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MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME. BY DR AKPOJEVWE E.O. CONSULTANT ORTHOPAEDIC/TRAUMA SURGEON DELSUTH OGHARA NIGERIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, DELTA STATE CME SERIES MAY 2014. OUTLINE. OVERVIEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL PRESENTATION GRADING INVESTIGATION TREATMENT OPTIONS - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME
BY
DR AKPOJEVWE E.O.
CONSULTANT ORTHOPAEDIC/TRAUMA SURGEON
DELSUTH
OGHARA
NIGERIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, DELTA STATE
CME SERIES MAY 2014
OUTLINE• OVERVIEW
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• CLINICAL PRESENTATION
• GRADING
• INVESTIGATION
• TREATMENT OPTIONS
• LOCAL/ REGIONAL CHALLENGES
• RECENT ADVANCES
• PREVENTION
• CONCLUSION
OVERVIEW• GROUP OF METABOLIC DISEASES CHARACTERISED BY
HYPERGLYCAEMIA
• DEFECTS IN INSULIN SECRETION, INSULIN ACTION OR BOTH
• LONG TERM DAMAGE AND DYSFUNCTION OF MULTIPLE ORGAN SYSTEMS
• TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
• OTHER TYPES- GESTATIONAL, ENDOCRINOPATHIES, DRUG/CHEMICAL INDUCED, IMMUNE-MEDIATED, DISEASES OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS
• IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
• IMPAIRED FASTIG GLUCOSE
• FASTING BLOOD SUGAR
<100MG/DL NORMAL
100-125MG/DL IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE
≥126MG/DL PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS OF DM
• 2- HOURS POST PRANDIAL GLUCOSE
<140MG/DL NORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
140-199MG/DL IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
≥200MG/DL PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS OF DM
• DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
FBS ≥ 126MG/DL OR
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA + RBS >200MG/DL OR
2-HOURS POST PRANDIAL GLUCOSE ≥ 200MG/DL
HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
• WORLD WIDE EPIDEMIC• 171 MILLION CASES OF DM WORLDWIDE IN 2000 (2.8%
PREVALENCE)• 366 MILLION CASES PROJECTED FOR 2030 (4.4% PREVALENCE)• 15% OF DIABETICS DEVELOP DFU THEIR LIFETIME• 11.7- 19.1% PREVALENCE OF DFU AMONG DIABETICS IN NIGERIA• AMPUTATION RATES UP TO 53%• MORTALITY RATES UP TO 29%• MEAN COST OF TREATMENT N180,581.60K• $28,000.00 SPENT PER PATIENT OVER 2 YEARS FOR EACH EPISODE
OF DFU• LEADING CAUSE OF NON-TRAUMATIC LOWER EXTREMITY
AMPUTATIONS IN USA• LEADING CAUSE OF LOWER EXTREMITY AMPUTATIONS IN NIGERIA
• MALE PREPONDERANCE UP TO 85%• TYPE 2 DM IN UP TO 88% OF CASES• MEAN AGE IS THE 6TH DECADE OF LIFE• 50% NEUROISCHAEMIC, 35% NEUROPATHIC, 15%
ISCHAEMIC• POLYMICROBIAL CULTURES COMMONEST IN CHRONIC
ULCERS• STAPHYLOCCOCUS AUREUS AS SINGLE ISOLATE IN 38%
ON NON-GANGRENOUS LIMBS• ANAEROBES; 16% GAS GANGRENE• 60% RESISTANCE TO PENICILLINS
HIGHLIGHT
ONE LIMB IS AMPUTATED EVERY
20 SECONDS DUE TO DIABETIC
COMPLICATIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY• MULTIFACTORIAL
• TETRAD OF NEUROPATHY, VASCULOPATHY, DEFORMITY AND INFECTION
• IMPAIRED IMMUNITY
• ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND NEUROPATHY OCCUR WITH INCREASED FREQUENCY IN DM
• NON-ENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION OF LIGAMENTS CAUSING STIFFNESS
• STIFFNESS + NEUROPATHY INCREASES MECHANICAL STRESSES ON FOOT
DIABETIC ATHEROSCLEROSIS• THICKENED CAPILLARY BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• ARTERIOLAR HYALINOSIS
• ENDOTHELIAL PROLIFERATION
• MONCKEBERG’S SCLEROSIS
• HIGH AFFECTATION OF INFRAPOPLITEAL AND DIGITAL ARTERIES
• HIGH LDL, VLDL,
• ELEVATED PLASMA VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR
• INHIBITION OF PROSTACYCLIN SYNTHESIS
• ELEVATED PLASMA FIBRINOGEN
• INCREASED PLATELET ADHESIVENESS
DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
• OCCLUDED VASA NERVORUM
• ENDONEURAL DYSFUNCTION
• DIMINISHED Na-K ATPase ACTIVITY
• CHRONIC HYPEROSMOLARITY CAUSING NERVE TRUNK OEDEMA
• EFFECTS OF INCREASED SORBITOL AND FRUCTOSE
• LOSS OF SENSATION – REPETITIVE STRESS, UNNOTICED INJURIES AND FRACTURES
• STRUCTURAL FOOT ABNORMALITIES
• UNNOTICED EXCESSIVE HEAT/COLD
• PRESSURE FROM ILL FITTING SHOES
COMMON PRECIPITATING FACTORS• TRAUMA• BLISTERING• ILL FITTING/NEW SHOES• NAIL CUTTING• BURNS• TINEA PEDIS• FURUNCLES
RISK FACTORS FOR FOOT ULCERATION• PREVIOUS HISTORY OF FOOT ULCERATION OR
AMPUTATION• VISUAL IMPAIRMENT• DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY• POOR GLYCAEMIC CONTROL• CIGARETTE SMOKING• MALESEX• LOW SOCOECONOMIC STATUS• POOR EDUCATION• POOR ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
CLINICAL PRESENTATION• PRESENT AS INFECTION, ULCER, ABSCESS OR GANGRENE
• 4% -13.1% NEWLY DIAGNOSED AS DIABETIC AT PRESENTATION
• 11.7% - 21.1% OF DIABETIC ADMISSIONS IN NIGERIA
• MEAN DURATION OF DM 7-12 YEARS
• ONSET OF SYMPTOMS TO PRESENTATION AVERAGELY 6 WEEKS
SYMPTOMS• SYMPTOMS OF DM
POLYURIA
POLYDIPSIA
POLYPHAGIA
WEIGHTLOSS
• SYMPTOMS OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
HYPERESTHESIA
HYPOESTHESIA
PARAESTHESIA
DYSESTHESIA
ANHYDROSIS
RADICULAR PAIN
• SYMPTOMS OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY
INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION
REST PAIN
NON-HEALING ULCERATION OF FOOT
FRANK ISCHAEMIA
• SYMPTOMS OF INFECTION
GANGRENE
SEPSIS: LOCAL, GENERALISED
• SYMPTOMS REFERRABLE TO OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS
RETINOPATHY, NEPHROPATHY, HYPERTENSION
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION• GENERAL EXAMINATION – FEVER, PALLOR, JAUNDICE, DEHYDRATION,
REGIONAL LYMPH NODES, LEG SWELLING, WEIGHT LOSS
• FULL SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION
• MANDATORY EYE EXAMINATION
• MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION
FOOT/ULCER
POWER
SENSATION
REFLEXES
PULSES
EXAMINATION OF THE ULCER• LOCATION, SIZE, DEPTH
• DETERMINE TYPE- NEUROPATHIC, ISCHAEMIC OR NEUROISCHAEMIC
• MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES
• COLOUR AND STATE OF WOUND
• EXPOSED BONE
• NECROSIS OR GANGRENE
• INFECTION: LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC
• MALODOROUS
• LOCAL PAIN
• EXUDATE
• WOUND EDGE : CALLUS, MACERATION, OEDEMA
• CLINICAL PHOTOGRAPHS
DFU FEATURES ACCORDING TO AETIOLOGY
FEATURE NEUROPATHIC ISCHAEMIC NEUROISCHAEMIC
SENSATION SENSORY LOSS PAINFUL DEG OF SENSORY LOSS
CALLUS/ NECROSIS
OFTEN THICK CALLUS NECROSIS COMMON MINIMALCALLUSPRONE TO NECROSIS
WOUND BED PINK, GRANULATING, SURROUNDING CALLUS
PALE, SLOUGHY, POOR GRANULATION
POOR GRANULATION
FOOT TEMP/ PULSES
WARM, BOUNDING PULSES
COOL, ABSENT PULSES COOL, ABSENT PULSES
OTHER DRY SKIN, FISSURING DELAYED HEALING HIGH RISK OF INFECTION
TYPICAL LOCATION
WEIGHT BEARING AREAS OF FOOT
TIPS OF TOES, NAIL BEDS, B/W TOES, LATERAL BORDER OF FOOT
MARGIN OF FOOT AND TOES
PREVALENCE 35% 15% 50%
GRADING SYSTEMS• SEVERAL SYSTEMS IN USE
• OLDER CLASSIFICATIONS
WAGNER-MEGGIT
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS CLASSIFICATION
GIBBONS
FORREST
FRYKBERG AND COLEMAN’S
• NEWER CLASSIFICATIONS
PEDIS
KINGS
KOBE’S
AMIT JAIN’S
SAD
WAGNER-MEGGIT CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETIC FOOT
• DEVELOPED IN 1977
• WIDELY ACCEPTED, UNIVERSALLY USED,SIMPLE
• DOES NOT ADDRESS DIABETIC ULCERATIONS AND INFECTION ADEQUATELY
• LIMITED IN IDENTIFYING/DESCRIBING VASCULAR DISEASE
• GRADE 0 FOOT AT RISK
• GRADE 1 SUPERFICIAL ULCER
• GRADE 2 DEEP ULCER
• GRADE 3 ULCER WITH BONE INVOLVEMENT
• GRADE 4 FOREFOOT GANGRENE
• GRADE 5 FULL FOOT GANGRENE
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS CLASSIFICATION• VALIDATED, GENERALLY PREDICTIVE OF OUTCOME
• INCREASING USE IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND DIABETIC FOOT CENTERS
GRADE 0 GRADE 1 GRADE 2 GRADE 3
STAGE A PRE- OR POST ULCERATIVE LESION,FULLY EPITHELISED
SUPERFICIAL WOUND, NIL TENDON, CAPSULE OR BONE INVOLVED
WOUND PENETRATING TO CAPSULE OR TENDON
WOUND PENETRATING TO BONE OR JOINT
STAGE B INFECTION INFECTION INFECTION INFECTION
STAGE C ISCHAEMIA ISCHAEMIA ISCHAEMIA ISCHAEMIA
STAGE D INFECTION AND ISCHAEMIA
INFECTION AND ISCHAEMIA
INFECTION AND ISCHAEMIA
INFECTION AND ISCHAEMIA
DIABETIC FOOT SEVERITY SCORE(DFSS)- UMEBESE AND OGBEMUDIA
• BEING VALIDATED• GRADES ULCER, PULSES, SENSATION, COLOUR, AGE
AND RADIOGRAPHS OF THE FOOT• PREDICTS LIMB SALVAGEABILITY• ≤ 11 UNSALVAGEABLE• 21 BEST PROGNOSTIC INDEX• 6 WORST PROGNOSTIC INDEX• COMPLEX• DIFFICULT TO MEMORISE
• COLOUR OF FOOT
NORMAL 3
DARKER DISCOLOURATION 2
BLACK 1
• PERIPHERAL PULSES
DORSALIS PEDIS AND POSTERIOR TIBIAL PALPABLE 4
POSTERIOR TIBIAL ONLY 3
DORSALIS PEDIS ONLY 2
NONE1
• SENSATION
NORMAL LIGHT TOUCH AND PIN PRICK 3
DIMINISHED HYPOESTHESIA 2
INSENSIBILITY TO INSENSATE 1
• ULCER GRADING
GANGRENE LIMITED TO 1 OR 2 TOES 5
FULL THICKNESS ULCERATION OF DORSALSKIN 4
ULCER INVOLVEMENT OF >2 TOES OR BALL OF FOOT 3
OPEN PENETRATING ULCER >50% OF SOLE 2
WHOLE FOOT GANGRENE + SUPRAMALLEOLAR 1
NECROTISING CELLULITIS
• AGE
40 YEARS3
41- 60 YEARS2
> 61 YEARS1
• RADIOGRAPH OF FOOT
NORMAL 3
COM OR CALCIFIED PERIPHERAL VESSELS 2
COM + CPV1
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
• DIABETIC DERMOPATHY
• ERUPTIVE XANTHOMAS
• NECROBIOSIS LIPOIDICA
• ARTHRITIS
• MUSCLE PAIN
• THROMBOPHLEBITIS
• RADICULAR PAIN
• MYEXDEMA
• VASCULITIC NEUROPATHIES
• METABOLIC NEUROPATHIES
• AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY
INVESTIGATIONS
• ESTABLISH DIAGNOSIS/ GLYCAEMIC CONTROL
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR
2-HOUR POST PRANDIAL GLUCOSE
HbA1c ASSAY
• BASELINE
FULL BLOOD COUNT
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN ASSAY
ELECTROLYTE/UREA/CREATININE
URINALYSIS
24-HOUR URINE FOR PROTEIN ESTIMATION
• DIABETIC FOOT
DEEP TISSUE CULTURE/HISTOLOGY
ASPIRATE M/C/S
PULSE VOLUME RECORDING(PVR)
ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX
PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS
DOPPLER/DUPLEX ULTRASOUND SCANS
MONOFILAMENT TESTING
BIOTHESIOMETER
CONTACT THERMOGRAPHY
• CT SCAN/MRI
• BONE SCANS
• ANGIOGRAPHY
• TRANSCUTANEOUS TISSUE OXYGEN STUDIES
• INVESTIGATE FOR RETINOPATHY, NEPHROPATHY, CARDIAC DISEASE ETC
TREATMENT
• NON-SURGICAL
• SURGICAL
APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS FOR TREATMENT
• OFFLOAD THE WOUND WITH APPROPRIATE FOOT WEAR
• DEBRIDEMENT
• DAILY WOUND DRESSING
• ANTIBIOTICS
• OPTIMAL CONTROL OF GLUCOSE, HYPERTENSION AND HYPERLIPIDAEMIA
• EVALUATE/ CORRECT PERIPHERAL VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY
• MULTIDISCIPLINARY
ENDOCRINOLOGIST INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPECIALIST
CARDIOLOGIST PLASTIC SURGEON
NEPHROLOGIST PROSTHETIST/ ORTHOTIST
PODIATRIST NUTRITIONIST
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEON WOUND CARE SPECIALIST
VASCULAR SURGEON
NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT
• WOUND DRESSING• AUTOLYTIC DEBRIDEMENT• ENZYMATIC DEBRIDEMENT• LARVAL THERAPY• VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE• HYDROTHERAPY• HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY• OFFLOADING THE FOOT: TCC, RCW, ITCC, CRUTCHES,
WHEEL CHAIR
• ANTIBIOTICS
• HEMORRHEOLOGIC AGENTS: PENTOXIFYLLINE, CILOSTAZOL
• ANTIPLATELET AGENTS: CLOPIDOGREL, SOLUBLE ASPIRIN
• WOUND HEALLING AGENTS: BECAPLERMIN
GEL(REGRANEX)
• SUPPORTIVE THERAPY: ANALGESIA, FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE CORRECTION, BLOOD TRANSFUSION, GLYCAEMIC CONTROL
DRESSING AGENTS• WET TO DAMP DRESSINGS
• ABILITY TO ABSORB EXUDATE AND PROTECT HEALTHY SKIN
• OPSITE; TEGADERM
• NORMAL SALINE
• ISOTONIC SALINE GEL(NORMGEL)
• HYDROCOLLOIDS: DUODERM, INTRASITE – DRY WOUNDS
• CALCIUM ALGINATES: KALTOSTAT, CURASORB – EXUDATIVE WOUNDS
• IMPREGNATED GAUZE (MESALT) – VERY EXUDATIVE WOUNDS
• HYDROFIBRES (AQUACEL) – VERY EXUDATIVE WOUNDS
• DERMAZINE, BACITRACIN, NEOSPORIN – INFECTED WOUNDS
• DRY DRESSING + BETADINE – ESCHAR
• HONEY – INFECTED WOUNDS
• CYTOTOXIC AGENTS: NOT ADVISED EXCEPT IN INFECTED WOUNDS
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
POVIDONE IODINE
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
ACETIC ACID
EUSOL
SURGICAL TREATMENT• SHARP DEBRIDEMENT
• REVISION SURGERIES
• VASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION
• SOFT TISSUE COVERAGE
• AMPUTATION
SHARP DEBRIDEMENT
• MUST PRECEDE NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT
• REMOVE INFECTED AND NON-VIABLE TISSUES
• REMOVE EXCESS CALLUS
• CURETTAGE OF UNDELYING OSTEOMYELITIC BONES
• REDUCES PRESSURE
• ALLOWS FULL INSPECTION OF UNDERLYING TISSUES
• HELPS DRAINAGE OF SECRETIONS AND PUS
• HELPS OPTIMSE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOPICAL PREPARATONS
• STIMULATES HEALING
VASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION
• EARLY REFERRAL TO THE VASCULAR SURGEON
• INTRACTABLE REST OR NOGHTPAIN
• INTRACTABLE FOOT ULCERS
• IMPENDING GANGRENE
• FEMORO-POPLITEAL BYPASS
REVISION SURGERIES
• FOR BONY ARCHITECTURE
• REMOVE PRESSURE POINTS
• RESECTION OF METATARSAL HEADS, OSTECTOMY
SOFT TISSUE COVERAGE
• SKIN GRAFTING
AUTOGRAFT
CADAVERIC
• TISSUE CULTURED SKIN SUBSTITUTES
DERMAGRAF
APLIGRAF
• XENOGRAFT
AMPUTATION• 85% OF AMPUTATIONS ARE PRECEDED BY ULCERS
• AMPUTATION RATES AVERAGELYBETWEEN 5-24%
• 53% AMPUTATION RATES HAVE BEEN QUOTED
• 26% RE-AMPUTATION RATE
• PREDICTORS FOR MAJOR AMPUTATION
SMOKINGLIMB ISCHAEMIA
OSTEOMYELITIS ULCER SIZE
ELEVATED WBC,ESR,CRP REDUCED Hb, ALBUMIN
LOCAL OR DIFFUSE GANGRENE
INDICATONS FOR AMPUTATION
• ISCHAEMIC REST PAIN THAT CANNOT BE MANAGED BY ANALGESIA OR REVASCULARISATION
• LIFE THREATENING FOOT INFECTION THAT CANNOTBE MANAGED BY OTHER MEASURES
• NON-HEALING ULCER ACCOMPANIED BY HIGHER BURDEN OF DISEASE THAN WOULD RESULT FROM AMPUTATION
TYPES OF AMPUTATION• RAY AMPUTATION
• FOOT CONSERVING AMPUTATIONS: TRANSMETATARSAL, LISFRANC’S
• BELOW KNEE AMPUTATION
• ABOVE KNEE AMPUTATIONS
• DISARTICULATIONS
STEPS TO AVOID AMPUTATION: GLOBAL WOUND CARE PLAN
• DIAGNOSIS OF DM +/- PERIPHERAL SENSORY NEUROPATHY
DFU PREVENTION CARE PLAN
TREAT COMORBIDITIES
GOOD GLYCAEMIC CONTROL
OFFLOAD FOOT
ANNUAL PROFESSIONAL FOOT EXAMINATION
REGULAR REVIEW AND PATIENT EDUCATION
• DEVELOPMENT OF DFU
DETERMINE CAUSE OF ULCER
AGREE TREATMENT WITH PATIENT AND IMPLEMENT WOUND CARE PLAN
INITIATE ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT
REVIEW OFFLOADING DEVICE
OPTIMISE GLYCAEMIC CONTROL
VASCULAR ASSESSMENT
PATIENT EDUCATION
• DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR DISEASE
EARLY REFERRAL TO VASCULAR SURGEON
OPTIMSE DM CONTROL
• INFECTED ULCER
ANTIMICROBIALS
OFFLOAD PRESSURE
THERAPY DIRECTED AT BIOFILM
REASONS FOR POOR TREATMENT OUTCOMES• POOR HEALTH LITERACY
• LOW ACCESS TO QUALITY MEDICAL CARE
• NON-COMPLIANCE TO MEDICATION
• LACK OF ACCESS TO DIABETES INFORMATION AND SERVICES
• WEAK REFERRAL SYSTEMS
• ABSENCE OF ROUTINE SCREENING FOR DM
• POVERTY
• LACK OF CAPACITY FOR MANAGEMENT OF DM IN LOWER LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE
• BELIEF IN ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES
LOCAL AND REGIONAL CHALLENGES• LATE PRESENTATION
• ALTERNATIVE UNORTHODOX CARE
• THE MIRACLE PHENOMENON
• POOR PERIPHERAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES
• DEARTH OF SKILLED MANPOWER
• LACKED OF DEDICATED FOOT SERVICE
• DELAYED REFERRALS
• POOR PATIENT COMPLIANCE
• POOR FOLLOW UP
• REFUSAL TO GIVE CONSENT FOR SURGERY
• LOW LEVELS OF COMMUNITY/ PATIENT AWARENESS AND PRACTICES
• LACK OF POLITICAL WILL
PREVENTION• DAILY FOOT INSPECTION
• GENTLE SOAP AND WATER CLEANSING
• APPLICATION OF SKIN MOISTURISERS
• INSPECTIONS OF SHOES FOR SUPPORT AND FIT
• PROMPT TREATMENT OF MINOR WOUNDS
• AVOID HOT SOAKS,HEATING PADS,IRRITATING TOPICAL AGENTS
• STOP CIGARETTE SMOKING
• CONTROL OF BLOOD SUGAR, BLOOD PRESSURE AND SERUM LIPIDS
• PROPHYLACTICPODIATRIC SURGERY
• AVOID USE OF SHARPS TO PARE NAILS
• WEAR CLEAN SOCKS
• NEVER WALK BARE FOOT
• CHECK INSIDE SHOES BEFORE WEARING THEM
RECENT ADVANCES
• BIOENGINEERED SKIN SUBSTITUTES: DERMAGRAF
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS: HYAFF,PROMOGRAN
• MMP MODULATOR(MATRIX METALLOPROTENASES): DERMAX
• AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET-RICH PLASMA
CONCLUSION
• INCREASING PREVALENCE OF DM AND ITS ATTENDANT COMPLCATIONS
• POOR KNOWLEGDE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES
• LOCAL CHALLENGES RESULT IN HIGH AMPUTATION RATES
• PARADIGM SHIFT TO PREVENTIVE CARE NEEDED
THANK YOU!
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