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tgzcrsn8unJ-olord B roJ elprpuBc IEer eql 'crsn8unJJo lser eql puB (oqrs pue 'ueqJJnI'.nqcutr 1Jo Jolserue) nqcuew-olord ol se,r crsnSunJ-oloJd Jo lrlds IErlrur eql eJurs'Suqeeds ,,(pcrrls :scrlsrn8url e.r.rleredruoc crsn8unl o1 ecuegodur euraJlxeJo eJe eleps1r 'crsn8unl ur Surdnor8qns Jo Ie^el lseqSrq eql uo sr nqcuery teql lcEJ eql ue^rC'pe^Jesepun ,,{1urcgec sr nqcuetr l Jo sJeloqcs tuetse,1 .{q tcelSeu qcns alrq,rueetr I',(pe1n3er sreedde .,,nri"ue,t ,n,(ruu11,, leurnolcruepece uE uelo pue ,('c1e7961 3ue16 q 3uoq7 ry IT'996I n0 T nl.1 T IT'9g6l ursry) fpuecer pereeddee^eq nqrue6 uo suollcrlqnrd 1ue11ecxe fueru ereq,,rt eJeq] sr 1l pue 'eurr4J ol peurqsflsnor,tqo seq scrlsrn8url nqcuW Jo retuec eqt ',{llueceg '(6961 olorueweL,Z96Iepelo '1961 nue8ell) qsrrnog ol penurluoc scrlsrn8url nqcue6 're.ne,nnoq .uede1 u1'(6961 eue;'1161 eso,ir;) ueqcrnl ur petseJolur fllsoru ore,r s.reqcJeeseJ eql ,peelsul'(egOt 'ggOt 'E961 ,(relg'LL6I luerrnc T I,&\oN '196I e^o{lon) ecuessreuegureuec e pecuerredxe .{3o1o1rqd nqruery q8noqt '(gtet 'ttil 'VL6) ueruroN pueGSel 'AVet) rourg '(gg-7E61) renug '(SSOt) qcsrueeH fq lrom Sureq uorldecxeul?tu eql 'lsel11 eql ur scrlsrn8url nqcueru Jo pleg eqt ur euop s,4 eIDII 's0t6I reUV',{ppeels 1nq f1,tro1s ecerS;o tno 3ur11eg uuSeq nqcue14 pue 'se8en8uel crsn8ungJeqlo ot nqcuetr,ltr tuoq pourqs sE,{A uorluet}B ,sJeloqJs Jo sncoJ eqt ,r{lluenbesqng'plJo,r\ fpeloqcs eqt ol pepe^er ,{11n; se,tr 'slcedser fueur ur nqcuery uql crcqcJeeroru ,(lqereprsuoJ eq o1 peruedde qcq,r ,'se8en8uel crsn8unJ .(ureqlJoN,, pelpc-os eql ur flprcedse 'se8en8ue1 crsn8un; eql ur poureluoc uorlrruoJur Jo qtlue,r IEereqt leql '(OVet) qcr^elrs?A pue '(961) repreuqcs 'OVet 'Wet) e,tor1e4 ,GgZet'e8z6t 'qEZ6I 'E;Z6I) tprurqcs 'GVAI 'wet) snrslursl '(tEOt) ero4ru,1,{;,,q4) snrstursJ'(tgOt) zerc?og'iXt'tZet) eddo4,(q sryom, qtr^\ Surgets ^{luosr lI 'nqruI1[ ur drqsreloqcs Surqsrrnog pue elrsuolxe ue qlr,^ pereduroc ,(1eso1ceq tou plnoc feql 'eJoJeJeql 'pue 'edocs pue esequtep Jreqt ur pet1ull elrnb ererrls0Z6I eql eroJaq peqsrlqnd tueqt uo slerretu '(9991 ug"qseJ'gSLI ^o{ruuruerlser)'9911 Srequelqerlg :[9911] 7691 uesil16) ero;eq u/r\oDlun elrnb 1ou ere,r se8un8uelcrsn8unl q8noql '?rssn1 ur peqsrlqnd erem se8en8uel crsn8un; uo etp ,$eu,(ueur s9761 uror; Surgels 'luegodurr ssel ou sr lq/r\ pu? , I I 6 I ur crlqnder eseurrlJeql Jo lueruqslqetse pu ,(lseufp 8ur[ eql yo ,4AoJque,{o eql qlr,r ecuegodrur pcqllodJo puH fue 1so1 nqcuutrlq 'rea.e,,noq 'ueql .,fun1ueJ qleque,4al eql ;o Buruur8eq eqtIrlun serpnls crsn8unl peleuruop ll leql repuo^\ ou sr ll ,I I6I Ill.r.t eurqJ ur uorlrsodluelrodrur ,(y1ecl1r1od slr peluer8 pue tlnoqe lurpel sJeloqcs ueedorng e8en8uelctsn8unl lsJg eql ss^\ nqcuew 'uorleruroJsu?4 Surlserelur ue euoSrepun seq serpnlscrellv ropuoJq pue 'crsn8un; e,rrlereduroc ur e8en8uey nqcuel I eqt Jo elor eqJ

nqJuBtr J ur sJBIea ssalaJro^(n1n1ouop MAon uraN\.xaTv

'L66I IlurslaH '082-E9Z :79 auuau8ng-ouutl 4?rros q ap putnof

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264 Vovnr

vocabulary item wilr be the one found in Manchu and any other Tungusic language.In addition, a good working and theoretical knowledge of Manchu is indispensablefor deciphering Jurchen materials which seem to be unearthed in larger quantitiesthan ever. However, in spite of a long tradition of studying Manchu, many aspectsof its grammar and phonology remain poorry understood. The goal of this article isan attempt to illuminate one of these problems, namely the mystery of the distrib_ution of voiceless velars in Manchu.

Like Proto-Tungusic, Manchu has two voiceless velars, a stop /k/ and a fricative/x/.2 However, it is necessary to note that the latter is not a reflex of proto-Tungusic*x, which disappeared in Manchu altogether. Therefore, both Manchu voiceless velarsare considered to be reflexes ofproto-Tungusic xk. It remains unclear, however, whythis *k has split into two different phonemes in Manchu, and it is quite obvious thatManchu lw a.'d /x/3 are not in complementary distribution (Tsintsius 1949:216).Leaving aside for the moment voiceless velars in initial position, I will start thediscussion from velars in medial position. There is no voiceless fricative velar infinal position, as the onry consonants in Manchu possible in final position are _k,-n, -ng, -m, -1, -r, -s and -r. Looking at the distribution of the words with thesefinal consonants in Rozycki (r9gr), one can notice that quite a number of wordsend in -n, considerably less in -ng, and very few in the rest ofthe consonants. Thisdisproportion is suspicious, and therefore it is necessary to have a detailed look atall words ending in -k, -r, -ffi, -ftg, -r, -s and -/. The following lists are based onRozycki (l9sl), wirh some additions fromzar

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S:,puls c1; - l >i,G6t:Sg-ZS6t -rene11) ,,(1rc 'dutec, utlt:(I 8 :S16I snrslursl)' pr Duntpt ^ llqsues > (62 :8 LGI uEturoN) .lc-to), untDpt q"Lu- Iuua qll^\ spro,r ('spJo,^Auol erc /- IBug qll/( spJol( IIV

'(7661 rp,(zo1 ur pelrc 1ou) 'pt laul;nl uet1o8uo1,11 > .relslurur, laursnl:(7661 rxc,{zog urpetrc tou :?t8 :S66I Surssal) -pr 1nh;try uerlo8uoll > (982 :8L6t ueuuo5l) ,,(ds 'lnocs, 1n^s'tn7:GZ6:99-2961:eneg) 'pr Va ,7uot oseurgJ > (S8Z :816I uururog) ,,(oq 8uno,{, p33un1'.G6I il66l r4c,(zog) 'pr. ilrDf uer1o6uo111 > (692:8L6t ueu;o51) ,srller lslqppng, /?./r^s

t:(608 :SS-2S61 :eneg) /a l?.jesearqJ> OtZ:9161 uuuuop) ,ueuepue8, Ju&s:G6t:SS-Zgg rene11) uqo8uoN reuul uI uolun eqrJtpoq 3ut1tg:GgL :99-296l:eneg) Suerlura uI etueu aceld lnyatag

:GSI:V66I plc,(zou) 'prlDPuDu ueqo8uoyq > (96l :816t ueur:o51) ,Blepuc.].u, IDPUDUlGtZ :gg-ZSg :eneg) .o,,n1, la 'aIqJ > (suEol eseutqJ uI) ,o/$1, /a:QL :9S-Z96I rene11) Suerlury qll^d reploq eql uo nsuuC ut Klrc p:1 tog:/- IeuU qltarr sp:o,tr (7'spJo,&\uol Jo clleodolluouo reqlle eJE nqJusl I uI {- puu qll,/t\ spJo,t\ ilv'(t tE :g16t uururop) ( urouo) (8uqr.ps s8utqt;o) ..(,reeq

'pruq, ( '(ecro^ eqt Jo) ,JJo peloqc, (7 '(8urddrr1 ro 3ur11e; ;o) ,1nlured 'pruq, (I lawas) )lDf,:(IIE :8t61 ueru:o51) ('tuouo) .drqi* e ,(q epeur punos eqt, ToK:OZ6:99-ZS6I reneg) Suerlury uI elueu aceldTun8nl'.(ZOZ:VAg r1c,(zog) .IInu rnos 'Ilrur

pereqqlc, ,l.otu uerlofluolN > QLZ:9161 ueuroSl) .prnr '{lrur pereqqlr, DlDi lo luerre^ lDiDl:(ZOZ:V66t qc,{zoa),e8peld'r,ro,r 'q1eo,ltto.luo1 ueqo8uoyq > (L69 :sL8t ,to-reqry7) ,urslqppng ult,rol, 7tto33uo1

:@LZ:gL6l ueuuo\I) ( urouo),uausseqc Sur,rou ueq^A epur punos eql, (Z',poo,lr Surddoqc ueqi\\ eptu punos eql, (1 )l yDj

:@LZ :gt6t ueuuog) ( urouo) ,ptTos Surqleruos Suulq ,{q epuur punos eq1, fauaslyDl:Q9Z :8L61ueuuo111) ('tuouo) ,?uqr4s sdtqm pre,'res ;o punos eql, 11elo4 nf

'.Q92 tgL6I uuuro111) ( urouo) ,drq,,'r e qlr,rt'Supllq Jo punos eq , 1D44n[lig L : g g-ZS 6I :ene11) Suerlury uI elu u eteld 1tt s 1tt s'.QZZ :gt6t uururo5l) ('urouo) ,8urdde1s ;o punos eql, 7n&d

'.GZZ:gL6I ueulo5l) ('ruouo) .pnur ur 3un11e,t'r Jo punos, tlotrtd tltcrd:@ZT,:gL6I ueur:o1q) ('ruouo) ,punor8 eq1 o1 3uqp3 lcefqo prq E Jo punos eql, ryrtnd

'.(9ZZ tgL6I uzrurop) ('urouo) ,;;o Suro8 sre{cercerg lprus ,{ueur;o punos eql, 4d Trtd:(9ZZ t8L6l ueuuop) ('ruouo) ,roogeq ot 3ug1p; tcelqo preq u ,(q epuru punos eql, (7 ',srelcerce:g Surpoldxe Jo punos eql, (I )tDd'.(zzz:816rueuDoN) ( ruouo) ,8ur1ruro,t pue 3ur63e8 Jo punos eq}, (7 '.pauelq8r-r; ueq,,i'i eperu punos, (1 r1o:(S8I :816I ueu:o51) .lq6r: lsnl, lawasf )tDl:(S8I :816I uuulroN) ,;dn,{:rnq 'i(1ncnb, as 7o1

:(g8I :8t6I ueru.rop) ('urouo) .slcrls ro selod qlr.tr 8u4q8g 1o punos, yoillDeql:QLI :8L6I uuuro111) ('urouo) ,8u 1llds eerl e8rel Jo punos aqt,7t>1 ytttty:QLl :8L61uuuuo5l) ('urouo) ,8ur1eerq poor'r ,{rp;o punos eql, )p&4:GLt :8t6t uerurog) ('urouo) .eceJrns q8nor u uo sleeq.t uec Jo punos eql, lolm lalnl:(ELI tgL6I ueruro5l) ('urouo) ,ece1d q8rq e uror; 3u111u; lcefqo uu ;o punos eql, )tlt 4 )tDtut:GLI :8L6I uenuoSl) ('ruouo) ,lnqs 3uo1ct1c Icol e Jo Pttr.os erfl, 4D1Dl992 nqruBIN uI SJEIeA SSelecloA

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266 Vovnq

Jerimtribe union in Inner Mongolia (Hauer 1952-55: 531);Sairimplace name in Xinjiang (Hauer 1952-55: 760);tulum'a cow- or sheepskin filled with air that is used to support tbe body across a river' (Norman1978: 284) < Mongolian tulum 'whole skin used as a vessel for liquors, leather bag, (Rozycki1994:212).A11 words with final -m with the exception of ilim are loanwords.4) Rozycki (1981) lists 195 words with finar -ng, but all of them rurn out ro beChinese loanwords. In order to save space, I do not list them here.5) words with final -r:Abaganar Mongolian tribe including two banners in the East of Inner Mongolia (Hauer 1952-55: 9);anggir niyehe'the rudy sheldrake' (Norman 1978: lg);ar 'the sound of calling or shouting' (onom.) (Norman 197g: 19);crsar 'usual, mediocre, average' < Mongolian arsar id. (Hauer 1952_55: 5g);badar 'a monk's alms bowl' (Norman 1978:22) < Mongolian badar id. (Tsintsius 1975: 63):Bolor pTace name in Xinjiang (Hauer 1952-55: I 10);Caharlt[.ongolian tribe in Inner Mongolia (Hauer 1952-55: 133);cangkir 'spotted, speckled' (of a bird) < Mongolian canggir id. (Hauer 1952-55: r3g);car cir 'the sound of meat sizzling' - used to describe a painful wound (onom.) (Norman 197g: 42);cunggur niyehe'Chinese little grebe, (Norman 197g: 4g);Dahfirteritory in the Norrheast ofHeilongjiang (Hauer 1952_55: l7I);dur seme 'the sound of many people talking or laughing, the sound of drums, with a commotion,(onom.) (Norman 1978: 67);eyer hayar 'sauntering pleasantly (strolling)' (onom.) (Norman lgl-g:79):fer fer 'sound of yelping dogs' (onom.) (Norman 197g: g6);for 1) 'the sound of slurping', 2) 'the sound of a loom', 3) 'the sound of neighing, (onom.)(Norman 1978: 91);forforlhe same as/or(Norman 1978: 91);gar 'the sound made when one is under pressure, the sound of shouting' (onom.) (Norman 197g: 101);gar gar'sound made by a small baby' (onom.) (Norman l97g: 101);gar gir 'the sound made by a flock of crows, the sound made by a group of people arguing'(onom.) (Norman 1978: 101);gar miyar'the sound of many people shouting, (onom.) (Norman 197g: 101);ger'lhe sound made by snaling dogs, the sound of many people talking together, (onom.)(Norman 1978:1O4);ger gar'the sound of shouting and quarelling' (onom.) (Norman lgjg:29):geserniyehe 'onenameforthelittlegrebe',cf. cunggurniyehe (Norman l97g: 105);gilbar keire 'a horse with a reddish body and black tail and mane' (Norman 197g: 106);giyar gir'the sound made by monkeys and birds' (onom.) (Norman 197g: 110);giyar giyar Ihe same as giyar gir (onom ) (Norman 1978: 110);gtr gar'the sound made by a flock of flying birds' (onom.) (Norman l97g: l1g);gAwar g|war'the cry of ducks, frogs, or doves, (onom.) (Norman 197g: 1 19);halar'rhe sound made byjade pendants hitting rogether, tinkling' (onom ) (Norman r97g: 123);haLar hilir'the sound of bells on the girdle, the sound made by a shaman's sword, (onon )(Norman 1978:123);hanggir hinggir'the tinkle of bracelets and anklets' (onom.) (Norman l97g:125);Haraiar place in Xinjiang (Hauer 1952-55: 419);Haiigar'Kashgar' (Hauer 1952-55 | 423). Cf. Kaligar;

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:(tgt :SL6t ueuuog) ('u,rouo) ,Surddrr ues Jo punos eg , lDtryl'.@Og:95-ZS6t:eneg) ,,{11eq s,euo uI spunos eql 'leorql s,euo Surreelc;o punos eql, -/r;y rYZ:(t8t :gt6t ueuuo51) ( urouo) ,3uq,rtor8;o punos eql, rr?7:(I8I :8t6I ueurog) ('urouo) ,repunqlJo punos eql, n33uo7 n33un7

:(I g I :8L6I ueur:o51) ( urouo) ,repunql {,teeq;o punos eqt 'uo3er'r fldue ,{q epeur punos eq , tn33un1:GLI :gL6I ueuuo51) ( urouo) ,Suuous ro Sutg;tus Jo punos eq , n1:GLI :8L6I uuuroN) ('urouo) ,s[[eq IIuuIs ,4ueul;o punos eq], tt33un7 n33uo7:GLI iBL6I ueur:og) ('urouo) .lleq Ipurs Jo punos eqt, n33uo7:QLI:gL6I ueuuo5l) ( tuouo) ,s1eeq,t uo?e,,t lepun peqsnrr Sureq spolc;o punos eql, tnlq tnloKry:tLI :gL6I ueuuog) ( ruouo) (sueueru put ,{erd;o sp-rrq ,{q eptu turel Jo fuc eq , tty ttt{t1:(LLI:gL6t ueulo111) ('ruouo) (I,A\eq pll,rl e ,(q epeu punos eq1, ;nrC1ry'.QLI tgL6I ueuuog)

( urouo) ,Surqseurs Surqleuros Jo punos eql 'slcelqo p:uq Sur,r,reqc Jo punos eq , tnlpt npfiy:(9t I :8t61uruoN) ( urouo) ,Surqseu8 qteeel ,(q epEru punos eql'sleeq,tt 1:ec ,{q epeur punos eql, lY1?Z

'.9Lt:gL6t ueru-rog) ( urouo) ,Surqseu8 ro Surqcuruc;o punos eq1, -rtf1:(SlI :8L6t ueur'Io]\I) ('tuouo) ,qcleq p Jo punos eqt, rary:GLI-;LI:9161 uuuuog) ('tuouo) ,xl 'esool, fawasl n1n7 n7a4:0 Lt :gL6t ueru:o51) ( urouo) ,(ecr e1q) s8urql epltJq p:uq Suqee 3o punos eqt, lwpl flLDI'.to7t;og 'JJ'(LLg i9g-ZS6I reneg) ,:e8qsu;, to8t;oy:fiLI igL6I ueuuo51) ( urouo) ,8ursde11oc erntrnls e8rul e;o punos eql, 433utt1 tg33un7

:(I LI :gL6I ueuuoN) ( urouo) ,3ur11e3 11e.'r,r eql Jo punos eqt, fawas) 4133uo1:6LI tgL6l ueuuoN) ( ruouo) ,Suq8url syleq Ipus ro s,(e1 ;o punos eqt, tllpl iDlnt:@Lt :gtil uuuuo5l) ( ruouo) .reqlou auo SuptlQ slcelqo 1e1eur;o punos eq1, tDlnl lDlnl:(OLt:SL6t uururog)

( urouo) ,uo8e,tr e uo pol u 8ur:nces ueq.'r,r sSed put sedor ,{q epeur punos eql, lplDl lplDt:(0tI :g16I ueuuo5l) ('urouo) ,qteet eqt 3uIDu8;o prJnos eqt, IUID\:(EgI tgL6I ueuuog) ('urouo) ,Suturee:cs sp:rq ro eldoed ;o punos eqt, n{ n[:(t9I :8L6I uuuuo5l) ( urouo) ,Sururuercs sleurlue ro'sue>lclqr's8op'suurunq,{ueurJo punos eql, n[:(9gt :8tOt ueuuo51) ('urouo) ,8uru:oru eql ur ,{1,ree sprrq ,(q eptrrr punos et4, tttttt[:(ggt :gt6t ueuuo5l) ( ruouo) ,slelclro ,{q epeur punos er4, to{ to{:(9SI :gt6l uuuuo5l) ( ruouo) ,\\orrB pepeeq-euoq e ,(qepeu punos eqt, (t ',sle)Juc {q epuur punos eW, (Z ',pruq 8ur1:om ueul ,(q epeur punos eql, (I lr.f:(tlg :95-ZS6I rene11) Suerlury u aceld 4o1

:(OOS :SS-ZS61 ;entg) Suurluly u eceld nzo7 3u7'.(Zyl :BL6I uuuro51) ( urouo) .pul/i\ eqt ut s1uu1d peleclssep ,{q epeur punos erll, lDsD^tVq:(ZrI :gL6I ueruro51) ('ruouo) ,-reqle8ot Surqqn: 3urq1o1c 3o punos eql, ttq n^ Aq:(Zll :8tg ueruroSl) ( urouo) ,punor8 eqt uo pe88e:p Sureq 3urq1 e 3o punos eql, rr,ltuq:(ttI :816t ueuuol\I) ( ruouo) .rela uI sleuqsg Jo punos aq], ttttq lDf)^4ALl:itt :gL6t utuuoN) ('urouo) ,Surqsulds go punos eqt 'ral^\ uI Sutpe.tt;o punos eql, tDlDtAUr'.(Ltt:gL6t ueruroSl) ('urouo) ,Surqeenbs, awas tnlnq:Ggl :99-ZS6I:eneg) SuerluolreH Jo lsemquoN eqt uI Ktoyuel nnq unlng:69, :99-ZS6I reneH) ,ela.1 en1g, tnSou ayny uerlo8uoltl > ,rounln), rcou nqnH:futt :gtg ueuuoy) ( ruouo) ,s11eq ,{ueur go punos eqt, tDlDq nloLl:fttl :gt6l ueuuoSf ('ruouo) ,llaq e Jo punos, toloLl:(EtI :gL6I ueturop) ('urouo) ,Surq8reu esroq Jo punos eqt, nfuq nfuq:Gzr :sL6r ueuuos) ( *ouo),,,'n_olt^: 'j::l'::]:,rij)i..' 7*: lir_,.11

OZn:SS-296I reneH) n{Dq ra{a ees n{DqL9Z nqJuI J uI srele^ sseleJro^

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268 VovnrKiike noor place name same as Huhu noor: the latter is the original spelling and was chans;: .Kiike noorin the January of 1795 (Hauer 1952_55: 605);mager'wild plant with edible roots' (Norman l97g: 191) < Mongolian mekir,znn.,esnx, rop.-:Polygonum viviparum, ra bistorte vivipare' (Kowalewski 1g46: 2017),.prant with fleshy rci--miyar'the sound made by small children, (Hauer 1952_55: 660);miyar mir 'the sound of children crying' (onom.) (Norman l97g: 199);miyar miyar'the sound made by a baby crying, the sound made by young deer, roe, and she.:(onom.) (Norman 1978: 199);ocir 'the head of a Buddhist rosary, (Norman 197g: 221);or 'sound made by tigers, sound of vomiting' (onom.) (Norman 79.1g:224);or lr 'sound of chanting sutras, (onom.) (Norman I97g:224);patar pitir'the sound made by struggling fish and birds' (onom.) (Norman 197g:226);per par 'the sounds of birds or insects beating their wings' (onom.) (Norman l97g:226);per pir 'the sound of a grasshopper taking off' (onom.) (Norman Igjg: 226);potor patar'the sound of a group of birds fl ying, (onom.) (Norman I97 g: 227);pur lsemef 'the sound of birds taking flight, (onom.) (Norman lgi,g:227):putur 'the sound of a large bird taking off' (onom.) (Norman 197g: 22g);sar sar'the sound ofgrasshoppers flying' (onom.) (Norman I97g:233):sar sar seme'the sound ofinsects chirping, the sound ofleaves falling, the sound ofwashing ric.(onom.) (Norman 1978: 233);sar sir 'the sound of leaves falling, (onom.) (Norman 197g: 233);sar sir seme 'the sound of washing rice, (onom,) (Norman 197g:233);sir siyar'the sound of grass and leaves moving slightly, palpitating of the heart, (onom.) (Normar1978:244):

i a r f: emef ' sympathetic, compas si onate, (Norman 19.7 g : 259)iayarplace name in Xinjiang (Hauer 1952_55: g51);ioriar 'the sound of a storm, the sound of wind and rain' (onom.) (Norman r97g:262);iuler'chignon, bun; eagle or falcon feces, (Norman I97g:264), origin unclear;iuwar'the sound ofa sword being drawn from scabbard, snake moving rapidly, or an arrow pass-ing through the air' (onom.) (Norman 19.1g:26.7);Tamir place name in Khalkha (Hauer 1952-55: gg5);/ar'the sound of a horse clearing its nose, (onom.) (Norman l97g: 2g5);tur seme 'at a gallop, fast' (onom.) (Norman 19jg:2g5);tur tar'rhe sound of muskets firing, crackring, like frying beans' (onom.) (Norman 197g: 2g5);wacir 'rhundetbolt of Indra, sacred instrument used in Lamaist rites as a symbol of the indestruct-ible' (Norman 1978: 303) < Mongolian vzzcir 'thunderbolt' < Sanskrit vajra (Lessing 1995..894; not cited in Rozycki 1994);war'the sound made by toads and frogs' (onom.) (Norman 197g: 305);war ir'the sound of toads and frogs croaking together' (onom.) (Norman 197g: 305);wer wer 'the sound used to call a dog, (onom.) (Norman l97g: 30g);yar lseme)'flowing in a fine tine, frickling, tarking on and on' (onom.) (Norman r97g: 3r3).All words with final -r are either onomatopoetic or loanwords.6) words with final -s:bos gurun'Persia' (Norman 1978: 35). Cf. pos gurun;cos 'the sound of ricocheting or rebounding, (onom.) (Norman 197g: 4g);Gorlos Mongolian tribe consisting of two banners in the east of Inner Mongolia (Hauer 1952-55:375);

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uerlo8uot\l >) er1o8uo111 reuul Jo tsee

:(IgZ :g16l uunuop) JeqtJ., pqnj:ftLZ:gL6I uuuroSl) ,1n8uu1 ,$qr1, ryBBu21:(gEL i99-ZS6I reneg) (1flinseql ur leuuq euo;o SurlsrsuoJ eqrl uerlo8uo6l tlurg

:(9 :g16I uuuuo5l) 'pr ?tDuas tqruetd > . otues, lrur.r: Gt L : S S-ZS 6t reneg), s1o8uotr11 urelsed\,s1,(urp;, ra76r:(ggt:ss-zser

:enu11) urlo8uot\l rauul Jo lsea eql ur .reuueq euo go SurlstsuoJ aqul uer1o8uo111 loKruBu6:(99I : gt6l uururop)

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270 Vowltumet Mongolian tribe consisting of two banners in the east of Inner Mongolia (Mon_eoJi--

tiime t) (Haw 19 52-55 : 928);turgfit'T orgoI, Oirat' (Norman I97 8: 967);ilr4t Mongolian tribe consisting of three banners in Inner Mongolia (Hauer 1952-55: 51g).

All Manchu words with final -r are loanwords, mostly from Mongolian. we casee now that all final consonants in Manchu are secondary with the exception of -,:Therefore, only -n among final consonants could be projected on a proto-Manchulevel. Let us make a note of it, and return for a moment to the distribution of lw an:/x/ inthe language.The first peculiarity which could be noticed regarding the distribution of /k/ an;/x/ in the medial position, it is the fact that the majority of Manchu verbs have thiperfective participle form in -ha, -ho, -he, according to vowel harmony, but somehave a perfective participle form in -ka, -ko, -ke, and very few in -ngka, -ngko.-ngke (zardtarov 1879: 114-175). Here are all the verbs of the last class:Gloss'to melt''to be lazy''to stretch''to dry' (tr.)'to raise, pitch a tent''to open one's mouth''to soak, dye''to sound''to cover with frost''to understand''to bear, endure''to mention''to clench one's teeth''to become numb'

Stemve-ba-sa-5a-ca-Juwa-yu-guwe-su-5u-Je-Jo-Ju-tu-

PerfectivevengkebangkasangkaSangkacangkajuwangkayungkeguwengkesungkeSungkejengkejongkojungkefungke

Two things need to be noticed. First, three of these verbs, ve- 'to melt', jo- 'tomention', andfu- 'to become numb' have corresponding longer yariants vene-.iono-, andfune- which have regular perfective forms in -he and. -/zo respectively:venehe,jonoho andfunehe. That demonstrates that the shorter forms aresecondary, as well as their corresponding perfective forms: vengke < *venhe

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(oyo1oq) -o1oqi,Kyrc1c ot'reelc eletu ol'ueelc ol, ,(oIoBIoQ) -o37oq i,,trogre,roo1, (a4aq1q) -a1pq'.,q3norqt )el o1 'ezoo ol'IEos o1, (o4rct1tq) -Dnlq i,ssecxeol lurJp ol'peleJnles euoceq ol, (aqa;aq) -a;aq'.,eulc1 eq o1 're8ue ro 1q3pg fqpepunoJunp eqo1, (a4ataq) -ataq i.,{lrpues Jo esneJeq ,{1qsr1oog {lut ot to Jleseuotuede.r ot, (a4ataqutaq) -araqwaq:,lsoq ol 'ploc eq o1, (ayataunryaq) -ataun>paql,lee8uoc o1, (o4oQoq) -Dppq i.puudxe o1 'epr,rir eruoceq o1, (otlotopoq) -o,utpoq:,qlnour eql ur ploq o1, (o4n;o) -nsD'.,elalrur;e8 ol'lnords o1, (oynslo) -nstoi,frro,r,r o1 'fddequn oq ot lperoq eq ol'ssellsrl eq ot, (oryt;r1o) -o;t1o i,u,t'oa4euoceq 01 'snorueJ eq o1, (o4t8pt) -t37o :,prcueJ euoceq o1 'pepods euoceqo1, (o>1o;4o) -Ds4D:,ru,alJo esnecoq eplq ol',(qs eq o1, (nyosqo) -os4o i,Jepunqlo1, (o4r:t1o) -otyn lprcu? 01 'pes eqot, (oqn4o\ -o4o i,Kltrq3rls eloru o1, (o4tco)-?rtr :,seuoq pue ur{s aruoJeq ol '.pele^rrqs pue ,{rp etuoJeq ol, lD4DSqD) -DSqD

:(seseqluered eqt ur pepr^ord eldrcrgud e,r.qceyed qll^\) A/qlr,\{ SunJels eldrcrged e^rlJeJJed qq^d sselc eql ol SurSuoleq sqre^;o 1sr1 elelduroceql sr Sur,rolloJ eqJ /x/ qlr,r euo re33rq eql 'reqto eqt pu A/ t1Ilt. eldrcrlrude,trlce;-red seq qcrq,r Jo relptus eql 'sqrel Jo sesslc o,tr1 qlr.{A Uel eJe e,$ ,roN'p/ e^qe)r4 B lou lnq 'py dols e q1r,tr eldrcrged e,tqceyed Jo sturre^sosec eseql IIE ur e^q e,t\ lBql elou sn F-I'ol-'il|-'Dl- Surpue eldrcrged e^rlceJ-red pue (1e,r,r.orr Ieug e Jo uorsrle eql reg urnl slr ur IpuU oureceq ll leql ecuepr^esr eJeql sesec lsoru ur) uels eql Jo Iespu pug eql ruo{ pe^uep ,(lecrrolsrq s8urpue,{repuoces erc o43u-'a43u-'o>13u- leql uorsnlcuoo eql lE eArJJe uec euo snqJ'.,{rp o1, -D[ :to eJuepr^e pruelxe Jo Iue]ur oN'(SSZ:Stil snrslursl) 'pr -utttr4uetg :,qleel s(euo qcuelc ot, -n{'Gtz:statsnrsrurs r\ 'or -uat eseurqC > .ecuerled, za[ nqcuel4 :6eJnpue ,lr-eq o1, -at I '--"r-- .ezv:gL6rsnrslursl) (relelc, a33un;'.pe1ecnpe, ua3?un; nqcuery :.puelsJepun ot, -n['(3A:ttg snrslursl) (lsoq qtr,r reloc ol, -n?Ltns'.lso4, n7hns rcae11:.,rous qU,4A Jeloc o1, -utltrs',lso4, as4tUts r{ueng :,lsory qlrA\ Joloc ol, -zs'(ztt :stetsnrslurs;),zznq'?utol,-tBhan? reuN'..punoso1,-unn7 >loJO,,esroueqlr,/r\,uanS-uan7 Eqcln ''pl -lm? r4uerrg'.'pr -apuawnS nqcuul4:(punos o1, -aun7

,'(ZtS :S tA sntsluts;) Ieseu epnlcur tou p1p ruals eql JI pelced-xe eq plno,ry\ -nqn{*'ruroy e,rrlesnec) -nqwnK nqcue6 :,e,(p ,>1eos o;r, -n(.'CSZ :Stil snrslursl) 'pr -tsuauu[ reuN ''pl -tsuouo[erqc1n,.pr -unuot pp18e51''pr. -ruuooIue,rg',u,re.'( ol, -auwaaA4.atrnuetg:.qlnou s,euo uedo o1, -oun['Gtt:ttA snrslurs;) ,stuel Jo replrnq e, EutDr',punor8 uory Sursrer tueels, t[tuoc'optuoc nqJuetr J :,lue] E qclrd ,esrer ol, -Dr'GS :ttg snrqursl) 'p1 -1[uos qcln ''pl -uoqu]Ds )oro .,qcterls 01, -arr.r rcueNi,;leseuo qclerls o1, -o{tuns ',8urqc1e:1s, uo{tuos nqcuhtr :,qcleJls ol, -2.e'(1S-OS :S16l snrstursT) ,f,2u1, -rluzzq Dlue^g ,,KUreL)vuoq ',uos.red f,zey uooq uelg' ,f,zey unqnuDq nqcue4 :,Kzu1 eq o\ -DqI 17, nqcuehl ur sJele^ sseleJroA

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272 Vovn'r

'to be exhausted, used :up'; buja- (bujaka)'to awake from the apparent death. :come back to life'; bukta- (buktaka)'to get a stiff neck, to get a crick in the necr,ciksi- (ciksika) 'to mature, to grow up, to become tough (of the muscle.ciktara- (ciktaraka) 'to mature, to be in readiness, to flourish'; cilci- (cilcika t -. .swell (as a wave), to come in (for high tide)'; dara- (daraka),to draw taut (a bor.,to train (falcons, dogs, etc.), to tame, to tease, to taunt'; dari- (ctarika)9 .to scra:,.against, to pass through, to make fun of, to roar (of thunder)' ; debe- (debeke) '-.overflow, to run over'; dekji- (dekjike)'to develop, to burn'; deri- (derike).-dim (of the eyesight)' ; desere- (desereke) 'to overflow (in great quantity)' ; do s . -(dosika)'to enter'; dubi- (dubike)10 'to get accustomed'; ebe- (ebeke).to be-come soaked through'; ebere- (ebereke).to diminish,; ecle_ (edeke) ,to go badelde- (eldeke) 'to shine, to glow'; elere- (elereke)'to bare the chest, to be our c:breath';fehere- (fehereke) 'to calm down, to become placated'; fihe- (fiheke).tcfill' to stuff';fise- (fiseke)'to project, to jut out, to fork, to branch, to spurt':fodo- (fodoko) 'to pant, to gasp for breath' ;fodoro- (fodoroko),to panr, ro gaspto go against the grain, to bristle'; foso- (fosoko) 'to shine'; fosoro- (fosoroko'to shrink' ; fudara- (fudaraka) 'to go agains t, ro rcber' ; fulara- (fularaka) ,to be-come red, to blush' ;fulhure- (fulhureke)'to sprout, to grow';funta- (funtaka) ,tobecome moldy'; gadara- (gctdaraka)'to become long, to grow stiff'; gaila- (gaitaka,'tobepossessed,tobehexed'; gala-(galaka)'toclearup(oftheweather),; gebsere_(gebsereke)'to become very skinny'; genggere- (genggereke) 'to become weak andstooped'; gere- (gereke) 'to become bright, to dawn'; gisa- (gisaka) .to be wipedout, to perish utterly' giyabsara- (giyabsaraka) 'to be emaciated,; goci- (gocika)'to draw, to pull'; gohoro- (gohoroko)'to bend'; goihoro- (goihoroko),to lackcourage'; gugure- (gugureke)'to stoop, to be bent,; gukjure_ (gukjureke),to be_come crooked'; guru- (guruke)'to redden, to become inflamed'; hacu- (hacuka)'to become dirty, defiled'; hafu- (hafuka)'to penetrate, to go through'; haira-(hairaka)'to regret, to love tenderly'; haksa- (haksaka) 'to become scorched, toturn red/dark'; hetu- (hetuke)t 1 'to pass accross, to transverse'; hitere- (hitereke)'to knit the brow, to frown'; hoila- (hoitaka)'to be dirty, to be soiled'; hutere-(hutereke)'to wrinkle'; ibka- (ibkaka)l2 'to shorren, to diminish,; ikta- (iktaka)'to accumulate, to collect'; ila- (itaka)'to bloom'; ildu- (itduka) ,to be wellacquainted with, to be friends with'; isl- (isika)'to reach, to arrive'; jakjara-Qakjaraka)'to form a crack'; jaksa- Qaksaka)'to turn bright red,; jala- Qalakct)'to let up (of an illness)' 'to pause,; jatu- Qaluka) ,to be full'; je_ (ieke),to eat,;jibere- Qibereke)'to squint rhe eyes,; joholi- Qoholika),ro be pudgy, to beflabby'; juli- Qulika) 'to swell'; kanggilja- (kanggiljaka) 'to become slim andshapely'; kapara- (kaparaka)'to be flat, to be pressed together'; kelf- (kelfike)'to lean, to tilt'; ku- (kuke)'to swell, ro bloat'; kirbuti- (kfibulika) 'to change, robecome altered (in appearence)'; laifura- (laifaraka)'to collapse (from exhaustion),to wither and fall'; loktoro- (loktoroko)'to sit alone'; lukdure- (lukclureke) ,tobecome ruffled, disheveled (of the feathers on sick birds)'; maya- (mayakalts ,ro

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ot, (illaqap) -aqap ', .Surpoou ,8ur/rogro ^o , uaqap : , (epp q8lq ro.}) ur euoc o1 ,(en e,r,r,e se) 11e,,lrs o1, (D>1tcrc) -trryr : ,epn q8rq, utc1tc ,.,Ky:r-lc 01 .Jealc e{Bru ol ,ueelco1, (oqo71oq) -o31oq: ,sseurlueelc.u?elr, uo7pq i,1so:; o1 .ploc eq o1, (atlatau-rylaq) -ara|{milaq: ,ploJ, uaA mfaq:r- Ieug E qlr^\ sue]s IEururou Jo suorle^rrepsnorlqo ere sqren teqlo eruos .(ncltuatnq1nl.snec) ,,tro:B o1 .lnords o1, (ayamq1n)- a tnqln{' (-nquu s op'snec),re1ue o1, (o4t s op) - t s op,. (-n qwotop . snec) . (. c1e,s8op'suocleg) urrt ol '(,,r,roq e) lnt ,4Aerp o1, (Dtlotop) -otop'.(-nqwDnpDq.snec) ,puedxeo1 'eprrrr erxoceq o1, (o4DtDpoq) -otopoq JoJ pelseDe sr esJ JElrrxrs v .uels Surpue-le,n,t.o^ peq qren eq1 ;r pelcedxe eq pFo^\ qcull"\ -nqns"* Jo peelsur _nqunsDurroJ elrtesnec ? seq ,qtnotu eqt ur ploq oy (oqn;o) _nso qre^ eqt ,B,e .snqJ .rurelcsrql sgoddns oslu eJuepr^e IEurelur eQJ 'ux osle se,r sluols qre^ Jo luBuosuocpuu eql leq] lcedxe f11ernleu uEc euo 'ux sr nqcuel{-o]Ord ur elqrssod lueuosuocpug ,{1uo eql lsql a^oqe pelurlsuouep I eculS '/{/ Qtl,Lr eldrcrged e,rrlce;red aqt sq,{,\ou qfrq,u ssplJ slql {ltcuxe sl tI .luEuosuo3 Ieug e qlr,r suels IuqJe^Jo ssBlc B se,^Aflpnlce ereqr nqcuw-oroJd ur reqr e.'nss 1 1,{:leunufse srr{r JoJ uoseer oqr sr reg,t\'le/do^ ur pue ,(1qer:e,tur sluers qJeA 11e 'IUUUOSuOC 3 Ur JO Ia,4AOA e ur Jeque pueuec sunou nqJuew Jo s..'els olrq^\ ]Eq] lceJ eql ,(q pe1ce41e fleleperurur sr uorluelles(euo iuolleurelle lecrSolouoqfuoru slql JoJ uoseer elqrssod e eq plnor leql&',,, :eaod orrp JoJJns ol 'peeu aJrp ur eq oy ,r(ot1o{.oe -o(o( i.uoquele fed ot 1r4s o1 .(sreqteeg sU Jo prlq e) tno eleqsol 'lle,4As o1, (a4ams4ns) -ans4ns i.ooqel s pro^? o1 ,,ro11ef uJnl ol, ,r(oqotos)-otos i,qcletls ol 'ploJun o1, (oqntopts) -ruopls i,uor1e1cu1 ur8eq o1, (oynys) _npts:,IceJO o1, (o4octs) -ocrs i,Atp [euroceq] o1, (a4as7uas) -as7uas:,surru otur IIq ol,(otlotDs?uDs) -otos?uDs i,eBe o1'p1o 1eB oy (oq7p4\s) -DplDs i,,(e,,rgpq ueql eJoruoB o1, (o4o{.o) -o{o i,(frueue) e8e8ue ot .taeru ol oB ot, ,r(ottoplo) -op4o i,egeteur tce ol, (a4rc4nu) -rc4nu 1 ;nd e8ruqesrp ol ,relseJ ol .(lloq e) peeq e ol eruoc ol,(o4{nso{ru) -nso{.tu l,eceuru8 o1, (o4otoKtu7uo{ru) -tuo{ru7uoKuz i,peln1rp ,1ee,rrleuoceq oy (n4oto1tu) -otoltu i,en1q [pue 1ce1q] urnl o1 ,ueer8 urnl o1, (o4otoru)-ororu i,esr: o1, (a4apqnw) -ap2lnw l,1ueq ro pe{ooJc euoJoq oy (o4oto;otut)-orosol.lu i,epr,u uedo o1, (o4oto\tut) -Dtr4na i,prdnls eq o; (a4atauaut) -atauauti,(eldoed plo Jo) pesnJuoc qceeds s,euo le8 o1, (aqatapuaut) -atapuau:,qsrururptLz nqJueIAI ur sJele^ sselacro^

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274 Vovnr

overflow, to run over'; foson ,light, : foso- (fosoko) ,to shine,; fulhuren,sprout, :fulhure- (fulhureke) 'to sprout, to grow';funtan'mord' :funta- (funtaka).to be-come moldy'; gisan'annihilation' : gisa- (gisaka)'to be wiped out, to perish utter-ly'; hafun 'transparent' : hafu- (hafuka) 'to penetrate, to go through'; iktan ,ac-

that in a number ofcases a stem in a Tungusic counterpart also ends in a sonorant:Manchu bere- (bereke)'tobe dumfounded by fright or anger,: Evenki berem.Orok beremi'quiet' (Tsintsius 1925: 127).Manchu gere- (gereke) 'to become bright, toEven rTeerin 'light', Negidal rTeeyin[-] ,light, dawn': Evenki rTeeriin,bright'.

to shine', Nanai rTegjen ,ligl-tt'(Tsintsius 197 5: 67 l-672).Manchu hafu- (hafuka) 'to penetrate, tothrough' (Tsintsius 1975: 462).

go through': Negidal xapun-.to blowManchu jalu- Qaluka) 'to be full': Evenki jarum, soron jarun,full', Nanaijalonda- 'to be full' (Tsinrsius 1975:247).Manchu ura- (uraka) 'to echo': Nanai oral 'echo' (Tsints ius 1977: 23).The natural conclusion is that any Manchu intervocalic -ft- actually goes back to*-nk-, while Manchu -h- Even aan - aan ?< xaank[v], oroch ana,Ulcha ana, Orok ana - anaTa,Nanai anaa,no, not, (Tsintsius 1975: 4l).2) Manchu aka- (stem *akan-) 'to grieve, to be sad' also seemingly has noTungusic counterparts, however the reconstructed Manchu xankan- is, I believe,related to Evenki anaan-'lonrzuarr, to organize a burial feast for the soul of thedeparled' (Tsintsius 1975: 42).3) Manchu nikan 'Chinese, country pumpkin', cf. oroch nirTka ,Chinese,slave'; Ulchani1ka(n) 'Chinese, serf, (Tsintsius 1975; 590).4) Manchu ahian 'elder brother', cf. Evenki akaa, Solon axa, Even aka,Negidal axa - aga - aka, Oroch aka, IJdege ag,a, IJlchaag-, Nanai aga,elderbrother' (Tsintsius 197 5: 23-24).5) Manchu uhu-' to wrap', cf. Evenki ukuti-, soron uxuli-, Even,k-, Negidalukil-,ulchaxuku-,orokxukulilci-, Nanaixaftu- 'to wrap'(Tsintsius 1977:256).6) Manchu fuhaia- 'to overturn', cf. Evenki huku-,Even hukli_, Negidalxuksin-, Oroch xuku-, Udege xugu-,rJlcha puypu-, Orok puypu-, Nanai poy-pokta- 'to [over]turn' (Tsintsius 1977:341).Then, after the the protoforms of Manchu /x/ and lkJ have been reconstructed,how can the difference between Manchu initial h- and k- be explained? If we look

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:seAIlISueJlUI t SnSJeA -ry IeDIUI qlt^\ StuelsIqre^ e^rlrsualT vI en ereqJ 'stuels lqre^ IIlluI -ql eql qlr^\ leql ueql lnc-rEelcssel q8noql 'uollnqlrlslp ellsoddo us e^eq -Z IsIlIuI qll,\\ sluels IeqJe^ "4AoN'se^rlrsueJlur zlsnsJen selrlrsu1rt Lg:JequnJ scrlsrl?ls rno seloJdrur,(pq311s qclq,,tn'pJo/r\ueol uet1ofi-uotr tr se ,teorql eqt uI tqSnec Surqteuos le8 ol, -o3oq s1st1 Geet) r1c,(zog

,('c1a 'suocle; 'sa18ue 1o) Ktt o1, -rttgtl(':1ur) ,>1ee:q ot, -n[o,t't'Yq,ece; ,{1rtP e elarlo), -DJDuAq

,PunoJe unJ o\ -Atnll,lle,/(s o], -fifjyr1q

.Jleseuo etertso.rd ol, -n{nq,,(prp aq ot, -DUoq,npPoP o1, -atadaq,qqe 01, -arlall

.11 flueppns IIeJq, -DtDpq,(1per:rnq of, o1, -ttltsoq

,lorqt eqt ur lq8nec Surqteuos pB o1, -o3oq,,(1:p eruoceq ot, -nJDqSAllISN\'IIJNI

,dn 1nc o1 'dn 1ua:q o1, -DlDtAUq.[jo] load o1, -tth>ptu711,[dn] ep o , -D11D44rJq

,prerq 01 '1ru1d o1, -nq.lBels ol 'qorol, -DqlnL'l,pnol pEer o 'l]tr-r o , -qnq

,spue eql le dn e,,':no c1, -aJalnq,eplulJ^l ol, -ila|nq

.(1e1etu) lsec ot':nod ot, -ata18unq.peeq eql uo Jee,,'r/fuJuc or, -aPlnq

,peelsnu ot'JAtJJep ot. -o[sot4.e,/\Iecep Ol, -olloll

.lceler ot 'ged o1 'uopueqe or, -olol'l,Jelrorx ro eurq ,{1dde ol, -alloq

,pr,t{c"q acuel? o1, -o7n1tot7.sepls qlog o1 lool o1, -DcDltoq

.IJq eqt uo pllqc Krrec ot, -tt1o,Aq,eneen\ ol 'ye1d o1, -npofuq

,(,ror reqlour se) 1cr1 ot, -osqnfuq,qsnrq o1, -rqst{,adens oy -yqttq

(penuquoc) iIAIJISNVU1

,uo ,(ds o1, -a.rrr7,elpurds uepoo,,tt e oluo u:e,( pvr,\\ o , -optq

.llneJ puu ol, -nrtq,1no 1cn1d ot, -aqnL

,p1o; o1 'dn llor ot, -atar4,dn7ut eltr ot, -arn;aq

,(peerql) pwn o1, -tfuar1,lno qsg/elppel oll -alaq,puno.r8 eqt uo:; dn 4ctd o1, -aPtatl

,1oods e oluo puerqt pul^\ c1, -lrtaq,,{lrpeerB qe:37e4er o1, -atadaq

,1eeds o1 'Kes o1, -npuaq.reuou ur punod ol, -aJuaq

,eltNur ol, -aulaqpueu oy -ataq,(1ele1druoc lno doocs o\ -araq

.lsl/\\l Ol '1tot ot, -oKot1,(pteu) rcduse1 o1, -o1orq

.qleol ol 'ele\c7, -D10rl,qrucs o1, -r{rry,uo:r o1 'sse:d o , -uDq

(e^resqo ol'qolE,,\\ o), -Dior,l.8uq1uuds fq uelstour o1, -o38uotq

,elurelol o1'qceordde o , -ruoq(euroq s,euo otur e)el o\ -nqlDq

,e8ueqcxe o\ -qttq,,{1repue1 e,to1 o1'1er8e: oj, -D-4anl

.eler1eued o\ -n{Dq.rlcurd o1, -o1{ttt1

,,(lecruouoce asn o1, -ost{oq,r4curd o1, -tu{oq

.el{Jrs e qlr.t\ lnc o1'deet o1, -npnq,ercts 01 'uo se.(e eql xU ot, -DuopDq

,[eu01, -Dru,sserd ol 'e8.rn ol, -oKrrqtnq

,esn))e ol, -DFEJttAAIIISN\IUJ:e^rlrsrrBrlur l /tluo snsJe^ -? Islllul qlI. A surels Ieqre^e^rtrsurl freurrd L9 are eJeql (8L6I) ueIuJoN uI 'uollnqlJlslp IsuoluodoJdslp

Sur,trolyo; eql re^ocslp e/y\ '-Z pue -q IBIIIuI qll{\ sruels Ieqrel pe^Irep-uou eql 1e9LZ nqcuIAI ur sJele^ sseleclo^

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276

TRANSITTVEkaja- 'Io break with the teeth,fra- 'to surround, to stop'kalumi-'to pierce the skin,kangsa- 'to shave hair off tbe pelt,kargi- 'to break off, to cut off,karma- 'to protect'kerci-'to butcher'kiya- 'to inlay pearls etc. in gold or silver,kiyari-'Io chop, to decimate'kola- 'to sktn'kori- 'to erode, to dig out,kubu-'to edge, to hem,kude-'to tie up a boat'kuwele- 'to remove skin and fat,INTRANSITIVEkaica-'Io shout, to yell'kaka- 'to defecate (of children)'kaksi-'to cough up'

kangka-'to be thirsty'knngna-'to ride bareback'

kali-'to soar, to glide' (ofhawks, etc.) kuturce- 'to behave differentially toward,kahara-'to slip (and fall)' kfibuli_ ,tochange,knmbulja- 'to be soft and damp, kfiIi_ ,to be scared stiff,kanggilja-'to become slim and shapery' kara-'to engage in sexuar intercourse,

VorrrN

INTRANSITIVE (continued)kara- 'lo gaze into the distance'karca-'to run into, to collide'kata-'Io become hard, to dry,katara- 'to tot'keffi- 'to lean'kengce- 'to break, to collapse (of soft things),kengsi-'to call (ofthec cuckoo), to cough,kerki 'to bark incessantly,kice- 'to strive, to be diligent,kiri- 'to suffer, to endure'kiyakiya- 'to sigh'kiyatu- 'to be famished'koksi-'to cackle, to cry'koro- 'to be sorrowful'kufu-'to run aground on a sanbar'lu- 'to swell'kukjure-'to be bend over'kukure-'to call a mate (ofbirds),kurbu- 'to turn around'

kfita- 'to mix'kilwaca-'to cry (of deer)'

INTRANSITIVES*kvcvlcvl-

Rozycki (1994) lists kaja- 'to break with the teeth' , kangs4- .to shave hair offthe pelt', kargi-'to break off, to cut off', kerci-'to butcher', kola-,to skin,,kubu- 'to edge, to hem' as loanwords from Mongolian. It further improves statist-ics to 34 intransitives versus 8 transitives.How one can account for such an opposite distribution of transitive and intrans-itive verbs with initial h- and k-? Since it has been already established above that inManchu medial intervocalic x-k- > -h-, it does not seem unreasonable to suggestthat initial /z- is also derived from xk-, which was also once medial intervocalic.The fact that transitive stems have predominantly initjal h- and that the majority ofintransitive stems have initial ft- indicates that once transitive stems had a marker oftransitivity, probably an object prefix, which I reconstruct as xv-. Then we have thefollowing picture:TRANSITIVESxv-kvcv[cv]-

There are also interesting internal pairs, supporting the above reconstruction:hata- 'to temper' : kata-'to become hatd'; hara-'to watch, to observe, : kara- ,togaze into the distance'.It is then no wonder that xk- in transitive stems lenited to h-, since this xk- aftera prefix turned up in the same phonetic environment as medial intervocalic x-k-.

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oqt ,4toleq tsnl e8pu esou eql Jo do] eql, uls?uml nqcuEIN '3'e 'ctsn8unJ-nqcuel\-oloJd tuor; nqcuEIAI ur pelrrequl eJB -Z IIlIuI qtl4\ spJo,,t\ IIe tou flurege3'QtV:Stel snrslursf.IIES, llolol nqcuet{ 'ltolut rexeN 'lrufiy \oto '1lo1o4 etqqn'rrc4 ppr8e5' 6 tt : S tOt s nrslur s l), e8ro8, 1uwD4 nr4)tralN' tuuDy rfl o JO' lruutDZ Dlue^g'(tge :Stg snrslursl) .eleq,r, nwqul nqcuetr l 'outloml1eueN(Dwqnlloto'owqnl Et4cln'DwrlDoy 'rqxot1 'rullnl 1ept8e51 'utllmt ue^g (wrpl r{ue^g:nqcuel I ur -)Jo xeger e^Eq lsnur seleuSoc crsnSunl-nqcuehl eurnue8 eql 'puq Jer{to eql uO',f,1tc, Sox eq1pql'un1ox - unlob uerlo8uoy4l uettrrl;JJ '(8It :gL6l snlslursl) ,,{1rc 'u,trot.uoJoq nqcuc6 'gtox IBUBN'uo|ox IorO'uolor eqcln'uo1or e8epl 'Lroloxgcoro 'uo1or lepr8e51 'uotnl ue,tg'o1or uolos '.peqs-ellluc, uoyul r:4.UeAi1

',1ces '3eq, o?jmx erplleqy 'uo,(o1qox - uolotqobuerlo8uoll uetUrl6 'lJ'ULE:S16I snrslursJ) ,3q uorlrunur.ue 'oltleq ur uorloespnxs.uru lcelord ol pesn elprr8 apr,r, DqDtqoq nqJuury',1ces'3eq, unotnldo4wqcln'ott1d"rl qcoro'xnldoq ppr8e5l'o/tnrdox uolog' {o/"n1do1 r4uexg' .71aor, DpDx erp{leq;'1 '(u)opor - (u)opob uer1o8uotr41 ueprr,1\ .JJ .(098:gL6I snrslursl) ,1cor, DpDq nq)ve6 '|DpDl 11oto ' tDpD4 eqrln LDpnt e8epn

'DpD2l rlcoro'Dopml 1ep13e51 'n1opo4 ue^g(rDDpDr uolos 'o/,opo4 rlue^g:sursrloBuoy4l

pelcelepun f11uer eru ueql Jo tsoru lql lcedsns 1 'se8en8uel crsn8unl :eqlour slelered e^eq -q lerlrur qlr,r sunou nqcuetr J elrleu ^\eJ fre.,r leql luecgru8rs sr 1r'puoces 'oseurqJ pue ueqo8uolN urou spro,,ttueol 'lceJ Jo rellur e se 'eru -1. Ie4rutqlr/r\ sunou nqcww Jo reqrxnu e elrnb lql sluees u 'lsrrd 'oo1 'lsErluoc srql ureldxeo1 elqrssod sr ll lql e^er1aq I 'Je^e^\oH 'qceeds;o sged Ieurruou ur Surlsrxe lseJluoceruBs eql sr eJeql 'pe^los sr sqre^ ur -? pue -r pnlul qlt,r,r ruelqord eql qSnoqJ'-n* lsnllcrulsuoceJ ol snorlnc eJou eqIIr^\ lr elerTeq 1 'ecuepr,le I?uelur nqcwl4 fq requny pegrJe^ eq louuuuc uorlelncedssrql ecurs lnq 'oo1 '-ex pu -r* sE pelcnJlsuoceJ eq ,{uur sexgerd lcelqo nqcuelaq-oloJd leql eppceds o1 elqrssod sr trr 'ecueprle I?eJe Ietuolxe sql Jo srseq eql uO'GZV :ggg a.o1gue4),,llds-1r,, -rel,l-e* > .uo lrds ol, -tDMa ',,lnc-1r,, -bou-e* > ,lnc 01, -brua',,Ket*eeryl-]1,, -.{r,d-lx > .fe,^ne elel ol, -.1'tAl ',.,rAes-1t,, 1o-lx > ./(es o1, -1o{. :q{^lN:(eteg urlol) (,,looqs-11,, lo-a) )oo\s o , )p,a'(.,/(orroq-11,, outs-a) .,rouoqol, Dulsa '..,(es-]r,, e-r* > ,,{es o7, a{ "Jeel-ll,, -se-Ix > .reet o1, -sz{ :nury:-a pua -l sexge"rd lcelqo e,lzq pl^lN pue nurv qloq :le/(on e13urs e ;o Surlsrs-uoc 'xgerd lcelqo e JoJ ecuepr^e leeJe u? llqqxe 6se^lesrueql uee,ttloq puu nqcuBINol peleleJun ,(11ucr1eue8 'se8en8uel SurroqqSreu o,,t,\l lEql elou ol Surlserelur sr 11'nqcue6 q ? pue ry uee,rleq lsuruoc crureuoqd Jo lueuqsqqulse eqt ol pel -?-< -I-x crleco^relur Jo uorlruel eqt qlL4A reqleSol qcrq,tr 'do1s pu? e^Ilcr{ uee,^^leqecuereJJrp s? pelceger se,t\ lseJluoc eql 'lsol relel se,{{ -A* re{rBru e^rlrsuerl ueqdlLLZ nqcuel ur SJBIoA sseleclo^

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278 Vovw

eyes' < Mongolian qangsiyar'bridge of the nose', Manchu kalfini ,sc':Mongolian qalfini'plaice' (Rozycki 1994: 130,132). Therefore, the cortr&_r, r,:tween initial k- andh- seems to be reinforced by two loan strata from Mongc-.--an older with k- and a newer with h- (Schmidt 1902, Tsintsius 1949: 216l,.rs

Remaining Manchu words with initial ft- which cannot be explained as 'r. -words from Mongolian or Chinese might seem to present a certain problem. r- _believe two solutions can be offered here as well. First, a few of them are sus: :ously monosyllabic: ha'smallnet',he'litter', hu'back of the head'. I supE:.,.that they go back to earlier *Vka, xVke, and xVku. While there are no Tunsu. _parallels supporting this, Proto-Turkic xaak 'net' (Sevortian 1974: 1 l7-1 18) c-:tainly deserves our attention. If this word and Manchu hct 'smal| net' are indeed :=-lated, they might go back to Proto-Altaic *aka. Second, there is a possibility tha: ..ceftain casos nouns might have prefixes, though it is not possible to reconstrucr rh- .exact function, as I have done in the case of verbs.Therefore, I believe that only one voiceless velar, namely xk has to be reco -structed for Proto-Manchu, the hbeing a result of the lenition of xk in intervocal:position. I also propose to reconstruct an object prefix xv- for proto-Manchuwhich contributed to a later initial h- in transitive verbs.Notes1 See Vovin (1993b) for a new classification of Tungusic languages, which argues that Even is .

separate language, not belonging to the same Northern subgroup as Evenki and Negidal do.2 Both phonemes have two allophones, [k] and [q], [x] and [X], used in words containing [-back] and[+back] vowels respectively. These allophonic distinctions are also reffected in Manchu script.3 Manchu /x/ is usually transliterated as /2. I will follow this conventional practice here, too, burwith a note that this ,[ represents a velar, and not a pharyngeal.4 I could not locate the word xiant eF in Chinese dictionaries, so it remains a mystery as to wharit means. Also, the etymology is not impeccable phonetically.5 -min ilr-m,if it is really derived from ili- 'to stand', will be a unique suffix in Manchu.6 In Manchu only homorganic nasals can preceed oral stops in clusters: -mp-, -mb-, -nt-, -nd-.-ngk-, -ngg-.7 The external etymologies given in Tsintsius (1975) may be problematic due to the irregularcorrespondence of Tungusic -l- to a nasal in Manchu: Negidal niili-'to smear', Ulcha nlli-'to smear, dye';Orok nilitci-'to dye', Nanai fiule-'to dye'(638).8 There is an alternative form bolgoho (Norman I978 33).9 There is an alternative formdariha (Norman 1978: 55).

I 0 There is an alternative form dubihe (Norman 1978: 65)1 1 There is an alternative fonn hetuhe (Norman 1978: 130).12 There is an alternative form ibknha (Norman I978 143).13 There is an alternative form mayaha (Norman 1918: 194).14 There is an alternative formokdoho (Norman 1978:222).l5 There is an alternative form soroho (Norman 1978: 248).16 There is an alternative form susaha (Norman 19'18:254:)

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.dCJJx^H r4xr{3tr)v osJf,qusJtrEl4 :trdJH}.rHall..txnts twoxcHouoJ ou ntondawoTg 'lt6I -'4333 >rfuu uur{etrxv oBJ's:rer?YtLl:trudJHuHoI.l- 'soctautw xnxcunctzdog anuadou:Dxtsts ozoxcctzutw anHoloQaunn aup nmndawDlAt 'LZ6I'H 4EUoXIIH 'ello11 = eddo4

'oaJcqreJPvr14 0oxo0huJoJetreu-ouger,,,{ ooHHesmdev,{coJ :vEdJHlrHaII'DvtsEU o?ox)nDHDH nxnu.totltwode xdang '116I -osJJgreruveu eoxJohfi JoJtsou-ongen-{ aoHHearcdBtrf JoJ :trEfu HnHeIl'T Es)col\l 'D)rnEs o?DIztlDHDtl uxauDnp nnxJhqu '986I '14 BL4rUeI'uaodra11 = E^ortedFEV-81V exfe11 :trefuuuuo1' xudox3'K 'II Yed 'aLO'n)tntg an)nwDntDoatnu n anxcdttrchcuow-ottzutut 'anxcetrozuo|4J

:g '{JJJ eopodou nltnEr - .>.Is.xts l4u).)xauH 896I da}',Iuverg 'sorx(pHeu = lolUuedsse.r4,{ 1rs;:,1,r u i-1uuurpul :uol6urtuoo1g :EI seues Jru]lv puu :qurn flrsra,trun euurpul addo4 51 snlor{rN,{q 'pg 'sa4srnfutt ?rpltv ul satpnts uDrlrawv -'nqcut\l ur soureu--roloC '296T oJrqeprH 'epu{O'ssetd uolEurqsEiA.Jo Atlsro^lun :uopuoT d) alltres'ctda 71o{nqcuo7y D :ssauDuDtls uot1sr111 lo alol aqJ '1161 ueqdalg 'luurrn6l T terustpry ,{p.lAoN'sser4 uolFurqsuryl 1o ,{lrsrs,lrun :uopuo.I T elupes uotual qst1Sug-nrlruDry Dsriuo) V gL6I -'Z-6ZZ:lZ lrutnof rltolsv lD]uaJ's* nqluuhl ol l+ Jrsn6unl-otold Jo uounlo^a eqJ -LL6I -'VLI-6;I tgl lDurnof rrtDrsv lDtruaJ.,{3o1oqd_rour eqrs Jo qrlels y nL6I ,{_ue1 ,uauuo51'eqsuuqnqr urruued :8urfteg 'rnlrn{ ,n(,ut4ty'9961 Sueqsnrl ,n} 4 uerx8url ,nr1 ry req8uol ,r1

eqsuqnqc ururueu:Surlreg ',nt[ruoi ,n,(rno4 ,n,(roq1X.7961 Fueg8urf ,Bue16 ry uurf ,Buoq7 T ulnqs .rT.rd,(9dare1-'J'\XWOhWOX nrwag anHDJnuO '99LI'U HIIerJ 'soxl4HHuHamed;1 = ,toTuurueqser)'ris)unqnslrrgll :o19,{; '1duts puo aSon7uol uaqrtnl'aqtto tpnls y l.t6I N ornqesrg 'eso,{ry'sser4 ,{1rs:e,trun eurpul :uo18ururoo1g :gSI seuas crllvpu JrTJfl ,{1rs.re,rrun euerpul'stalatdtagl aqlto [-nlnqocotuarlunfoms aqJ'696I IeruEC'eu)'t6-gg reurets :uepeqserd\:g {eqtollqrg eqrsretle{ern 'lg6y lsn8ny'g uto Solsynq?D '09 Lunz addo4 sno1oq161 tryt t{uqtslsag :DrrDtIV Dlpws -'ueqre1 ueqcs-rrnqrspueur rep ueurroJ^rleredul re8tguruleSe:un:e8rure UunIreH Jep reqn '196l gJIf 'ruuBe>1y'ztr^\ossurreH ollo :uepeqserl[ 'g-y 'aqcntdsnq)spuDry rap Llrnq]auelrpuDH'99-ZS6I qcug'reneH'8epen erurepeqy :3rzdra1 ZttowwuC-nLIrspuoll' 196I qcgA'qcsrueeH'8rnqs:s1e4 lS reuJerqs uoluv uol ueqe8e8snurell'ssrurluaztavrog uazin tsqau 'atqa1qtotdg ua1tstsn8unl taura a8nzpuntt '998I 'V tr\l 'ugISeJ'90I-l dJJJ )^H llr4wetrxv osrcsrerEtrez :trdJnxHelf 'xnudogc1nxn{zut1 - .,{>rser fnoxc.r,.{lter ol rsrzudeley4l'1E61 dunerrreg 'eedo.rog - zeroSogeqsueqnqJuturuer n8SueulreN :loqqnH 'aqilq D.nlnq t-unst8 nfuo7ttr 'S86I unqrrx 'rlel I T oJorg 'urstV

seJuoJaJau

'ou?ueJs srq Jepun -7 se nqJupIN olur peA\oxoq ueeqan?q plnoJ ursrlecol r{ruq qyi spro.m eql ur -r ueqo8uoll e^rlecr{ eql ,^(oq eur 01 &elcunsI tl'(BZZ-LZZ :y661 qc,{zoa) urntrls tuerer -? Iertrur qlr^\ pue 'urn}lts plo u -q lertrurqlrlt nqouI I ur suuol ueqoSuo;,rtr Surreprsuoc {,tterl Jo lurod elrsoddo eql sldop olcfzog 6y'GIE:gL6I uuuuoN) oqof,otwol a^nurelle ue sr ereqJ gI'G6Z:gL6I ueruo51) DqD7n rnto elrteuretle uB sr elerdl LI617, nqcuEI,\l ur srEIa,\ sseleJro^

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280 Vow.rRozycki, William 1981. A reverse index of Manchu. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Sen;.140; Bloomington: Indiana University press.- 1994. Mongol elements in Manchu. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 157: Bloor:-ington: Indiana University press.Schmidt, Peter 1902. Das Schriftmongolische und die Urgamundart phonetischvergychen. Jounude Ia Soci6td Finno-Ougrienne 21:2- 1923a. The language of Neghidals. Acta Universitatis Laniensis 5..3_3g- 1923b. The language of Olchas. Acta Universitatis Latviensis g:229_22g.- I928a, The language of Oroches. Acta (Jniversitatis ktniensis 1.7: 17_62.- 1928b' The language of samagirs. Acta universitatis Latviensis 19: 219-249.schneider - Irlxerl4ep, E. p. 1936. Kpamrcuil ydeilcgo-pyccKuit crxo^apb. Jlenn'rpa4: locyaap_crrerxoe yue6Ho-neAaroruqecKoe I.I3nare;IbcrBo.Sevortian : Cenoprnan, OpnaBq B. 1974. emnuoroeu.tecrcuil utoeapu mnprccKux a3b'og, l:Odqemtoprccxue u ttqtemnpKcKue ocHosbt Ha uacHbrc. Mocrna: Hayxa,Sinor' Denis 1949.Le verbe mandjou. Bulletin de la Sociitd Linguistique de paris 45:146-156- 1953. Inrroduction aux drudes mandjoues. T,oung pao 42 (11):70_100.stary,Giovannir9B5 NishanSaman-ibithe:threeuneclitedmanuscriptsoftheManchuepictak.

Wiesbaden: Otto Hanassowitz.- 1 9 8 8. Ep e n g e s an g e de r s i b e - M ands c h ure n. w iesbaden : otto Harrassowitz.- 1989. Ars poetica Manjurica. Wiesbaden: Otto Hanassowitz.Strahlenberg' Philipp Johann von 1730. Das nord- und ostliche Theil von Europa und AsiaStockholm.Tsintsius - L{uuqzyc, Bepa 14. 1947. oueprc epaJt4l4amuKu aeeHcKoeo Qtanymcrcoeo) a3btKa.Jlenunrpa.u: locynapcrnenuoe yre6Ho-neAarorr4qecKoc r43aarerrLcrBo.- 1949. Cpaeuumentuaa Qonemurca myHeyco-I4aHbwrcypcKux '3btKo6.JIenraHrpa4:locy4apcrneHuoe yre6eo-ne4arotl4qecKoe 143AareJrbcrBo.- 1975-7'7. cpaeuumentnotit cLroeapa myH?yco-MaHbq).tcypcKux a3btKoe l-2. Ilenuurpag:HayxaTsintsius & Myl'nikova = Uunuuyc, Bepa 14. & Mlrrr,nuxosa, K. M. 1931 Mareplra:tr noilccreloBaH]I,ro HerI'IAaJrbcKoro q3bIKa. - Tyuayccrcuit c6opuurc.,rIeHuurpa4: I4s4arelrcrnoAt