive ideas: public intellectuals and their arguments for action on climate change; and Damian White, Alan Rudy and Brian Gareau (2015) in Environments, Nature and Social Theory – Towards Critical Hybridities. The discourses are plotted on the discursive framework used in Map No.2: Network of Actors. Figure 13: Discursive framework used in Map No.2: Network of Actors.

smart growthreformers2 ecological

activists2

adminstrative rationalism1

economicrationalism1

democraticpragmatism1

ecological modernisation1

sustainable development1

green political change1

green consciousness1

ecomodernist 2

limits environmentalists3

free market Prometheansrational optimists, and Cornucopians3

social environmentalistsand possibilists 3

bright greens3

1. John Drysek (2013) The Politics of the Earth.

2. Matthew Nisbet (2014) Disruptive ideas: public intellectuals and their arguments for action on climate change.

3. Damian White, Alan Rudy and Brian Gareau (2015) Environments, Nature and Social Theory – Towards Critical Hybridities.

Environmental Discourses As characterized in the following three texts:

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While the categories have defining characteristics listed above, within each discourse there is much heterogeneity (see in Figure 12). Additionally, within large organizations and government institutions there are often contradictory communications on climate change. For example, the World Bank funded Connect4Climate has a different rhetorical position on climate than the messages inherent in the IGO’s deregulation policy and tactical support for extractive industries. Likewise, the messaging within different departments of the United States government is diametrically opposed. In his book on environmental discourses, political scientist John Dryzek describes how one individual will often refer to and even ‘inhabit’ different discourses on the environment within different contexts (2013, p.22). Making the ideology behind discourse explicit is a means to clarify political processes and to reveal obscured agendas. The next section will briefly explore discursive obfuscations in climate communication.

4. Theorizing Discursive Confusion

Discourses are not always explicit. All actors, except extreme contrarians who deny the relevance of sustainability entirely, have an interest in appearing to do the right thing by the environment. Corporations, governments, IGOs and even NGOs all aim to present a green image but their actions often betray conflicting agendas. Since communication works on many levels simultaneously (on the level of both what is said and the level of what is done) conflicting messaging is common. Communicative work that projects an image of concern for the climate and support for strong emissions reductions sends a different message from communicative work performed by actions which support deregulated corporate practice, trade rules that prohibit planning for low emission technology, fossil fuel industry subsidies, new pipelines and other carbon intensive developments.

Different types of actors are responsible for diverse types of discursive obfuscations. Corporations do this mixed messaging by rebranding themselves as green (e.g. BP = “Beyond Petroleum”) and continuing unabated extraction of fossil fuels and other polluting activities. Governments do this by making grandiose statements about their commitment to the environment, e.g. David Cameron, UK Prime Minister: “I want the coalition to be the greenest government ever” (quoted in The Guardian, 14 May 2010) and then dismantling institutional capacity for planning a low carbon economy (the coalition government’s abolition of the Sustainable Development Commission in 2011). IGOs such as the World Bank do this with by issuing strong statements on risks associated with climate change while simultaneously aggressively pushing trade laws which destroy local governments’ capacities to plan for low emission technologies (Klein, 2014). Finally, even NGOs do this when their critique of development policy, economic policy and corporate practice fails to challenge the dynamics and structural factors that lead to an ever increasing carbon intensive global economy.

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Figure 14: Theorizing discursive confusion in climate communicationclimate science climate justice

neoliberalismcontrarian


smart growthreformersNisbet 2014

ecological activistsNisbet 2014

adminstrative rationalismDryzek 2013

economicrationalismDryzek 2013

democraticpragmatismDryzek 2013

ecological modernisationDryzek 2013

sustainable developmentDryzek 2013

green political changeDryzek 2013

green consciousnessDryzek 2013

ecomodernistNisbet 2014


UNEPUnited Nations Environment Program

UNFCCCUN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Brookings InstitutionUSA

Post Carbon InsitituteUSA

Climate StrategiesUK

Gavin SchmidtUSA

Atlas Economic Research Foundation

David Suzuki FoundationCanada

NatureInternaional

Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)USA

Climate etc. Judith CurryUSA

The World BankInternational

Climate Reality Project USA

Center for Science and Technology Policy ResearchUSA

Al jazeeraInternational

Piers MorganUSA

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)UK

Jonathan Porritt UK

Reason FoundationUSA

NOAA + CIRES National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration + The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences USA

Sustainable ProsperityCanada

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)USA

The Corner HouseUK

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) International

National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) USA

Global Warming Policy FoundationUK

Climate Action Network International (CAN-I)UK/International

New ScientistInternational

The Nature Conservancy (TNC)International

American Meterological Society (AMS) USA

Rising Tide USA/UK

Donor's TrustUSA

The Daily MailUK

John ColemanUSA

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change ResearchUK

Environmental Protection AgencyUSA

Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA)Ireland / International

ICECAPUSA

Competitive Enterprise InstituteUSA

The House and the SenateAmerican Government

World Development Movement UK

Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) USA

Earth First!International

The White HouseAmerican Government

Red CrossRed Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC)International

Purdue Climate Change Research Center (PCCRC)USA

Transition Towns NetworkUK / International

JunkScienceUSA

The GuardianUK / USA

Climate AuditUSA

Koch Affiliated FoundationsUSA

George MonbiotUK

Cato InstituteUSA

Exxon Mobil

New York PostUSA

UCLA Institute of the Environment and SustainabilityUSA

Rush LimbaughUSA

Global Climate Adaptation PartnershipUK

World Resources Institute (WRI) USA

Met Office Hadley CentreUK

La Via Campesina International

Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI) USA

GlobalWarming.orgUSA

American Petroleum InstituteUSA

NASA+ Global Climate Changeclimate.nasa.gov USA

The TimesUK

Pembina Institute Canada

Climate ProgressUSA

Peterson Institute for International EconomicsUSA

Tom NelsonUSA

Center for Alternative TechnologyUK

Chatham HouseUK

Jonathan OverpeckUSA

Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC)USA

Worldwatch InstituteUSA

Jeremy LeggettUK

STEPS CentreUK

The Lynde and Harry Bradley FoundationUSA

Americans for ProsperityUSA

Heritage Foundation USA

World Wide Fund for Nature WWFInternational

James HansenUSA

Nigel LawsonUK

FOX NewsUSA

Global Canopy Programme (GCP) - UK

Climate DepotUSA

Global Adaptation Institute USA

MIT Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR)USA

CO2 IS Green Inc.USA

Real ClimateUSA

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)UK

ETC Group Canada

Bill MicKibben USA

Naomi KleinCanada

The Climate Group (TCG)International

Frank LuntzUSA

Al GoreUSA

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)UK

The SunUK

350.orgInternational

GristUSA

Roy Spencer

Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB) UK

Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow USA

The TelegraphUK

Freedom Works USA

The Economist UK

Robert JastrowUSA

Overseas Development Institute (ODI) UK

PLATFORMUKStephen

SchneiderUSA

The Green Party International

NYTimes+ DOT EarthUSA

BBCUK / interntional

GreenpeaceInternational

Earthwatch InstituteUSA

Climate InstituteUSA

The Chamber of CommerceAmerican Government

American Geophysical Union (AGU) USA

Andy Revkin USA

Sandbag Climate CampaignUK

Kevin TrenberthUSA

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) - Canada

Climate Justice Now International

Resources for the Future (RFF) USA

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) USA

Heartland InstituteUSA

E3G Third Generation EnvironmentalismUK

Belfer Center for Science and International AffairsUSA

Michael OppenheimerUSA

Clinton FoundationUSA

Green Economics Institute (GEI)UK

DeSmog blogUSA, Canada + UK

Naomi OreskesUSA

ForbesInternational

Climate DeskUSA

Lou DobbsUSA

Yale Climate& Energy InstituteUSA

Science and Public Policy InstituteUK

Global Footprint NetworkUSA

Watts Up With That USA

Fiona HarveyUK

MichaelMann USA

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) USA

Fred SingerUSA

The Earth InstituteUSA

Stanford Woods Institute for the EnvironmentUSA

Scaife Affiliated FoundationsUSA

Van JonesUSA

Bishop HillUSA

RAND corporationUSA

Los Angeles TimesUSA

Conservation InternationalUSA

CNNUSA / International

Operation NoahUK

Christopher Monkton UK

The Wall Street JournalUSA

the reference frame

Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy ResearchUSA

USA TodayUSA

Sierra ClubUSA

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) International

Climate CommunciationUSA

The Natural StepInternational

Democracy Now!USA

No Frakking Consensus

Friends of the Earth FOEInternational

Skeptical Science International

Washington PostUSA

TreehuggerUSA

IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeInternational

George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) USA

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) International

Canadian Government

UK Coalition Government

NCARNational Climate Atmospheric Research USA

Climate CampaignUK

COINUK

International Union for Conservation of NatureIUCN - International

Carbon BriefUK

RainforestAction NetworkUSA

Climate CentralUSA

The Department of DefenseAmerican Government

BP

Shell

Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global ChangeUSA

Federation for American Coal Energy and SecurityUSA

Manhattan Institute for Policy ResearchUSA

Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes IncUSA

National MiningAssociationUSA

National Center for Public Policy Research USA

Media Research CenterUSA

American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) USA

The Royal SocietyUK

TckTckTckInternational

The Climate CoalitionUK

Brendan O'NeillUK

OxfamUSA

Forum for the FutureUK

GreenAllianceUK

Peter GleickUSA

Katherine HayhoeUSA

Yale Climate ProjectUSA

Hunter LovinsUSA

James DelingpoleUK

new economic foundationUK

Smartmeme

Citizens Climate LobbyUSA

Indigenous Environmental NetworkInternational The Council

of CanadiansCanada

Max Boykoff

Eric Holthaus

Robert D. Bullard

Kate Sheppard

Bob WardUk

Tim DeChristopher

Clayton ThomasMuller


Connect for ClimateInternational

Oil Change Intl

Nafeez AhmedUK

International Environmental Communication Association (IECA)

Industrial Workers of the World Environmental Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands BlockadeUSA

Bioneers

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2 0 1 4Figure 3: Wang, X., Nacu-Schmidt, A., McAllister, L., Gifford, L., Daly, M., Boykoff, M., Boehnert, J. and Andrews, K. (2014). World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming, 2004-2014. Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Web. [April 20 2014] http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/media_coverage.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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1st Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report, published yearly since 2010.

2st NIPCC report

3rd NIPCC report

4th NIPCC report

5th NIPCC report

4th,2007(AR4) 5th, 2013 (AR5)3rd,2001 (TAR)

Hopenhagencampaign

COP15Copenhagen

2009

RIO+20Earth

Summit2012

COP13Bali

2007

Senator James Inhofe climate change as 'hoax' speech (2003)

Bush administration abandons Kyoto Protocol and ousts IPCC Chair Robert Watson

9-11Al Gore and the IPCC awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

The Inconvenient Truth Newsweek

"The Truth About Denial"cover story

churnalism

COP7Marrakech2001

COP8New Delhi2002

COP6La Hague2000

COP9Milan2003

COP10Buenos Aires

2004

COP11Montreal2005

COP12Nairobi2006

COP14Poznan2008

COP16Cancun2010

COP17Durban2011

COP18Doha2012

COP19Warsaw2013

loss of 2/3 US newspapers with science sections in 2 decades

anti-regulation industry lobbying

privatisation + consolidation of media

contestion of scientific consensus

astroturfing + deceptive disinformation

Legend

North America

Africa

Asia

Europe

Middle East

South America

Oceania

Stern Report the economic costs of climate change

Climate Gate

Gleneagles

G8

Peak CC coverage in 20095 times larger than 2000

rise of ‘responsibilitization’ discourse

Katrina

1st peakin media coverage

2nd peak4th peak

NYTimes front page story on EPA’s deletion of the entire section on climatechange from a EPA report after the Bush administration’s attempts to manipulate scientific consensus.

changing ownership structure of news sources

“CO2 is Green” campaign

Europeanheat wave

disinvestment in news reporting, investigative journalism and science journalism

Leipzig Declarationrevised

300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA (2005 - 2009) - with $90m expenditure

2008 - CNN cuts entire science and technology budget25% cut in news industry workforce since 2001

“fauxperts”

mobilization of uncertainty discourse“media portrayals of uncertainty have potential to distract as well as impede substantive efforts to reduce GHG emissions as the reduction of uncertainty has long been framed as a prerequisite for political and policy progress” (Boykoff, pg.64).

‘bias’ as ‘balance’, i.e. the false balance of science vs. opinion / ideology, conforming to the journalistic norm of ‘balance’ and conflict.

RepresentativeJoe Barton attacks Michael Mann

2002 Bali Principles of Climate Justice

2005 Kyoto comes into force once ratified by Russia

a threat (fearful images, catastrophic, etc.)

a problem (energy security)

an opportunity (carbon markets, green economy)

contrarians (climate change deniers with ideological motives, often posing as skeptics, i.e. those unconvinced by the science)

Post Rio+20: rise of ‘green economy’ discourse

2007 BaliAction Plan

The Copenhagen Accord

ObamaClimate Plan

UK governmentdismantles the Sustainable Development Commission

Canadian governmentcuts over 2000 scientific jobsand silencesscientists

Dramatic cuts inUK EnvironmentAgency (loss of 1,700 jobs)

1st "International Conference on Climate Change” hosted by Heartland Institute in NYC H1 H2

H3

H5

H7

H4

H6

H8

Sandy

Figure 3: 2004-2014 World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming

Media Monitoring: World Newspa-per Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming (Figure 3) A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fifty sources across twenty-five countries in seven different regions around the world. We record the number of times the terms ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming have been used in these sources and publish the results monthly here: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps/research/media_coverage/index.html

Dr. Joanna BoehnertCIRES Visiting Research Fellow Center for Science and Technology Policy ResearchCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado, Bouldere: [email protected]

States of Fear by Michael Crichton

Climate Change: A Summary of the ScienceThe Royal Society (UK)

UK MET Office Hadley Centre Report

USA Today proclaim,“The debate is over: the globe is warming”

Leak of Frank Luntz memo: ”make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue in the debate"

Heartland Institute billboard campaign comparing those concerned about climate change to the Unabomber.

A Skeptical EnvironmentalistBjorn Lomborg

“Greedy Lying Bastards”A feature film exposing climate denial industry

Vanity FairThe Green Issue

The Great Global Warming Swindle (UK)

“We call it life”campaign

“Hot Air”campaign

“No Climate Tax”campaign

Climate Change: Trick or Treat? (CNN)

James Delingpole coins the concept of “ClimateGate”

growth of the contrarian movement

mass moboliza

tion of th

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climate ju

stice m

ovement

Manhattan Declaration on Climate Changeby the International Climate Science Coalition

World People's Conferenceon Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth

growth of the climate justice movement

ClimateGate on FoxNews

China overtakes USA as world's biggest CO2 emitter

Syndey Washington

Chicago

Munich

Las Vegas

WashingtonNewYork

Chicago

{colours of marks

climate contrarian***

climate positive****

climate science

*** climate contrarian: claim-making by those who have ideological motives behind a critique of climate science (Boykoff, 2011, p.160).

**** climate positive here refers to communication that acknowledges human caused climate change and the need for radical emissions reductions.

milestone

individual

trend or strategy

declaration

COP14Poznan2008

Discursive confusion is a result of conflicting messages and contradictory communication. The public is told that climate change is a serious threat but the same institutional actors continue to support carbon intensive development. This project explores the proposition that discursive confusion, even discursive obfuscations, are central to the ongoing deadlock in climate communication and climate policy. This dynamic is most evident in the tensions between ecological modernization and neoliberalism. Despite green intentions of the modernization discourse, when this discourse fails to challenge free-market fundamentalism, it is easily appropriated. It then serves to facilitate neoliberal processes, which in turn enables contrarian discourses (since neoliberalism transfers power from the public to the corporate sphere, where contrarian power is most concentrated). No.2: Network of Actors explores these relationships between discursive positions.

The historical appropriation and political neutralization of social movements is a dynamic that needs to be considered when theorizing climate communication. Examining current forces reproducing these processes is a goal of this project. Explicit and implicit communication is at odds in the neoliberal discourse. The neoliberal discourse often uses the language of the environmental movement to gain and maintain legitimacy and public trust. The danger here is that the climate movement’s work in creating awareness and policy opinions responding to climate change is simply used as convenient rhetoric and public relations messaging for continued and indeed exacerbated carbon intensive development. Since the ecological modernization discourse is open to the use of market mechanisms to regulate climate change, this discourse often unwittingly erodes capacity for regulation as responsibility for a responding to climate change is captured by corporate interests (Miller & Dinan, forthcoming). This dynamic constitutes the neoliberalization of climate policy (Parr, 2012). Herein possibilities for effective climate regulation become even more remote.

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1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)

4th,2007(AR4) 5th, 2013 (AR5)3rd,2001 (TAR)

5th, 2013 (AR5)

Apr Jul Oct1955Apr Jul Oct1956Apr Jul Oct1957Apr Jul Oct1958Apr Jul Oct Oct1968Apr Jul Oct1969Apr Jul Oct1970Apr Jul Oct1971Apr Jul Oct Oct1980Apr Jul Oct1981Apr Jul Oct1982Apr Jul Oct1983Apr Jul Oct Oct1987Apr Jul Oct1988Apr Jul Oct1989Apr Jul Oct1990Apr Jul Oct1991Apr Jul Oct1992Apr Jul Oct1993Apr Jul Oct1994Apr Jul Oct1995Apr Jul Oct1996Apr Jul Oct1997Apr Jul Oct1998Apr Jul Oct1999Apr Jul Oct2000Apr Jul Oct2001Apr Jul Oct2002Apr Jul Oct2003Apr Jul Oct2004Apr Jul Oct2005Apr Jul Oct2006Apr Jul Oct2007Apr Jul Oct2008Apr Jul Oct2009Apr Jul Oct2010Apr Jul Oct2011Apr Jul Oct2012Apr Jul Oct2013Apr Jul

'Lost Decade' in media coverage of climate change1990 - 2002

1st peakNov 2000 - 31 De…

300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA -…2005 - 2009

2nd peak G8 + ET…1 Jun 2005 - 31 Ju…

3rd Peak - The Inc…1 Sep 2006 - 30 N…

4th Peak - COP 15…1 Oct 2009 - 31 D…

NYT - 1st coverage of idea that carbon dioxide is changing the climate

Earth Rise - photo Dec.68 - Apollo 8

James Hansen - front page of NYT Large-scale media attention to climate science

'Lost Decade' in media coverage of climate change

IPCC 1st Assessment Report

700 scientists released the Scientist's Declaration at the World Climate Conference

Global Climate Information Project by carbon-based industry $13m

COP1 - Berlin Mandate Cop3 - Kyoto

NYT leaked proposal

misinformation campaign

1st peak

Low points in USA - Bush - killed Kyoto Protocol + reversed pledges to cut

emissions + ousted head of IPCC Robert Watson in favour

or Rajendra Pachauri

Bush admin. ousted IPCC Chair Rober Watson

EPA deleted entire section on climate change after Bush adminstration

attempts to manipulate / misrepresent scienti�c consensus

Senator James Inhofe climate change as 'hoax' speech

Oreskes consensus paper

Katrina

300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA - with $90m expenditure

2nd peak G8 + ETS EU

Michael Crichton award AAPG journalism award for States of fear

Inconvenient Truth - Al Gore

3rd Peak - The Inconvenient Truth + the Stern Report

Stern Review - UK report on

economic costs of climate change

Peak CC coverage during IPCC No.4 - 5 times larger than

2000

4th Peak - COP 15 Copenhagen + Climate Gate

Carbon is Green campaign

Events in Climate Discourses1968 - 2014

5th, 2013 (AR5)1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR) 3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)

5th, 2013 (AR5)

Figures 15, 16, 17 + 18: working sketch; No.1 Climate Timeline, v1 + v2; and a photo of the poster presentation. Photo by David Oonk.

13


5. No1: Climate Timeline 1960-2014 Discourses and Events

The Climate Timeline illustrates the temporal growth of climate communication by mapping historical processes and events that have lead to various ways of understanding climate change. Actors and events are color-coded according to the communicative function they serve in five discourses: climate contrarian (red), neoliberalism (dark blue), ecological modernization (light blue), climate justice (green) and climate science itself (black/grey). This poster provides an overview of the major events in climate communication history as well as the forces that obscure and denigrate climate science and climate policy. The timeline serves to clarify the relationship between science, media, policy and civil society by illustrating the historical processes that have lead to the growth of various climate discourses. The latest version of the Climate Timeline is reproduced in the Appendix.

Methods:

• hand-drawn sketches + Adobe Illustrator timeline visualizations• a discourse analysis approach to climate communication history • incorporation of media monitoring of climate communication research• a feedback process with two earlier versions presented publicly

Design objectives:• Display the major milestones in climate science, policy and public awareness over the long term (nearly two centuries) and the short term (54 years). • Display growth of the climate contrarian movement.• Display how events correspond to media coverage. • Display how events are contextualized within five discourses.• Reveal historical discursive obfuscations by highlighting both what was said and what was done in regard to climate change.

How to read this poster: Follow graph at the bottom left to events directly above. The media monitoring timeline displays media peaks and dips which correspond to the events timeline directly above.

Figure 19: World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming: Media Monitoring of Climate Change or Global Warming. A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fifty sources across twenty-five countries in seven different regions around the world.

2 0 0 82 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 22 0 0 4

100

ar t

i cl e

s p

er

so

ur c

e

2 0 1 4

Legend

North America

Africa

Asia

Europe

Middle East

South America

Oceania

14


C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

Network of Actors - Climate Comms July2014 outlines and bleed.pdf 1 17/07/2014 22:14

Figures 18 + 19: A working sketch and Version 1 of the Network of Actors

15


6. No2: Network of Actors USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals

The Network of Actors poster illustrates relationships between prominent institutions, organizations and individuals participating in climate communication in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Influential participants (actors) help construct public understanding of both the science and the politics of climate change. By illustrating 237 actors on a discursive framework this map reveals tensions, alliances and relationships within the complex, contentious and dynamic field of climate communication. The map includes detailed information on nodes (actors) in the charts at the bottom. Earlier versions of the Network of Actors map are documented in figures 18 and 19. The latest version of the Network of Actors is reproduced in the Appendix.

Design objectives:• Display the wide variety of actors engaged with climate communication • Display relationship of actors to each other and within five major discourses• Collect and display information on these climate communication actors• Explore relationships between discourses, especially neoliberalism and ecological modernization• Explore the impact of neoliberalism on climate communication• Develop the concepts of discursive confusion and contradictory communication• Create an accessible information rich visually appealing design • Open discursive space for the marginalized climate justice discourse

6.1 Method

The method I developed is the result of a process of experimentation. Initially I intended to use network visualization software (Gelphi and Sci2) to map interactions between actors. After delving into the complexities of climate communication and experimenting with these tools, the communicative value and limitations of this method become apparent. I was fortunate to have the assistance of two com-puter scientists, Marina Kogan and Jennings Anderson, who developed code for this map to be created with Gelphi. It then became apparent that it was easier, more precise and generally more effective to do the work of sizing and situating the nodes manually. They helped me reject a data driven network visualization approach for this topic and I ended up constructing the poster in Adobe IllustratorTM.

The complexity of the topic, issues of power and ideology, and my interest in making the graphic ac-cessible all made this qualitative design method necessary. I used more design and less computer science in my approach not only to make the end result more aesthetically pleasing, but to focus on problem-solving rather than displaying data. The method I developed responded to these interests in a way that a network visualization of the vast territory of climate communication could not accom-plish. It enables multivariate analysis while also focusing on the most relevant dynamics.

Methods: • hand-drawn sketches + Adobe IllustratorTM • network visualization in a discursive framework• discourse mapping of climate communication actors• global feedback process by presentation of an early version of the poster

16


The poster is an interpretation of data collected based on many complex factors. Actors were chosen based on my familiarity with the field and an estimate how much influence they hold in climate communication literature, the media, public policy, environmental education and in public awareness of climate change. I collected and documented information on the actors in the tables on the bottom of the poster and in Appendix B. Actors are plotted on an ideological framework. Colors, positions, size of the circles and the style and width of the circumference lines reflect an interpretation of data collected (see legend and 6.2). Since different types of actors are associated with different metrics, it was necessary to make many judgments about the relative importance of various ways of measuring impact and the relative influence of a wide range of institutions, organizations, media outlets and individuals. The decision-making processes for the various types of actors are listed below.

Actors mapped here include:

1) governments2) intergovernmental organizations (IGOS) 3) science research institutions4) media organizations 5) non-governmental organizations / charities (NGOs) 6) associations and societies 7) climate research institutes + think tanks 8) websites / blogs9) contrarian blogs10) contrarian organizations 11) individuals 12) corporations

Actors are situated on the framework within five discursive realms: climate science, ecological mod-ernization, neoliberalism, climate contrarianism and climate justice. Nodes are color-coded accord-ing to where they are situated. The four corners are extreme positions relative to discursive norms in the center, those discourses that currently reproduce the status quo, i.e. unsustainable development with severe risks associated with accelerated climate change. The center is occupied by the main-stream discourses that currently enable this dynamic.

The twelve types of actors listed above are coded by circumference lines. Internet traffic is coded by the width of circumference lines. Each node has six variables:

1) name 2) location (Canada, USA, UK or international organizations operating in these countries) 3) discursive position: location on framework + color 4) relative influence: size of the circle 5) type of actor: circle circumference line (see legend)6) Internet traffic: width of circle circumference line (see legend)

Position on map, size and circumference lines are based on the data in the tables at the bottom of the poster, but are also relative to other local nodes (as described below).

17


6.2 Decision Making by Type

no. type - style of circle size of circle circumference

1 government population no metric

2 intergovernmental organizations (IGOS) an interpretation of influence Internet presence

3 science research annual revenue Internet presence

4 journal / media circulation or audience (no uniform metric publicly available) Internet presence

5 NGO / charity annual revenue Internet presence

6 association no. of members Internet presence

7 research institute ThinkTankMap ranking* Internet presence

8 website / blog Alexa rank** Internet presence

9 contrarian blog Alexa rank Internet presence

10 contrarian organization annual revenue Internet presence

11 corporation annual revenue no metric

12 individual no metric no metric

* The International Center for Climate Governance’s ‘The Think Tank Map’ project’s ranking. http://www.thinktankmap.org** Alexa is a service that ranks every site on the Internet. http://www.alexa.com

The poster is part of a series of three posters mapping climate communication created by:

Dr. Joanna BoehnertCIRES Visiting Research Fellow Center for Science and Technology Policy ResearchCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado Boulder

e: [email protected]: [email protected]

Posters can be downloaded with the Poster Summary Report (available 15 October 2014) on this website:

http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com


neoliberalism climatecontrarian

Framework mapping climate communication perspectives and discourses: neoliberalism, ecological modernization, climate contrarians, climate science and climate justice

Mapping Climate Communication No2, Network of Actors: USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals Version 2.3, 13 October 2014

How to Read this Map This poster illustrates discursive positions and relationships between prominent institutions, organizations and individuals participating in climate communication in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom*. Actors mapped here include:

1) governments2) intergovernment organizations (IGOS)3) science research institutions4) media organizations5) non-governmental organizations / charities (NGOs)6) associations and societies7) climate research institutes + think tanks8) websites / blogs9) contrarian blogs10) contrarian organizations 11) individuals12) corporations

Actors are situated on the framework within five discursive realms: climate science, ecological modernization, neoliberalism, climate contrarianism and climate justice. Nodes are color-coded according to where they are situated on this discursive framework. The four corners are extreme positions relative to discursive norms that currently reproduce the status quo, i.e. unsustainable development with severe risks associated with accelerated climate change.

The twelve types types of actors listed above are coded by circumference lines. Internet traffic is coded by the width of circumference lines. Each node has six variables:

1) name 2) physical location (Canada, USA, UK or an international organization operating in these countries)

3) discursive position: location on framework + colour4) relative influence: size of the circle 5) type of actor: circle circumference line (see legend)6) Internet traffic: width of circle circumference line (see legend)

Position on map, size and circumference lines are based on the data in the tables at the bottom of the poster, but are also relative to other local nodes (see the brief methodology section below).

actor name location type metric no.1 Alexa rank Twitter

DiscoursesDiscourses are shared ways understanding the world. Discourses are also concepts that frame a problem. They provide the basic terms for analysis and define what is understood as common sense and legitimate knowledge. The five discourses presented on this poster represent positions on climate change motivated by science (or not) and ideology. Mapping discursive positions is a means of understanding the similarities and differences between various ways of under-standing climate change. This map breaks climate discourses into five positions:

1) Climate science: This discourse emerges from physics, chemistry, atmospheric sciences and the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within science (Cook et al., 2013; Anderegg et al. 2000) is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal, associated impacts are occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical record and that these changes are predominately due to human influence. Climate change presents severe risks to civilization and to the non-human natural world and these impacts will become increasingly expensive, difficult and even impossi-ble to mitigate if action is not taken to dramati-cally reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

2) Climate justice movements see climate change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest impacts are felt by those least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. Advocates demand radical changes in modes of governance to reduce emissions while also addressing issues of social justice and equity. The radical position holds that capitalism can never deliver sustainable levels of emission, since this economic model will always prioritize the needs of the market over those of the natural world. Thus new ways of organizing social relations and the political economy must be created to effectively respond to climate change.

3) Ecological modernization holds that climate change can be addressed within the current capitalist system and that low emissions and economic benefits can be achieved with market mechanisms, clean energy and other innovative solutions to climate change. This broad discourse is supported by the vast majority of actors in the central part of the framework (blue, green and grey).

4) Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconom-ic policy “imperatives”. Neoliberalism is an ideology that is characterized by privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity. Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the state and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck, 2010). In practice, neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere.

5) Climate contrarian have ideological motives behind their critiques of various dimen-sions of climate science and the policies directed at lowering emissions. Typically contrarians challenge what they see as a false consensus in climate science. This discourse is promoted by conservative think tanks, climate skeptic bloggers, media outlets, fossil fuel lobbyists, public relations personnel and some politicians, often with financial support from the fossil fuel industry. The radical position, promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves regardless of the consequences to the climate.

MethodologyThe method is described in the Poster Summary Report along with the theory of this map, information about metrics associated with the actors, reflections and references. Colors, positions, size of the circles and Internet influence reflect data collected (some of which is in the tables). Since different types of actors are associated with different metrics, it was necessary to make many subjective judgments about the relative impor-tance of various ways of measuring impact and the influence of a wide range of institutions, organizations, media outlets and individuals. The poster is an interpretation of this data based on many complex factors.

* Limitations of this Poster: Scope This poster illustrates organizations and individuals active in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The map neglects work done in the rest of the world, often with a greater focus on climate justice and a much smaller contrarian position. I regret that within this project I could only realistically map organizations that I already knew or where I could read the language. It was also impossible to review work from all the actors on this map so in some cases an actor may be slightly misplaced on the framework. If you feel that this map misrepresents your organization or person, I will take all comments into account on possible following versions. My apologies to all relevant actors who are not on this map. Obviously there are practical limits to what one map can document.

Legend: Actor Types and Internet Influence: Coded Circle Nodes



** Internet presence is based on Alexa rating and Twitter followers (if applicable)

*** The International Center for Climate Governance (ICCG) ranking of global climate change think tanks. The methodology is published on their website: www.thinktankmap.org.

****References will be published on Poster Summary Report (September 2014). *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report

1. government

2.intergovernmental

organization

3.assocation

4.scientificresearch

5.media

6.NGO /charity

7.researchinstitute

8.websiteor blog

9.contrarian

organization

10.contrarian

blog

11.individual

12.corporation

low Internet presence high Internet presence






Gavin SchmidtUSA



NatureInternaional







Piers MorganUSA


Jonathan Porritt UK





The Corner HouseUK








Rising Tide USA/UK

Donor's TrustUSA

The Daily MailUK

John ColemanUSA




ICECAPUSA










JunkScienceUSA


Climate AuditUSA


George MonbiotUK

Cato InstituteUSA

Exxon Mobil

New York PostUSA


Rush LimbaughUSA


Sarah Palin








The TimesUK


Climate ProgressUSA


Tom NelsonUSA


Chatham HouseUK




Jeremy LeggettUK

STEPS CentreUK





Senator James InhofeUSA

James HansenUSA

Nigel LawsonUK

FOX NewsUSA


Climate DepotUSA




Real ClimateUSA


ETC Group Canada

Bill MicKibben USA

Naomi KleinCanada


Frank LuntzUSA

Al GoreUSA


The SunUK


GristUSA

Roy Spencer



The TelegraphUK

Freedom Works USA

The Economist UK

Robert JastrowUSA


PLATFORMUKKen

CaldeiraUSA


NYTimes+ DOT EarthUSA BBC

UK / interntional






Andy Revkin USA


Kevin TrenberthUSA












Naomi OreskesUSA

ForbesInternational

Climate DeskUSA

Lou DobbsUSA





Fiona HarveyUK

MichaelMann USA


Fred SingerUSA




Van JonesUSA

Bishop HillUSA

RAND corporationUSA




Operation NoahUK



the reference frame


USA TodayUSA

Sierra ClubUSA




Democracy Now!USA




Washington PostUSA

TreehuggerUSA




Canadian Government



Climate CampaignUK

COINUK


Carbon BriefUK


Climate CentralUSA


BP

Shell









The Royal SocietyUK



Brendan O'NeillUK

OxfamUSA


GreenAllianceUK

The Breakthrough Institute UK

Steward BrandUSA

Nicholas SternUK

Tim JacksonUK

Caroline LucasUK

Waleed Abdalati

TamsinEdwards

Dana Nuccitelli

LeoDiCaprioUSA

No. type size - metric 1 Internet presence**1 government population no metric2 intergovernmental org no numerical metric Internet presence3 science research funding / revenue Internet presence4 journal / media circulation or audience Internet presence5 NGO / charity funding / revenue Internet presence6 association no. of members Internet presence7 research institute ThinkTankMap ranking*** Internet presence8 website / blog Alexa rank Internet presence9 contrarian blog Alexa rank Internet presence10 contrarian org funding / revenue Internet presence11 individual no metric Internet presence12 corporation revenue revenue 2013 Internet presence

Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) USA 7 1 1,168 World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Int. 7 79 8,975 World Resources Institute (WRI) USA 7 81 85,200Worldwatch Institute USA 7+5 6 ($2.3m) 15,500

IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Int. 2 UN affliliation 144,002 14k UNFCCC - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Int. 2 UN affliliation 119,601 110kUNEP - United Nations Environment Progra m Int. 2 UN affliliation 65,414 255kWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) Int. 2 191 member states 103,427 12k National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA) + CIRES USA 3 $5,400 million + 1,049 298k National Climate Atmospheric Research (NCAR) USA 3 $173.9m 47,682 13k Environmental Protection Agency USA 3 $8,200m 6,726 228k NASA's Global Climate Change website (climate.nasa.gov) USA 3 $17,700m 1,364 114k Met Office Hadley Centre UK 3 £204.9m 4,627 220k Tyndall Centre UK 3 - 2,641,608 11kNew Scientist Int. 4 86.5k 7,528 86.5k The Guardian UK 4 90m (on-line) 139 6.5m NYTimes + DOT EARTH USA 4 2.3m (Sunday) 123 13m +35.8k Nature USA 4 424k readers 3,623 741k American Meterological Society (AMS) USA 6 14,000 members 148,418 1k American Geophysical Union (AGU) USA 6 62,812 members 146,407 24.8k Union of Concerned Scientists Int 6 90,000 members 130,977 21k American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) USA 6 126,995 members 96,732 25.5k The Royal Society UK 6 1,430 fellows 281,184 75k Climate Progress USA 8 - 3,577 82k Climate Desk USA 8 - 591,712 57k Skeptical Science int. 8 - 71,922 9.4k Real Climate USA 8 - 177,707 4.3k Climate Central USA 8 - 61,754 13.9k DeSmog blog USA 8 - 132,208 12.5kWaleed Abdalati USA 11 - - -Ken Caldeira USA 11 - - 6k

Tamsin Edwards UK 11 - - 4k Peter Gleick USA 11 - - 13.4kJames Hansen USA 11 - - -Katherine Hayhoe Can 11 - - 9.3k Michael Mann USA 11 - - 20.5kDana Nuccitelli USA 11 - - 3.5kJonathan Overpeck USA 11 - - 1.9kMichael Oppenheimer USA 11 - - 1.3kGavin Schmidt USA 11 - - 5.5kKevin Trenberth USA 11 - - -The World Bank Int. 1 - 4,694 831k The White House - American Government USA 1 318m 3,831 5.2m Department of Defense - American Government USA 1 318m 24,461 570kThe House and the Senate - American Government USA 1 318m 11,528 -The Canadian Government CAN. 1 34m 546 -UK Government - the coalition UK 1 63m 1,619 -USA Today USA 4 1.6m (daily) 291 1mBBC UK 4 388m 142 11+7+3 = 22mCNN USA 4 495k 63 13.9mWashington Post USA 4 671k (Sunday) 284 3.8m The Economist UK 4 209k 1,588 5.8mNational Resource Defense Council (NRDC) USA 5 $123m 54,509 143,000The Breakthrough Institute USA 5 not published 608,919 6,496Climate Reality Project USA 5 $7.8m 226,765 168,000Climate Communciation USA 5 n/a low 4,400Sierra Club USA 5 $104m + 53.6m 38,439 126,000Oxfam Int. 5 $65m(US) +£367m (UK) 61,704 568,000

Climate Depot USA 9 61,021 Alexa 5.4kAmerican Petroleum Institute USA 10c $181,236,577 7.9kDonor's Trust USA 10b $20,608,269 n/aAmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) USA 10c 36,000 members 11K

The Chamber of Commerce - American Government USA 1 $198,586,150 n/a n/a The Wall Street Journal USA 4 2.37m (daily) 248 5mFOX News USA 4 844 k 182 (high) 4.2mNew York Post USA 4 500k 919 655kThe Times (UK) UK 4 393k (daily) 5,182 246kForbes Int. 4 6m readers 151 (high) 3.5mThe Telegraph (UK) UK 4 514k (daily) 214 609kThe Daily Mail (UK) UK 4 1.6m (daily) 90 (v.high) 696k The Sun (UK) UK 4 2m (daily) 4,122 606k Watts Up With That USA 9.1 140,000 visitors/month 9,422 11kClimate Audit USA 9.2 19,000 visitors/month 128,880 -Bishop Hill USA 9.1 n/a 90,935 2.3kICECAP USA 9.1 14,000 visitors/month 278,810 -Tom Nelson USA 9.1 n/a 509,427 -No Frakking Consensus USA 9.1 n/a 672,027 -

Scaife Affiliated Foundations USA 10b $5,005,000 n/aKoch Affiliated Foundations USA 10b $1,469,050 n/a The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation USA 10b $4,610,000 n/a Atlas Economic Research Foundation USA 10a $6,102,160 n/a Heritage Foundation USA 10a $78,253,864 n/a Heartland Institute USA 10a $5,973,500 n/a Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research USA 10a $52,524,255 n/a George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) USA 10a $539,438 n/a CO2 is Green Inc. USA 10a $355,000 n/a Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow USA 10a $2,850,747 n/a Cato Institute USA 10a $40,410,727 221kFreedom Works (Citizens for a Sound Economy) USA 10a $9,250,240 204k Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change USA 10a n/a n/aFederation for American Coal, Energy and Security USA 10a $3,405,722 n/aCompetitive Enterprise Institute USA 10a $4,247,228 n/a

Americans for Prosperity USA 10a $22,089,095 n/aGlobal Warming Policy Foundation UK 10a £362,000 n/a Institute for Energy Research USA 10 n/a n/aSenator James Inhofe USA 11 n/a 20kFrank Luntz USA 11 n/a n/aChristopher Monkton UK 11 n/a n/a Nigel Lawson UK 11 n/a 20kBrendan O'Neill UK 11 n/a n/a James Delingpole UK 11 n/a 20.9k Robert Jastrow USA 11 n/a n/aRush Limbaugh USA 11 n/a 424k Fred Singer USA 11 n/a n/a Lou Dobbs USA 11 n/a 89.1k John Coleman USA 11 n/a n/a Piers Morgan USA 11 n/a 4.2m Sarah Palin USA 11 n/a 1.1mExxon Mobile Int. 12 $420bn (2013) 102kShell Int. 12 $451bn 248kBP Int. 12 $396bn 95k

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Int. 7+5 101+/$229 USA only 34,381 1,450,000 Worldwatch Institute USA 7+5 6 ($2.3m) 212,832 15,500 Yale Climate & Energy Institute + Env. Studies @YaleE360 USA 7 101+ 18,900 59,000 Yale Climate Project USA 7 n/a 5,691 19,000 Green Alliance UK 7 £1m 3m+ 17,000Forum for the Future UK 7 £4.4 m + 310,568 26,000Steward Brand USA 11 - - -Al Gore USA 11 - 984,963 2,700,000Fiona Harvey UK 11 n/a n/a 12kHunter Lovins USA 11 - - 8,500Roger Pielke Jr. USA 11 - - 4.8k Jonathan Porritt UK 11 n/a n/a -Andy Revkin USA 11 - - 61,300Nicholas Stern UK 11 - - -Bob Ward UK 11 n/a n/a 5kDemocracy Now! USA 4 360k viewers + 1k+stations 15,782 329,000Al jazeera Int. 4 260m 1,249 2,000,000Grist USA 4 800k direct reach/month 20,419 160,000Climate Campaign UK 5 no public data low 4,300Operation Noah UK 5 no public data 26,665 637Via Campesina International Int. 5 2,000,000 members - 5,700Friends of the Earth (FOE) Int. 5 $6.1m (USA only) 150,973 102,000COIN UK 5 no public data - 876Climate Justice Now! Int. 5 730 organizational members (2010) - 403Carbon Brief UK 5 no public data 345,414 12,600Rainforest Action Network USA 5 $4,360,948 396,432 39,900World Development Movement UK 5 £1,041,262 471,007 22,200

TckTckTck Int 6 450 NGO orgs 498,609 33,000 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Int. 6 1,200 orgs 128,517 44,800Connect4Climate Int 6 (funded by WB) 1m+ (low) 160,000Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs USA 7 101+ 1,633 840 Brookings Institution USA 7 78 26,859 120,000 Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) USA 7 22 4m (v.low) 1,197 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) USA 7 16 448,455 4,996 Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) USA 7 94 2m (low) 2,140 Center for Science and Technology Policy Research USA 7 101+ 10,772 233

Chatham House UK 7 42 147,726 70,000 Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) Uk 7 101+ 2m 4,750 Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB) UK 7 88 - 1022 Climate Institute USA 7 13 1.4m 300 Climate Strategies UK 7 87 8m (v.low) 1911 Clinton Foundation USA 7 101+ 101,459 411,000 Conservation International USA 7 31+ $132m/yr 139,785 8,100 David Suzuki Foundation Can. 7 101+ 122,931 106,000 E3G Third Generation Environmentalism UK 7 70 4,438 Earthwatch Institute USA 7 101 + 8m/yr 414,134 8,034 Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) USA 7 37 + $149/yr 107,227 81,200 Global Adaptation Institute USA 7 83 - - Global Canopy Programme (GCP) UK 7 59 8m (v. low) 1,519 Global Climate Adaptation Partnership UK 7 39 9m - Global Footprint Network USA 7 36 247,399 8,130 Green Economics Institute (GEI) UK 7 101+ 7m -

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) UK 7 72 2,186Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) UK 7 101+ 37,000Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA) IRL 7 24 5,586 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) UK 7 15 18,400 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Can. 7 90 145 MIT Center for Energy &Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) USA 7 101+ - Overseas Development Institute (ODI) UK 7 77 50,000 Pembina Institute Can. 7 85 12,800 Peterson Institute for International Economics USA 7 58 9,935 Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI) USA 7 101+ 235 Purdue Climate Change Research Center (PCCRC) USA 7 101+ 104 RAND corporation USA 7 45 60,900 Red Cross / Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC) Int. 7 49 674 Resources for the Future (RFF) USA 7 8 2,457 Sandbag Climate Campaign UK 7 19 3,143 Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment USA 7 101+ 1,649 STEPS Centre UK 7 101+ 2,464 Sustainable Prosperity Can. 7 21 1,615 The Climate Group (TCG) Int. 7 68 61,000 The Earth Institute USA 7 101+ 66,000 The Natural Step Int. 7 101+ 4,175 The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Int. 7 86 336,000 UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability UK 7 101+ 2,017

PLATFORM UK 5 £364,338 low 9,100Greenpeace International Int. 5 $48m (USA only) 11,588 1,100,000350.org Int. 5 $5.2m 125,250 198,000new economic foundation UK 5 £3.1m 254,093 39,900Smartmeme USA 5 - 2m 5,000Earth First! + @efjournal Int. 6 no public data 282,403 6,300 Transition Towns Network Int 6 no public data 259,525 14,600Rising Tide North America / UK USA/UK 6 no public data 3,912,193 7,100The Green Party UK/International UK 6 18,567 members (UK) 464,885 6,740The Climate Coalition UK 6 100 member orgs 1,117,382 13,600Indigenous Environmental Network USA 6 - - 4,000The Council of Canadians Can. 6 $5m CAN 842,471 14,700Int. Environmental Communication Ass (IECA) Int. 6 - - 700Industrial Workers of the World Env. Unionist Caucus Int. 6 - - 800Tar Sands Blockade USA 6 - - 16,000Oil Change International Int. 6 - - 4,000Bioneers USA 6 - - 14,900

Nafeez Ahmed UK 11 n/a n/a 55,000Max Boykoff USA 11 n/a n/a 1,500Robert D. Bullard USA 11 n/a n/a 7,800Leonardo DiCaprio USA 11 n/a n/a 11,000,000Tim DeChristopher USA 11 n/a n/a 8,200Naomi Klein Can. 11 n/a n/a 224,000Eric Holthaus USA 11 n/a n/a 12k

Center for Alternative Technology UK 7+5 n/a 410,266 13,700The Corner House UK 7+5 n/a - -

actor name location type TTmap or revenue Twitter actor name location type TTmap/or members Alexa Twitter actor name location type metric no.1 Alexa rank Twitter actor name location type TTmap rating (or revenue) Alexa Twitter actor name location type TTrating/members/revenue Alexa Twitter

Peter GleickUSA

Katherine HayhoeUSA


Hunter LovinsUSA

James DelingpoleUK


Smartmeme



of CanadiansCanada

Max Boykoff

Eric Holthaus

Robert D. Bullard

Kate Sheppard

Bob WardUk

Tim DeChristopher


Metrics used in these tables and on the mapactor name location type metric 1 Alexa Twitter actor name location type metric 1 Twitter actor name location type metric 1 Twitter

Citizens Climate Lobby USA 6 530,489 9,000ETC Group Can. 7+5 $705,00 revenue 951,974 839Post Carbon Institute USA 7+5 $968,209 479,747 11,300


Oil Change Intl

George Monbiot UK 11 n/a n/a 101,000Bill McKibben USA 11 n/a n/a 130,000Naomi Oreskes USA 11 n/a n/a 1,500Kate Sheppard USA 11 n/a n/a 54,000Clayton ThomasMuller Can. 11 n/a n/a 6,000

JunkScience USA 9.1 161,314 4.7kScience and Public Policy Institute UK 9.1 1,478,474 -Roy Spencer USA 9.1 81,086 -the reference frame USA 9.1 852,499 -GlobalWarming.org USA 9.1 657,220 -Climate etc. (Judith Curry) USA 9.1 98,568 2.7k

Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Inc USA 10a $6,128,425 15k Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes USA 10a $8,075,737 18k National Mining Association USA 10a $16,558,296 n/a National Center for Public Policy Research Inc. USA 10a $12,424,796 n/a Reason Foundation USA 10a $7,196,010 n/a Media Research Center Inc USA 10a $12,631,050 77k

Nafeez AhmedUK




Bioneers

Van Jones USA 11 n/a n/a 17,000Franke James CAN 11 n/a n/a 9,700Tim Jackson UK 11 n/a n/a 1,600Jeremy Leggett UK 11 n/a n/a 12,000 Caroline Lucas UK 11 n/a n/a 90,000

RogerPielke Jr.USA

Franke JamesCANADA

































1. government

2.intergovernmental

organization

3.assocation


5.media

6.NGO /charity

7.researchinstitute

8.websiteor blog

9.contrarian

organization

10.contrarian

blog

11.individual

12.corporation







Gavin SchmidtUSA



NatureInternaional







Piers MorganUSA


Jonathan Porritt UK





The Corner HouseUK








Rising Tide USA/UK

Donor's TrustUSA

The Daily MailUK

John ColemanUSA




ICECAPUSA










JunkScienceUSA


Climate AuditUSA


George MonbiotUK

Cato InstituteUSA

Exxon Mobil

New York PostUSA


Rush LimbaughUSA


Sarah Palin








The TimesUK


Climate ProgressUSA


Tom NelsonUSA


Chatham HouseUK




Jeremy LeggettUK

STEPS CentreUK






James HansenUSA

Nigel LawsonUK

FOX NewsUSA


Climate DepotUSA




Real ClimateUSA


ETC Group Canada

Bill MicKibben USA

Naomi KleinCanada


Frank LuntzUSA

Al GoreUSA


The SunUK


GristUSA

Roy Spencer



The TelegraphUK

Freedom Works USA

The Economist UK

Robert JastrowUSA


PLATFORMUKKen

CaldeiraUSA



UK / interntional






Andy Revkin USA


Kevin TrenberthUSA












Naomi OreskesUSA

ForbesInternational

Climate DeskUSA

Lou DobbsUSA





Fiona HarveyUK

MichaelMann USA


Fred SingerUSA




Van JonesUSA

Bishop HillUSA

RAND corporationUSA




Operation NoahUK



the reference frame


USA TodayUSA

Sierra ClubUSA




Democracy Now!USA




Washington PostUSA

TreehuggerUSA




Canadian Government



Climate CampaignUK

COINUK


Carbon BriefUK


Climate CentralUSA


BP

Shell









The Royal SocietyUK



Brendan O'NeillUK

OxfamUSA


GreenAllianceUK


Steward BrandUSA

Nicholas SternUK

Tim JacksonUK

Caroline LucasUK

Waleed Abdalati

TamsinEdwards

Dana Nuccitelli

LeoDiCaprioUSA



IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Int. 2 UN affliliation 144,002 14,000 UNFCCC - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Int. 2 UN affliliation 119,601 110,000UNEP - United Nations Environment Progra m Int. 2 UN affliliation 65,414 255,000World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Int. 2 191 member states 103,427 12,000 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA) + CIRES USA 3 $5,400 million + 1,049 298,000 National Climate Atmospheric Research (NCAR) USA 3 $173.9m 47,682 13,000 Environmental Protection Agency USA 3 $8,200m 6,726 228,000 NASA's Global Climate Change website (climate.nasa.gov) USA 3 $17,700m 1,364 114,000 Met Office Hadley Centre UK 3 £204.9m 4,627 220,000 Tyndall Centre UK 3 - 2,641,608 11,000New Scientist Int. 4 86.5k 7,528 86,500 The Guardian UK 4 90m (on-line) 139 6,500,000 NYTimes + DOT EARTH USA 4 2.3m (Sunday) 123 13m +35.8k Nature USA 4 424k readers 3,623 741,000 American Meterological Society (AMS) USA 6 14,000 members 148,418 1,000 American Geophysical Union (AGU) USA 6 62,812 members 146,407 24,800 Union of Concerned Scientists Int 6 90,000 members 130,977 21,000 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) USA 6 126,995 members 96,732 25,500The Royal Society UK 6 1,430 fellows 281,184 75,000 Climate Progress USA 8 - 3,577 82,000 Climate Desk USA 8 - 591,712 57,000 Skeptical Science int. 8 - 71,922 9,400 Real Climate USA 8 - 177,707 4,300 Climate Central USA 8 - 61,754 13,900DeSmog blog USA 8 - 132,208 12,500Waleed Abdalati USA 11 - - -Ken Caldeira USA 11 - - 6,000

Tamsin Edwards UK 11 - - 4,000Peter Gleick USA 11 - - 13,400James Hansen USA 11 - - -Katherine Hayhoe Can 11 - - 9,300 Michael Mann USA 11 - - 20,500Dana Nuccitelli USA 11 - - 3,500Jonathan Overpeck USA 11 - - 1,900Michael Oppenheimer USA 11 - - 1,300Gavin Schmidt USA 11 - - 5,500Kevin Trenberth USA 11 - - -The World Bank Int. 1 - 4,694 831,000The White House - American Government USA 1 318m 3,831 5,200,000 Department of Defense - American Government USA 1 318m 24,461 570,000The House and the Senate - American Government USA 1 318m 11,528 -The Canadian Government CAN. 1 34m 546 -UK Government - the coalition UK 1 63m 1,619 -USA Today USA 4 1.6m (daily) 291 1,000,000BBC UK 4 388m 142 22,000,000CNN USA 4 495k 63 13,000,000Washington Post USA 4 671k (Sunday) 284 3,800,000 The Economist UK 4 209k 1,588 5,000,000National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) USA 5 $123m 54,509 143,000The Breakthrough Institute USA 5 not published 608,919 6,496Climate Reality Project USA 5 $7.8m 226,765 168,000Climate Communciation USA 5 n/a low 4,400Sierra Club USA 5 $104m + 53.6m 38,439 126,000Oxfam Int. 5 $65m(US) +£367m (UK) 61,704 568,000

Climate Depot USA 9 61,021 Alexa 5,400American Petroleum Institute USA 10c $181,236,577 7,900Donor's Trust USA 10b $20,608,269 n/aAmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) USA 10c 36,000 members 11,000

The Chamber of Commerce - American Government USA 1 $198,586,150 n/a n/a The Wall Street Journal USA 4 2.37m (daily) 248 5,000,000FOX News USA 4 844 k 182 (high) 4,200,000New York Post USA 4 500k 919 655,000The Times (UK) UK 4 393k (daily) 5,182 246,000Forbes Int. 4 6m readers 151 (high) 3,500,000The Telegraph (UK) UK 4 514k (daily) 214 609,000The Daily Mail (UK) UK 4 1.6m (daily) 90 (v.high) 696,000 The Sun (UK) UK 4 2m (daily) 4,122 606,000 Watts Up With That USA 9.1 140,000 visitors/month 9,422 11,000Climate Audit USA 9.2 19,000 visitors/month 128,880 -Bishop Hill USA 9.1 n/a 90,935 2,300ICECAP USA 9.1 14,000 visitors/month 278,810 -Tom Nelson USA 9.1 n/a 509,427 -No Frakking Consensus USA 9.1 n/a 672,027 -

Scaife Affiliated Foundations USA 10b $5,005,000 n/aKoch Affiliated Foundations USA 10b $1,469,050 n/a The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation USA 10b $4,610,000 n/a Atlas Economic Research Foundation USA 10a $6,102,160 n/a Heritage Foundation USA 10a $78,253,864 n/a Heartland Institute USA 10a $5,973,500 n/a Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research USA 10a $52,524,255 n/a George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) USA 10a $539,438 n/a CO2 is Green Inc. USA 10a $355,000 n/a Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow USA 10a $2,850,747 n/a Cato Institute USA 10a $40,410,727 221,000Freedom Works (Citizens for a Sound Economy) USA 10a $9,250,240 204,000 Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change USA 10a n/a n/aFederation for American Coal, Energy and Security USA 10a $3,405,722 n/aCompetitive Enterprise Institute USA 10a $4,247,228 n/a

Americans for Prosperity USA 10a $22,089,095 n/aGlobal Warming Policy Foundation UK 10a £362,000 n/a Institute for Energy Research USA 10 n/a n/aSenator James Inhofe USA 11 n/a 20,000Frank Luntz USA 11 n/a n/aChristopher Monkton UK 11 n/a n/a Nigel Lawson UK 11 n/a 20,000Brendan O'Neill UK 11 n/a n/a James Delingpole UK 11 n/a 20,900 Robert Jastrow USA 11 n/a n/aRush Limbaugh USA 11 n/a 424,000 Fred Singer USA 11 n/a n/a Lou Dobbs USA 11 n/a 89,000 John Coleman USA 11 n/a n/a Piers Morgan USA 11 n/a 4,200,000 Sarah Palin USA 11 n/a 1,100,000Exxon Mobile Int. 12 $420bn (2013) 102,000Shell Int. 12 $451bn 248,000BP Int. 12 $396bn 95,000

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Int. 7+5 101+/$229 USA only 34,381 1,450,000 Worldwatch Institute USA 7+5 6 ($2.3m) 212,832 15,500 Yale Climate & Energy Institute + Env. Studies @YaleE360 USA 7 101+ 18,900 59,000 Yale Climate Project USA 7 n/a 5,691 19,000 Green Alliance UK 7 £1m 3m+ 17,000Forum for the Future UK 7 £4.4 m + 310,568 26,000Steward Brand USA 11 - - -Al Gore USA 11 - 984,963 2,700,000Fiona Harvey UK 11 n/a n/a 12,000Hunter Lovins USA 11 - - 8,500Roger Pielke Jr. USA 11 - - 4,800 Jonathan Porritt UK 11 n/a n/a -Andy Revkin USA 11 - - 61,300Nicholas Stern UK 11 - - -Bob Ward UK 11 n/a n/a 5,000Democracy Now! USA 4 360k viewers + 1k+stations 15,782 329,000Al jazeera Int. 4 260m 1,249 2,000,000Grist USA 4 800k direct reach/month 20,419 160,000Climate Campaign UK 5 no public data low 4,300Operation Noah UK 5 no public data 26,665 637Via Campesina International Int. 5 2,000,000 members - 5,700Friends of the Earth (FOE) Int. 5 $6.1m (USA only) 150,973 102,000COIN UK 5 no public data - 876Climate Justice Now! Int. 5 730 organizational members (2010) - 403Carbon Brief UK 5 no public data 345,414 12,600Rainforest Action Network USA 5 $4,360,948 396,432 39,900World Development Movement UK 5 £1,041,262 471,007 22,200





Nafeez Ahmed UK 11 n/a n/a 55,000Max Boykoff USA 11 n/a n/a 1,500Robert D. Bullard USA 11 n/a n/a 7,800Leonardo DiCaprio USA 11 n/a n/a 11,000,000Tim DeChristopher USA 11 n/a n/a 8,200Naomi Klein Can. 11 n/a n/a 224,000Eric Holthaus USA 11 n/a n/a 12,000



Peter GleickUSA

Katherine HayhoeUSA


Hunter LovinsUSA

James DelingpoleUK


Smartmeme



of CanadiansCanada

Max Boykoff

Eric Holthaus

Robert D. Bullard

Kate Sheppard

Bob WardUk

Tim DeChristopher





Oil Change Intl


JunkScience USA 9.1 161,314 4,700Science and Public Policy Institute UK 9.1 1,478,474 -Roy Spencer USA 9.1 81,086 -the reference frame USA 9.1 852,499 -GlobalWarming.org USA 9.1 657,220 -Climate etc. (Judith Curry) USA 9.1 98,568 2,700

Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Inc USA 10a $6,128,425 15,000 Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes USA 10a $8,075,737 18,000 National Mining Association USA 10a $16,558,296 n/a National Center for Public Policy Research Inc. USA 10a $12,424,796 n/a Reason Foundation USA 10a $7,196,010 n/a Media Research Center Inc USA 10a $12,631,050 77,000

Nafeez AhmedUK




Bioneers


RogerPielke Jr.USA

Franke JamesCANADA


Figures 20 + 21: Network of Actors (detail) and legend.

18


Rationale

The rationale for each type of actor is described below. In all cases that apply, the Internet metrics refers to an approximate value based on a combination of Alexa ratings and Twitter followers.

1. Governments are responsible for climate communication on multiple levels: within their own communiqués and advertising, policy initiatives, laws, funding of climate science and environmental research, via environmental agencies, within public education at all levels and also with the police and the military that enforce laws and policy that impact the climate (i.e. pipelines, protests, etc.). In this poster I have broken relevant arms of the American government into their own circles since various departments have significantly different discourses on climate change. For example, the Department of Defense is situated in a very different discursive space to the Environmental Protection Agency. Government circles are sized according to population and an interpretation of the relative influence of various departments.

2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN and the World Bank are sized according to an interpretation of their relative influence.

3. Science research institutions such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) are sized according to their annual revenue, the degree to which they concentrate on climate science and an interpretation of their relative influence in this field.

4. Journals and media such as the New York Times, BBC and Nature are sized according to their circulation or audience size. Since standardized metrics are not available across different media types (i.e. TV vs. academic journals) the circle size reflects an interpretation of this data and how each actor relates to the others.

5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth are sized according to annual revenue and an interpretation of the relative influence of these actors. 6. Associations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and The Royal Society are sized according to the number of members and an interpretation of their relative influence.

7. Research Institutes. Climate research institutes have been mapped and rated by the International Center for Climate Governance in a review titled ‘The Think Tank Map’. The valuing methodology is available on the ICCG website (http://www.thinktankmap.org). Grades are listed in the charts, from 1-100+ (with 1 as the highest score and think tanks with scores lower than one hundred are all listed as 100+).

8. Websites are sized according to the Alexa rating, a service that ranks every site on the Internet.

9. Contrarians blogs are sized according to the Alexa rank.

10. Contrarian organization are sized according to annual revenue and an interpretation of their influence.

11. Corporations are sized according to annual revenue, as published in annual reports.

12. Individual are all the same size. Rings are sized according to their Internet presence measured by followers on Twitter, if applicable.

19


6.4 Limitations of this Poster: Scope

This poster illustrates organizations and individuals active in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The map neglects work done in the rest of the world, often with a greater focus on climate justice and a much smaller contrarian position. This limitation is unfortunate since so much of the best work on climate is currently done outside the scope of this map. I regret that within this project I could only realistically map organizations that I already knew or where I could read the language.

It was also impossible for me to review work from all the actors on this map. In some cases an actor may be slightly misplaced on the framework. Some organizations (especially academic research institutes) include individuals with very different discursive positions (such as the CSTPR where this research project was conducted). The positions on the map are an interpretation of the way various actors function discursively and organizations are considered as a whole.

If you feel that this map misrepresents your organization or person, I will take all comments into account on possible following versions of this map. My apologies to all relevant individuals and organizations who are not on this map. Obviously there are practical limits to what one map can document.

6.5 References for the Network of Actors

The data in the tables compiled from hundreds of sources. Some of these are listed below:NGO funding (USA): GuideStar - http://www.guidestar.org

NGO funding (UK): Charity Commission UK - http://www charitycommission.gov.uk

USA newspapers: http://www.auditedmedia.com/news/research-and-data/top-25-us-newspapers-for-march-2013.aspx

USA network news: http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/category/evening-news-ratings

Cable news: http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/08/25/cable-news-ratings-for-friday-august-22-2014/296456

UK daily newspapers: http://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2014/jul/11/abcs-national-newspapers

The Guardian: http://advertising.theguardian.com/guardian-website-traffic-users/?tag=audience

BBC: http://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/home/mediakit/reachaudience/bbcworldnews

UK magazines: http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/magazine-abcs-full-circulation-round-first-half-2013

Democracy Now: https://www.quantcast.com/democracynow.org

Corporations + research institutes: annual reports published on-line.

Conservative think tanks: Robert Brulle. Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change. Published online 21 December 2013.

Alexa: http://www.alexa.com

The International Center for Climate Governance, The Think Tank Map: http://www.thinktankmap.org

Figures 22: Scope of the Network of Actors map is limited to the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

20


pseudo-scienceintimidation

There is no consensus

conferences‘scientific’ reports

‘scientific’ websites

alternative peer review

alternative NIPCC reports

false expertise (fauxperts)

astroturfing

propagating conspiracy theories personal attacks

NGO campaigns

political influence

carbon capture

corporate lobbying

science education

climate science

blogs

NGO reports

science blog

press conferences

academic research

education

solidarity with impacted communities

advocacy

protests

COP conferences

social marketing

corporate social responsibility

social science education

G20, G8 & Davos international conferences

attack the model

attack the datacreation of shell organizations

attack the IPPCthe contrarian who claims warming is due to natural causes

misquotes

advertising campaigns

television adverts

media plutocrats

fossil fuel lobbyists

conservative think tanks

university endowments

carbon footprinting

CSR reporting

carbon offsetting

World Business Council for Sustainable Development

contrarian climate education

scientific reports

peer review journal papers

IPPC reports

universitiesscience museums + centers

schools

social mediadirect action

fossil fuel disinvestment

media appearances

fossil fuel subsizies exposure

alternative media

weather reporting

natural disasters coverage

contesting scientific consensus


contrarians posing as skeptics

political influence in scientific report summary documents

explain the science

‘balanced’ reporting

media stunts

petitions

declarations

demonstrations

occupations

banner drops

public relations

spin + media manipulation

television documentaries

newspapers feature films

evening newsmagazines

other scientific conferences

documentaries

newspapers

feature films

Democracy Now!

magazines

investigative reporting

policy documents

public awareness

geography

sociology

political science

mitigation

media studies

law

art & design

psychology

health

philosophy

technical support for impacted communities

popular education

blogs

television adverts

web advertizing

print advertizing

impacts

politics

{all contributingto understandingclimate changeand to creating strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change.

government policy

the arts

literature

visual arts

carbon markets

publicity events

petitions

declarations

activism

tipping points

greenhouse effect

“skeptics”

prices

international conference

limits complexity

IGOsplanetary boundaries scientific research institutes managersadministrative state

experts

sustainability

nested systemcomplex system

regulationthe state

mainstream media

green consumerismadvertising

mechanistic

motivated by self interestenergytrends competition

innovation

technology

hierarchy

property

economic policy

IGOs

corporations reassurance

consumers

progress

amplifying uncertainties

insults

conservative think tanks

“gate”intimidation

lobbyist

threatsthe climate is not changing

Temp record is unreliableHockey stick is brokenIt's coolingSea level is not risingIt's not us

alarmist

There's no empirical evidenceSolar cycles cause global warmingIncreasing CO2 has little to no effectCO2 was higher in the pastIt's a natural cycleCO2 is not increasingModels are unreliableIt's not bad

Animals and plants can adaptCO2 is not a pollutantCO2 is plant foodIt's only a few degreesIt's too hardIt's not urgent

97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

Climate is chaotic and cannot be predictedExtreme weather isn't caused by global warming

Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

The IPCC consensus is phoney

adaptation

the climate always changes

biocapacity

Post-Environmentalists

Bright Greens

natural capital

key metaphors key messages where? key activities - how? flaws

green economics

the commonssolidarity

ecosystem

ecosystem services

the green economy

natural resources

austerity

free markets’

warecoterrorists

There is No Alternative

warmistas

discourse

mitigation

green economics

climate change is a conspiracy

climate change is a hoax

consensus hockey stick


climate science

climatecontrarian

climate justice

neoliberalism

anthropocene

skeptics

mainstream media

ecological activist

green political change

sustainable development

smartgrowth reformers

economic rationalism

education

the streetscapitalism is structurally unsustainable

cooperation

capitalism

idealistic?

climate justice agency limitscitizens

networks

mutual aid

nature

equality

boycottsTwitter

community organising

NGOsuniversities

elistist?

disengaged?

complicit??

naive?

naive?

authoritarian?

warmongering?

ignorant?

evil?

7. No3 Strategies Map

This poster is in an early stage of development and remains unfinished. Since Map No2 Network of Actors attracted a great deal of interest from the beginning, I focused my attention on this project. The strategy map was neglected and is still unresolved. I am including a brief description of the project in this report because I would like to develop this project at some point in the future. This map will identify tactics used within the five discourses. Strategies include metaphors, key messages, key places and key activities. Critiques of each discourse could also be displayed within this map. The design objective is to reveal the characteristics of various discourses. In order to do this well I will need to gather more evidence and conduct more extensive texts analysis. I also still need to develop an appropriate visual strategy. I have only started mapping the conceptual territory. This poster remains an experiment and a work in progress.

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

STRATEGIES2-July2014-BOEHNERT-outlines+marks.pdf 1 18/07/2014 09:13

Figures 23, 24 and 25: The Strategy Map concept development.

21


8. Reflections The Network of Actor aims to open up discursive space in theorizing climate communication. The decision to abandon the data driven network visualization approach was made when it became obvious that reducing the scope of the inquiry to variables that could be collected and visualized by means of network visualization software failed to capture the complexity of ideologies and power that are driving the dynamics of climate communication. Complex discourses with both implicit and explicit communication require a more nuanced approach.

The process of sharing the early versions of the posters on-line and at an academic conference was valuable. The first version of the No.2: Network of Actors was not read as I intended. There were queries on my method. Sharing the posters early helped me identify problems and judge where the interest lay in the climate communication community. Comments informed the construction of the final work and I focused attention on the Network of Actors since this was the most popular poster by a wide margin.

During my research process I came across the climate contrarian presence on the Internet in the form of well-produced websites, faux scientific papers and sprawling entries on Wikipedia. The work that is being done to present a veneer of scientific respectability to contrarian arguments is significant. Given this situation, it is not surprising that these websites function to create confusion in many parts of the mainstream media and potentially even spaces that hold enormous power (such as the United States’ House Committee on Science, Space and Technology). These climate contrarian sites will undoubtedly be found by educators looking to the Internet for resources on climate change. Several times I attempted to edit Wikipedia pages on contrarian topics, only to be banned from doing so by a small but vigilant group of contrarian Wikipedia editors. The contrarian presence on the Internet is a severe problem that appears to be accelerating.

9. Ideas for DevelopmentThese maps, like all maps, are representations and are therefor partial. There are many ways in which they could be developed. Some ideas for further exploration are:

1. A version of the Network of Actors based on views of a sample of experts across (climate science literate) discursive fields. In this way actors will be plotted according to the opinions of a community of interest rather than my own interpretations.

2. A larger version of the Network of Actors where the nodes are linked with specific interactions, activities, funding, alliances, etc.

3. A global version of the Network of Actors.

4. A more detailed Climate Timeline.

5. A finished Strategy Map.

6. Interactive versions of all three maps developing narratives and story-telling capacities.

The maps could be developed as communication tools and/or as artistic objects within institutional, cultural and educational spaces. I am interested in pursuing this work and invite any organization with an interest in climate communication to help me continue this project in a second phase.

22


0

50

100

150

200

Middle East

Africa

Oceania

South America

North America

Europe

Asia

2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1960 1970 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

contrarianstrategies

{

How to read this posterEvents are situated within five discursive streams and colour coded accordingly. To compare media coverage with events, follow graph at the bottom right to events directly above. The legends display icons and colours used in the timelines.

This timeline is the first of a series of posters in the Mapping Climate Communication project. Information on the methodology, theory and references for this work are available in the Poster Summary Report published online 15 October 2014. This project was completed by Dr. Joanna Boehnert during a visiting fellowship at the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. The views presented in this work and any mistakes are the author‘s alone.

trends supporting the contrarian agenda {

{ 1st Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report published yearly since 2010. 2st NIPCC

report 3rd NIPCC report

4th NIPCC report

5th NIPCC report

1960 – 2014 timeline

scientific events

disc

ours

es

contrarianevents and strategies

political events

1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)

RIOEarth

Summit1992 COP1

Berlin1995

COP2Geneva1996

Leipzig DeclarationSEPP project opposing the global warming - 1995

John Tyndall 1850s identified the greenhouse effect in a laboratory (confirming John Fourier’s 1824 discovery)

Svante Arrhenius 1890s calculated that emissions from human industry could cause a global warming

Guy S. Callendar 1930sfound levels of carbon dioxide are climbing and raising global temperature

Lyndon Johnson message to Congress on climate change - 1965

Global Warming Research ActUSA - 1980

William Nierenberg’s report for National Academy of Sciences claims effects of climate change will be negligible USA - 1983

George C. Marshall Institute founded by Nierenberg, Seitz and Jastrow (1984)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) founded November 1988

James Hansen testifies to Congress23 June 1988 with twelves hearings in Senate and the House on climate change during this period

Marshall Institute publishes Global Warming: What Does the Science Tell Us? by Jastrow, Seitz and Nierenberg. 1989

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established 1992The principal negotiating forum for global climate issues charged with the task of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"

"junk science" hearing in Congress USA -1995

Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) founded by Fred Singer - 1990

Berlin Mandatecalls for emission targets from developed countries

This poster is the first of a series created for theMapping Climate Communication project by:


[email protected]@gmail.com

Posters can be downloaded with the Poster Summary Report. Available 15 October 2014 on this website:http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com



1972 United Nations Conference on the Human EnvironmentStockholm

United Nations international scientific conference at VillachAustria, produces first scientific consensus on global warming1985

U.S. National Academy of Sciences conference

‘The Causes of Climate Change’ in Boulder, USA -1965

Roger Revelle 1950s demonstrated that C02 levels had increased due to the use of fossil fuels.

Toronto meeting of climate scientists call for a 20% reduction of global CO2 emissions by the year 2005. June 1988

The Charney Reportby the National Research Council predicts that doubling CO2 will lead to 3ºC warming. USA - 1979

NOAA establishedUSA - 1970

Rising Tide North America + Europe founded (2006)

1st of many Climate Camps in the UK and then globally (2006)

US House Passes the "American Clean Energy and Security Act" (2009) - later defeated in Senate

350.org Global Day of Action 2009

100,000 people march in the streets of Copenhagen and hold their own People’s Climate Assembly, joined by 100s of U.N. delegates.

Tar Sands Action: 1,253 protestors arrested at the White House - 2011

Occupy movement - 2011

Idle No MoreIndigenous movement 2012

CREDO Pledge of Resistanceover 75,000 vow to commit civil disobedience if the Keystone XLpipeline is approved - 2013

The Global Warming Petition contrarian petition also known as the Oregon Petition organized in 1989 and again in 2007

The World Climate Conferenceproduces declaration and appeal to world to prevent man-made changes in cliamte. Geneva 1979

EU Emissions trading launchesThe first carbon emissions trading scheme (EU) implemented. 2005

President Obama releases the Climate Action Plan including increased use of renewable energy and carbon pollution restrictions for power plants. June 25, 2013

Charles Keeling 1960s measured C02 fluctuation in the atmosphere and annual maximum value steadily rising.

!!!

!!!!!!

!!!

!!!protests at G8 GleneaglesScotland 2005 !!!

Transition Townsfounded, UK 2006

The Greening of Planet Earth video produced by Western Fuels argues that more carbon dioxide will be beneficial to humanity. The video is popular with politicians in Washington. 1991

Coal industry funded Information Council on the Environment (ICE) launchs a $500,000 campaign aiming to"reposition global warming as theory (not fact)” Exxon and other fossil fuel interests fund groups to challenge the science behind climate change. One of thes groups, the Global Climate Science Team writes a “Draft Global Climate Science Communications Plan” which states: “Victory will be achieved when…average citizens ‘understand’ (recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the “conventional wisdom...”.

5th, 2013/14 (AR5)3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)

HopenhagenUN global marketing campaign at Copenhagen, aligns climate objectives with corporate advertising. Hopenhagend becomes a symbol of the corporate capture of the climate debate.

COP3Kyoto1997

COP15Copenhagen

2009

RIO+20Earth

Summit2012

COP13Bali

2007

Senator James Inhofe, Chairman of Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works, delivers an speech on the Senate floor where he describes climate change as a 'hoax'.2003


911

Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Al Gore and the IPCC 2007

The Inconvenient TruthAcademy Award winning documentary film re-energizes the climate movement - 2006

Newsweek: "The Truth About Denial" cover story, leads to lesscontrarian media outside Fox News

COP4Bueonos Aires

1998

churnalism

COP5Bonn1999

COP7Marrakech2001

COP8New Delhi2002

COP6La Hague2000

COP9Milan2003

COP10Buenos Aires

2004

COP11Montreal2005 COP12

Nairobi2006 COP14

Poznan2008

COP16Cancun2010

COP17Durban2011

COP18Doha2012

COP19Warsaw2013

COP20Lima2014

heterogeneity and for this project this category subsumes a variety of green discourses. This done in order to explore other tensions as described in the "Theorizing Discursive Confusion" section of the Poster Summary Report.

4) Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic policy “imperatives”. Neoliberalism is an ideology that is charac-terized by privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity. Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the state and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck, 2010). In practice, neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere to regulate and monitor polluting industrial activities.





Stern Review The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change claims that climate change is"the greatest market failure the world has ever seen". UK - 2006

Climategate

Gleneagles

G8

Peak coverage in 20095 times larger than 2000

The rise of ‘responsibilitization’ discourse wherein responsibility for climate change is considered at an individual level rather than at the level where decisions are made regarding regulation for polluting industry, i.e. government policy.

Katrina


2nd peak

4th peak

US Environmental Protection Agency deletes section on climate change from a report after the Bush administration’s attempts to manipulate scientific consensus.


CO2 is Greencampaign

Europeanheat wave


Leipzig Declaration (revised)SEPP project opposing the global warming2005 revised


25% cut in news industry workforce since 2001

mobilization of uncertainty discourse“media portrayals of uncertainty have potential to distract as well as impede substantive efforts to reduce GHG emissions as the reduction of uncertainty has long been framed as a prerequisite for political and policy progress” (Boykoff, 2011, pg.64).

‘bias’ as ‘balance’, i.e. the false balance of science vs. opinion / ideology, conforming to the journalistic norm of ‘balance’ and conflict. Boykoff 2011

RepresentativeJoe Barton attacks climate scientistMichael Mann

Post Rio+20: The United Nations Environment Programe (UNEP) promotes a version of the "green economy" where economic valuation processes are to be used to prove the value of ecosystem services, including climate services, to industry and politicians.


ObamaClimate Plan

UK governmentdismantles the Sustainable Development Commission2011


UK governmentmakes dramatic cuts in the EnvironmentAgency (1,700 jobs lost)

1st International Conference on Climate Change hosted by Heartland Institute in NYC H1

H2

H3 H5

H7

H4

H6

H8

H9

Sandy

climate science

climate justice


neoliberalism

climate contrarian

3rd peak

5th peak

Media Monitoring Legend

DiscoursesThis timeline contextualizes events within five discourses. Discourses are shared ways understanding the world and framing problems. They provide the basic terms for analysis, and also define what is understood as common sense and legitimate knowledge. The discourses represent positions on climate change motivated by science (or not) and ideology. Mapping discursive positions is a means of exploring different assump- tions and perspectives behind various ways of communicating climate change. The five discourses are described briefly below and in more detail in the Poster Summary Report.

1) Climate science: This discourse emerges from physics, chemistry, atmos-pheric sciences and the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within science (Cook et al., 2013; Anderegg et al. 2000) is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal, associated impacts are occur-ring at rates unprecedented in the historical record and that these changes are predomi-nately due to human influence. Climate change presents severe risks to civilization and to the non-human natural world and

these impacts will become increasingly expensive, difficult and even impossible to mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

2) Climate justice movements see climate change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest impacts are felt by those least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. Advocates demand radical changes to reduce emissions while also addressing issues of social justice and equity. The radical position holds that capitalism can never deliver sustainable levels of emission, since this economic model will always prioritize the needs of the market over those of the natural world. New ways of organizing social rela-tions and the political economy must be created to respond to climate change. 3) Ecological modernization holds that climate change can be addressed within the current capitalist system and that low emissions and economic benefits can be achieved with market mechanisms, clean energy and other innovative solutions to climate change. Within this discourse there is much

2002 Bali Principles of Climate Justice Climate Justice Now!

founded in Bali (2007)

1st Climate Justice Summitin La Hague (2000)

4th peak

Buenos Aires Declaration on the Ethical Dimension of Climate Change(BADEDCC) launched at COP10 (2004)

UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is the first major leader to call for action. She delivers a speech at the United Nations and calls for a treaty on climate change by 1992 and states that the ‘protocols must be binding’. 1989

Ex-UK Prime Miniter Margaret Thatcher backtracks on her climate advocacy, calling climate activism a "marvelous excuse for supra-national socialism" and praises President George W. Bush for rejecting Kyoto (2003).

US President George H.W. Bush states: “Those who think we are powerless to do anything about the 'greenhouse effect' are forgetting about the 'White House effect’” (1990). Over the following years the White House blocks progress on UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992).

Climate for Cities started 1993

Nicholas Stern claims his report underestimated the gravity of climate change

Toyota introduces Prius in Japan (1997) first mass-market electric hybrid car

Third IPCC report states that global warming, unprecedented since end of last ice age, is "very likely," with possible severe surprises. Effective end of debate among all but a few scientists.

Second IPCC report detects signature of human-caused greenhouse effect warming, declares that serious warming is likely in the coming century.

First IPCC report says the Earth has been warming and future warming seems likely.

Fourth IPCC report warns that serious effectsof warming have become evident and that the cost of reducing emissions would be farless than the damage they will cause if not reduced.

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)founded Switzerland 1961

Friends of the Earth founded. London 1971

Climate Summit in New York in preperation for COP 21 in Paris, 2015.September 2014

The Climate Change ActUK government becomes thefirst to set binding targets to reduce emission2008

UK Feed-in tarriffs for solar installations approved - 2008

Clean Development Mechanism opensA key mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol2006

2008 - CNN cuts entire science and technology budget in 2008

privatisation + deregulation

consolidation of media

increasing corporate power

First Earth Day 1970

The industry lobby group

Global Climate Coalition is founded. 1989

Greenpeace founded. Vancouver 1970

Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin campaigns for US presidencywith the slogan “Drill, baby, drill’2008

NAFTA signed into law 1993. Nafta has a dramatic impact on global trade and emissions. Emissions rise 1% a year in 1990s and then surge to 3.4% a year growth between 2000-2008.

2010 highest ever yearly increase in global emissions - 5.9%

Canadian governmentwithdraws from Kyoto

The Heat is OnRoss Gelbspan’s book describes fossil fuel industry organizing to prevent a political response to climate change

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein 2014

5) Climate contrarians have ideological motives behind their critiques of various dimensions of climate science and the policies directed at lowering emissions. Typically contrarians challenge what they see as a false consensus in climate science. This discourse is promoted by conservative think tanks, bloggers, media outlets, fossil fuel lobbyists, public relations personnel and some politi-cians, often with financial support from the fossil fuel industry. The radical position, promoted by fossil fuel interests and support-ing think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves regard-less of the consequences to the climate.

The Climate Timeline visualizes the historical processes and events that have lead to the growth of various ways of communicating climate change. This work aims to reveal discursive obfuscations by highlighting both what was said and what was done in regard to climate change. It explores the impact of neoliberalism on climate change communication and opens discursive space for the climate justice discourse.

Media Monitoring: 2000-2014 World Newspaper Coverage of ‘Climate Change’ or ‘Global Warming’Media Monitoring: World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fifty sources across twenty-five countries in seven different regions around the world. We record the number of times the terms ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming‘ have been used in these sources and publish the results monthly online. Prior to 2004 a much smaller sample of data is available. Details are available on the project website: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps/research/media_coverage/index.html

Climate Protection Actdirects EPA and State to prepare policy options for climate change USA - 1987

Mapping Climate Communication No.1: The Climate Timeline 1960-2014 version 3.2 - 15 October 2014

The World Conference on the ChangingAtmosphere: Implications for Security

350 ppm in 1988

April 2014 is the first month in human history with average carbon dioxide level in Earth’s atmosphereat 400 ppm

States of Fear by Michael Crichton. A novel that argues that global warmingis a scam created by environmentaliststo gain planetary control is popular with by contrarians in Washington and widely used to dismiss climate change.


USA Today proclaim:“The debate is over: the globe is warming”

Leak of Republican strategist Frank Luntz memo: ”make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue in the debate"

Heartland Institute billboard campaign (2012)

A Skeptical EnvironmentalistBjorn Lomborg - 2001. A book which claims that responding to climate change is not supported by adequate scientific data.

The Climate Timeline explores the history of climate communication. The work illustrates the temporal growth of various climate discourses by mapping historical processes and events that have lead to different ways of communicating and understanding climate change. Events are color-coded according to the communicative function they serve within five discourses: climate contrarian (red), neoliberalism (dark blue), ecological modernization (light blue), climate justice (green) and climate science itself (grey/black). The timeline also displays how events have influenced media coverage from the year 2000. The media monitoring graph displays media peaks and dips which correspond to the events in the timeline directly above. This poster provides an overview of the major events in climate communication history as well as the forces that obscure and denigrate climate science and climate policy. Mapping a wide variety of activities and events the work serves to clarify the relationship between science, media, policy, civil society and the ideological factors that influence the ways in which climate change is communicated.

excerpts from e-mails stolen from climate scientists fuel public skepticism

Copenhagen conference fails to negotiate binding agreements.

US National Academy warns of political assaults on scientists2010

US Republican majority eliminates the House Committee on Global Warming 2011

International Energy Agencyreport warns of 6º warming2011

Billy Parish and others found the Energy Action Coalition, organizing youth on climate issuesUSA - 2003

Naomi Oreskes‘ paper in Science on the scientific consensus on climate change2004

US house of Representatives votes 184-240 against accepting the following resolution: “the scientific finding of the Environmental Protection Agency that climate change is occuring,is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks to public heath and welfare”April 2011

!!!

Vanity Fair: The Green Issue

The Great Global Warming Swindle Channel 4 (UK) documentary formally criticized by Ofcom, UK broadcasting regulatory agency. 2007

No Climate Taxcampaign Climate Change:

Trick or Treat? (CNN)


mass mobilization of th

e

climate justice movement

Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change by the International Climate Science Coalition

World People's Conference on ClimateChange and the Rights of Mother Earth30,000 gather in Cochabamba, Bolivia - 2010


China overtakes USA as world's largest CO2 emitter 2007

WTO meeting in Seattle shut down by activists 1999

Syndey

Washington

Chicago Munich

Las Vegas

Washington

NewYork Chicago

International Treaty to Protect the Sacred. Indigenous action on tar sands extraction - 2013

'Largest-ever' climate-change march in NYC attended by an estimated 300k to 400k people - and marchs in cities around the world

mobilization of the climate movement

!!! !!!!!!

!!!!!!

!!!

!!!

5th, 2013/14 (AR5) IPCC report

COP conference*

other conference**

protest / march / direct action

book / report / academic paper

newspaper / magazine article

movie / TV show / video

advertising campaign

social movement

meteorological event

milestone

act / mandate / protocol

trend or strategy

declaration

key statement or speech

founding of a new organization

COP15Copenhagen

2007

Legend

climate contrarian

neoliberalism


climate justice

climate science

Discourse Colour Coding

* COP: Conference of the Parties, yearly United Nations conference** including H1, H2, etc.: Heartland Institute’s contrarian conference

Kyoto ProtocolFirst major global climate change treaty (1997)mandatory targets on greenhouse-gas emissions with view to reduce emissions at least 5% below existing 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. US Senate rejects Kyoto in advance with the Byrd-Hagel resolution, in 95-0 unanimous vote.

Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN) founded 1989

Albuquerque Declarationby IEN sent to COP4 - 1998

Kyoto treaty goes into effect, signed by all major industrial nations except US and Australia - 2005

“Carbon dioxide. They call it pollution. We call it life.” disinformation campaign created by The Competitive Enterprise Institute

European Union adopts target of a maximum 2°C rise in average global temperatures 1996

David Suzuki Foundation founded 1990

Business Environmental Leadership Council founded 1998

Donors Trust founded in 1999. Funding contrarianorganizations.

Time Magazine namesThe Endangered Earth'Man of the Year

Canadian government creates the Climate Change Plan for Canada

wide-spread media coverage

The Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conwaydocuments the climate contrarian movement2010

Bolivia’s chief climate negotiator Angelica Navarro delivers speech on climate debt at the UN

To Really Save the Planet, Stop Going Greenby Mike Tidwell rejecting green consumerism

Third World Networkfounded. Malaysia 1984

World Development Movement founded London 1970

Annual Cycle

Apr Jul Oct

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

390

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

Carb

on d

ioxi

de c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

v)

The Keeling CurveThe Keeling Curve plots the carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958
































1. government

2.intergovernmental

organization

3.assocation


5.media

6.NGO /charity

7.researchinstitute

8.websiteor blog

9.contrarian

organization

10.contrarian

blog

11.individual

12.corporation







Gavin SchmidtUSA



NatureInternaional







Piers MorganUSA


Jonathan Porritt UK





The Corner HouseUK








Rising Tide USA/UK

Donor's TrustUSA

The Daily MailUK

John ColemanUSA




ICECAPUSA










JunkScienceUSA


Climate AuditUSA


George MonbiotUK

Cato InstituteUSA

Exxon Mobil

New York PostUSA


Rush LimbaughUSA


Sarah Palin








The TimesUK


Climate ProgressUSA


Tom NelsonUSA


Chatham HouseUK




Jeremy LeggettUK

STEPS CentreUK






James HansenUSA

Nigel LawsonUK

FOX NewsUSA


Climate DepotUSA




Real ClimateUSA


ETC Group Canada

Bill MicKibben USA

Naomi KleinCanada


Frank LuntzUSA

Al GoreUSA


The SunUK


GristUSA

Roy Spencer



The TelegraphUK

Freedom Works USA

The Economist UK

Robert JastrowUSA


PLATFORMUKKen

CaldeiraUSA



UK / interntional






Andy Revkin USA


Kevin TrenberthUSA












Naomi OreskesUSA

ForbesInternational

Climate DeskUSA

Lou DobbsUSA





Fiona HarveyUK

MichaelMann USA


Fred SingerUSA




Van JonesUSA

Bishop HillUSA

RAND corporationUSA




Operation NoahUK



the reference frame


USA TodayUSA

Sierra ClubUSA




Democracy Now!USA




Washington PostUSA

TreehuggerUSA




Canadian Government



Climate CampaignUK

COINUK


Carbon BriefUK


Climate CentralUSA


BP

Shell









The Royal SocietyUK



Brendan O'NeillUK

OxfamUSA


GreenAllianceUK


Steward BrandUSA

Nicholas SternUK

Tim JacksonUK

Caroline LucasUK

Waleed Abdalati

TamsinEdwards

Dana Nuccitelli

LeoDiCaprioUSA

















Peter GleickUSA

Katherine HayhoeUSA


Hunter LovinsUSA

James DelingpoleUK


Smartmeme



of CanadiansCanada

Max Boykoff

Eric Holthaus

Robert D. Bullard

Kate Sheppard

Bob WardUk

Tim DeChristopher





Oil Change Intl




Nafeez AhmedUK




Bioneers


RogerPielke Jr.USA

Franke JamesCANADA


Figures 26 + 27: The Climate Timeline and the Network of Actors.

23


10. Conclusion These maps visualize and contextualize ideology, rhetorical positions, actors, events and actions influencing public opinion on climate change. Because communication happens at the level of rhetoric as well as the level of action, discourses in this project include explicit messages and also messages that are implicit within political, corporate and organizational activities and policy. This approach reveals tensions and contradictions in climate communication.

Theorizing the impact of neoliberal governance on climate change communication is key to an understanding of why emissions continue to rise despite the significant work by the climate science community and the environmental movement over four decades. The implicit neoliberal discourse is one of market fundamentalism, wherein market ‘imperatives’ and the ‘free market’ sic always trump action on climate change. Since it is easier to say that lower emissions are necessary than to actually do the political work that will make this possible, this conflict between explicit and implicit messaging is important, especially for institutions with the political power to make the required changes. Green rhetoric within the neoliberal sphere creates discursive confusion. The results are ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions.

All three climate discourses that acknowledge the need for dramatic emissions reduction (climate science, climate justice and ecological modernization) must be aware of the ways in which the neoliberal discourse appropriates our rhetorical positions. This is especially true for the modernization discourse. Governing forces need to maintain their legitimacy by projecting the appearance of addressing climate change and so using the language of the environmental movement is strategically advantageous for neoliberal actors with political power. Unfortunately, acting according to these imperatives is extraordinarily difficult within the ideological scaffolding of neoliberal political theory. With these dynamics in mind, it is evident that contrarians are not the only ones preventing action on climate change.

11. Position Statement My position is that of the climate justice discourse as informed by green economic theory. Since the basic tenets of this discourse are often misrepresented, I have included information in the endnotes to summarize some of the most important theory buttressing this perspective.

12. AcknowledgementsI completed this project during a visiting fellowship at the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder. I am grateful to the CSTPR and CIRES for supporting this research mapping climate communication. Many thanks especially to Professor Max Boykoff for his help over the past two years. Advice given by Marina Kogan and Jennings Anderson on the subject of the capacities and the limitations of network visualization was of great help at an important decision-making moment in the construction of the Network of Actors map. Thanks to my sister Jennifer Boehnert.

24


13. Endnotes

1 The acute visuality of contemporary culture is theorized as a contemporary pictorial turn (Mitchell 1994; Barry 1997) wherein images are increasingly a dominant means of sense-making in communication processes.

2 ‘Free market’. ‘The concept of the ‘free market’ sic itself is an obfuscation. Every market has ways of working that are designed into the market, i.e. parameters that are predetermined and then enforced by law. So-called ‘free markets’ suit the interests of those who have the political power to design the terms of the market. This matters for climate communication because the market has been designed to prioritize profits (for those with capital) over all other factors. Consequently it deprioritizes social and ecological factors and thus systematically undermines action on climate change. The concept of the ‘free market’ needs to be contested in the same way as quantitative economic growth (Daly 2009; Jackson 2009; Capra & Henderson 2009) and Gross Domestic Product (Kennedy 1968; Kubiszewski et al., 2013; Fioramonti 2013) need to be contested for global policies that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to become possible.

3 Capitalism. Economic decisions over the past two centuries have been based on a certain type of economic theory: capitalism and market liberalism, i.e. the belief that (supposedly) self-regulating markets are the best means of organizing an economy. In 1944 Karl Polanyi exposed the myth of the ‘free market’ (Stiglitz 2001:xiii) by describing how laissez-faire economics was planned: ‘There was nothing natural about laissez-fair; free markets could never have come into being by merely allowing things to take their course’ (Polanyi 1944, 145). Far from being a natural state of affairs, laissez-fair ‘free markets’ require state intervention, laws, trade rules, the police and the military to function in the way they are designed.

4 Disembedded economy. The current economic system is the result of political decision-making based on economic theory that dangerously and ill-logically ignores the fact that the economic system is embedded and entirely dependent on its social and ecological context. Before the advent of market liberalism (circa 1776) the economic order was always of mere function of the social order (Polanyi 1944, p. 74). Market liberalism subordinated both the social and ecological systems to the market. Polanyi’s description of the disembedded economy is a key contribution to social and political thought and one of the first of many to describe how the current economic system was created with no regard for the ecological context in which it is situated. This basic structural problem must be addressed as a foundational element for effective climate policy.

5 Quantitative economic growth is constrained by the relatively finite nature of the planet’s natural resources and biocapacity. This argument is no longer a radical green idea. Mechanical engineer Professor Roderick Smith described the consequences of the fixation with quantitative economic growth in a noteworthy speech at the UK Royal Academy of Engineering:

Relatively modest annual percentage growth rates lead to surprisingly short doubling times. Thus, a 3% growth rate, which is typical of the rate of a developed economy, leads to a doubling time of just over 23 years. The 10% rates of rapidly developing economies double the size of the economy in just under 7 years. These figures come as a surprise to many people, but the real surprise is that each successive doubling period consumes as much resource as all the previous doubling periods combined. This little appreciated fact lies at the heart of why our current economic model is unsustainable (2007, p.17).

Green and ecological economists note that an economic system designed to prioritize quantitative economic growth and ever-increasing GDP undermines opportunities for long-term prosperity. This argument reached institutional levels with UK Sustainable Development Commission’s report Prosperity Without Growth? (2009) report before the commission was disbanded by the coalition government in 2011.

Ecological economist Herman Daly claims that ‘the very notion of growth includes some concept of maturity or sufficiency, beyond which point physical accumulation gives way to physical maintenance’ (quoted in Simms, Johnson & Chowla, 2010, p. 4). The green economy must now permit ‘qualitative development but not aggregate quantitative growth’ (Daly 2008, p. 1). The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales’ report Qualitative Growth (Capra and Henderson 2009) describes a shift from quantitative to qualitative growth as a means to create prosperity without doing severe damage to the atmosphere and the rest of the environment, on which humankind depends.

25


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Anderegg, W.R.L., Prall, J.W., Harold, J., and Schneider, S.H. (April 9, 2010) Expert credibility in climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (27), pp.12107–9.

Barry, A. M. (1997) Visual intelligence: Perception, image, and manipulation in visual communication. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Borner, K. and Polley, D.E. (2014)Visual Insights. Cambridge, USA: The MIT Press.

Boehnert, J. (2014) Ecological Perception: Seeing Systems. DRS 2014: Design’s Big Debates, Design Research Society, Umea, Sweden.

Boehnert, J., Andrews, K., Wang, X., Nacu-Schmidt, A., McAllister, L., Gifford, L., Daly, M., Boykoff, M. (2014). World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming, 2004-2014. Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Web. Accessed 4 October 2014: http://scien-cepolicy.colorado.edu/media_coverage

Boykoff, M. T. and S. K. Olson (2013) ‘Wise contrarians’: A keystone species in contemporary climate science, poli-tics and policy. Celebrity Studies. 4 (3), pp. 276-291.

Boykoff, M.T. (2011) Who Speaks for Climate? Making Sense of Media Reporting on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Boykoff M.T. (2007) Flogging a dead norm? Newspaper coverage of anthropogenic climate change in the United States and United Kingdom from 2003 to 2006. Area. 39 (4), pp. 470–81.

Boykoff M.T., and Boykoff, J. M. (2004) Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press. Global Environmental Change. 14, pp. 125–36.

Boykoff, M.T. (2013) Public Enemy No. 1? Understanding Media Representations of Outlier Views on Climate Change. American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (6), pp.796-817.

Brulle. R.B. (2013) Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change. Published online 21 December 2013.

Cameron, D. ‘I want coalition to be the “green-est government ever”’ The Guardian. Friday 14 May 2010. Accessed 4 October 2014: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/14/cameron-wants-greenest-government-ever

Capra, F. & Henderson, H. (2009) Qualitative Growth.

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27


AppendixMapping Climate Communication

- Posters -

28


0

50

100

150

200

Middle East

Africa

Oceania

South America

North America

Europe

Asia

2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1960 1970 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997


{






4th NIPCC report

5th NIPCC report


scientific events

disc

ours

es


political events

1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)

RIOEarth

Summit1992 COP1

Berlin1995

COP2Geneva1996












































!!!

!!!!!!

!!!





5th, 2013/14 (AR5)3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)


COP3Kyoto1997

COP15Copenhagen

2009

RIO+20Earth

Summit2012

COP13Bali

2007



911




COP4Bueonos Aires

1998

churnalism

COP5Bonn1999

COP7Marrakech2001

COP8New Delhi2002

COP6La Hague2000

COP9Milan2003

COP10Buenos Aires

2004


Nairobi2006 COP14

Poznan2008

COP16Cancun2010

COP17Durban2011

COP18Doha2012

COP19Warsaw2013

COP20Lima2014








Climategate

Gleneagles

G8



Katrina


2nd peak

4th peak




Europeanheat wave










ObamaClimate Plan





H2

H3 H5

H7

H4

H6

H8

H9

Sandy

climate science

climate justice


neoliberalism

climate contrarian

3rd peak

5th peak









4th peak






































350 ppm in 1988

















!!!







e







Syndey

Washington

Chicago Munich

Las Vegas

Washington

NewYork Chicago




!!! !!!!!!

!!!!!!

!!!

!!!

5th, 2013/14 (AR5)IPCC report

COP conference*

other conference**






social movement


milestone


trend or strategy

declaration



COP15Copenhagen

2007

Legend

climate contrarian

neoliberalism


climate justice

climate science




















Annual Cycle

Apr Jul Oct

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

390

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

Carb

on d

ioxi

de c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

v)


29


0

50

100

150

200

Middle East

Africa

Oceania

South America

North America

Europe

Asia

2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1960 1970 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997


{






4th NIPCC report

5th NIPCC report


scientific events

disc

ours

es


political events

1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)

RIOEarth

Summit1992 COP1

Berlin1995

COP2Geneva1996












































!!!

!!!!!!

!!!





5th, 2013/14 (AR5)3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)


COP3Kyoto1997

COP15Copenhagen

2009

RIO+20Earth

Summit2012

COP13Bali

2007



911




COP4Bueonos Aires

1998

churnalism

COP5Bonn1999

COP7Marrakech2001

COP8New Delhi2002

COP6La Hague2000

COP9Milan2003

COP10Buenos Aires

2004


Nairobi2006 COP14

Poznan2008

COP16Cancun2010

COP17Durban2011

COP18Doha2012

COP19Warsaw2013

COP20Lima2014








Climategate

Gleneagles

G8



Katrina


2nd peak

4th peak




Europeanheat wave










ObamaClimate Plan





H2

H3 H5

H7

H4

H6

H8

H9

Sandy

climate science

climate justice


neoliberalism

climate contrarian

3rd peak

5th peak









4th peak






































350 ppm in 1988

















!!!







e







Syndey

Washington

Chicago Munich

Las Vegas

Washington

NewYork Chicago




!!! !!!!!!

!!!!!!

!!!

!!!

5th, 2013/14 (AR5)IPCC report

COP conference*

other conference**






social movement


milestone


trend or strategy

declaration



COP15Copenhagen

2007

Legend

climate contrarian

neoliberalism


climate justice

climate science




















Annual Cycle

Apr Jul Oct

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

390

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

Carb

on d

ioxi

de c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

v)


30

































1. government

2.intergovernmental

organization

3.assocation


5.media

6.NGO /charity

7.researchinstitute

8.websiteor blog

9.contrarian

organization

10.contrarian

blog

11.individual

12.corporation







Gavin SchmidtUSA



NatureInternaional







Piers MorganUSA


Jonathan Porritt UK





The Corner HouseUK








Rising Tide USA/UK

Donor's TrustUSA

The Daily MailUK

John ColemanUSA




ICECAPUSA










JunkScienceUSA


Climate AuditUSA


George MonbiotUK

Cato InstituteUSA

Exxon Mobil

New York PostUSA


Rush LimbaughUSA


Sarah Palin








The TimesUK


Climate ProgressUSA


Tom NelsonUSA


Chatham HouseUK




Jeremy LeggettUK

STEPS CentreUK






James HansenUSA

Nigel LawsonUK

FOX NewsUSA


Climate DepotUSA




Real ClimateUSA


ETC Group Canada

Bill MicKibben USA

Naomi KleinCanada


Frank LuntzUSA

Al GoreUSA


The SunUK


GristUSA

Roy Spencer



The TelegraphUK

Freedom Works USA

The Economist UK

Robert JastrowUSA


PLATFORMUKKen

CaldeiraUSA



UK / interntional






Andy Revkin USA


Kevin TrenberthUSA












Naomi OreskesUSA

ForbesInternational

Climate DeskUSA

Lou DobbsUSA





Fiona HarveyUK

MichaelMann USA


Fred SingerUSA




Van JonesUSA

Bishop HillUSA

RAND corporationUSA




Operation NoahUK



the reference frame


USA TodayUSA

Sierra ClubUSA




Democracy Now!USA




Washington PostUSA

TreehuggerUSA




Canadian Government



Climate CampaignUK

COINUK


Carbon BriefUK


Climate CentralUSA


BP

Shell









The Royal SocietyUK



Brendan O'NeillUK

OxfamUSA


GreenAllianceUK


Steward BrandUSA

Nicholas SternUK

Tim JacksonUK

Caroline LucasUK

Waleed Abdalati

TamsinEdwards

Dana Nuccitelli

LeoDiCaprioUSA

















Peter GleickUSA

Katherine HayhoeUSA


Hunter LovinsUSA

James DelingpoleUK


Smartmeme



of CanadiansCanada

Max Boykoff

Eric Holthaus

Robert D. Bullard

Kate Sheppard

Bob WardUk

Tim DeChristopher





Oil Change Intl




Nafeez AhmedUK




Bioneers


RogerPielke Jr.USA

Franke JamesCANADA


31

































1. government

2.intergovernmental

organization

3.assocation


5.media

6.NGO /charity

7.researchinstitute

8.websiteor blog

9.contrarian

organization

10.contrarian

blog

11.individual

12.corporation







Gavin SchmidtUSA



NatureInternaional







Piers MorganUSA


Jonathan Porritt UK





The Corner HouseUK








Rising Tide USA/UK

Donor's TrustUSA

The Daily MailUK

John ColemanUSA




ICECAPUSA










JunkScienceUSA


Climate AuditUSA


George MonbiotUK

Cato InstituteUSA

Exxon Mobil

New York PostUSA


Rush LimbaughUSA


Sarah Palin








The TimesUK


Climate ProgressUSA


Tom NelsonUSA


Chatham HouseUK




Jeremy LeggettUK

STEPS CentreUK






James HansenUSA

Nigel LawsonUK

FOX NewsUSA


Climate DepotUSA




Real ClimateUSA


ETC Group Canada

Bill MicKibben USA

Naomi KleinCanada


Frank LuntzUSA

Al GoreUSA


The SunUK


GristUSA

Roy Spencer



The TelegraphUK

Freedom Works USA

The Economist UK

Robert JastrowUSA


PLATFORMUKKen

CaldeiraUSA



UK / interntional






Andy Revkin USA


Kevin TrenberthUSA












Naomi OreskesUSA

ForbesInternational

Climate DeskUSA

Lou DobbsUSA





Fiona HarveyUK

MichaelMann USA


Fred SingerUSA




Van JonesUSA

Bishop HillUSA

RAND corporationUSA




Operation NoahUK



the reference frame


USA TodayUSA

Sierra ClubUSA




Democracy Now!USA




Washington PostUSA

TreehuggerUSA




Canadian Government



Climate CampaignUK

COINUK


Carbon BriefUK


Climate CentralUSA


BP

Shell









The Royal SocietyUK



Brendan O'NeillUK

OxfamUSA


GreenAllianceUK


Steward BrandUSA

Nicholas SternUK

Tim JacksonUK

Caroline LucasUK

Waleed Abdalati

TamsinEdwards

Dana Nuccitelli

LeoDiCaprioUSA

















Peter GleickUSA

Katherine HayhoeUSA


Hunter LovinsUSA

James DelingpoleUK


Smartmeme



of CanadiansCanada

Max Boykoff

Eric Holthaus

Robert D. Bullard

Kate Sheppard

Bob WardUk

Tim DeChristopher





Oil Change Intl




Nafeez AhmedUK




Bioneers


RogerPielke Jr.USA

Franke JamesCANADA


Documents

Mapping Climate Communication