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Many Voices One VisionIndianapolis, Indiana
Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPPIndiana Prevention Resource Center
August 2, 2007
Methamphetamine Problem and Solution
Using theStrategic Prevention Framework
Logic Model
The Indiana Prevention Resource Center is funded, in part, by a contract with the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, financially supported through HHS/Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant. The IPRC is operated by the Indiana University Department of Applied Health Science and School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. It is affiliated with the Department’s Institute of Drug Abuse Prevention.
Outcomes-Based Prevention
Sustainability & Cultural Competence
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, CSAP
Assessment
Evaluate
Strategic PlanImplement evidence-Based PPP
Capacity Building
Meth Strategies
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Community Crime Family services School Healthcare
Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration
Strategies
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Source: http://www.wsnia.org/articles/MethPrevCookbook/METHTRAININGSEG2-2001.pdf
Methamphetamine
Ice / Crystal / Pipe
Crystal
Powder
Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html
Methamphetamine
Bag of Ice / Crystal
Powder
Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html
Methamphetamine
Powder
Powder
Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html
Methamphetamine
How It Is Stored
Source: http://www.wsnia.org/articles/MethPrevCookbook/METHTRAININGSEG2-2001.pdf
Methamphetamine
Administration
Smoking**immediate, intense rush, lasting a few minutes
Injectingimmediate, intense rush, lasting a few minutes
SnortingIn 3-5 min., euphoria, long-lasting high up to 12
hrs.
Oral ingestionIn 15-20 min., euphoria, long-lasting high up to 12
hrs. Source: NIDA, Research Report Series: Methamphetamine Abuse Addiction, 1998:3-4
Cocaine: 10 million regular users Heroin: 15 million regular users Meth: 42 million regular users
Source: World Health Organization, Cited by Richard Rawson (UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, and Pacific South West Addiction Technology Transfer Center), “Meth: A Focus on Women and Children,” Women and Children in Recovery Conference of the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, IN Government Building, April 7, 2005
Prevalence – World Wide UseMethamphetamine
Half-Life
The half-life of cocaine is .5 to 1.5 hours
The half life of meth is 9 to 24 hours
The half-life of smoked cocaine is 1 to 1.5 hours The half life of smoked meth is 11 to 12 hours
Source: Minnesota Department of Health. “Implications of Route of Administration for Cocaine and Methamphetamine for Drug Abuse and Neurobehavioral Sequellae” http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/meth/adminroute.pdf
Consequences of Use
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
addictionbrain damageHIV/STDsweight lossparanoiahallucinationdental damage,fetal effects
Other effects to community: violent crimechild abuse child neglectstrain on child services school personnel strainedhealthcare services strainedlaw enforcementjudicial system
burnsloss of childrenloss of jobloss of marriageimprisonment
Ill effects to addict:
family disintegration
Consequences of Use: Short-term
Dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of pleasure. In addition to other regions, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cells within the ventral segmental area and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex.
Short-term Effects:
Rush
Wakefulness
Physical activity
Loss of appetite
Increased respiration
Increased blood pressure
Tremors/convul-sions
Hyperthermia
Source: NIDA Research Report Series: Methamphetamine & Stop_Drugs.org,
Consequences of Use: Long-term Effects
Dependence and addiction psychosis Paranoia Hallucinogens Mood disturbance Repetitive motor activity
StrokeWeight LossTooth damageExtent of brain damage (up to 50% of
dopamine-producing cells in the brain)
Source: NIDA, Research Report Series: Methamphetamine Abuse Addiction, 1998:4
Burns and Scratching
Source: Bill O’Dell, Community Prevention Specialist, West Virginia Prevention Resource Center, “What’s Up with Meth” PowerPoint, 2004
Same Woman
Source: DOJ, DEA, Pseudoephedrine Brochure, Aug. 2003
Damage over time
Source: DOJ, DEA, Pseudoephedrine Brochure, Aug. 2003
Repetitive Action
Source: Michael G. Heavican, U.S. Attorney for District of Nebraska, Photos taken by Lincoln police of persons arrested for meth possession.
1999 2001
Use: Consumption Patterns
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Overall consumption dataInfo about drug being consumed Homemade for self-use Street drug (imported vs. local manufacture) Form of the drug (powder? Ice? ) Manner of consumption (needle? smoked?)
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Use: Consumption Patterns
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Overall consumption dataLocation/context of use:Consumption in risky situations Parties (in homes, private or public) In school In homes with children At work Association with unsafe sex (STDs, HIV)
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Use: Consumption Patterns
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Who is using? Groups to target. Rural / urban / suburban White / Hispanic / African-Americans Heterosexual / homosexual Young adult / older adult / youth Men / women Substance users / polydrug users
Who is using? High-Risk Groups? Pregnant women Youth, college students
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
“There’s no such thing as a typical meth user.” -- recovering meth addict
“Q: Is meth used in combination with other drugs? A: Methamphetamine users are likely also to be users of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine rather than users of drugs like heroin. “
Source: Website page of www.methfreeindiana.org:
http://www.in.gov/cji/drugfree/meth/faq.html accessed 1/20/07.
Consumption Patterns: Impact on Children
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Overall consumption dataInfo about impact upon children Dangers in lab setting Role modeling Risk of physical/emotional neglect/abuse by
parent Risk of abuse by other adults
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Consequences: Drug Endangered Children
Source: Bill O’Dell, Community Prevention Specialist, West Virginia Prevention Resource Center, “What’s Up with Meth” PowerPoint, 2004
Patterns of Use:
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Binge Phase: Physical Abuse – agitated, violent behavior Sexual Abuse – libido increasedNeglect – intensely self-centered
Effects upon Parenting:
Crash Phase:
1. Insomnia2. Intense sleep3. Intense hunger4. Depression
Physical Abuse – violent, easily agitatedSexual Abuse – children unprotected from othersNeglect – no supervision, neglect of child’s needs
Consequences: Drug Endangered Children
Why Children Are More Vulnerable
Shorter, closer to the ground (chemical vapors) Growing and developing rapidly Higher metabolic and respiration rates Developing nervous system (more vulnerable) Different habits, e.g., hand-to-mouth (higher
risk)
Source: Richard Rawson (UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, and Pacific South West Addiction Technology Transfer Center), “Meth: A Focus on Women and Children,” Women and Children in Recovery Conference, IN Government Building, April 7, 2005
Consequences for Children
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Meth Use by IN Children, 2006 (IPRC)
Grade Lifetime Annual Current
6th 0.5% 0.3% 0.2%
8th 2% 1.4% 0.9%
10th 3.5% 2.4% 1.2%
12th 5% 3.1% 1.5%
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.
Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006
Meth Use by IN Children (%), 2006
Gr
Lifetime Annual Current
IN U.S. IN U.S. IN U.S.
6 0.5 NA 0.3 NA 0.2 NA
8 2 2.7 1.4 1.8 0.9 0.6
10 3.5 3.2 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.7
12 5 4.4 3.1 2.5 1.5 0.9
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.
Tranquilizer Use by IN Children (%), 2006
Gr
Lifetime Annual Current
IN U.S. IN U.S. IN U.S.
6 0.5 NA 0.3 NA 0.2 NA
8 8.9 4.3 6.8 2.6 4.1 1.3
10 14.3 7.2 10.7 5.2 5.9 2.4
12 14.5 10.3 9.8 6.6 5.3 2.7
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.
Italics indicates a statistically significant drop from 2005 to 2006 in Indiana.
Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Alcohol and Smoking Behaviors (%)
Gr
Binge Drinking Daily Smoking
IN U.S. IN U.S.
6 7 NA 3 NA
8 11 10.9 5.8 4.0
10 19.9 21.9 12.2 7.6
12 27.3+ 26.5 16.9 12.2
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.
Italics indicates a statistically significant drop from 2005 to 2006 in Indiana.
Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006
Current Drug Use by IN Children (%), 2006
Gr Meth Alcohol Binge Cigarettes Marij Tranq Cocaine
8 0.9 20.9 11 11.6 8.2 4.1 1.1
10 1.2 33 19.9 20.6 14.6 5.9 2.1
12 1.5 42.2 27.3 26.9 17.2 5.3 3.1
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.
Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006
Intervening/Causal Factors
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Community Crime Family services School Healthcare
Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration
Community Availability
Price Local labs, street, retail Social
Social Norms Enforcement
Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Availability of Chemicals: Precursor
Source: http://www.meth-in-douglas.com/meth_info.htm
Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine
Precursor (pseudoephedrine)
Reagent: e.g., water reactive
metal (lithium, sodium, red
phosphorous, iodine, sodium hydroxide)
Solvent (acetone, alcohol, benzene, camp fuel, chloroform, ethanol, ether, methanol, mineral spirits, paint/lacquer thinner, toulene, xylene)
Glassware and hardware
Source: IN State Police, Clandestine Laboratory Team, 2005
Source: DEA
Availability of Chemicals: Precursor
Keeping Ahead of the Criminals
http://leda.lycaeum.org/index.pl?ID=8731
Keeping Ahead of the Criminals
From Phenylalanine From: [email protected] (Speed Raver)
A surprisingly simple synthesis is possible from the amino acid phenylalanine, which is available at health food stores for about $14 for 100 tablets. Phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, which is more or less amphetamine with a COOH where the Ch4 should be at the end of the chain. Thionyl chloride will replace the OH with a Cl, which falls off and is replaced by H when you give it lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, or hydrogen gas and nickel/platinum. If you use hydrogen and metal for that step, you'll ha v e to reduce the carbonyl group with one of the hydrides, so best save time + effort and use them and do both reductions at once. When that carbonyl is reduced, you now have amphetamine. Go back up to that first one I mentioned for upgrading amphetamine into methamphetamine.
http://leda.lycaeum.org/index.pl?ID=8731
Don’t know if this is true. Need to keep ahead of the criminals.
Chemicals: Reagant
Source: http://www.meth-in-douglas.com/meth_info.htm
Red Phospherous
Total lab busts:
6,435
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006
Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006
Total lab busts, 993
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Source: IN State Police, 2007
Total lab busts, 993 Indiana Prevention Resource Center Source: IN State Police, 2007
Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006
Incomplete Data
Not all labs are found Not all agencies report all seizuresNot all agencies that report to the Indiana
State Police also report to the DEA We have no way to know for other states
what percent of lab seizures are being reported to the DEA
Intervening/Causal Factors
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Community Crime Family services School Healthcare
Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration
Social Values Overachievement Thinness ideal Economic success Letting others set your goals Seeking the ‘high’ Thrill of risk taking
Individual Coping mechanism Peer pressure
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Community Crime Family services School Healthcare
Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration
Community Availability
Price Retail Social
Social Norms Enforcement
Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm
Strategies
Address problems identified and causal factors
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Intervening/Causal Factors
Strategies
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Community Crime Family services School Healthcare
Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration
Community Availability
Price Retail Social
Social Norms Enforcement
Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm Coping Mechanism Peer Pressure
Strategies
Reduce availabilityLegislation/PolicyDye in anhydrous
Awareness campaignsCommunity actionCurricula / programsTrainings – CPS, SchoolProvisions for DECHealthcare workersLaw enforcementSupport Networks
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Strategies
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Strategies
Legislation controlling the sale of ephedrine by retailers (7/05)Meth Law Senate Enrolled Act 444
•Limits amount of purchase•Records names of purchasers•Database to track purchases•Tracking log books
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Source: http://www.in.gov/cji/methfreeindiana/newlaw.html Accessed 1/20/07
Strategies
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Strategies
•IN Drug Endangered Children Response Protocol•IN Drug Endangered Children Comprehensive Care Protocol•Policy and Planning Strategies – lab clean-ups•Enforcement Strategies – highway patrols, campaigns•Precursor Chemical Control Strategies – tags on ammonia tanks•Prevention/Drug Demand Reduction Strategies – education•Property Remediation/Meth Lab Clean-up Strategies – loans•Treatment Strategies – Transition help for reentry from prison
http://www.in.gov/dcs/policies/decresponseprot.html
Strategies
Substance-RelatedConsequences
and Use
Intervening Factors
Strategies
IN Criminal Justice Institute Meth Data RepositoryIndiana Meth Watch Program (CJI)Meth Free Indiana CoalitionMidwest Governors Association Regional Meth SummitGovernor’s Commission for a Drug-Free IndianaStrategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Meth Tip Hotline: 877-855-6384
Prevention Is Prevention
Goal: To delay/reduce/eliminate initiation
Goal: To promote parenting & life skillsGoal: To promote a drug-free lifestyleGoal: To promote positive valuesGoal: To promote healthy communities
Multiple strategies across multiple domains
Thank you so much!
Contact:
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
800 / 346-3077
812 / 855-6776