Upload
dr-n-sai-bhaskar-reddy
View
2.403
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Lecture given by Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy at Dr. MCR HRD IAP to Officer Trainees
Citation preview
MANAGEMENT OF DROUGHT
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, CEO, GEO http://e-geo.org
Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP, India
19th
Dec
embe
r 201
2
Meteorologically, ± 19% deviation of rainfall from the long-term mean is considered
‘normal’ in India. Deficiency in the range 20–59% represents ‘moderate’ drought, and more
than 60% is ‘severe’ drought.
Rainfall, temperature, evaporation, vegetation health, soil moisture, stream flow, etc. are
some of the critical parameters that are used in drought risk analysis
Drought Management System in India
Dro
ught
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Life of a farmer is not cumulative values of rainfall, but the type of crop, amount
of rainfall, spread of rains, breaks in rainfall, etc. in relation with other
elements of nature, meteorology, etc.
Drought 2009 cause and what can be done?!
The drought is rare of this magnitude and for many people it is a one generation memory. Meteorological and information factors are responsible for this situation. Other cumulative factors are:
· Global recession· Increase in commodity prices· Occurrence of diseases· Increase and decrease in real estate prices· Up and down of stock market· Availability of credit is low· National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme –
Deviation of labor for indirect natural resources enhancement activities rather contributing to the direct production activities. This has lead to Non availability of labor or uneconomical to hire them.
The drought-prone areas are confined mainly to the peninsular and western parts of the country.
These regions suffer drought mostly due to the cumulative effects of changing precipitation pattern, excessive water utilization and ecologically unsuitable agriculture practices
About 107 mha of the country spread over administrative districts in several states is affected by drought
Meteorological :-• Normal precipitation below 25%.
Hydrological :-• Prolonged meteorological drought and drying of
reservoirs, lakes, streams and rivers, cessation of spring flows and fall in groundwater levels.
Agricultural :-• Depletion of soil moisture during the growing season. A
dry situation with 20% probability and rainfall deficiency of more than 25% in drought-prone states of India.
Drought classification systems
Indian National Commission on Agriculture (1978)
Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions
Precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25 to 60 centimeters and having scrubby vegetation with short, coarse grasses; not completely arid.
Andhra Pradesh - Administrative districts frequently affected by drought
Ananthapur Chittoor Cuddapah
Hyderabad Kurnool Mahaboobnagar
Nalgonda Prakasam
Com
mon
cau
ses
and
impa
ct o
f dro
ught
s
Reported drought events in India over the past 200 years
Drought risk management
cycles
•a. Water in the tanks•b. Conserving the
trees•c. Conserving fodder
rather selling•d. Food grains
storage rather selling
1. Conserving the resources
•a. Prioritizing the sale in distress
•b. Continue to do any work which provides food or wage
•c. Stop risking through going for borewells / wells
•d. Reduce input costs
•e. Ensure drinking water for people and animals
•f. Food and fodder security
2. Coping
•a. Don’t sell your land
•b. Try avoiding getting credit – the interest rates would swallow you
•c. Stop unnecessary spending on the cultural / social events – festivals, marriages, etc.
•d. Be united rather being in nuclear / dis-jointed families.
•e. Don’t cut / sell trees
•f. Take care of the health, so as to reduce the expenses on health
3. Not to do
•a. Micro-irrigation practices
•b. Go for Sustainable and subsistence crops rather just commercial crops
•c. Social networks are useful be in the groups existing at various levels
4. Prepare for the adaptation
APDA
I
Andh
ra P
rade
sh D
roug
ht A
dapt
ation
Initi
ative
(APD
AI)
APDA
I
Andh
ra P
rade
sh D
roug
ht A
dapt
ation
Initi
ative
(APD
AI)
Crop Insurance• A2.1. The National Agriculture Insurance Scheme has been implemented in Andhra
Pradesh since 1999-2000. The schemes are a mix of voluntary and compulsory participation. They are voluntary at the state level in terms of specific areas and crops. Once the specific area-crop combinations have been notified, participation is compulsory for farmers in those areas cultivating the specific crops and taking agricultural loans. In the case of loanee farmers the sum insured may be at least equal to the crop loan advanced. All farmers can insure to the value of the threshold yield of the insured crop.
• A2.2. Eighteen crops are currently insurable under NAIS during Kharif season (e.g., rice, maize, sunflower, groundnut, sugarcane, and cotton) and ten crops during Rabi season (e.g., rice, maize, sunflower, and groundnut). The standard area yield insurance scheme has recently been extended to farm income insurance and rainfall insurance.
• A2.3. The XI Finance Commission noted the need to strengthen the crop insurance scheme as a supplementary measure to what is done by the government for providing relief at the time of natural calamity.
Calamity Relief Fund (CRF)
• A2.4. This fund was established separately for each state on the basis of recommendations of the IX Finance Commission and has since been approved for continuation by the X and XI Finance Commissions. This fund should be used for meeting the expenditure for providing immediate relief to the victims of cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm. The table below describes the financial status of this fund over the last 5 years.
Drought Proofing ProgramsDrought Prone Areas Program (DPAP) • A2.6. DPAP, a centrally sponsored scheme, in operation since 1973, aims at restoring
ecological balance in the drought prone areas and mitigation of the adverse effects of drought on crops and livestock through integrated development of natural resources by adoption of appropriate technologies. However, the program fell short of its initial objectives despite large expenditure.
• A2.7. DPAP is aimed at developing the drought prone area with an objective of drought proofing by taking up of soil land moisture conservation, water harvesting structures, afforestation and horticulture programs on a comprehensive micro watershed basis. During 1994-95 the program was implemented in 69 blocks of 8 districts. From 1995-96 the program is extended further: 11 districts with 94 blocks under the scheme and Anantapur with 16 blocks under Desert Development Programs (DDP). So far, 3518 watersheds were taken up covering 110 blocks in 12 districts covering an area of 17.6 lakh hectares. Almost 30 percent of the total watersheds in country are located in Andhra Pradesh. Total Rs.507.57 crores are spent towards implementation of the program from 1995-96 to 2002-03. The expenditure for this program is shared by center and state governments in the ratio of 75:25.
Joint Forest Management / Community Forest Management
• A2.8. The Government of Andhra Pradesh adopted in 1992 the Joint Forest Management program which envisages a strategy for production, improvement and development of forest with the involvement of local communities by forming them into Vana Samrakshana Samithies (VSS).
• A2.9. There are 7090 VSS actively involved in protection and development of forests. 8.71 lakh hectares has been treated so far out of 17.40 lakh hectares of forest area under VSS. T he Joint Forest Management program is being supported by the World Bank funded A.P. Community Forest Management Project, NABARD assistant for RIDF schemes and Government of India funded Forest Development agencies.
• Water Harvesting Structures• Micro Irrigation Project• Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihood Project (APRLP)• Watershed Development• Integrated Wastelands Development Program
(IWDP)• Rural Infrastructure Development• Employment Programs - MGNREGA
Source : IPCC/SRESA2
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.
TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS
Indian poverty
• Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41.6% of the total Indian population falls below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas).[1] A recent report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[2]
Capitals
Watershed activities focus on vulnerability reduction
Livelihood support
enforcing rights
Productivity of natural
resources
Enhancement of knowledge
Every drop counts
Methods of waterharvesting
The Barefoot College, Tilonia
Freshwater management in India
Anupma Sharma
Water Conservation
Watershed management
Water quality conservation
Inter basin water transfer
GW management
Recycle and reuse of water
Public involvement and capacity building
.ppt (40)
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Surface Water
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Let’s take a look atThe Water
Cycle
Consumption
Surface Runoff
Groundwater
Sea water intrusion
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP)
Improve and sustain productivity and production potentials of the dry/semi-arid regions of India through adoption of appropriate production and conservation technologies.
Meet the needs of local rural communities for food, fuel, fodder and timber. Improve all types of lands, i.e., Government, Forest, Community and Private Lands falling within a watershed.
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP)
WDPs, in short: A holistic approach to improve and develop the economic and natural resource base of dry/semi-arid/fragile regions. In a watershed development program the watershed is the unit for development rather than political or administrative boundaries
WDP Activities
• i)Land Development: Levelling and terracing, improving soil quality and productivity; and watershed reclamation.
• ii)Water Development: Promote in situ water harvesting and conservation, establish percolation ponds and open wells, tanks, small reservoirs, and improving water quality.
WDP Activities
• iii)Enterprises/Activities: Evolve appropriate farming systems, encourage a crop mix of high value/high yield crops, social/agro-forestry, other income-generating activities like dairying, poultry-keeping, etc.
Some Illustrations of Benefits of WDPs
• -Replacing seasonal/annual crops with agro-silvi, agrohorti, silvi-horti; systems on hill slopes/degraded lands. Benefits: reduce soil erosion; arrest surface run-offs.
• -Training water to store excess water run-offs in farm ponds/percolation tanks. Benefits: improve groundwater recharge.
• -Construction of earthen or vegetative bunds or barriers to surface run-offs in a watershed. Benefits: help in moisture conservation.
Climate Change will put additional stress in
rural areas
In the life of a farmer climate Variability and
Extreme events are more important
than climate change
Government departments (AP)• Agriculture and Co-Operation• Animal Husbandry and Fisheries• Backward Classes Welfare• Consumer Affairs Food & Civil Supplies• Energy• Environment, Forests, Science and Technology• FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance (Project Wing)• General Administration• Health, Medical and Family Welfare• Higher Education• Home• Housing• Industries and Commerce• Information Technology and Communications• Infrastructure and Investment• Irrigation
• Labour, Employment Training and Factories• Law• Minorities Welfare• Municipal Administration and Urban
Development• Panchayat Raj and Rural Development• Planning• Public Enterprises• Rain Shadow Areas Development• Revenue• School Education (SE Wing)• School Education (SSA Wing)• Social Welfare• Transport, Roads and Buildings• Women Development, Child Welfare and
Disabled Welfare• Youth Advancement, Tourism and Culture
http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3
MGNREGA• 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'2005 (NREGA)• Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to
every household• a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an
opportunity to combine growth with equity• Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as
recipients of doles, but as productive partners in our economic process
• assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency
• Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200 selected districts, extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08.
• The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April, 2008
Agriculture• India ‘s population is 1.21 billion in 2011. 67% are rural. Majority
are in agriculture. • Importance of agriculture in Indian economy. Although it
contributes only 15% of GDP, the share of workers is about 55%.• Marginal and small farmers dominate• Major crops are rice, wheat, maize, coarse cereals, groundnut,
cotton, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables• 60% of cultivated area is rainfed as only 40% of area is under
irrigation.• Rural poverty is 41%in 2004-05. • Agriculture is a ‘State Subject’. In other words, the policies of
provinces are also important
Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions
Climate Variability and extremes are an expected characteristic of semi-arid lands.
The people vulnerable to droughts, which trigger frequent subsistence crises
Increasing crop failures, dislocation, famine, poverty, increases stratification and the social inequities.
Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change - variability - extremes
Soil fertility Water management
Impact of hazardous
pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers
Burning of crop residue
Alkalinity of soils
Vulnerability of poor in rural areas
Two-thirds of households derive income directly from natural sources
Natural resources are threatened by stresses Biotic & Abiotic
Agriculture & natural resource based livelihoods at immediate risk
Rural poor do not have resources to cope
Nature of Works Water based• » Water conservation • » Water harvesting• » Micro and minor
irrigation works• » Provision of irrigation
facilities• » Desilting of tanks• » Renovation of traditional
water bodies• » Flood control and
protection works
Land based• » Land development
Forest/ Agro--Forestry• » Afforestation• » Horticulture
Infrastructure• » Rural roads
Conservation technologies
Stress-tolerant, climate-resilient varieties of seeds, drip irrigation, zero-tillage, raised-bed planting, laser-levelling, Systems of Rice Intensification (SRI), can build adaptive capacities to cope with increasing water stress, providing “more crop per drop”.
AFPRO 60Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political
SCENARIO 1
Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability
Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification
Appropriate Skills Water Management
Agriculture Production Water Resources
Energy
Climate Change
Community Empowerment
Bio Diversity
“VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA”
GSBC PROJECT INTEGRATED APPROACH
Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change - variability - extremes
Soil fertility Water management
Impact of hazardous
pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers
Burning of crop residue
Alkalinity of soils
Mahabubnagar District Rainfall Pattern
y = -4.6207x + 851.14
R2 = 0.1374
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
130019
5152
1952
5319
5354
1954
5519
5556
1956
5719
5758
1958
5919
5960
1960
6119
6162
1962
6319
6364
1964
6519
6566
1966
6719
6768
1968
6919
6970
1970
7119
7172
1972
7319
7374
1974
7519
7576
1976
7719
7778
1978
7919
7980
1980
8119
8182
1982
8319
8384
1984
8519
8586
1986
8719
8788
1988
8919
8990
1990
9119
9192
1992
9319
9394
1994
9519
9596
1996
9719
9798
1998
9919
9900
2000
0120
0102
2002
0320
0304
2004
0520
0506
2006
0720
0708
2008
0920
0910
2010
1120
1112
2012
1320
1314
FACILITATION RESEARCH
ACTIVITY
CAPACITYDEVELOPMENT
Field level interventions
CULTURAL
SPIRITUAL
BELIEFS
RITUALS
FESTIVALS
ALTARS
CREMATION
SOURCES (BIOMASS)
GOOD STOVES• TLUDs• Other stoves
CROP RESIDUE
POULTRY LITTER
WASTE MANAGEMENT• Sludge
PRACTICES
FOODPRESERVING
FOOD
CLEANING
MEDICINE
MATTRESS
TOOTH POWDER
AIR QUALITY• CO2 / CH4WATER
TREATMENT
AQUARIUM /
TERRARIUMS
BIOCHAR BRICKS
BIOCHAR URINALS
SOAK PITS
FILTERING MEDIA
INSECT REPELLENT
SOIL AMENDMENT
INCREASED PRODUCTION
SOIL TEMPERATURE
REGULATED
MOISTURE RETENTION
WATER CONSERVATION
NITROGEN / PHOSPHOROUS
RETENTION
NURSERIES
PESTICIDES ADBSORBTION
SOIL MICROBES DENSITY
INCREASE
BIOCHAR COMPOST
EARTHWORMS INCREASE
TERMITES / ANTS
REPULSION
CARBON SEQUESTRATIO
N
ANIMALS
POULTRY - CH4 REDUCTION
LIVESTOCK - URINE AND DUNGFYM / COMPOST
BIOMASS
BIOCHAR
ENERGY
BIOCHARCULTURE
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEOhttp://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com
SOIL
BIOCHAR
BIOCHAR COMPOST
AGRICUTURE
PADDY METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION
PESTICIDE & COMPLEX
CHEMICALS AFFECTS
MITIGATION
EMMISIONS REDUCTION FROM FARM
YARD MANURES AND
COMPOSTS
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT
ANIMALS
APPLICATION IN ANIMAL
PLACES TO TAP URINE,
SANITATION AND
EMISSIONS REDUCTION
RUMINANT ANIMALS METHANE EMISSIONS
REDUCTION AS FEED ADDITIVE
SOAKING IN WITH ANIMALS
URINE AND EXCRETA -
VALUE ADDITION
ENERGY
SOURCE FROM EFFICIENT TLUD COOK STOVES
AS BY PRODUCT FROM GASIFIER
STOVES, BOILERS ETC
CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
FROM BIOMASS /
WASTE MANAGEMENT
HABITAT
BIOCHAR BRICKS
BIOCHAR IN AQUARIUMS
BIOCHAR IN POULTRY FARMS
BIOCHAR IN FRIDGES,
MATTRESSES, ETC.
SANITATION
BIOCHAR URINALS
BIOCHAR TOILETS
BIOCHAR IN CATTLE SHEDS
CLEANING PLATES / UTENSILS
BATHING
HEALTH
CLEANING TEETH
BIOCHAR TABLETS
BIOCHAR IN FOOD AS PART
OF FOOD PREPARATIONS
WATER
WATER PURIFICATION – COLOR, ODOR, REMOVAL OF
HARMFUL ELEMENTS,
ETC.
RITUAL / SPIRITUAL / RELIGIOUS / PRACTICES
FIRE / ALTAR / YAGNAS /
AGNIHOTRA
FIRE DURING FESTIVALS
CREMATIONS
NATURAL / ARTIFICIAL
FIRES IN FORESTS /
FIELDS, ETC.
BIOCHARCULTURE
BiocharcultureBiocharculture is the process of using Biochar,
including cultivation of crops
• Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems
• Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable cultivation and carbon sequestration.
• Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600 degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass cook stoves.
• Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than uncharred organic matter
Biocharculture Adaptation benefits
Securing the crop from drought and climate variabiiity
Reclaim the degraded soils, water conservation,
Lessen the impact of hazardous
pesticides and complex chemicals & to reduce plant
uptake.
reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration of
greenhouse gases
Conversion of crop residue into Biochar
an option and address carbon sequestration
Increase in crop yield
increases in C, N, pH, and available P
to the plants
Impacts of Biochar last more than 1000
years.
Temperature regulation in the
soil
Reduction in leaching of the bio /
chem fertilizers applied
Increase in the soil microbes / worms at the biochar and
soil interface
CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA
Farmers focus80% ON CROP20% ON SOIL
BIOCHAR COMPOST
APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS
OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS
CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST 4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS
1.5 FEET 6 FEET
CONTROL
BIOCHAR
BIOCHAR RESULTS
GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING SEASON)
Methane Emissions from paddy fields
Biochar – livestock urine
Thank
you…Ref: http://...