Manila de Bay

8/20/2019 Manila de Bay

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Manila dBayA simplifed report


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Overview o Manila de Bay

•

Manila Bay, a semi-enclosed estuary acing the SouthSea, is one o the best natural harbors in the world

is located at the southwest portion o "u#on $sland

• $t is bordered by coastal cities and municipalities o t

%ational Capital &egion or %C& 'Manila, (asay, (ara)

"as (i)as, and %avotas+, and the coastal provinces o

(ampanga, Bulacan in &egion , and Cavite in &egion


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• consists o a gently sloping basin with the depth increasing at a rat

/ilometer rom the interior to the entrance and has an average dep

• $t receives drainage rom appro1imately .0,222 s*uare /ilometers

consisting o 34 catchment areas

• !he two main contributory areas are the (asig and the (ampanga r

(asig &iver connects Manila Bay with "aguna de Bay, the largest r

Southeast Asia

• Other ma5or rivers discharging directly into Manila Bay are !alisay,

Meycauayan, %avotas-Malabon-!ullahan-!ene5eros, and Maragondo

• 6reshwater in7ow has been estimated at appro1imately 38 cubic /i


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• !he tide is predominantly diurnal with an average tidal rang

meters during spring tide and 2 meter during neap tide

• !he salinity o the water column is homogeneous in the dry

but increases rom surace to bottom during the wet season


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!he Manila Bay Coastal and :atershedArea Boundary !he Manila B


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(eople o Manila Bay !otal (opulation

; Around 2< o the country=s population is ound in the Manila

o May 3222 '%SO, 322.+, there are 23,045,442 persons living in

About 34< o this population or >,?34,433 live in the coastal ar

include Manila, "as (i)as City, (ara)a*ue City, (asay City, %avota

Bulacan, (ampanga and Cavite !he non-coastal population is .,

persons


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( opulation density

!he population density, as o May 3222, is .,.>2 persons9/m3 in theareas and .,..2 persons9/m3 in the non-coastal areas

; !he annual per capita poverty threshold level or .>>0 was (h(

(overty incidence in the (hilippines was .? < in urban areas '%SO-6$@S, .>>0+ !he poverty incid

the %C& in .>> was ?2


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!he alu

Manila dBay


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istorical and Cultural alues• Manila Bay is the premier international gateway to the cou

economic and social center !he Bay has been /nown o

importance ever since the pre-colonial times

• One o the fnest natural harbors in the world, Manila Bay was

the Manila-Acapulco alleon !rade

• !he Bay has been a scene o many battles, and until today a his

in Cavite stands, guarding the entrance to the Bay


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%atural alues. Mangroves - !hey serve as a pollutant Dsin/= by fltering cer

waste, and provide shoreline deense against 7oods and eros

turn o the 32th century, there were about 8,222 hectares o

around the Bay By .>>2, only 3,222 hectares were recorded,

only about 0> hectares remained 'B6A&, .>>8+


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%atural alues3 :etlands

• Manila Bay has wetlands covering about ,422

hectares 'B6A&, .>>8+

• Millions o shorebirds rest and eed in wetlands

o Manila Bay area when 7ying South rom their

breeding grounds in the arctic tundra during

September to April, and returning %orth during

the short northern hemisphere summer o May

to August

Can


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%atural alues

Coral rees and seagrass beds

• Based on the study conducted by B6A& '.>>8+, seagrass b

in the mouth o the Bay, particularly in Orion and Mariveles

Corregidor areas


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%atural alues Epland orests - Among the remaining

orests in the Manila Bay area are Mt Ma/iling, Angat

Fam watershed, "a Mesa Fam watershed, Mt (alay-

(alay, Mataas na ulod %ational (ar/, Mt Arayat, and

other portions o national par/s located in Bataan,

Bulacan, &i#al and !arlac


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!he@conom$mporta

o ManilBay


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!oday, the %ational Capital &egion 'Metro Manila+,

consisting o .3 cities and 8 municipalities, is a

bustling metropolis !here are about > special

economic #ones and technological par/s located in

the provinces, alongside prime agricultural lands

6inancial and business centers are also

concentrated in this area Considered as the best

natural harbor in @ast Asia, the country=s biggest

shipping ports as well as erry terminals, fsh port,

and yachting marina are ound around the Bay $ts

orientation towards the South China Sea allows the

country to beneft rom the current trend o

transboundary development and trade with the

rest o Asia and the world


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@conomic $mportance

6isheries and a*uaculture are among the ma5or sources o livelih

Bay Commercial, municipal and artisanal fsheries are common in

whole area o Manila Bay, e1cept those near the ports, is a ma5or fs

Fisheries and aquaculture

Manila Bay area is home to oil refneries, tanneries and 5ewelry m

ood and beverage, te1tile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and plastic

Manufacturing industry


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@conomic $mportance

An average o 2,222 ships arrive and depart rom these

ports annually, transporting passengers, manuactured

goods and raw materials

Shipping and ports

!he surrounding inland area o Manila Bay area is

predominantly agriculture Most provinces and a small

portion o the %C& engage in agricultural activities

producing rice, corn, vegetables and other crops, as well

as livestoc/ and poultry

Agriculture


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@conomic $mportance

:ith the increase o population in urban centers, many

residential areas were developed in the Bay region

&esidential #ones are concentrated in low lying areas,

stretching rom the coastal #one to upland areas

Residential areas


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&is/s anChalleng


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!he natural environment o the Manila Bay area is acing variou

diGerent actorsH

• Overpopulation,

• (ollution discharges rom land-based and sea-based sources,

• Over-fshing,

• Encontrolled coastal development and

• abitat degradation

!he eGects on the ecosystem and human health have resulted

inrastructure and rehabilitation costs as well as health and s

e1penditures


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C!C"R!S #M$%#CA!S ! MA• Fomestic sewage discharged to (asig &iver

rom .. ma5or areas in Metro Manila is

estimated at .4? metric tons per day '(&&(,

.>>?+

• Other ma5or contributors o organic loading to

Manila Bay include the Bulacan, (ampanga

and Cavite &iver Systems '(&&(, .>>?+

• %itrate, nitrite, ammonia and phosphate

concentrations are increasing in the eastern

part o the Bay, especially near Bulacan,

(asig, and (ara)a*ue &ivers 'elas*ue# and

Iacinto, .>>8 and (&&(, .>>>+

• eavy metals and pesticides are

contaminating sediments and seaoods

• Bathing in contaminated water

contaminated seaood, and

deiciencies arising rom

resources rom the Bay pose

health with associated increase

care

• Fecline in ood security

e1posure o marine organism

has adverse eGects on their it

consumption as well as on t

and growth

• !he poor water *uality in

ma/es it unft or

particularly swimming, s/in d

primary contact recreation, tha

and generate tourism revenues


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C!C"R!S#M$%#CA!S ! MA

'A(

• (ollution brought about by

inade*uate solid waste

management is a serious

environmental problem Fomestic,

commercial, and industrial activities

generate solid wastes 'ie,

garbage+which enter the Bay directly

or via river and drainage systemsJ

bloc/ing these in the process and

resulting in looding

• capable o impairing ecosys

• blan/eting habitats,

• degrading aesthetics, and

• posing public health ris/s

• Clean-up is e1pensive, and t

increased demand or gover

action, particularly or eG

collection and appropriate d

o municipal garbage and ship

Solid :aste


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C!C"R!S #M$%#CA!S ! MA!#%A 'A(

• Epland areas have been cleared o orest cover due to log-

ging, *uarrying, and other activities, li/e /aingin 'slash-

and- burn method o crop cultivation+, including the

encroachment by inormal settlers

• !he uncontrolled withdrawal o groundwater or various

uses have brought about saltwater intrusion in some o the

coastal areas around the Bay Some areas have been

converted to other uses li/e residential, commercial, and

industrial and thereore continuously re*uire water

withdrawals, which result in salt water intrusion

• Some areas in the Manila Bay region have been and are be-

ing mined or gold, silver and copper, and non-metallic

deposits o clay, sand and gravel !he most prominent

non-metallic mineral deposits are the *uarry deposits o

sand and gravel

• Fecline in resources

• "ower $ncome

• $ncrease in ishing eort K declining returns

• %eed or alternative livelihood and source

o income

• Social unrest

• $ncreasing demand or government action

• $nrastructure development

• Compensation

• &estoration

• :elare

Overexploitation of resources

Silt ti d di t ti


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Siltation and sedimentation

C!C"R!S #M$%#CA!S ! MA!#%A 'A(

• Siltation and sedimentation

are caused by natural

processes o weathering and

erosion as well as inappropriate

development activities along the

coastline and watershed areas

• Ocean dumping o sludge,

wastes and other contaminated

materials

• Coastal reclamation using

wastes and contaminated

materials

@cological

• !urbidity, impairment o photosynthesis

• Changes in benthic community structure or suocation o b

organisms and deterioration o the ew remaining coral rees and seagr

the bay

• Fegradation o water *ualityL acute and chronic to1icity with negat

isheries and human health

(hysical

• Shallowing o Bay waters, which aGects navigational routes and access to

• Clogging o waterways and irrigation canals

• 6looding and breaching o the riverban/ due to bloc/ing o waterways es

mouths

• Changes in currents, bathymetry and shoreline position

6inancial

• Accumulation o sediments near tidal entrances to harbors increases the

in dredging acilities

• Construction and maintenance o seawalls and similar shoreline stabili#at

abitat degradation


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abitat degradation

%atural a#ards

C!C"R!S #M$%#CA!S ! MA

• rom an estimate area o 8,222 hectares in .?>2,

the total area occupied by mangrove stands has

been greatly reduced to about 0> hectares

based on .>>8 survey by B6A&

• abitat loss and degradation

demands or government

improved law enorcement, h

construction o alternative

provision o e1tension services

C!C"R!S #M$%#CA!S ! M

• 6looding is re*uently caused by heavy rainall in low-lying areas and as a conse*uence o poor drainage

systems or bloc/age o drainage systems

• !he (hilippine earth*ua/e ault traverses "u#on rom northto south and the Mari/ina alley System stri/es throughthe Metropolitan Manila area 'F@%&-$$$, .>>>+

• $n the Manila Bay watershed, the most notable volcanoesare Mt (inatubo, Mt Ma/iling, Mt Arayat and Mt %atib

• "ahar low is caused by mobili#ation o pyroclasticlow deposits rom the eruption o Mt (inatubo $tcontinues to threaten the low-lying areas in (ampanga and

!arlac

• Fislocation o people

•

"ivelihood, commercial activities impe

• (ossible changes in shoreline positiono river mouths and conse*uent loodi

• Measures to protect inrastructure anthe coast


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Sea level rise

Multiple and con7icting uses


• Based on %AM&$A=s 0-year mean sea level data at

South arbor, Manila, there has been a general rise in

sea level at the rate o .. cm9yr Such increase may

be attributed to the increased rates o groundwater

withdrawal in Metro Manila 'Siringan, et al, .>>0+

• Changes in relative sea le

morphology and position o

causing coastal looding, w

and a loss or gain o land

are bound to be aGected,

wetlands and salt marshes


• arious users, beneiciaries and sectors that have sta/e

in the Bay have varied interests and priorities about the

Bay

• %ational government agencies and local government

units implement policies and mandates that are

sometimes overlapping and conlicting, resulting in

competing priorities accorded to the use o the Bay

• $n terms o 5urisdiction, there are some overlaps

among municipalities in the .8-/m municipal waters

boundary

• Fecline in resources and lo

isheries and other economic ac

• Social unrest since there

regulations or ramewor/ on t

o the Bay and its resources

• $ncrease in demand or go

interventions to resolve the

ormulation o appropriate po

enorcement o laws, pro

services and many others


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4 3

1

Shipping)!a*igation

5

+uanSettleen

ts

Fisheries

2

4 3

#ndustries

Recreation

)&ouris

Multiple-use con.icts

• shipping vs a*uaculture

• tourism vs a*uaculture

• municipal ishing vs commercial

ishing

• industries vs ishing

• !ourism vs industries


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Our&espons


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Our &esponse

!he sta/eholders o Manila Bay willH

; Adopt a shared vision o Manila BayL

; (ursue a common strategy to achieve the shared vision

; Become a signatory to the Manila Bay Feclaration, thereby dec

and commitment to the implementation o action programsL

; Share responsibility to address comple1 environmental threats wh

the capacity o any single government, agency, community, group or i


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&esponse

; Bring local government units and national agencies together to pla

manage the marine and coastal resources o Manila Bay, and surround

areas in a air and e*uitable mannerL

; 6acilitate the participation o civil society and other sta/eholdersL

; Mobili#e the private sector to provide ecient and sustainable env

solutionsL

; :or/ collectively with the donor community and international orga

addressing obligations under environment-related international conve

agreements and benefting the marine and coastal environment o Man

overnments will develop innovative partnerships toH


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Basis o

CoastalStrategy


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(artnerships

!he Manila Bay Coastal Strategy has been developed by diGere

public and private, local and national governments, non-governme

fsherol/ and armers K in Manila Bay, and will be implemented by w

as partners

Sustainability

!he Coastal Strategy is designed towards building the ca

sta/eholders to recogni#e and overcome constraints, create a Dwin-w

having a shared vision, and harmoni#e the values among t

benefciaries !his will give rise to the long-term commitment

consensus among the sta/eholders, and active participation in the i

o the action programs


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Synergy

!he diversity o sta/eholders K diGerent sectors and users

perspectives, s/ills and e1pertise K is not a hindrance, but a source o

dynamism !he Coastal Strategy, by combining sector inputs and p

wide interest, enhances eGective planning, development and im

resulting in a synergistic eGect towards the achievement o the c

and shared mission

%ational and local policies, plans and programs

!he Coastal Strategy builds upon the direction o the natio

policies, plans and programs, consolidates sectoral initiatives, a

orum or interagency and multi-sta/eholder inormation sharing

ma/ing


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$nternational conventions and agreements

!he international conventions and agreements provide guidanc

actions within the ramewor/ o the strategies


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ow toe1ecute

CoastalStrategy


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; Any initiative to implement the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, whe

unilateral or coordinated, contributes to the eventual reali#ation o th

vision or Manila Bay

; Concerned sta/eholders and partners determine their respective

interests in relation to the action programs at the national, regional a

levels

; :ell-coordinated implementation o the Coastal Strategy at the n

regional and local level is the /ey to achieving the goals o the strate

systematically and within a given time rame


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!han/ you

Documents

Manila de Bay