Management of Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) in DPKO

Missions:Associated risks and recommendations

Orientation to the Militaries, UNPOLs, Civilians, Recyclers and HAZMAT contractors in the United Nations-Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) missionsAuthor Emilia

Mmbando Raila PUBH-8165-10Walden

University

Instructor Dr. Howard E. Rubin

General objectives of this orientation

1.1. To identify HAZMAT generated in DPKO Missions, related To identify HAZMAT generated in DPKO Missions, related exposures, environmental & health effects exposures, environmental & health effects (Part I)(Part I)

1.1. To understand proper HAZMAT management To understand proper HAZMAT management (Part II)(Part II) including: including:

HAZMAT minimization;HAZMAT minimization; Proper handling; Proper handling; Appropriate storage; Appropriate storage; Dedicated transportation; Dedicated transportation; Treatment alternatives and;Treatment alternatives and; Final disposalFinal disposal

What is HAZMAT?

HAZMAT are solids, sludge, liquids, or gases that pose significant HAZMAT are solids, sludge, liquids, or gases that pose significant danger to the public health or the environment if poorly danger to the public health or the environment if poorly managed. managed.

ReferencesReferences

Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved fromUSEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm

Characteristics of HAZMAT

Ignitability

Corrosive

Reactivity

Toxicity

ReferencesReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressUSEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm

Examples of HAZMAT generated in DPKO Missions

Used lead acid & LithiumUsed lead acid & Lithium batteries batteries Used oil and its contaminants including used oil Used oil and its contaminants including used oil

filters, rugs, & contaminated soil;filters, rugs, & contaminated soil; Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs);Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); Water treatment chemicals; Water treatment chemicals; Medical waste including infectious materials & Medical waste including infectious materials &

expired drugs; expired drugs; Metal & electronic scrap; Metal & electronic scrap; Used and damaged tires.Used and damaged tires.

Common HAZMAT generated in DPKO Missions

Source: MINUSTAH (2010) . GSS/Property Disposal Unit

Exposure to HAZMAT

Humans, plants, and animals get exposed to HAZMAT through Humans, plants, and animals get exposed to HAZMAT through inhalation of polluted air with inhalation of polluted air with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ((PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBS), dioxin, furans; ingestion PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBS), dioxin, furans; ingestion of contaminated food/water and dermal contactof contaminated food/water and dermal contact

Exposure can be acute (Exposure can be acute (single exposure) single exposure) or chronic (or chronic (repeated repeated exposures)exposures)

Use of protective gears and proper handling & disposal procedures Use of protective gears and proper handling & disposal procedures reduce human exposurereduce human exposure

ReferencesReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press ATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from ATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=25CDC. (2010). National environmental report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Polycyclic CDC. (2010). National environmental report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Polycyclic

Hydrocarbons. Retrieved from Hydrocarbons. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/URXP10_DataTables.html

Environmental effects of HAZMAT

Pollute soil, air, surface water & underground water by PAHs, heavy metals, persistent organic Pollute soil, air, surface water & underground water by PAHs, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other pollutants that in turn affect people, animals & crops mainly during its pollutants (POPs) and other pollutants that in turn affect people, animals & crops mainly during its treatment & final disposal. treatment & final disposal.

Contribute to ozone layer depletion and climate change effects following global warming for example Contribute to ozone layer depletion and climate change effects following global warming for example chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

ReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htmATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=25ATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=25Environmental Protection Agency (2010). Ozone Layer Protection. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/benefits.htmlEnvironmental Protection Agency (2010). Ozone Layer Protection. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/benefits.html

Health effects of HAZMAT e.g. desktop computer

MateriMaterialal

componecomponentnt

Chronic health effectsChronic health effects

ArsenicArsenic transistors, transistors, printed wiring printed wiring boardsboards

Skin, bladder and lung cancer; Skin, bladder and lung cancer; hypertension, skin sores and hypertension, skin sores and peripheral vascular disease peripheral vascular disease

BerylliumBeryllium connectors, connectors, printed wiring printed wiring boardsboards

Lung damage, allergic reactions, Lung damage, allergic reactions, chronic beryllium disease, reasonably chronic beryllium disease, reasonably human carcinogen human carcinogen

ReferenceMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Health effects of HAZMAT in desktop computer cont…

CobaltCobalt batteriesbatteries Respiratory irritation, reduced Respiratory irritation, reduced pulmonary function, asthma, pneumonia pulmonary function, asthma, pneumonia & lung cancer & lung cancer

CadmiumCadmium batteries, batteries, emitters, emitters, cathode ray cathode ray tubestubes

Pulmonary damage, kidney disease, Pulmonary damage, kidney disease, bone fragility, reasonably human bone fragility, reasonably human carcinogen carcinogen

ChromiumChromium housing, housing, hardenershardeners

Lung cancer, liver & kidney disease, Lung cancer, liver & kidney disease, strong allergic reactions, may cause strong allergic reactions, may cause DNA damage DNA damage

ReferenceMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Health effects of HAZMAT in desktop computer cont…

ReferenceMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

GalliumGallium Semiconductors, Semiconductors, printed wiring printed wiring boards boards

Evidence of carcinogenesis in test Evidence of carcinogenesis in test animalsanimals

LeadLead printed wiring printed wiring boards, metal boards, metal joints, radiation joints, radiation shielding shielding

Damage to kidney, nervous, Damage to kidney, nervous, endocrine & reproductive systems; endocrine & reproductive systems; serious adverse effects on brain serious adverse effects on brain developmentdevelopment

MercuryMercury Batteries, switches, Batteries, switches, printed wiring printed wiring boards boards

Chronic brain, kidney, lung & fetal Chronic brain, kidney, lung & fetal damage, rise heart rate and blood damage, rise heart rate and blood pressure, allergic reactionspressure, allergic reactions

NickelNickel printed wiring printed wiring boards, cathode ray boards, cathode ray tubes, structural tubes, structural components components

Allergic reactions, asthma, chronic Allergic reactions, asthma, chronic bronchitis, impaired lung function, bronchitis, impaired lung function, reasonably human carcinogen reasonably human carcinogen

1st HAZMAT minimization

2nd ProperProper handlinghandling

3rd Appropriate Appropriate storagestorage

4th DedicatedDedicatedtransportationtransportation

5th HAZMATHAZMAT treatmenttreatment

6th Final disposalisposal

HAZMAT Management

HAZMAT minimization

Promote less HAZMAT generation; Promote less HAZMAT generation;

Ensure long-term utilization of HAZMAT; Ensure long-term utilization of HAZMAT;

Regular inventory taking to check expire date for first-in-first-out Regular inventory taking to check expire date for first-in-first-out issuing plan for HAZMATissuing plan for HAZMAT

Promote HAZMAT sharing among contingents & departmentsPromote HAZMAT sharing among contingents & departments

Promote awareness on HAZMAT minimizationPromote awareness on HAZMAT minimization

Avoid HAZMAT spillage Avoid HAZMAT spillage

Promote recycling and reusePromote recycling and reuse

ReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Recycling & ReuseRecycling & Reuse

Changing HAZMAT into usable products e.g. recovery of heavy metal from Changing HAZMAT into usable products e.g. recovery of heavy metal from electronic scrap, recycling of used lead acid batteries by HAZMAT electronic scrap, recycling of used lead acid batteries by HAZMAT contractors/recyclers.contractors/recyclers.

Reuse of HAZMAT without changing its initial form e.g. controlling soil Reuse of HAZMAT without changing its initial form e.g. controlling soil erosion by means of used and damaged tireserosion by means of used and damaged tires

HAZMAT as source of energy in industries e.g. waste oil as energy source in HAZMAT as source of energy in industries e.g. waste oil as energy source in production of essential oils in Haitiproduction of essential oils in Haiti

Converting HAZMAT into essential resources http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/rd/WTE_Workshop/Guinivan-AEC.pdf

ReferencesReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressUSEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm

DPKO responsibilities towards proper HAZMAT recycling & reuse

Avoid destruction/crushing of HAZMAT Avoid destruction/crushing of HAZMAT

Promote awareness on HAZMAT handling by civilians, UNPOLs & Promote awareness on HAZMAT handling by civilians, UNPOLs & militaries to facilitate its reuse militaries to facilitate its reuse

Supervise HAZMAT contractors & recyclers for adherence on TORSupervise HAZMAT contractors & recyclers for adherence on TOR

Assist HAZMAT shipment where necessaryAssist HAZMAT shipment where necessary

Facilitate prompt renewal of HAZMAT contracts Facilitate prompt renewal of HAZMAT contracts

ReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Proper handling

Wear protective gears while working with HAZMATWear protective gears while working with HAZMAT Observe good personal hygieneObserve good personal hygiene Segregate HAZMAT at sourceSegregate HAZMAT at source Maintain caps and upright position of HAZMAT e.g. lead acid Maintain caps and upright position of HAZMAT e.g. lead acid

batteries, solvents & waste oilbatteries, solvents & waste oil Keep oil filters upside down to drain oil into a leak proof containers Keep oil filters upside down to drain oil into a leak proof containers

prior to incinerationprior to incineration DonDon’’t ht hackack solid HAZMAT e. g. tires solid HAZMAT e. g. tires Maintain original & sealed containers for toxic liquidsMaintain original & sealed containers for toxic liquids Drain scrap generators, vehicles & pumps prior to shipmentDrain scrap generators, vehicles & pumps prior to shipment Maintain color coding segregation of medical wasteMaintain color coding segregation of medical waste

ReferenceReference MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAHMINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH

Appropriate HAZMAT storage

Store HAZMAT in cool, dry, well ventilated and cStore HAZMAT in cool, dry, well ventilated and confined onfined areaarea

Collect waste non corrosive HAZMAT in 55-gallon metal drumsCollect waste non corrosive HAZMAT in 55-gallon metal drums

Place HAZMAT on platforms with spills catchment chambersPlace HAZMAT on platforms with spills catchment chambers

Use lined containers for medical waste to prevent contaminationUse lined containers for medical waste to prevent contamination

Maintain labels & Store HAZMAT only without mixing with non Maintain labels & Store HAZMAT only without mixing with non HAZMATHAZMAT

Accommodate oil absorbents, empty drums, fire extinguishers and Accommodate oil absorbents, empty drums, fire extinguishers and PPEs in storage yardPPEs in storage yard

ReferenceReference MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAHMINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH

Dedicated HAZMAT shipment

Use specific truck to ship HAZMAT for disposalUse specific truck to ship HAZMAT for disposal

Minimize human contact during transportationMinimize human contact during transportation

Ship HAZMAT during non-peak periodsShip HAZMAT during non-peak periods

Inform responsible units within DPKO about the quantity, nature, Inform responsible units within DPKO about the quantity, nature, shipment day and timeshipment day and time

Carry oil absorbent materials in the truck for emergency spills Carry oil absorbent materials in the truck for emergency spills

ReferenceReference MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAHMINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH

HAZMAT treatment

Meant for stability, neutrality, and energy recovery from HAZMAT prior to disposal through:Meant for stability, neutrality, and energy recovery from HAZMAT prior to disposal through:

1.1. Incineration Incineration 2.2. Heat treatmentHeat treatment3.3. NeutralizationNeutralization4.4. Solidification and/or stabilizationSolidification and/or stabilization5.5. Chemical treatmentChemical treatment

ReferencesReferences

Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm

IncinerationIncineration

Involves waste reduction and Involves waste reduction and toxic obliteration such as toxic obliteration such as incineration of medical waste & incineration of medical waste & oil contaminated materialsoil contaminated materials

Centrally located incinerators Centrally located incinerators should be advocated for cost should be advocated for cost reduction and efficiency in reduction and efficiency in preventing dioxins and furanspreventing dioxins and furans

Ash requires proper final disposal Ash requires proper final disposal (landfill)(landfill)

ReferencesMINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAHMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Medical waste incinerator: MINUSTAH (2009) GSS/PDU

Heat treatmentHeat treatment

Involves heat application at moderate temperaturesInvolves heat application at moderate temperatures

Effective in treating soil contaminated with volatile solvents Effective in treating soil contaminated with volatile solvents such as diesel and gasoline fuelssuch as diesel and gasoline fuels

Presence of heat as by product of heat treatment may Presence of heat as by product of heat treatment may attract thermophilic bacteria that assist in stabilizing the attract thermophilic bacteria that assist in stabilizing the contaminantscontaminants

ReferenceReference

Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

NeutralizationNeutralization

Removing corrosive character of HAZMAT and adjusting its pH to reduce leaching abilityRemoving corrosive character of HAZMAT and adjusting its pH to reduce leaching ability

Example is reaction of acid with base to form salt and waterExample is reaction of acid with base to form salt and water

ReferencesReferences

Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Solidification and/or stabilization Solidification and/or stabilization

Portland cement is added to lower toxicity, recover physical characters and Portland cement is added to lower toxicity, recover physical characters and diminish transmission of contaminant for example encapsulation of unused and diminish transmission of contaminant for example encapsulation of unused and expired vaccines in DPKOexpired vaccines in DPKO

Reduce HAZMAT to its fundamental form through plasma power technology for Reduce HAZMAT to its fundamental form through plasma power technology for example upwards processing of 100 ton tires per day.example upwards processing of 100 ton tires per day.

ReferencesReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Chemical treatmentChemical treatment

Suitable in treatment of corrosive solids such as lime in DPKO Suitable in treatment of corrosive solids such as lime in DPKO missionsmissions

Leaching of organic or inorganic contaminants from soils in situ or Leaching of organic or inorganic contaminants from soils in situ or ex situ is being done by use of special formulated solutionsex situ is being done by use of special formulated solutions

Capable of chemically converting some compounds to much less Capable of chemically converting some compounds to much less mobility or toxicity nature for example chromium VI conversion to mobility or toxicity nature for example chromium VI conversion to less toxic chromium IIIless toxic chromium III

ReferenceReferenceMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

Final HAZMAT disposal

Placing HAZMAT into the land Placing HAZMAT into the land which is lined to prevent which is lined to prevent leachate from contaminating leachate from contaminating the environment.the environment.

HAZMAT should not be HAZMAT should not be disposed of in municipal disposed of in municipal landfilllandfill

Collaborate with host Collaborate with host countries to implement countries to implement landfill for HAZMAT if not existlandfill for HAZMAT if not exist

Hazardous waste landfill

ReferencesMoeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University PressUSEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste

Cross-section of an active Landfill www.blueenvironmental.com/images/imgLandfillD

ReferencesReferences

•ATSDR (2010). Toxic substances portal. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=25• •CDC. (2010). National environmental report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/URXP10_DataTables.html

•Environmental Protection Agency (2010). Ozone Layer Protection. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/benefits.html

•USEPA (2010). Superfund for students and teachers: Hazardous material and hazardous waste. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/students/clas_act/haz-ed/ff_01.htm

•Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health. Harvard Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press

•MINUSTAH.(2009). SOP for the collection and disposal of HAZMAT within MINUSTAH

Host countries are home countries, don’t pollute!Host countries are home countries, don’t pollute!

Proper HAZMAT disposal requires Militaries, FPUs, civilians, Proper HAZMAT disposal requires Militaries, FPUs, civilians, Recyclers and HAZMAT Contractors in DPKO missions to Recyclers and HAZMAT Contractors in DPKO missions to properly minimize HAZMAT generation rates, promote properly minimize HAZMAT generation rates, promote

proper handling, shipment, storage, treatment and final proper handling, shipment, storage, treatment and final disposal. This will minimize pollution in host counties for disposal. This will minimize pollution in host counties for

healthier people and environment.healthier people and environment.

Thanks for your time!Thanks for your time!