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Management of Low Back Pain in Physiotherapy Max Folkersma B.A.(Hons PE), BScPT, Cert. MDT MUHC, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group

Management(of((Low(BackPain( inPhysiotherapy ( · PDF fileManagement(of((Low(BackPain(inPhysiotherapy (Max(Folkersma!!! B.A.(Hons!PE) ... Manual!Therapy!14(5):531538. • Broetz,!D.,!S.!Burkard,!etal.!(2010)

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Page 1: Management(of((Low(BackPain( inPhysiotherapy ( · PDF fileManagement(of((Low(BackPain(inPhysiotherapy (Max(Folkersma!!! B.A.(Hons!PE) ... Manual!Therapy!14(5):531538. • Broetz,!D.,!S.!Burkard,!etal.!(2010)

Management  of    Low  Back  Pain  in  Physiotherapy  

Max  Folkersma      

B.A.(Hons  PE),  BScPT,  Cert.  MDT  MUHC,  McGill  Scoliosis  and  Spine  Group  

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Disclosure  statement  

No  disclosure  

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Epidemiology  

•  Physiotherapists  are  one  of  the  healthcare  workers  most  frequently  involved  in  the  treatment  of  low  back  pain  (Cote  et  al.,  2009)    

•  Represents  25-­‐45%  of  a  physiotherapist’s  caseload  (Kent  et  al.,  2005)    

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Physiotherapy  assessment  

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Case  

•  A  45  year  old  customer  service  agent  presents  to  your  office  with  a  1  week  history  of  low  back  pain.    This  began  the  day  aVer  raking  leaves  at  home.    He  has  tried  acetaminophen  but  remains  symptomaWc.  

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What  treatments  are  available  in  Physiotherapy?  

•  Surveys  on  types  of  therapies  most  oVen  provided  by  physiotherapists  

…some  with  strong  evidence  to  support  them  and  others  not.  

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“Management  of  work-­‐related  low  back  pain:  a  populaDon-­‐based  survey  of  physical  therapists."(Poitras,  2005)  

NR   R  

Spinal  mobilizaWon   65%   63%  

SoV-­‐Wssue  mobilizaWon  /  massage   59.7%   50.8%  

Manual  tracWon   46.3%   54.9%  

McKenzie  approach   43.2%   45.6%  

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Treatment  choices    Quebec  physiotherapists  

  EducaWon    Exercise  (lumbar  stabilizaWon,  strengthening  exercise,  ROM,  stretches,  aerobic  condiWoning)  

  Spinal  manipulaWon    Postural  correcWon    Ultrasound    IFC    TENS    Heat/Cold  

(Poitras  et  al.,  2005;  Mikhail  et  al.,  2005)  

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Manual  Therapy    (spinal  manipulaDon  and  mobilizaDon)  

 ‘‘A  comprehensive  system  of  diagnosing  and  treaWng    neuromusculoskeletal  disorders  involving  specific  skills,  including  assessment,  mobilizaWon,  manipulaWon  and  educaWon,  including  exercise,  to  restore  opWmal  moWon,  funcWon  and/or  reduce  pain”  (Harman  et  al.,  2009)  

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Manual  Therapy  

•  Entails  the  use  of  the  therapist’s  hands  on  the  spine  

•  Considered  a  core  skill  for  physiotherapists    

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Manual  Therapy  

(Bialosky et al.,2009)

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Manual  therapy  Spinal  manipulaDon  

•  High-­‐velocity,  low-­‐amplitude  thrust  taking  the  joint  beyond  its  available  range  of  movement    

•  Used  by  specialist  physiotherapists,  chiropractors  and  osteopaths    

•  <10%  of  back  pain  paWents  are  manipulated    (Mikhail  et  al.,2005;    Gracey  et  al.,  2002;  Li  et  al.,  2001)  

•  Requires  advanced  level  of  manual  therapy  training  

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Manual  therapy    Spinal  MobilizaDons  

•  Gentler  and  more  conservaWve  technique  

•  Therapist  delivered  low-­‐velocity,  passive  movements  within  or  at  the  limit  of  joint  range  

•  Frequently  used  by  physiotherapists  for  treatment  of  back  pain  

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Manual  therapy    TracDon  

•  The  use  of  externally  applied  force  to  stretch  and  mobilise  the  spine  

 Manual    

 Mechanical    

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McKenzie  approach  

•  Mechanical  Diagnosis  and  Therapy  

•  ClassificaWon  system  of  assessment,  treatment  and  prevenWon  for  mechanical  spine  disorders  

•  Places  a  specific  emphasis  on  paWent  educaWon  and  self-­‐management  of  the  spinal  disorder  

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McKenzie  Mechanical  Diagnosis  &  Therapy  

•  Therapists  using  the  McKenzie  approach  use  posiWons  and  repeated  movements  to  influence  symptom  behaviour  

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DirecDonal  preference  

 A  single  direcWon  of  posture  or  movement  that  decreases,  centralizes,  or  abolishes  symptoms  and  typically  eliminates  prior  limitaWon  of  movement.          

(McKenzie,  2003)  

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CentralizaDon    

The abolition of local or distal pain emanating from the spine in response to repeated movements or sustained postures.

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CentralizaDon  

Pa2ents  who  centralize  have  be5er  outcomes  

Broetz  et  al.,  2010  

Werneke  et  al.,  2009  

ChrisWansen  et  al.,  2009  

Long  et  al.,  2008  

Skyle  et  al.,  2005  

Werneke  et  al.,  2005  

Aina  et  al.,  2004  

Werneke  et  al.,  2001  

Karas  et  al.,  1997  

Donelson  et  al.,  1990  

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CentralizaDon  and  DirecDonal  Preference  

closely  allied  not  synonymous  

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Guidelines  

www.santepub-mtl.qc.ca/CLIP

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When  to  Stop  Physiotherapy  

•  Painfree  

•  PaWent  able  to  manage  their  symptoms  and  return  to  normal  acWvity  

•  Unchanging  condiWon  

•  Worsening  condiWon  

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How  to  find  a  therapist  

•  Ordre  professionnel  de  la  physiothérapie  du  Québec:      oppq.qc.ca/chercher-­‐professionnel  

•  Canadian  Academy  of  ManipulaWve  Therapy:      manippt.org/paWents.php  

•  McKenzie  InsWtute  Canada:  www.mckenzieinsWtute.ca/Quebec.htm  

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Thank you

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References  •  Aina,  A.,  S.  May,  et  al.  (2004).  "The  centralizaWon  phenomenon  of  spinal  symptoms-­‐-­‐a  systemaWc  

review."  Manual  Therapy  9(3):  134-­‐143.  •  Bialosky,  J.,  M.  Bishop,  et  al.  (2009).  "The  mechanisms  of  manual  therapy  in  the  treatment  of  

musculoskeletal  pain:  a  comprehensive  model."  Manual  Therapy  14(5):  531-­‐538.  •  Broetz,  D.,  S.  Burkard,  et  al.  (2010).  "A  prospecWve  study  of  mechanical  physiotherapy  for  lumbar  disk  

prolapse:  Five  year  follow-­‐up  and  final  report."  NeuroRehabilitaWon  26(2):  155-­‐158.  •  ChrisWansen,  D.,  K.  Larsen,  et  al.  (2009).  "Pain  responses  in  repeated  end-­‐range  spinal  movements  and  

psychological  factors  in  sick-­‐listed  paWents  with  low  back  pain:  is  there  an  associaWon?"  Journal  of  RehabilitaWon  Medicine  41(7).  

•  Cote,  A.  M.,  M.  J.  Durand,  et  al.  (2009).  "Physiotherapists  and  use  of  low  back  pain  guidelines:  a  qualitaWve  study  of  the  barriers  and  facilitators."  J  Occup  Rehabil  19(1):  94-­‐105.  

•  Donelson,  R.,  G.  Silva,  et  al.  (1995).  "CentralizaWon  phenomenon:  its  usefulness  in  evaluaWng  and  treaWng  referred  pain."  InternaWonal  Journal  of  Yoga  Therapy  6(1):  10-­‐14.  

•  George,  S.,  J.  Bialosky,  et  al.  (2005).  "The  centralizaWon  phenomenon  and  fear-­‐avoidance  beliefs  as  prognosWc  factors  for  acute  low  back  pain:  a  preliminary  invesWgaWon  involving  paWents  classified  for  specific  exercise."  The  Journal  of  orthopaedic  and  sports  physical  therapy  35(9):  580-­‐588.  

•  Gracey,  J.,  S.  McDonough,  et  al.  (2002).  "Physiotherapy  management  of  low  back  pain:  a  survey  of  current  pracWce  in  Northern  Ireland."  Spine  27(4):  406.  

•  Harman,  K.,  A.  Fenety,  et  al.  (2009).  "Physiotherapy  and  low  back  pain  in  the  injured  worker:  an  examinaWon  of  current  pracWce  during  the  subacute  phase  of  healing."  Physiotherapy  Canada  61(2):  88-­‐106.  

•  Karas,  R.,  G.  McIntosh,  et  al.  (1997).  "The  relaWonship  between  nonorganic  signs  and  centralizaWon  of  symptoms  in  the  predicWon  of  return  to  work  for  paWents  with  low  back  pain."  Physical  Therapy  77(4):  354.  

•  Kent,  P.  and  J.  KeaWng  (2005).  "The  epidemiology  of  low  back  pain  in  primary  care."  Chiropr  Osteopat  13:  13.  

•  Li,  L.  and  C.  Bombardier  (2001).  "Physical  therapy  management  of  low  back  pain:  an  exploratory  survey  of  therapist  approaches."  Physical  Therapy  81(4):  1018.  

•  Long,  A.,  S.  May,  et  al.  (2008).  "The  ComparaWve  PrognosWc  Value  of  DirecWonal  Preference  and  CentralizaWon:  A  Useful  Tool  for  Front-­‐Line  Clinicians?"  The  Journal  of  Manual  &  ManipulaWve  Therapy  16(4):  248.  

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References  •  McKenzie,  R.  (2003).  The  lumbar  spine  :  mechanical  diagnosis  and  therapy.  Waikanae,  NZ,  Spinal  

PublicaWons.  •  Mikhail,  C.,  N.  Korner-­‐Bitensky,  et  al.  (2005).  "Physical  therapists'  use  of  intervenWons  with  high  

evidence  of  effecWveness  in  the  management  of  a  hypotheWcal  typical  paWent  with  acute  low  back  pain."  Phys  Ther  85(11):  1151-­‐1167.  

•  Poitras,  S.,  R.  Blais,  et  al.  (2005).  "Management  of  work-­‐related  low  back  pain:  a  populaWon-­‐based  survey  of  physical  therapists."  Physical  Therapy  85(11):  1168.  

•  Poitras,  S.,  R.  Blais,  et  al.  (2007).  "PracWce  palerns  of  physiotherapists  in  the  treatment  of  work-­‐related  back  pain."  Journal  of  EvaluaWon  in  Clinical  PracWce  13(3):  412-­‐421.  

•  Skyle,  L.,  S.  May,  et  al.  (2005).  "CentralizaWon:  its  prognosWc  value  in  paWents  with  referred  symptoms  and  sciaWca."  Spine  30(11):  E293.  

•  Stanton,  T.,  N.  Henschke,  et  al.  (2008).  "AVer  an  episode  of  acute  low  back  pain,  recurrence  is  unpredictable  and  not  as  common  as  previously  thought."  Spine  33(26):  2923.  

•  van  Tulder,  M.,  A.  Becker,  et  al.  (2006).  "Chapter  3.  European  guidelines  for  the  management  of  acute  nonspecific  low  back  pain  in  primary  care."  Eur  Spine  J  15  Suppl  2:  S169-­‐191.  

•  Werneke,  M.  and  D.  Hart  (2001).  "CentralizaWon  phenomenon  as  a  prognosWc  factor  for  chronic  low  back  pain  and  disability."  Spine  26(7):  758.  

•  Werneke,  M.  and  D.  Hart  (2005).  "CentralizaWon:  associaWon  between  repeated  end-­‐range  pain  responses  and  behavioral  signs  in  paWents  with  acute  non-­‐specific  low  back  pain."  Journal  of  RehabilitaWon  Medicine  37(5):  286-­‐290.  

•  Werneke,  M.,  D.  Hart,  et  al.  (2009).  "Clinical  outcomes  for  paWents  classified  by  fear-­‐avoidance  beliefs  and  centralizaWon  phenomenon."  Archives  of  physical  medicine  and  rehabilitaWon  90(5):  768-­‐777.