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Management Principles
Craig W. Fontaine, Ph.D.
Managing Stress
StressStress refers to a psychological or physiological state that results when certain features in of an individual’s environment, called stressors, create discomfort, anxiety, or feelings of being overwhelmed.
Multi-faceted Look at Occupational Stress
1. Sociocultural -racism, sexism
2. Organizational- hiring policies, layoffs
3. Work setting- tasks, supervision
4. Interpersonal- relationships
5. Psychological- self image, coping skills
6. Biological- disease, disability
7. Physical/ Environmental- poor air, climate, noise
Occupational Stress occurs in seven different contexts:Occupational Stress occurs in seven different contexts:
Work as a Stressor
Research shows that many adults in the workforce identify that workplace stress is a significant issue for them.This has major consequences for individual employees as well as for employers.
Why Is Occupational Stress of Concern?Cost to businesses was about $300
billion/yearEmployees “always on call” conceptLeads to increased sick days, drug or
alcohol abuse, and early deathCan promote high turnover rates of
employeesLiability (i.e., workers’ compensation,
disability, or litigation)
Occupational Stress Model
StressSources of stress:
• Personal/Life induced• Work Place induced
Recent studies on work place stress show a dramatic increase in percentage of workers feeling stress, that can be traced back to:• Downsizing, offshoring (late 1990’s – 2009• Re-engineering of workplace (early 1990’s)• Total Quality Management (late 1980’s)
Stress & Health•Health Problems
High Blood PressureHeart ProblemsGastrointestinal disorders
•Overeating, excessive drinking, drug abuse
•Loss of Productivity•Increased Human Error
Stress
Personality traits can contribute to stress• Type “A” personalities are more likely to be
affected by stress Measuring Stress:
• Paper and pencil test(s)Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory
Physiological measurementsUrine catecholamines
StressStages of Stress:
Level of normal Resistance
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Did You Know?Absences attributed to stress tripled between
1995 and 2004More than 62% of the time when workers
called in “sick,” they were not really “sick” (Entitlement Mentality)
Most heart attacks occur on Monday’s and least occurred on Friday’s
The WorkaholicImmersing oneself excessively in work at the
expense of non-work activitiesIdentifying oneself more with the role of a
worker rather than as an individualAre you a person who happens to be a
student, or are you a student who happens to be a person?
The Workaholic (cont.) Two factors for classifying workaholics
(Naughton, 1987)– Career commitment (CC)– Obsession-compulsion (OC)
Naughton believed there were three types of workaholics:1. Job-involved workaholics (high CC, low OC)2. Compulsive workaholics (high CC, high OC)3. Non workaholics (low CC, low OC)
The Workaholic (cont.)
Scott, Moore, Micelli classified workaholics as:– Compulsive-dependent– Perfectionist– Achievement-oriented
Spence & Robbins (1992) proposed a workaholic triad:– Work involvement, drivenness, and work
enjoyment
Ways to Combat WorkaholismFocus on the work you most like doing, work
that you wouldn’t mind “doing for free”Use your time; don’t let it use youBuild friendships at workSchedule open time into your work lifeLearn to say no sometimesCreate a work environment that pleases youLook for the positives in your job
BurnoutAdverse stress reaction to work with
psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioral components
Symptoms include:Diminished sense of humorSkipping rest and mealsIncreased overtime/no vacationIncreased physical complaintsSocial withdrawalChanged job performanceSelf-medicationInternal changes
Five Stages of Burnout Stage 1: The honeymoon- satisfied with job Stage 2: Fuel shortage- fatigue sets in Stage 3: Chronic symptoms-
exhaustion/disease/anger Stage 4: Crisis- illness, absenteeism,
relationship issues Stage 5: Hitting the wall-
physical/psychological, can be life threatening.
Gender and Occupational StressStressors that particularly affect women
include:Career blocksSexual harassmentMale-dominated climatePerformance pressureGender stereotypingIsolationLack of role models
Women and Work Outside the HomeWomen are clearly disadvantaged
in the world of work:– They make less money than their male
counterparts– Women are subjected to more sexual
harassment– Minority women earn less than non-
minority women
Women and Work Outside the Home (cont.)
59% of women work outside the homeStill employed in traditionally
women’s rolesSecretariesReceptionistsNursesBookkeepersNursing aidsElementary school teachers
University College, London Study
Just thinking about work may trigger stress, says Dr. Andrew SteptoeStudy of 75 men and womenShowed steeper increases in the stress
related hormones on workday mornings than on days off occurred within 30 minutes of work, showing anticipation of work may trigger job-related stress
Job StressorsMoneyHealth and safety hazardsWork environmentInsufficient trainingJob securityFamily adjustments or partner’s careerViolence
StressCorporate Wellness Programs are now
common placeBut still the best formula is:
• Get regular exercise• Eat well• Monitor personal health• Learn to identify sources of stress
Managers need to be aware to stress symptoms
Experimental Protocol
Experimental Design3x2 Repeated Measures Design (Stress
level/Gender)Each subject was exposed to three distinct
levels of psychological stress: Control condition (No Stress) Normal Stress Extreme Stress
Physiological Stress MeasuredPerformance Measured
Subjects entered through this
Door!
Inside the room were
several chambers
and a work area
Subject’s Work Area
Apparatus
• Monitor bunny chambers (T.V.’s),
• Monitor environmental levels
• Monitor “Alert” box
TASK
Normal Stress Situation
• Environmental Meters look fine
• No system alert/failure indicators
• Bunnies are alert
Extreme Stress Situation
• Meters off normal
• Failure box alerts
• Bunnies “in trouble”
Physiological Response to Stress
Stress - Performance Interaction