CONTENTS

1. FUTURE WILL AUXILIARY 21

2. MAY / MIGHT 23

3. IN, ON, AT (PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE) 26

4. COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES 28

5. SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES 31

6. MODAL AUXILIARY (SHOULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, COULD) 34

7. ADVERBS (MANNER) 37

8. IF CONDITIONALS 40

9. PAST CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE 44

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS 47

11. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 50

12. SOME/ANY 51

FUTURE “WILL”AUXILIARY

a) We use WILL (‘ll) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking.

Example:“Oh, I left the door open.” “I’ll go and shut it.”

“What would you like to drink?” “I’ll have some coffee, please.”

“Did you call Ann?” “Oh no, I forgot. I’ll do it now.”

“I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll get a taxi.”

b) Do not use WILL to say what someone has already decided to do or arranged to do:

Example:I can’t meet you tomorrow because my parents are coming to see me.

(correct)

I can’t meet you tomorrow because my parents will come to see me. (incorrect)

c) The negative of WILL is WON’T (or WILL NOT)

Example:Receptionist: I’m afraid Mr. Wood can’t see you until 4:00.

You: Oh, in that case I won’t wait.

d) We often use I think I’ll… of I don’t think I’ll… when we decide to do something.

Example:I think I’ll stay home this evening.

I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired.

EXERCISES:

I. Change these sentences from simple present to future tense using the auxiliary WILL.

1. He drinks juice today. (tomorrow)

______________________________________________________________________

2. She calls her friend every Sunday. (next Sunday)

______________________________________________________________________

3. I go downtown every Monday. (this Monday)

______________________________________________________________________

4. You clean the apartment every weekend. (next weekend)

______________________________________________________________________

5. They don’t work every morning. (tomorrow morning)

_____________________________________________________________________

6. It snows every winter. (next winter)

______________________________________________________________________

7. Does he talk to her every night? (tomorrow night)

______________________________________________________________________

8. The circus comes every summer. (next summer)

______________________________________________________________________

9. The girls drink a lot alcohol every weekend (next weekend)

______________________________________________________________________

10. The boys go to the church every Sunday. (next Sunday)

______________________________________________________________________

11. Do my neighbors drive so fast every day? (tomorrow)

______________________________________________________________________

12. She doesn’t seek a lot of information in the computer every Friday. (next Friday)

______________________________________________________________________

13. Does she play basketball this Saturday? (next Saturday)

______________________________________________________________________

14. What do they study today in Mexico? (next year in Mexico)

______________________________________________________________________

15. Why do we go out every night? (tomorrow night)

______________________________________________________________________

MAY/MIGHT

MAY:

a) We use the auxiliary MAY to express permission.Example:

You and you friends want to sea on the floor.

May we sea on the floor?

You want to eat an ice cream.

May I eat an ice cream?

b) Formal permission.Example:

You may leave the room.

He may be at the library.

Note: the negative form is MAY NOT. There is not contraction for this auxiliary.

MIGHT:

a) We use the auxiliary MIGHT for possibility in the present or future tense.Example:

He might tell his wife where he was.

He might go to the United States.

b) We also used this auxiliary in the cases we have less than 50% certainty.Example:

I might go to the party.

Paco might be at the library.

EXERCISES:

I. Ask for permission in the following situations using the auxiliary MAY.

1. You want to leave.______________________________________________________________________2. You and your friend want to watch TV.______________________________________________________________________3. You want to use the car.______________________________________________________________________4. You and your friend want to go to the store.______________________________________________________________________5. You want to eat pizza.______________________________________________________________________6. You want to use the phone in class.______________________________________________________________________7. You and you boyfriend want to go camping.______________________________________________________________________8. You want to park your car in the entrance of a garage._________________________________________________________________

II. Complete the thoughts using MIGHT and the cues.

1. It is cloudy. (rain)______________________________________________________________________2. My birthday is next week. (have a party)______________________________________________________________________3. The Sanchez plan to take a trip. (go to Hawaii)______________________________________________________________________4. We like that house. (buy it)______________________________________________________________________5. I need a stamp. (ask my friend for one)______________________________________________________________________6. Walter does well in mathematics. (became a computer programmer)______________________________________________________________________7. Elena likes fresh fruit. (eat an orange)______________________________________________________________________8. My watch stopped. (be late for my appointment)______________________________________________________________________9. I like to get god grades. (study every day)______________________________________________________________________10. I don’t have clean clothes. (wash this weekend)______________________________________________________________________

EXERCISES:

III. Make sentences using the auxiliaries WILL, MAY, MIGHT using the cue words.

Example:

Esteban will go to Cancun next Monday. (the office)He won’t go to the office.

1. Susie may go to the party tomorrow. (look after her little sister)

______________________________________________________________________

2. My father will visit my aunt Dora in New York. (go bowling)

______________________________________________________________________

3. You may go to the movies tonight. (come to class)

______________________________________________________________________

4. You’ll like my new dress. (hat)

______________________________________________________________________

5. Lucy may speak Spanish in front of the American guy. (English)

______________________________________________________________________

6. They may want to tell him. (her)

______________________________________________________________________

7. You might open the box now. (this letter)

______________________________________________________________________

8. My sister will go to the movies alone. (with Donald)

______________________________________________________________________

9. After the party, Martha might stay asleep until 11:00. (go to work at 6:00)

______________________________________________________________________

10. She may talk to the principal. (talk to the coordinator )

______________________________________________________________________

IN, ON, ATPREPOSITIONS (TIME/PLACE)

TIME:a) We use IN as a preposition of time when we talk about a part of the day: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

Example: I go to school in the morning.Mary ironed her clothes in the evening.

b) We also use IN when we refer to a season: in the winter, in the summer, in the fall, in the spring.

Example:I go on vacation in the spring.We visit our grandma in the winter.

c) We use IN when we want to talk about just a month of a year: in June, in December, in, May, etc.

Example: My birthday is in June.Marcela leaves in September.

d) We use ON when we talk about a day of the week: on Monday, on Saturday, on Tuesday, etc.

Example:I kissed her on Tuesday.She ran way on Sunday.

Note: when you are using a date (month and a day) you have to use ON instead of IN.Example:

My birthday is in June. (only month)My birthday is on June 16th. (date: month and a day)

e) We used AT when we talk about: night, midnight, noon: at midnight, at noon, at night.

Example:I work at night. (correct) I work at the night. (incorrect)

Note: when you use AT is not necessary to use the article THE.

f) We also use AT when talk about an hour.

Example: My class starts at 4:00. The movie is at 8:20. Mary will come at 9:45.

.

EXERCISES:

I. Choose in, on, at for the blanks space in each sentence.

1. The mailman delivered the letter ________ 1:45 p.m.

2. I woke up ________ three o’clock ________ the morning.

3. The weather is pleasant here ________ the spring.

4. Mr. Johnson’s son birthday is ________ February 20th.

5. We saw Smith in L.A. ________ September.

6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are leaving for England ________ Saturday.

7. The flight from Miami arrived in New York ________ noon.

8. Mr. Anderson plans to return to California ________ the third of April.

9. Mr. Shaw graduated from the university ________ 1949.

10. My English class starts ________ ten minutes after three.

11. Mr. Foster will get back from Chicago ________ the tenth of January.

12. Many people take their vacation ________ June, July, and August.

13. Are you going to study ________ the afternoon or ________?

14. We had a wonderful time at that party ________ Friday night.

15. My brother studies ________ morning and he works ________ night.

16. I finished my studies ________ September 19th and I’ll go to the U.S. ________

July.

17. She doesn’t want to work ________ Saturday but she wants to work ________

December.

18. Lee’s sister-in-law’s cousin plays soccer _______ Monday and her boyfriend

_______ Sunday.

COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES

a) We use -er for the comparative of short adjectives (one syllable adjective) and adverbs:

Cheap/cheaper than hard/harder than large/larger than

Example:It’s cheaper to go by car than to go by train.

b) We use more…(not -er) for long adjectives (more than one syllable adjectives):more modern than more serious than more expensive than

Example: More expensive hotels are usually more comfortable than cheaper ones.

c) Irregular Adjectives

Good/Better than Bad/Worse than Far/Farther than

RULES FOR SHORT ADJECTIVES (-ER)

A few adjectives have special rules for adding –er.

d) When an adjective ends in Y, we change the Y to I and add –er.

Example:Busy/Busier than Lazy/Lazier than Crazy/Crazier than

e) When an adjective ends in one short vowel and one consonant, we double the consonant and add –er.

Example: Hot/Hottest than Big/bigger than Thin/Thinner than

f) We use comparative of adjective to compare two things, two groups, etc.(one on one) but never to compare one thing, one group, etc. to two o more things, groups, etc.

Example:

A bicycle is cheaper than a car. (correct) She is prettier than all the girls (incorrect)

A hotel is more expensive than a motel (correct) He is better than all the kids.(incorrect)

EXERCISES:

I. Add –er to the adjectives below.

Adjective Comparative of Adjective

1. Ugly ___________________________________

2. Sad ___________________________________

3. Lucky ___________________________________

4. Funny ___________________________________

5. Busy ___________________________________

6. Thin ___________________________________

7. Lovely ___________________________________

8. Juicy ___________________________________

9. Red ___________________________________

10. Friendly ___________________________________

11. Hot ___________________________________

12. Noisy ___________________________________

13. Sad ___________________________________

14. Crazy ___________________________________

15. Mad ___________________________________

16. Pretty ___________________________________

17. Hungry ___________________________________

18. Fat ___________________________________

19. Happy ___________________________________

20. Early ___________________________________

21. Heavy ___________________________________

22. Big ___________________________________

23. Slim ___________________________________

24. Flat ___________________________________

EXERCISES:

II. Complete the sentences using comparative of adjectives using the adjective in parentheses.

1. A hamburger is (delicious) a steak.______________________________________________________________________2. Kathy is (pretty) Patty.______________________________________________________________________3. My neighbor’s car is (noisy) my car.______________________________________________________________________4. Los Angeles is (polluted) Texas.______________________________________________________________________5. New York is (big) El DF.______________________________________________________________________6. Dr. Gomez is (busy) Dr. Anderson.______________________________________________________________________7. The tree is (tall) the house.______________________________________________________________________8. Mexican food is (healthy) American Food.______________________________________________________________________9. Mr. and Mrs. Lee’s house is (long) Mario’s house.______________________________________________________________________10. A large town is (exciting) a small town.______________________________________________________________________11. The sofa is (comfortable) a chair.______________________________________________________________________12. A lion is (dangerous) a monkey.______________________________________________________________________13. Rhode Island is (small) Japan. ______________________________________________________________________14. Vicky is (friendly) her husband._____________________________________________________________________15. Roberto is (young) his sister.______________________________________________________________________16. Lesson two is (difficult) lesson one.______________________________________________________________________17. Television is (interesting) Radio.______________________________________________________________________18. This dancer is (graceful) that one.______________________________________________________________________19. A watermelon is (big) an orange.______________________________________________________________________20. San Fernando Av. is (wide) Madero Street.______________________________________________________________________21. Miss Moya Class is (noisy) Mr. Hernandez.______________________________________________________________________

SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES

a) We use –est or most…to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs. In general we use –est for shorter adjectives (one syllable adjective) and most… for longer adjectives (two or more adjectives).The rules are the same as those for the comparatives.

Example:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Small Smaller than The SmallestBig Bigger than The biggestCrazy Crazier than The craziestGood Better than The bestBad Worse than The worstFar Farther than The farthestExpensive More expensive than The most expensiveBeautiful More beautiful than The most beautiful

My house is smaller than my house.My house is the smallest in the neighborhood.

My girlfriend is crazier than your girlfriend.My girlfriend is the craziest in the whole world.

My computer is more expensive than your computer.My computer is the most expensive in the class.

My friend is better at math than my cousin.My friend is the best at math in the state.

b) We use superlative of adjectives to compare one thing, one, one group, etc. with the rest.

Example:Susan is the most beautiful girl in the high school.My car is the oldest in the neighborhood.

EXERCISES:

I. Add –est to the adjectives below.

Adjective Superlative of Adjective

1. Ugly ___________________________________

2. Sad ___________________________________

3. Lucky ___________________________________

4. Funny ___________________________________

5. Busy ___________________________________

6. Thin ___________________________________

7. Lovely ___________________________________

8. Juicy ___________________________________

9. Red ___________________________________

10. Friendly ___________________________________

11. Hot ___________________________________

12. Noisy ___________________________________

13. Sad ___________________________________

14. Crazy ___________________________________

15. Mad ___________________________________

16. Pretty ___________________________________

17. Hungry ___________________________________

18. Fat ___________________________________

19. Happy ___________________________________

20. Early ___________________________________

21. Heavy ___________________________________

22. Big ___________________________________

23. Slim ___________________________________

24. Flat ___________________________________

EXERCISES:

II. Complete the sentences using superlative of adjectives using the adjective in parentheses.

1. The hamburger is (delicious) in the restaurant.______________________________________________________________________2. Kathy is (pretty) in her house.______________________________________________________________________3. My neighbor’s car is (noisy) in the town.______________________________________________________________________4. Los Angeles is (polluted) the United States.______________________________________________________________________5. New York is (big) city in the United States.______________________________________________________________________6. Dr. Gomez is (busy) in the hospital.______________________________________________________________________7. The tree is (tall) in the park.______________________________________________________________________8. Mexican food is (healthy) in the whole world.______________________________________________________________________9. Mr. and Mrs. Lee’s house is (long) in the neighborhood.______________________________________________________________________10. Smallville is (exciting) town in the states.______________________________________________________________________11. The sofa is (comfortable) thing in our house.______________________________________________________________________12. A lion is (dangerous) animal in Africa.______________________________________________________________________13. Rhode Island is (small) America. ______________________________________________________________________14. Vicky is (friendly) in her class.______________________________________________________________________15. Roberto is (young) kid in the Gomez family.______________________________________________________________________16. Lesson two is (difficult) lesson in the book.______________________________________________________________________17. Television is (interesting) thing in the 20th century.______________________________________________________________________18. This dancer is (graceful) in the competition.______________________________________________________________________19. The watermelon is (big) fruit in the store.______________________________________________________________________20. San Fernando Av. is (wide) Av in Colima.______________________________________________________________________21. Miss Chiu Class is (noisy) class in FECE .______________________________________________________________________

MODAL AUXILIARIES(SHOULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, COULD)

UsesShould: Must:

a) It means expectation. a) It means necessity.Examples: Examples:

There shouldn’t be crime in the city, but there is. He must go to the doctor immediately.Our children should be good all the time. Mariana must eat well every day.

b) It means advisability. b) It means strong recommendation.Examples: Examples:

You should take care of the problem now. You must see that movie, it’s wonderful.She should buy a new dictionary. She mustn’t go with him, he’s a bad guy.

c) It also means recommendation. c) It also means strong probability.Examples: Examples:

They should read that book. The president’s job must be very difficult.We should see this movie. Being a teacher must be very well paid.

*May or Might: Could:

a) It means slight probability in present time. a) It shows ability or possibility in past.Examples: Examples:

They may have a lot of money, but I don’t think so. I couldn’t carry the packages yesterday.They might have lots of money, but I don’t think so. I could go for a drive, my car was broken.

b) It is also used for asking permission. b) It is also used to show slight probability. Examples: Examples:

May I please open the window? Mike could be sick, but I don’t know.May I go early? Joe could be great, but he is so lazy.

Note: *The auxiliaries MAY and MIGHT are just a review.

EXERCISES:

I. Supply appropriate modal auxiliary in the blanks

1. I ____________ go to the store because I’ve run out of sugar. I have to get it right away. (necessity)

2. There ____________ be a discipline problem at the school, but there is. (expectation)

3. We ____________ run out of money. (slight probability)

4. They ____________ be at the gas station, (necessity) or they ____________run out of gas. (slight probability)

5. You ____________watch that program on TV. tonight. (recommendation)

6. You ____________ take better care of your health. (advisability)

7. We ____________tell the police about the crime. (necessity)

8. She ____________have to live out of the big city. (necessity)

9. He ____________have to eat that crap thing. (prohibition)

10. You ____________read this book; it’s about the present political situation in your

country (recommendation)

11. Life in India ____________be hard. (strong probability)

12. Dick ____________be sick today, he didn’t come to class. (slight probability)

13. ____________I please leave the room? (polite request, permission)

14. He ____________pay a lot of money because he has sold everything. (strong probability)

15. You ____________take that medicine; it’s dangerous. (strong prohibition)

16. She ____________be in love, but I don’t know. (slight probability)

17. You ____________be lazy (prohibition)

18. Everyone ____________be honest, but some people aren’t. (expectation)

19. I’ve run out of energy; I ____________slow down. (necessity)

20. America soccer team ____________be the best team; it has won every match in this

season. (strong probability)

EXERCISES:

II. Use a modal auxiliary with each verb in parentheses. More than one auxiliary may be possible (SHOULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD). Use the one that seems appropriate to you and explain why you chose that one rather than another.

1. It looks like rain. We (shut) __________________ the windows.

2. Ann, (you, hand) __________________ me that dish? Thanks.

3. Spring break starts on the 13th. We (go, not) __________________ to classes again

until the 22nd.

4. The baby is only a year old, but she (say, already) ______________________ a few

words.

5. In the United States, elementary education is compulsory. All children (attend)

__________________ six years of elementary school.

6. There was a long line in front of the theater. We (wait) __________________ almost

an hour.

7. I don’t feel like going to the library to study this afternoon. I (go)

__________________ to the shopping mall than to the library.

8. Annie, you (clean) __________________ this mess before Dad gets home.

9. In my country, a girl and a boy (go, not) __________________ out on a date unless

they are accompanied by a chaperone.

10. Jimmy was serious when he said he wanted to be a cowboy when he grew up. We

(laugh, not) __________________ at him. We hurt his feelings.

11. A: How are you planning to get to the airport?

B: By taxi.

A: You (take) __________________ a shuttle bus instead. It’s cheaper than a taxi.

12. A: Why didn’t you come to the party last night?

B: I (study) __________________.

A: You (come) __________________. We had a good time.

13. A: (I, speak) __________________ to Peggy?

B: She (come, not) __________________ to the phone right now. (I, take)

__________________the message?

ADVERBS

a) An adverb is a part of a speech. It is a word that modifies any other part of language (verbs, adjectives, clauses, sentences and other adverbs) except for nouns; modifiers of nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives.

b) Adverbs typically answer such questions as how?, when?, where?, in what way?, or how often? This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses.

Example:They treated her well. (SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBIAL)

An extremely small child entered the room. (SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT)

ADVERBS OF MANNER

a) In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often derived from adjectives by using the suffix -ly. The -ly is a common, but not reliable, marker of a word being an adverb, since many adjectives also end in -ly.

Example:Correct Correctly Bad Badly wise

wisely

b) If an adjective ends in le, drop the e and add yExample:

Gentle Gently

c) If and adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to i and add –lyExample:

Happy Happily

d) Notice the following IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.Example:

Hard Hard Fast Fast Late Late Good Well

e) There are a number of other suffixes in English that derive adverbs from other word classes, and there are also many adverbs that are not morphologically indicated at all.

f) Formally, adverbs in English are inflected in terms of comparison, just like adjectives. The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are generated by adding -er and -est. Many adverbs are also periphrastic indicated by the use of more or most. Adverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, less, and least. The usual form pertaining to adjectives or adverbs is called the positive.

EXERCISES:

I. Change the following ADJECTIVES into ADVERBS OF MANNER

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

1. Correct __________________________________________________

2. Quiet __________________________________________________

3. Clear __________________________________________________

4. Quick __________________________________________________

5. Sad __________________________________________________

6. Silent __________________________________________________

7. Wise __________________________________________________

8. Sincere __________________________________________________

9. Careful __________________________________________________

10. Beautiful __________________________________________________

11. Easy __________________________________________________

12. Slow __________________________________________________

13. Good __________________________________________________

14. Fast __________________________________________________

15. Hard __________________________________________________

16. Loud __________________________________________________

II. Rewrite the sentences below using the adverb in parentheses after the verb.

Example:Anna walks to the bus stop. (rapidly) She walks rapidly to the bus stop.

1. Steven wrote on the blackboard this morning. (clearly)__________________________________

2. The dog barked at the cars. (loudly)__________________________________

3. The classes begin at nine o’clock. (promptly)__________________________________

4. David drove through the red light. (carelessly)__________________________________

5. The students ate at the cafeteria before class. (quickly)__________________________________

6. Jill waited for an answer to her letter. (anxiously)__________________________________

7. Mrs. Lin spoke to her grandchildren. (affectionately)__________________________________

8. They contributed to their church. (generously)__________________________________

9. Mrs. Santos listened to her friend. (patiently)__________________________________

10. The boat sailed across the lake. (slowly)__________________________________

EXERCISES:

I. Make new sentences changing the adverb of manner into adjectives.Example:

He works quietly. He is a quiet worker.

1. He speaks clearly. _______________________________________________

2. He talks slowly. _______________________________________________

3. He writes well. _______________________________________________

4. He talks loud. _______________________________________________

5. He swims fast. _______________________________________________

6. He works hard. _______________________________________________

7. He teaches well. _______________________________________________

8. He runs fast. _______________________________________________

9. He advises well. _______________________________________________

10. He drives carefully. _______________________________________________

11. He reads fast. _______________________________________________

12. He sings well. _______________________________________________

13. He speaks sincerely. _______________________________________________

14. He dances gracefully. _______________________________________________

II. Make new sentences changes the adjective into adverbs of manner.Example:

The quiet doctor worked. The doctor worked quietly.

1. The careful student is studying.

________________________________________________

2. The sincere doctor is speaking.

________________________________________________

3. The quiet girl studies.

________________________________________________

4. The prompt girl is coming.

________________________________________________

5. The punctual student arrived.

________________________________________________

6. The careful teacher is writing.

________________________________________________

7. The sincere man spoke.

________________________________________________

8. The slow student is talking.

________________________________________________

9. He quiet boy is reciting.

________________________________________________

10. The careful girl is answering.

________________________________________________

11. The intelligent student answered

________________________________________________

IF CONDITIONALS

Conditional sentences are two statements. One expresses a condition and the other one a result.There are four different kinds of conditionals:

Zero Conditional (0 Conditional or Preset Real)First Conditional (1st Conditional or Present Real)Second Conditional (2nd Conditional or Present Unreal)

Zero Conditional or Present RealThese conditional sentences express true, factual ideas in the present (not the

simple future). Both sentences the condition and the result are in the simple present tense.

Examples:If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class.Water freezes if the temperature reaches 0°C.If it rains, we should stay at home.

First Conditional or Present RealThese conditional sentences express true, factual ideas in the future. The

condition sentence is in simple present tense and the result sentence is in simple future tense.

Examples:If I have enough time, I will watch TV later tonight.If it rains now, I’ll get wet in a few seconds.She will go to Manzanillo if Peter picks her up.

Second Conditional or Present UnrealA present unreal conditional statement consists of a clause introduced by if

sentences. The condition sentence is always in PAST and the result one is using the auxiliary WOULD + the base form of the verb. Note: A past form is most often used in the IF clause to mean present time, WERE is used for all the subjects or subject pronouns.

Examples: RealityIf I spoke English well, I would be in the university now I don’t speak English well.If she had a car, she would drive to work every day. She doesn’t

have a car. If he didn’t have any money, he’d borrow some from the bank. He has lots of money.

EXERCISES:

I. Put the verb into the correct form using the second conditional or present unreal.

1. They would be hurt if I ________________ to see them. (not / go)2. If you got more exercise, you ________________ better. (feel)3. If they offered me the job, I think I ________________ it. (take)4. I’m sure Amy will lend you the money. I’d be very surprised if she _______________. (refuse)5. If I sold my car, I _______________ much money for it. (not / get)6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory ________________. (close down)7. What would happen if I _______________ that red button? (press)8. Liz gave me this ring. She ________________ very upset if I lost it. (be)9. My parents are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ______________. (not / come)10. Would Bob mind if I ________________ his book without asking him? (borrow)11. If somebody ________________ in here with a gun, I would be very scared. (walk)12. I’m sure Sue _______________ if you explained the situation to her. (understand)

II. Put the verbs into the correct form using the second conditional or present unreal.

1. She doesn’t know you are in the hospital. If ______________ (know), _____________ (go) to see you.2. John gets to the station in time to catch his train. If _____________ (miss) it, ____________ (be) late for his interview.3. I’m glad that you remind me about Rachel’s birthday. _______________ it (forget) If _______________ (not / remind) me.4. Unfortunately, I don’t have my address book with me now I am on vacation. If _______________ (have) Martha’s address, _______________ (send) her a postcard.5. A: How is your trip? Do you have a nice time? B: It is OK, but ________________ (it / be) better if _______________ (the weather / be) nicer.6. I am not tired after the soccer match. If _____________ (be) tired, I ______________ (go) to bed.

III. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences using the first conditional or present real.

1. If I get more exercise, _______________________________________________________.2. I feel very angry if______________________________________________________. 3. If I don’t go to work today, _______________________________________________________.4. Will you go to the party if______________________________________________________.5. If you buy a car, _______________________________________________________.6. Will you mind if______________________________________________________.

EXERCISES:

IV. Put the verb into the correct form using the 2nd Conditional (Present Unreal).

1. He would be sad if we ___________________ to play with him. (not / go)

2. If Peter worked harder, he ___________________ more money. (earn)

3. If Robert and Arnold offered me more money for my job, I think I

________________ here. (stay)

4. Christy will lend you her car. I’d be surprised if she __________________. (not/want

to)

5. If George bought a new motorcycle, he ___________________a lot of money in it.

(spend)

6. Many people would be hurt, if the America Soccer Team _____________the

championship. (win)

V. Write a result in each sentence according to the 1st Conditional (Present Real).

1. If it rains,

_____________________________________________________________

2. If my students study,

_____________________________________________________________

3. If my child eats well,

_____________________________________________________________

4. If the motorcycle works,

___________________________________________________________

5. If he doesn’t work hard,

___________________________________________________________

6. If she comes here,

________________________________________________________________

VI. Write a result in each sentence according to the 0 Conditional.

1. If the exam is easy,

______________________________________________________________

2. If the new coach is

polite,_________________________________________________________

3. If I don’t make any

noise,_________________________________________________________

4. If I am lucky,

_____________________________________________________________

5. If I don’t pass the

exam,__________________________________________________________

6. If they play well,

______________________________________________________________

7. If we go out,

______________________________________________________________

8. If David stays at CENBI,

_________________________________________________________

9. If she doesn’t get

married,_________________________________________________________

10. If I do my

homework,___________________________________________________________

EXERCISES:

VII. What Would You Do If?

If I won a million dollar,

_______________________________________________________

If I were an English teacher,

_______________________________________________________

If I could travel around the world,

___________________________________________________

If I were president of

_______________________________________________________

If I were______ years old again,

____________________________________________________

If I could have any job I

wanted,____________________________________________________

If today were the last day of my

life,_________________________________________________

VIII. Complete these sentences according the second conditional and the picture in each sentence.

When I am a child, I don’t have enough money and I can’t buy a new guitar.

1. If I ___________________________, I __________________________________________.

I like going fishing with my dad but he is so busy and we can’t go fishing because I has to work.2. If I ___________________________, I ________________________________________.

My dad gives me presents when it is my birthday or Christmas but that won’t happen this time. My dad doesn’t have enough money. 3. If my dad ______________________, I ________________________________________.

My parents and I sing carols when it is Christmas time, but this year we are not going to sing anymore. They are too busy in their office.4. If they ________________________, we_______________________________________.

PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE

a) We use the Past Continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before his time but had not finished

Example:This time last year I was living in Brazil.What were you doing at 10:00 last night?I waved at her, but she wasn’t looking.

b) We often we the Simple Past and the Past Continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:

Example:Matt burned his hand while he was cooking.I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass.While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

EXERCISES:

I. What were you doing at the following times? Use Past Progressive. We can use a Simple Past tense.

1. (at 8:00 last night)

_______________________________________________________

2. (at 5:00 last Monday)

_______________________________________________________

3. (at 10:15 yesterday

morning)_____________________________________________________

4. (at 7:45 last night)

_______________________________________________________

5. (half an hour ago)

_______________________________________________________

II. Use your won ideas to complete these sentences. Use the Past Continuous.

1. Marcus burned his hand while

___________________________________________________

2. The doorbell rang while I

___________________________________________________

3. We saw an accident while we

___________________________________________________

4. Lauren fell asleep while she

___________________________________________________

5. The television was on, but

nobody___________________________________________________

III. Put the verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Simple Past.

1. Jane ___________________ (wait) for me when I ___________________ (arrive).

2. “What ___________________ (you/do) at this time yesterday?” “I was asleep.”

3. “___________________ (you/go) out last night?” “No, I was too tired.”

4. How fast ___________________ (you/drive) when the accident

___________________(happen)?

5. John ___________________ (take) a picture of me while I ___________________

(not/look).

6. We were in a very difficult position. We ___________________ (not/know) what to

do.

7. I haven’t seen David for ages. The last time I ___________________ (see) him, he

___________________ (try) to find a job in Miami.

8. I ___________________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I

___________________ (hear)

footsteps behind me. Somebody ___________________ (follow) me. I was scared,

and I

___________________ (start) to run.

9. When I was young, I ___________________ (want9 to be a pilot.

EXERCISES:

IV. Complete the passage with the simple past form of the verbs in parentheses. Include adverbs when indicated, and pay careful attention to spelling.

The First Born

Lily ________(be) Bob and Dorothy’s first child. Dorothy ________(become)

pregnant, the couple immediately ________(begin) to prepare for the baby. They

________(go) shopping for baby furniture and ________ (buy) toys and playthings.

Dorothy ________(make) little clothes and blankets. And when Baby Lily ________

________(come/finally) into the world, the happy parents ________(fall) in love with

their precious child. They ________(take) pictures of Baby Lily’s first smile, step, and

birthday party. At bedtime, they ________(sit) and ________(hold) her and

________(tell) her little stories and ________(read) her books and ________(sing) her

lullabies. They ________(wake) up in an instant if they ________(hear) her cry during

the night. They ________(write) letters and ________(send) cards to friends and

relatives detailing every little thing Lily ________(do). In fact, her parents

________(give) Lily their complete attention. That is, until her sister, Cathy

________(be) born two years later…

V. These passages describe scenes from the past. Complete them with the past continuous forms of the verbs in parentheses. Pay attention to the spelling of the –ing endings.

A Special Memory

I have a special memory of Christmas when I was five years old. My aunts,

uncles, and cousins _______________(visit) us. I _______________(wear) my

beautiful new red dress. We _______________(sit) around the Christmas tree, and

everyone _______________(open) Christmas presents. I _______________(look at)

one big present near the corner of the room. Then my mother took me over to that

present. It was for me! It was the most beautiful dollhouse I had ever seen!

I have a special childhood memory of a summer night when I was seven or

eight. My mom and dad and my sisters _______________(sit) on the porch. The sun

_______________(set), and the sky _______________(become) red and golden. My

sisters _______________(swing) on the porch swing, and my mother

_______________(rock) in her rocking chair. Our dog _______________(lie) on the

steps. My father _______________(play) his guitar and _______________(sing).

Everyone _______________(listen) to him. He loved to sing, and he had a wonderful

voice. I felt so happy and peaceful and secure. That night is one of my best memories.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

a) Like all future forms, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with "when", "while", "before", "after", "by the time", "as soon as", "if" and "unless".

Example:While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. (Correct) While I will be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. (Not Correct)

FORM Future ContinuousWILL or IDIOMATIC FUTURE (BE GOING TO)

1. Subject/Subject P. + WILL BE + VERB in –ing form + Complement.Example:

When your plane arrives tonight, I will be waiting for you.

or

2. Subject/Subject P. + (AM / IS / ARE) + GOING TO + VERB in –ing form + Complement.

Example:

When your plane arrives tonight, I am going to be waiting for you.

USES

b) Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted. The interruption is usually an action in the Simple Future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Example: I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

EXERCISES:

I. Complete the following sentences using Future Continuous.

1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us? Marcus: He (wait) _____________________________ for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand)_________________________on the platform when we pull into the station. Sandra: And then what? Marcus: We (pick) _________________________ Michele up at work and go out to dinner.

2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) _________________________TV, Sam (make) _________________________ drinks, Beth (dance) _________________________ by herself, and Thad (complain) _________________________ about his day at work. Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things. Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) _________________________ the same things; they always do the same things.

3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) _________________________ all of those? Jack: I promise I (do) _________________________them when I get home from work. Florence: Thanks. Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes (sit) _________________________ in the cabinets.

4. Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) _________________________ at the Hoffman Hotel. Nancy: I (call) _________________________ you if there are any problems. Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids. Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) _________________________ fine.

5. Samantha: Just think, next week at this time, I (lie) _________________________ on a tropical beach in Maui drinking Mai Tai's and eating pineapple. Darren: While you are luxuriating on the beach, I (stress) _________________________ out over this marketing project. How are you going to enjoy yourself knowing that I am working so hard. Samantha: I 'll manage somehow. Darren: You're terrible. Can't you take me with you? Samantha: No. But I (send) _________________________ you a postcard of a beautiful, white-sand beach. Darren: Great, that (make) _________________________ me feel much better.

EXERCISES:

II. Contrast the Simple Future – Future Continuous

1. I (give) ___________________ Mr. Harris your message when I see him tomorrow.

2. Mr. Brinks (cross) ___________________ the Atlantic by the time the news reaches

him.

3. When you go into the office, Mrs. Roland (sit) ___________________ at the front

desk.

4. Our English teacher (explain) ___________________ that lesson to us tomorrow.

5. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor (live) ___________________ in their new house by next spring.

6. I (try) ___________________ to explain it to the students when they ask me about it.

7. We (wait) ___________________ for you right here when you return at 5:30 p.m.

8. The Browns (travel) ___________________ through New England at this time

tomorrow.

9. When we see Mr. Johnson tomorrow, we (remind) ___________________ him of

that.

10. When you come today, I (work) ___________________ at my desk in room 12.

11. Don’t take so many books. Your suitcase (weigh) ___________________ too much.

12. It’s too early. Our friends (eat) ___________________ their dinner when we get

there.

13. Mary (give) ___________________ us the information after she has spoken to Fred.

14. Jack says he (return) ___________________ the money to you at two o’clock

tomorrow.

15. We (wait) ___________________ for you when you get back tomorrow.

16. I (work) ___________________ on the report when you arrive this afternoon.

17. By the time you receive this letter, we (travel) ___________________ through

Spain.

18. Don and Timothy (live) ___________________ in San Francisco.

19. Don’t call me at 2:30. I (interview) ___________________ job applicants.

20. I (pack) ___________________ my suits once a Month.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive Pronouns are used with a limited number of verbs to indicate that the subject and the object have the same referent.

They are also used to emphasize that the action of the verb is performed by the subject rather than by someone else as might be expected from the context.

Example:None of Betty’s friends prepare lunch.She prepare it herself.

a) A reflexive pronoun preceded by “BY” means alone.Example:

Bill usually studies by himself.Do you ever go to the movies by yourself?

b) Sometimes it has the additional meaning of without assistance. When used in this way it is often preceded by all, for emphasis.

Example:Bill cleans his room all by himself.

Subject Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

I MyselfYou YourselfShe HerselfHe HimselfIt ItselfWe OurselvesYou YourselvesThey Themselves.

EXERCISES:

I. Supply the correct Reflexive Pronoun:Example:

John hurt/when he fell. John hurt himself when he fell.

1. The baby cannot dress…

__________________________________________

2. Helen cut/with a knife.

__________________________________________

3. William shaves/every day.

__________________________________________

4. We enjoyed/at the concert.

__________________________________________

5. She looked at/in the mirror.

__________________________________________

6. Some people like to talk about…

__________________________________________

7. Do you like to talk about…

__________________________________________

8. The little girl burned/with a match.

__________________________________________

9. I shave/every morning.

__________________________________________

10. The poor man killed…

__________________________________________

11. He fell and hurt/on the ice.

__________________________________________

II. For the word ALONE substitute the preposition BY with the correct Reflexive Pronoun.

1. John lives alone.

__________________________________________

2. She likes to study alone.

__________________________________________

3. I went to the movies alone.

__________________________________________

4. Do you like to go to the movies alone?

__________________________________________

5. He likes to walk alone in the park.

__________________________________________

6. My aunt lived alone.

__________________________________________

7. He works alone in a small office.

__________________________________________

8. He prefers to work alone.

__________________________________________

9. I do not like to eat alone.

__________________________________________

10. The boys study alone as well as the

girls.__________________________________________

11. He wrote the entire book alone.

__________________________________________

SOME/ANY

-Body and –One have the same meaning. No one is two words. All the other combinations.(everybody, anyone, etc.) are one word.

Use somebody/someone or anybody/anyone in questions about one person or more.

Use anyone/anybody as the object in negative statements. No one/nobody is generally used as the subject of a statement, or as a single-word answer. Not is not used with no one/nobody.

-BODY -ONE

Somebody Someone

Anybody Anyone

Everybody Everyone

Nobody No one

In general we use Somebody, Someone or Everybody in positive sentences and Anybody, Anyone, Nobody or No one in negative sentences.

Example:I talked to somebody yesterday. (affirmative)She loves someone from the States. (affirmative)

I didn’t talk to anybody yesterday. (negative)She doesn’t love someone from the states. (negative)

-THING -WHERE

Something Somewhere

Anything Anywhere

Everything Everywhere

Nothing Nowhere

In general we use Something, Somewhere or Everything in positive sentences and Anything, Anywhere, Nothing or Nowhere in negative sentences.

Example:They were eating something delicious. (affirmative)He went somewhere away from here. (affirmative)

They weren’t eating anything delicious. (negative)He didn’t go anywhere away from here. (negative)

EXERCISES:

I. Complete the sentences with some or any + body/one/thing/where.

1. I was too surprised to say _________________

2. There’s _________________ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?

3. Does _________________ mind if I open the window?

4. You must be hungry. Would you like _________________ to eat?

5. I wasn’t feeling hungry, so I didn’t eat _________________.

6. Quick, let’s go! There’s _________________ coming, and I don’t want _________________ to see us.

7. Sarah was upset about _________________ and refused to talk to

_________________.

8. This machine is very easy to use. _________________ can learn to use it in a very

short time.

9. There was hardly _________________ on the beach. It was almost deserted.

10. “Do you live _________________ near Jim?” “No, he lives in another part of

town.”

11. “Where do you want to go on vacation?” “Let’s go _________________ warm and

sunny.”

12. They stay at home all the time. they never seem to go _________________.

13. I’m going out. If _________________ calls while I’m out, tell them I‘ll be back at

11:30.

14. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost _________________?

15. _________________ who saw the accident should contact the police.

16. Sue is very secretive. She never tells _________________ _________________ (2

words)

II. Complete these sentences with no or any + body/one/thing/where.

1. I don’t want _________________ to drink. I’m not thirsty.

2. The bus was completely empty. There was _________________ on it.

3. “Where did you go for vacation?” “_________________. I stayed at home.”

4. I went to the mall, but I didn’t buy _________________.

5. “What did you buy?” “_________________. I couldn’t find _________________ I

wanted.

6. The town was still the same when I returned years later. _________________ had

changed.

7. Have you seen my watch? I’ve looked all over the house, but I can’t find it

_________________.

8. There was complete silence in the room. ________