Managing the Risk of Mycotoxins

OO

OCH3O

O

O

ManaginManaging g the risk the risk of of mycotoxmycotoxinsins

Damian Moore Biomin Australia Pty LtdDamian Moore Biomin Australia Pty LtdNZFMA Meeting 22.11.06

Overview

• General mycotoxin-related problems

• Mycotoxicoses

• Analysis of mycotoxins

• Strategies to counteract mycotoxins

• Occurrence of mycotoxins in Australia and New Zealand

… toxic, secondary

metabolitesof fungi

Fusaríum sp.

Aspergillus sp.

Penicillium sp.

Alternaria sp.

Claviceps sp., etc.

… produced on almost all

agriculturalcommodities

worldwide

Mycotoxins are… ?

weather conditions (temperature, humidity)

variety of graininsect manifestationcrop densityfertilization

crop maturitymoisture contentagricultural practice

moistureinsect controlpreservation

shipping conditionsprocessing

Production:

Mycotoxins – entering food chain

Harvest:

Storage:

Distribution:

Formation of mycotoxins

Penicillium sp.

Alternaria sp.

Claviceps sp., etc.

Field Situation

Fusarírr um sp.íí

Aspergillus sp.

FIELD FUNGI

Fusaríum sp.

sp

p.

Alternaria sp.

Claviceps sp., etc.

Field Situation

Aspergillus sp.

Penicillium sp.

Storage fungi

Mycotoxin-related problems

No existing safe levels!

Consequences of immune suppression:

• increased risk of infections

• severer disease processes

• more difficult therapies

• impaired vaccination response

• activation of tumour formation

• etc.

severe economic losses!Hamilton, 1984

death

clinical symptoms

metabolic disorders

immune suppression

RIS

K

MYCOTOXIN

Toxin + Interactant

Toxin


Hamilton, 1984

death

clinical symptoms

metabolic disorders

immune suppression

RIS

K

MYCOTOXIN

Toxin + Interactant

Toxin

No existing safe levels!

Consequences of immune suppression:

• increased risk of infections

• severer disease processes

• more difficult therapies

• impaired vaccination response

• activation of tumour formation

• etc.

severe economic losses!


• Great variety of possible symptoms

Difficult diagnosis!



• Mycotoxicoses can occur at toxin concentrations below detection limit





• Masked mycotoxins





• Masked mycotoxins

• Synergistic effects


170

Aflatoxins( AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,)

Ochratoxins (A, B, C, D)

Fumonisin(FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4, FA1 and FA2),

Zearalenone(ZON, a-ZOL, β-ZOL)

Trichothecenes(Typ A: T2 Toxin, HT2 Toxin….Typ B: Deoxynivaleonl, Nivalenol…)

Till now we know around 400 Mycotoxins!

4

6

3

4

How many Mycotoxins do we know of currently?

Agriculturally important mycotoxins

OO

OCH3O

O

O O O

O

OCH3

O O

O

H

O

CH3

O

OHHH

O

O

OH

OH

H

H3C

CH2

OH

CMe

O

O Me OH

OH OH

NH2

C O

COOH

HOOC

O

COOH

HOOC

O

CH2

OHH3C

CH3

H

HHH

H

O

OCH3 IOAc

OAc

O

OOO

H3C

OAcICH3 O

O

H

H H H

H

CH3

H3C OH

CH2

OH

O

OOOO

H3C

OH O

H

HH

COOH

Cl

O

CH3N O

O

O

OH

HO

O CH3

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2

Zearalenone Ochratoxins Fumonisins

Deoxynivalenol T-2 Toxin HT-2 Toxin

Aflatoxins

Trichothecenes

OO

OCH3O

O

O

AFB1

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins are hepatotoxins!

National Animal Disease Center,Ames, USA

Aflatoxins

LIVER

TARGET ORGAN

Pale liver syndrome

Aspergillosis-pneumonia

OO

OCH3O

O

O

Aspergillus flavus, Asp. parasiticus

Nervous syndrome

AflatoxicosisAcute symptoms

• nervous syndrome

• pale bird syndrome

• fatty liver syndrome

• haemorrhages

Aflatoxins-Poultry

Aflatoxicosis

Chronic symptoms• immune suppression

• impaired feathering

• inhomogeneous flocks

• reduced performance parameters (weight gain, feed efficiency, egg production, egg weight/size)

• delayed sexual maturation

• lowered semen volume

• mild anaemia in males

• decline of hatchability-embryonic deaths

Aflatoxins-Poultry

Residues• liver

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxicosisacute symptoms

o fatty liver syndrome

o haemorrhages

o nervous syndrome

o pale bird syndrome

OO

OCH3O

O

O

Aflatoxicosischronic symptoms

o immune suppression

o impaired feathering

o inhomogeneous flocks

o reduced weight gain

o reduced feed efficiency

o reduced egg production

o reduced egg weight/size

o lowered semen volume

o mild anaemia in males

o decline of hatchability-embryonic deaths

o delayed maturation

Aflatoxicosis

Immune suppression

• lowers body temperature-> no fever response possible

• reduced antibody production

Increased susceptibility to a variety of agentssalmonellosis, candidiasis, coccidiosis, Marek´s disease

Cattle

Acute symptomso increased liver weight

o increased kidney weight

Chronic symptomso immune suppression

o decreased performance

o reduced milk production

o carcinogenic effects

Residueso milk (AFM1)

Swine

Acute symptoms• liver damage

• haemorrhages


• decreased performance

• carcinogenic effects

Residues• liver

• milk (AFM1)

Aflatoxins - Swine/Cattle

Aflatoxin M1

• Carry Over of Aflatoxin from Feed to Milk

H. Petersen, Univ. of Agricult. Sciences, Sweden

Average Carry Over:

2 %

AFB1, AFB2

AFG1, AFG2

toxins

Electron micrographs of A. flavus

OO

OCH3O

O

O

AFB1

metabolites of AFB1 and AFB2:AFM1, AFM2

0.3-6.2% of AFB1 in feed is transformed; Carcinogenicity one

magnitude lower

Milk containing AFM1 at 0.05ppb requires an average intake of AFB1 by dairy cows of 40µg/day with 12kg feed consumption content of AFB1 in feed 3.4ppb

Milk containing AFM1 at 0.05ppb requires an average intake of AFB1 by dairy cows of 40µg/day with 12kg feed consumption content of AFB1 in feed 3.4ppb

Aflatoxins

OH O

H

HH

COOH

Cl

O

CH3N O

OTA

Ochratoxins

Inflammation of kidney and bladder, caused by OTA

target organs

Dr. Roxas, Manila, Phillipines

Ochratoxins are nephrotoxins!

KIDNEY, LIVER, BLADDER

Ochratoxins

Humans: Balkan endemic nephropathy (renal tumors)

toxins Ochratoxin A (B, C, D)

OTA

OH O

H

HH

COOH

Cl

O

CH3N O

Contamination of food occurs mainly in Europe(estimated mean intake 45ng/kg bw per week)

Ochratoxins

O

H

O

CH 3

O

OHHH

O

O

OH

OH

H

H 3C

CH 2

OH DON

Trichothecenes

toxins Family of over 150 structurally related compounds!

e.g. Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin),Nivalenol (NIV),Fusarenon X

2

5 12

13

O

O

H3C

H

R1

H

R2

H

CH3CH2

R4

H

R3

O11

109

87

64

31

14

15

Type A-Trichothecenes Type B-Trichothecenes

2

5 12

13

O

O

H3C

H

OH

H

R1

H

CH3CH2

H

O

O

CO

CH3

C

O

CH2CH

CH3

H3C

1110

9

87

64

31

15

14

e.g.T-2 toxin,HT-2 toxin,Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)

Trichothecenes

Trichothecenes-Poultry




o neural disorders

ohaematological disorders

o rickets

o atrophy of ovaries

o reduced performance (weight gain, FCR, egg production, egg shell)

Acute symptoms• oral and dermal lesions

• gizzard lesions

• digestive disorders (diarrhea)

• feed refusal

• haemorrhages

Fusarium

Trichothecenes-Poultry




o neural disorders

o haematological disorders

o rickets

o atrophy of ovaries

o reduced performance (weight gain, FCR, egg production, egg shell)

O

CH2

OHH3C

CH3

H

HHH

H

O

OCH3 IOAc

OAc

O

OOO

H3CTrichothecenes

Immune suppression

• impairs immune response

• interfere with antibody production

• necrosis and depletion of lymphoid tissue

• Immunosuppression may precede tumor growth

Trichothecenes - Swine

Acute symptoms• digestive disorders

(vomiting DON >2ppm, diarrhea)

• feed refusal (>1.3 ppm DON)

• haemorrhages

• oral and dermal lesions

• necroses

Trichothecenes - swine


• haematological disorders

• decreased performance

• conjunctivitis

• decreased weight gain

• impaired FCR

Acute symptomso digestive disorders

(vomiting DON>2ppm, diarrhea)

o feed refusal (>1.3 ppm DON)

o haemorrhages

o oral and dermal lesions

o necrosis

Conjunctivitis

Trichothecenes - Cattle

Acute symptoms• inflammation of mouth

• gastroenteritis/ruminitis

• haemorrhages

• restlessness


• reduced milk production

• reduced feed intake

T-2 toxin

humans Acute: Alimentary toxic aleukia (SU, 30-40ties)Necrotic lesions in digestive tract

Chronic: nauseavomitinggastrointestinal upsetheadache

O

H

O

CH 3

O

OHHH

O

O

OH

OH

H

H3C

CH 2

OH

DON

Trichothecenes, especially the A-TCs are potent immunosuppressive agents

Trichothecenes

ZON O

O

OH

HO

O CH3

Zearalenone

affected feeds/foods

• maize• wheat • sorghum• barley• oats• rice

Zearalenone

Co-occurring with DON!

O

O

OH

HO

O CH3

warm and moderate climate, prolonged cool, wet seasons high moisture environments

Fusarium graminearum

Major effect

Zearalenone

i.e. it mimics the activity of the female hormone oestrogen.

(“oestrogen-like syndrome”)

ZON = endocrine disrupterRILEY 1998, modified

“Hyperestrogenism”

O

O

OH

HO

O CH3

Affected animal species:

Zearalenone

• swine!

• cattle

• poultry

• laboratory rodents

Reference:

Hagler et al. (2001). Zearalenone: Mycotoxin or mycoestrogen?Pp. 321-331. In Summerell BA, Leslie JF, Backhouse D, Bryden WL and Burgess LW (Eds.). Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Mycofix Plus!

!!!

ZON

O

O

OH

HO

O CH3

Symptoms in Females

Zearalenone-Female Swine

Fertility problems:• affects cycling

• affects conception

• affects ovulation

• affects implantation

• pseudo pregnancy

• abortion

• nymphomania

• embryonic death

• inhibition of foetal development

• decreased number of foetuses

• hypertrophy of uterus

• atrophy of ovaries

Zearalenone-Female Swine

enlargement of mammary glands

swelling and reddening of vulva

rectal and vaginal prolapse

Symptoms in Females

Zearalenone - Male Swine

Feminization

enlargement of mammary glands

impaired semen quality

testicular atrophy

swollen prepuce

Decreased spermatogenesis, caused by ZON

Symptoms in Males

Zearalenone - piglets

reddened teats

swelling and reddeningof vulva

splay legs

symptoms in piglets

cattle

Zearalenone – in …

• infertility

• decreased con-ception rates

• abortions

• teat enlargement

• udder secretions

• diarrhea

• decreased milk yield

poultry breeders

• vent enlargement• enhanced secondary sex characteristics

Reference:Mycotoxins: Risk in Plant, Animal and Human Systems (2003). Task Force Report, No. 139, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, USA. Pp. 75-76.

• More DA`s (displaced abomasum)

• Ketosis, fatty liver syndrome

• Retained placenta, Metritis

• Mastitis

Whitlow et al. (1986)Whitlow & Hagler (1998)Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario

Postpartum Problems

Whitlow et al. (1986)

Whitlow & Hagler (1998)

Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario

Cattle

CMe

O

O Me OH

OH OH

NH 2

C O

COOH

HOOC

O

COOH

HOOC

FB1

Fumonisins

pancreatic necrosis

porcine pulmonary edema (PPE)characterized by severe lung edema and hydrothorax that lead to rapid death

liver damagehematological disordersimmune suppression

equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM)

Acute effects

Chronic symptoms

Fumonisins

Incidence for association with cancer (oesophageal or liver)Neural tube defects

liver

kidney

In humans:

Residues

Fumonisins

Means, based on GEMS*/Food regional diets[µg/kg bw per day]

• African diet: 2.4• European-type diet: 0.2• Far Eastern diet: 0.7• Latin American diet: 1.0• Middle Eastern diet: 1.1

* WHO Global Environment Monitoring System-Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme

Estimated intake of FUMs

Ergot Alkaloids

1. The ryegrass endophyte

• Produces lolitrem B and ergot alkaloids which reducelivestock performance

• But, it improves plant performance:• - Seedling vigour• - Tillering • - Drought tolerance• /water use efficiency• - Insect resistance

Perennial Rye Grass Toxicity

• Tremors

• Heat Stress• Temperament: Nervy/flighty• Summer/autumn ill thrift• Staggers & Immobility• Scouring/dags• Lowered fertility • Death

Mycotoxins – Unspecific Symptoms

Unspecific Symptoms

Aflatoxin Ochratoxin Trichothecene Zearalenon Fumonisin

Immune Suppression x x x x xDiarrhea x x x xReduced performance x x x x xCarcinogenic x x xHaemorrhages x xHaematological disorders x x x

Current Regulations in Australia on Mycotoxins

• Aflatoxin 15ppm Peanuts and Peanut products

• Aflatoxin 5ppm in all other food• Ergot 500mg/kg• Proposed 0.05ppb aflatoxin in Milk• Currently no regulations for ochratoxin and

fusarium toxin (DON and T-2)• Stockfeed (Qld) 200ppb aflatoxin B1

Errors in Analytical Procedures

(Whitaker & Dicken,1974)

100% Error

LOT Sample Subsample

88% Sampling

Error

10%Subsampling

Error

Analysis

2%Analysis

Error

The PPB Problem

The Distribution Problem

Why is Sampling Grain for Mycotoxin Testing so Difficult?

Sampling

• 1 Part in 1,000,000,000

• 1 Second in 32 Years

• 1 Grain of Sand in 22 kg

• 1 Kernel of Corn in 3.5 Rail Cars

The ppb problem

What Is A Representative Sample?

EvenDistribution

UnevenDistribution

Protein Mycotoxins

Sampling – Distribution problem

Uneven Distribution

Corn - only 1 out of every 200 kernels were contaminated

Cottonseed - (8000 PPB) Only 18 seeds out of 150 (12%) were contaminated

Peanuts - only 5% of kernels were contaminated

Contaminated Kernels Are NOT Evenly Distributed

Example - Sampling Pattern

Probe - Sampling Pattern for Truck or Trailer Loads of Corn.

Sample all Points Marked “O” Initially. Sample all Points Marked “X” if More Grain Sample is Needed

Romer Labs’ Guide to Mycotoxins, Vol 2

results in FAPAS round 2212, DON in maize

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63

laboratory number

µg

/kg

DO

N

Our results using using MycoSep 227 Trich+ and Biopure standard:

Assigned value, 2531.7µg/kgRomer Lab result: 2570 µg/kg, z-score 0.1

Example: Deoxynivalenol

• PREVENTION... during feed production

• DECONTAMINATIONphysical treatments

chemical treatments... during feed processing

• DEACTIVATION... during feed digestion

Counteractive approaches






FIELD

HARVEST

STORAGE

Prevention

25 % of the annual world grain production contaminated!

Prevention reduces, but does not eliminate risk of mycotoxin-contamination!

Prevention






Physical treatments

• expensive

• uncertain results

• high feed losses

LIMITED PRACTICALAPPLICATION

• expensive and time consuming

• change in palatability and nutritive value

• decreased feed quality

• toxic by-products possible

NO PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Chemical treatments

Decontamination

Disadvantages






Agriculturally important mycotoxins

OO

OCH3O

O

O O O

O

OCH3

O O

O

H

O

CH3

O

OHHH

O

O

OH

OH

H

H3C

CH2

OH

CMe

O

O Me OH

OH OH

NH2

C O

COOH

HOOC

O

COOH

HOOC

O

CH2

OHH3C

CH3

H

HHH

H

O

OCH3 IOAc

OAc

O

OOO

H3C

OAcICH3 O

O

H

H H H

H

CH3

H3C OH

CH2

OH

O

OOOO

H3C

OH O

H

HH

COOH

Cl

O

CH3N O

O

O

OH

HO

O CH3

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2

Zearalenone Ochratoxins Fumonisins

Deoxynivalenol T-2 Toxin HT-2 Toxin

Aflatoxins

Trichothecenes

Elimination of the toxins

Reduction of bioavailability

Adsorption

ADSORPTION

Minerals

Mycotoxin Adsorption

Aflatoxins

FumonisinsOchratoxin AZearalenone

DeoxynivalenolT2-toxinother Trichothecenes

( )( )( )

---

Product concentration = 0.2%

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

ben ton i te

_1b en to

n i te_19

b en ton i te

_24b en to

n i te_30

b en ton i te

_33

b en ton i te

_47b en to

n i te_10

b en ton i te

_36b en to

n i te_29

b en ton i te

_12b en to

n i te_42

z eo li te _5

z eo li te _16

z eo li te _26

z eo li te _28

d iato

mit e

_7d ia

tom

it e_18

va r iou s c

lays _

va r iou s c

lays _2

va r iou s c

lays _5

ve rmic

u l ite _4

ve rmic

u l ite _4

s a m p le c o d e

Ad

so

rpti

on

of

AF

B

p H 3

p H 6 .5

Adsorption of AFB1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

47 48 29 41 18 51 45 46

sample code

FU

M-a

dso

rpti

on

[%

]

pH 3pH 6.5

Adsorption of FUM

Adsorption of OTA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

47 48 29 41 18 51 49 50 45 46

sample code

OT

A-a

dso

rpti

on

[%

]

pH 6.5pH 3


Adsorption of ZON

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

47 48 36 29 12 41 18 51 49 50 45 46

sample code

ZO

N-a

dso

rpti

on

[%

]

pH 6.5pH 3


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

A B C D

sample code

DO

N-a

dso

rpti

on

[%

]

pH 3pH 6.5

Adsorption of DON


University of Vienna, Institute of Geology

NO Adsorption of Vomitoxin (DON) and other Trichothecenes !!!

Adsorption requires ...

POLARITY (functional groups)

Appropriate POSITION of the functional group

Adsorption

Mycotoxin Adsorption

AflatoxinsFumonisins ( )Ochratoxin A ( )Zearalenone ( )

Deoxynivalenol -T2-toxin -other Trichothecenes -

…reduction of mycotoxin -bioavailibility

MINERALS (elimination of toxin)

Bentonite

Deactivation during digestion

…reduction of mycotoxin -bioavailibility

MINERALS (elimination of toxin)

…mycotoxin detoxification prior to resorption

ENZYMES (elimination of toxicity

Bentonite Enzymes

Deactivation during digestion

= Elimination of toxicity due to structural changes by means of enzymes and/or live microbes

Mycotoxin Non-toxic metabolite

bacteriayeasts

moulds

bacteriayeasts

moulds

Microbes

Enzymes

Biotransformation

Biotransformation

• specific

• irreversible

• no toxic by-products/residues

• efficacy not confined to adsorbable mycotoxins!


Biotransformation

AflatoxinsCiegler et al., 1966; Detroy und Hesseltine, 1969; Hamid und Smith, 1987; Westlake et al., 1987, etc.

ZearalenoneKallela and Vasenius, 1982; Kiessling et al., 1984; El-Sharkawy und Hajj, 1988; Kollarczik et al., 1994; Megharaj et al., 1977; Rood

und Duvick, 1998, etc.

OchratoxinsPitout, 1969; Hult et al., 1976; Wegst und Lingens, 1983; Kiessling et al., 1984; Hwang und Draughton, 1994, etc.

FumonisinsWallace and Cotta, 1988, Duvick et al., 1998, Styriak et al., 1998, Caloni et al., 2000, etc.

Trichothecenes (DON, NIV, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS, …)Ivie, 1976; Ueno et al., 1983; Yoshizawa et al., 1983; King et al., 1984; Kiessling et al., 1984; Westlake et al., 1987; Swanson et al.,

1987, 1988; He et al., 1992; Kollarczik et al., 1994; Horvath et al., 1996; Hedman und Petterson, 1997; Shima et al., 1997; Binder

et al., 1998; Binder, 2000; Heidler, 2001; Schatzmayr, 2001; etc.


Trichothecenes

Biotransformation

Trichothecenes

Biotransformation

BBSH 797

Active under intestinal conditions

Elimination of toxicity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100D

eto

xifi

cati

on

of

DO

N [

%]

Ileum

+ B

BSH 797

Ileum

Duodenum

+ B

BSH 797

Duodenum

Zearalenone

Biotransformation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

ZO

N-d

eact

ivat

ion

[%

]

enzymesA B C

mineralsMPL: 0.2 % toxin concentration: 1 mg/lpH 6.5 (gastrointestinal juice)

Biological constituent

Elimination of TOXICITY

Mycofix Plus 3.0

min2 4 6 8 10 12 14

%F

2

4

FLD1 A, Ex=235, Em=460 (F:\DATA\JÄNNER02\210102\009-1701.D)

min2 4 6 8 10 12 14

%F

2

4


min2 4 6 8 10 12 14

%F

234


min2 4 6 8 10 12 14

%F

2

4


min2 4 6 8 10 12 14

%F

2.55

7.5


Detoxification of zearalenone to non- toxic metabolites,no toxic metabolites (e.g. alpha-zearalenol) could be detected!!!!

Biotransformation

Incubation

Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans

Non-pathogenic yeast developed by Biomin®: During its metabolic activity MTV produces specific enzymes which

detoxify specifically ZON and OTA in

the intestinal tract of the animals.

Biotransformation

ONH

COOH O OH

Cl

O

H

H

CH3OH

Degradation of Ochratoxin A

• OTα = non-toxic

Biotransformation

Degradation of OTA bylyophilized MTV

0

20

40

60

80

100

0h 0.5h 1.0h 2.5h 6.0h

incubation time

OTA

-deto

xif

icati

on

[%

]

2.5 ppm OTA 0.5 ppm OTA

IFA Tulln, Austria

100% deactivation after 1h!!!

Mycotoxin Contamination of Feedstuffs in Australia and New

ZealandBiomin Australia/Romer Laboratories

Mycotoxin Contamination Dose Levels

The above table should be considered as a rough recommendation. The negative impact depends not only on the level and kind of mycotoxin contamination but also on the general health status of the animal and the general conditions of the product surrounding.

Mycotoxin contamination [ppb] Low Medium HighA-Trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS)

Swine (sow, piglet, fattener) < 150 150 - 400 > 400

Poultry (breeder, layer, broiler) < 150 150 - 400 > 400

Cattle (calves) < 150 150 - 400 > 400

Cattle (dairy cows, beef cattle) < 300 300 - 800 > 800

B-Trichothecenes (DON, AcDON, NIV, Fus X)



Cattle (calves) < 250 250 - 1000 > 1000


ZON

Swine (sow, piglet) < 50 50 - 250 > 250

Swine (fattener) < 100 100 - 250 > 250

Poultry (breeder) < 50 50 - 250 > 250

Poultry (layer, broiler) < 80 80 - 300 > 300

Cattle (calves, dairy cows) < 100 100 - 250 > 250

Cattle (beef cattle) < 100 100 - 300 > 300

Ochratoxin A


Poultry (breeder) < 80 80 - 300 > 300

Poultry (layer, broiler) < 100 100 - 400 > 400

Cattle (calves) < 80 80 - 300 > 300


Aflatoxin B1



Cattle (calves, dairy cows) < 5 5 - 20 > 20

Cattle (beef cattle) < 10 10 - 20 > 20

Occurrence of mycotoxins in straw in Australia

Sample Number Location Visual Condition

683 Straw - Clare SA Dark in colour, recently moved to an eco shelter684 Straw - Clare SA Not discolored, sample taken from the top of the bale685 Straw - Burra SA Slightly discolored686 Straw - Burra SA Slightly discoloured

ST01 Straw - Mullaby NW NSW Not discolored - stored outside 8 monthsST02 Straw - Dubbo NSW Not discolored - stored inside 8 monthsST03 Straw Cetral Vic Slightly discoloured Stored 8 months under canvass coverST04 Straw - Mid North SA Slightly discoloured Stored outsideST05 Straw - North York Penisula Slightly discoloured Stored outsideST06 Wheat SW Vic Slightly discoloured Stored inside 20 monthsST07 Wheat SW Vic Discoloured Stored outside 20 monthsPP08 Wheat Straw SW Vic Discoloured and moist stored inside 7 monthsPP09 Triticale Straw SW Vic Not discoloured stored 8 months insidePP10 Wheat Straw NW Vic Slightly discoloured stored outside 8 monthsSP11 Barley Straw Central Vic Discoloured stored insideSP12 Barley Straw Central Vic Not discoloured stored outside 2 monthsSP13 Lucerne Straw Central Vic Not discolouredSP14 Barley Straw off floor Not discoloured off floor of shedSP15 Barley Straw off floor Not discoloured off floor of shedSP16 Barley Straw Central Vic Slightly discoloured stored outside 30 monthsAL17 Wheat Straw WA Not discoloured stored outside ST18 Wheat Straw WA Not discoloured stored outside

Mycotoxin Contamination of Straw in AustraliaType Location AfB1 AfB2 AfG1 AfG2 OTA ZON DON Fum B1 Fum B2 NIV

[ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg]Barley Straw Clare SA <5 <3 <3 <3 2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Clare SA <5 <3 <3 <3 4 208 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Burra SA <5 17 <3 <3 <2 328 1860 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Burra SA <5 15 <3 <3 2 592 72 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Mulaby NSW <5 <3 <5 <5 <2 1131 350 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Dubbo NSW <5 <3 <3 <5 <2 3551 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Central Vic <5 <3 <3 <5 <2 205 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Mid North SA <5 <3 <3 <5 <2 1146 733 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw North York Peninsula <5 <3 <3 <5 <2 679 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw SW Vic 10 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 366 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw SW Vic 7 <3 <3 <3 <2 1272 115 < 100 < 100 197Wheat Straw SW Vic <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 1263 212 < 100 < 100 <50Triticale srraw SW Vic 5 <3 <3 <3 <2 97 <50 < 100 < 100 <50Wheat Straw NW Vic 9 <3 <3 <3 <2 204 187 < 100 < 100 <50Barley Straw Central Vic 11 <3 <3 <3 <2 94 822 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Central Vic 9 <3 <3 <3 <2 79 792 < 100 < 100 -Lucerne straw Central Vic <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 2350 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Central Vic 10 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 670 < 100 < 100 <50Barley Straw Central Vic 8 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 310 < 100 < 100 <50Barley Straw Central Vic 11 <3 <3 <3 <2 125 713 < 100 < 100 295Barley Straw Central NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Central NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Central NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 140 347 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 102 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 428 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 216 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 340 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 35 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 102 <50 < 100 < 100 -

Mycotoxin Contamination of Straw in AustraliaType Location AfB1 AfB2 AfG1 AfG2 OTA ZON DON Fum B1 Fum B2 NIV

[ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg]Barley Straw & Rice Hulls NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 66 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw & Rice Hulls NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 72 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw & Rice Hulls NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 55 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Western NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Western NSW 8 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Southern NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 66 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Southern NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 72 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw South Island NZ 9 <3 <3 <3 <2 248 177 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw South Island NZ 9 <3 <3 <3 <2 188 98 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw NW Vic 8 <3 <3 <3 <2 439 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw SA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 172 212 < 100 -Wheat Straw SA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 171 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw SA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 1216 613 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Vic <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Vic <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 892 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw Vic <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 652 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 102 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw WA <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 250 < 100 < 100 -TOTAL NUMER OF SAMPLES 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 7

Number Positive 13 2 0 0 3 29 25 1 0 2% Positive 24.53 3.77 0.00 0.00 5.66 54.72 47.17 1.89 0.00 28.6Average Contamination 8.80 16 - - 2.89 547.9 444 212 - 246

Mycotoxin Contamination of Grain 2004/2005

Mycotoxin Contamination of Grain in AustraliaSample AfB1 AfB2 AfG1 AfG2 OTA ZON DON Fum B1 Fum B2 NIV

[ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg]Feed Residue Silo <5 <3 5 <3 2 <32 <50 654 < 100 -Qld - Lac Sow <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Qld - Dry Sow 1 <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Qld - Dry Sow 2 <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Qld - Grower <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 242 < 100 < 100 -New Zealand - Wheat North Island <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 <32 <50 - < 100 < 50New Zealand - Barley North Island <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 <32 <50 - < 100 < 50New Zealand - Maize North Island <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 167 354 - < 100 680New Zealand - Wheat South Island <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 <32 <50 245 < 100 < 50Vic - Sow Feed <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 223 <50 < 100 < 100 -Vic - Lac Sow Feed 7 <3 <3 <3 < 100 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Sorghum Dalby <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Sorghum Clifton <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley WA <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 67 <50 < 100 < 100 -Grape Marc Vic 12 <3 5 <3 < 100 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Cotton Seed Meal - Qld <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Northern NSW Corn <5 <3 <3 <3 < 100 180 3000 1090 417 -NSW Wheat <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Wheat Tasmania <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Tasmania <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Triticale Tasmania <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Central NSW <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Dry Sow Feed Qld (1) <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Dry Sow Feed Qld (2) <5 <3 <3 <3 <2 258 <50 < 100 < 100 -TOTAL NUMER OF SAMPLES 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 4

Number Positive 2 0 2 0 1 5 3 3 1 1% Positive 8.3 0.0 8.3 0.0 4.2 20.8 12.5 12.5 4.2 25.0Average Contamination 9.5 - 5 - 2 159 1199 663 417 680

Mycotoxin Contamination of Feedstuffs 2005/2006 Romer Labs

Mycotoxin Contamination of Feedstuffs in AustraliaAfB1 AfB2 AfG1 AfG2 OTA ZON DON Fum B1 Fum B2 NIV Lolitrom-B Ergovaline

[ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ppm] [ppm]Grape Marc Vic (Summer) 12 <3 5 <3 2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Grape Marc Vic (Winter) <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Dairy Meal Gippsland <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Dairy Meal Sheparton <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Paspalum Pasture 16 <3 <3 <3 - 493 199 < 100 < 100 -Rye Grass Silage (poor quality) 13 <3 <3 <3 - 4738 184 < 100 < 100 -Lucerne Silage <3 <3 <3 <3 - 1548 368 < 100 < 100 -Fruit Waste - tomato 8 <3 <3 <3 - 1460 <50 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 1607 < 100 < 100 -Bread - Melbourne <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Lucerne Hay 6 <3 <3 <3 - 1203 160 < 100 < 100 -Fruit Waste - citrus <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Annuall Rye Grass - irrigated <3 <3 <3 <3 - 3056 <50 707 < 100 -Rye Grass Silage - irrigated <3 <3 <3 <3 - 2748 766 < 100 < 100 -Corn Draff <3 <3 <3 <3 - 133 <50 < 100 < 100 -Pasja & Millet <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Perenial Rye Grass <3 <3 <3 <3 - 65 129 < 100 < 100 - 2.4 0.6Oat & Pea Silage (round bale) 7 <3 <3 <3 - <32 781 < 100 < 100 -Barley Straw 8 <3 <3 <3 - 439 <50 < 100 < 100 -Mixed Pasture Hay - Gippsland 13 <3 <3 <3 - 5811 <50 < 100 < 100 - 0.9 0.8Annuall Rye Grass Silage - (round bale) 10 <3 <3 <3 - <32 640 < 100 < 100 -Perenial Rye Grass Silage (round bale) 9 <3 <3 <3 - <32 1758 < 100 < 100 - 0.2 <0.1Rices Hulls 11 <3 <3 <3 - 69 <50 < 100 < 100 -Rices Hulls 11 <3 <3 <3 - 42 <50 < 100 < 100 -Rices Hulls <3 <3 <3 <3 - <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Rices Hulls <3 <3 <3 <3 - 55 <50 < 100 < 100 -TOTAL NUMER OF SAMPLES 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 0 3 3

Number Positive 10 0 0 0 1 11 10 0 0 0 0 2% Positive 38.5 0 0 0 3.8 42.3 38.5 0 0Average Contamination 10.5 - - - 2 1622 539 - - - 1.17 0.7

Mycotoxin Contamination of Feedstuffs in AustraliaAfB1 AfB2 AfG1 AfG2 OTA ZON DON Fum B1 Fum B2 NIV

[ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg] [ug/kg]Pig Creep <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Pig Starter <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Pig Weaner <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Grower <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Finisher <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Gilt Developer <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 <50 113 < 100 -Grain Dust <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 249 < 100 < 100 -Lac Sow 3 <1 <1 <1 <2 68 <50 < 100 < 100 -Weaner Feed <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 61 <50 247 < 100 -Lac Sow <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 258 <50 < 100 < 100 -Lac Sow 3 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 <50 < 100 < 100 -Peanut 4 <1 3 <1 - - - - - -Corn 10 <1 8 <1 - - - - - -Corn 17 <1 3 <1 - - - - - -Peanut 1876 112 915 83 - - - - - -Mung Beans <1 <1 <1 <1 - - - - - -Peanut Husk 57 17 34 7 - - - - - -Peanut Meal 1062 169 673 99 - - - - - -Sorghum - - - - - - - - - -Paspalum Pasture <1 <1 <1 <1 <2 <32 320 < 100 < 100 -Bread 73 - 11 - - - - - - -Bread 45 2 4 - - - - - - -Peanut Husk 16 8 2 3 - - - - - -

New Zealand

• ZEN is often present at 0.5 – 5.0 mg/kg in autumn pasture, especially where there is an accumulation of dry feed

• ZEN = causes low fertility in ewes at pasture

(Towers & Sprosen 1993)

SW Victorian Pastures

Range (mg/kg) Mean Median

1999: 0 – 21.0 1.67 0.74

2000: 0 – 14.1 1.08 0.39

80% of pastures +veFor 31%, level exceeded 1 mg ZEN/kg DM

SE Australian Silages

• 24 samples of 2005 silage tested

• ZEN found in 15 (63%)

• Level up to 70 mg ZEN/kg DM

• Level exceeded 1 mg/kg in 50% of samples

• Levels noticeably high in most legume silages

Advice re ZEA in cattle rations

Diets should contain

<0.2 mg/kg DM

Many US Universities,

e.g. Brooks 1997

Radostits et al (2000) advise

< 10 ppb

National Residues Survey - cattle slaughtered 1998-2001

Australia: n = 884, 50% +ve for ZEN or its derivatives

(Coulson 2001)

in the high rainfall zone, frequency was high: - eg SW Victoria: 90% +ve

(P. Miller, AFFA, pers. comm.)

Thanks for your attention

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Managing the Risk of Mycotoxins