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Prior to 1880 there has been a leading concept

that management is an inborn ability

Today, in large-sized business organizations,

ownership and management are separateidentities

Management as an Inborn orAcquired Ability

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Management Science is concerned

with developing and applying

models and concepts that help to

illuminate management issues and

solve managerial problems

Management as a Science

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The models used can often be

represented mathematically, butsometimes computer-based, visual or

verbal representations are used. The

range of problems and issues to

which management science has

contributed insights and solutions is

vast.

Scheduling airlines, both planes and

crew,

deciding the appropriate place to site

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Managing the flow of water fromreservoirs,

Identifying possible future

development paths for parts of thetelecommunications industry,

Establishing the information needs and

Appropriate systems to supply them

within the health service,

Identifying and understanding the

strategies adopted by companies for

their information systems

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A systematized body of knowledge

based on proper findings and exact

principles and is capable of verification

It is a reservoir of fundamental truthsand its findings apply safely in all the

situations.

In this sense, management is a

Management as a Science

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Like other sciences, management

has also developed certainprinciples, laws, generalization,

which are universal in nature and are

applicable wherever the efforts of the

people are to be coordinated.

The main reason for the inexactness

of science of management is that it

deals with the people and it is verydifficult to predict their behaviour

accurately.

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Management as an Art

Art refers to the way of doing

specific things; it indicates how an

object can be achieved.

Management as an Art

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George R. Terry, "Art is bringing about

of a desired result through the

application of skill."

Management is certainly an art as a

manager uses his skill, knowledge and

experience in solving various

problems, both complicated and non-

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"Management is the art and

science of preparing, organizing

and directing human efforts to

control the forces and utilize thematerial of nature for the benefit of

men.

Management is an Art and

Science Both

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Planning

Organizing

StaffingLeading

Controlling

Functions of Managers

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Informational: This role involves

the sharing and analyzing of

information

Interpersonal: This role involves

human interaction.

Decisional: This role involves

decision making.

Roles performed by managers

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Category Role Activity

Informational Monitor Seek and receive information; scan periodicals andreports; maintain personal contact with stakeholders.

Disseminator Forward information to organization members via memos,reports, and phone calls.

Spokesperson Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos, andspeeches.

Interpersonal Figurehead Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties, such as greetingvisitors and signing legal documents.

Leader Direct and motivate subordinates; counsel andcommunicate with subordinates.Liaison Maintain information links both inside and outside

organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings.Decisional Entrepreneur Initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas and

delegate idea responsibility to others.Disturbancehandler Take corrective action during disputes or crises; resolveconflicts among subordinates; adapt to environments.Resource

allocatorDecide who gets resources; prepare budgets; set

schedules and determine priorities.Negotiator Represent department during negotiations of union

contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets.

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Communication

Listening Skills

Leadership Focus

Division of Work

SKILLS REQUIRED BY AMANAGER

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A manager's environment is

made up of constantly

changing factors

bothexternal and internal

Managerial Environments

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Directly interactive forces

Indirectly interactive forces

The External Environment

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Owners expect managers to watch over their interests and

provide a return on investments.

Customers demand satisfaction with the products and

services they purchase and use.

Suppliers require attentive communication, payment, and a

strong working relationship to provide needed resources.

Competitors present challenges as they vie for customers in

a marketplace with similar products or services.

Employees and employee unions provide both the people to

do the jobs and the representation of work force concerns to

Directly interactive forces

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Political

Legal,

Technological,Economic,

Global influences

Indirectly interactive forces

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Current Employees

Management

Especially corporate culture

The Internal Environment