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Managed Exchange Rate System A Managed Floating Exchange Rate System is a system in which a government intervenes at some frequency to change the direction of the float by buying or selling currencies . Often, the local government makes this intervention or It is a system in which the government or the country's central bank occasionally intervenes to change the direction of the value of the county’s currency. It is also known as a “dirty float,” and also can be defined as a readiness to intervene in the foreign exchange market, without defending any particular parity. The governments of different countries including Brazil, Russia, South Korea and Venezuela have imposed bands around their currencies and when they found that they could not maintain the currency’s value within the bands they removed the bands. Methods of Intervention There are two methods of intervention. Direct Intervention Indirect Intervention Direct Intervention In direct intervention if the government of a country wants to put downward pressure on its currency or wants to decrease the value of its currency the government should float its currency in the money market and vice versa. For example, during early 2004, Japan’s central bank, the Bank of Japan, intervened on several occasions to lower the value of the yen. In the first 2 months of 2004, the Bank of Japan sold yen in the foreign exchange market in exchange for $100 billion. Then, on March 5, 2004 the Bank of Japan sold yen in the foreign exchange market in exchange for $20 billion, which put immediate downward pressure on the value of the yen. Indirect Intervention

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Page 1: Managed Exchange Rate Project

Managed Exchange Rate SystemA Managed  Floating Exchange Rate System is a system  in which a government intervenes at some frequency to change the direction of the float by buying or selling currencies. Often, the local government makes this  intervention or  It   is a system  in which the government or the country's   central  bank  occasionally   intervenes   to  change   the  direction  of   the  value  of   the county’s currency.

It is also  known as a “dirty float,” and also can be defined as a readiness to intervene in the foreign exchange market, without defending any particular parity.

The governments of different countries including Brazil, Russia, South Korea and Venezuela have imposed bands around their currencies and when they found that they could not maintain the currency’s value within the bands they removed the bands.

Methods of InterventionThere are two methods of intervention.

Direct Intervention Indirect Intervention

Direct InterventionIn direct intervention if the government of a country wants to put downward pressure on its currency or wants to decrease the value of its currency the government should float its currency in the money market and vice versa.For example, during early 2004, Japan’s central bank, the Bank of Japan, intervened on several occasions to lower the value of the yen. In the first 2 months of 2004, the Bank of Japan sold yen in the foreign exchange market in exchange for $100 billion. Then, on March 5, 2004 the Bank of Japan sold yen in the foreign exchange market in exchange for $20 billion, which put immediate downward pressure on the value of the yen.

Indirect Intervention

In indirect intervention a country or the central bank can affect the Dollar’s value indirectly by influencing the factors that determined it.  Change in a currency’s spot rate  is  influenced by following factors:

e= (ΔINF, ΔINT, ΔINC, ΔGC, ΔEXP)

ΔINF = Change in InflationΔINT = Change in Interest RateΔGC = Change in Government ControlΔEXP = Change in Expectations

  For  example,  during Asian crisis   in  1997 and 1998,  central  banks of  some Asian countries increased their interest rates to prevent their currencies from weakening. The higher interest 

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rates  were  expected   to  make   the   local   securities  more  attractive  and   therefore  encourage investors to maintain their holdings of securities, which would reduce the exchange of the local currency for other currencies. This effort was not successful for most Asian countries although it worked for China and Hong Kong.

Managed Exchange Rate System: The Singapore Experience, by Jason Lee, Edward Robinson and Saktiandi Supaat

Since   1981,   the   monetary   policy   in   Singapore   has   been   centered   on  management   of   the exchange rate. The primary objective of this frame works has been to promote price stability as a sound basis for sustainable economic growth. Notably, the framework incorporates several key features of the basket, band and crawl (BBC) regime, as popularized by Williamson (1998, 1999). These may be briefly summarized as follows:

First,   the   Singapore  dollar   is  managed   against   a   basket   of   currencies  of   its   major   trading partners and competitors. The various currencies are assigned different degrees of importance, or weights, depending on the extent of Singapore’s rate dependence on that particular country.

Second, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) operates a managed float regime for the Singapore  dollar.  The Trade-weighted exchange rate   is  allowed to  fluctuate  within  a  policy band,   the  level  and slope of  which are  announced semi-annually   to   the market.  The band provides a mechanism to accommodate sort-term fluctuations in the foreign exchange markets and flexibility in managing the exchange rate.

Third, the exchange rate policy band is periodically reviewed to ensure that it maintain that it remains consistent with the underlying fundamentals of the economy. The policy band thus incorporates a ‘Crawl’ feature, which underscores the importance of continually assessing the path of the exchange rate, so as to avoid misalignments in the currency value.

Notably, the assignment of the exchange rate as the intermediate target of monetary policy in Singapore implies that the MAS cede control over domestic interest rates. In the context of free movement of capital, interest rates in Singapore are determined to a large extent by foreign interest   rates   and   investors   exceptions   of   future   movements   in   the   S$.   Indeed,   domestic interest rates have typically been lower than US interest rates,  and reflect market expectations of an appreciation of S$. In addition, the relationship between the interest rate and exchange rate in Singapore is generally well-characterized by uncovered interest parity relationship.

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Managed Exchange Rate: The Case of the New Taiwan, by Christina Y. LiuIn  1978,   the  government  abandoned   the  fixed   foreign  exchange   rate   system and  adopted managed foreign exchange. Under the new system, the foreign exchange rate was determined not by the Central Bank but by the Center of Foreign Exchange, which was composed of five large Taiwanese  Banks   (namely,   the Bank of  Taiwan,   the Chinese  International  Commercial Bank,   the   First   Commercial   Bank,   Hua-Nan   Commercial   Bank,   and   Chang-Hua   Commercial Bank). A range of 2.25% around the previous day’s rate was set to prevent violent fluctuations. During the 1980s Taiwan’s trade surplus increased substantially, and foreign exchange was no longer a scare resource. The government thus replaced the managed foreign exchange rate with a floating rate in 1989.

Foreign exchange policy and intervention in Thailand by Financial Markets Operations Group, Bank of Thailand

Since 2 July 1997, Thailand has adopted a managed-float exchange rate regime, replacing thebasket-peg regime which had been in operation since 1984. The value of the baht has since then been largely determined by market forces. The Bank of Thailand manages the exchange rate by  intervening  in   the  foreign exchange market   from time to time  in  order   to prevent excessive volatilities  in the markets,  while fundamental  trends are accommodated.   In other words,  movements   in   the  exchange   rates  which  are   in   line  with   the  changes   in  economic fundamentals and financial development would only be smoothed and not resisted.The  managed-float  exchange   rate   regime   together  with   the   inflation   targeting   framework, which was formally introduced in May 2000 with short-term interest rates as the operating target, has worked well for Thailand. The inflation target performs the role of a new nominal anchor   for  monetary   policy  while  flexibility   in   exchange   rates  helps   absorb   shocks   to   the economy. Since the adoption of the managed-float exchange rate regime, the Thai baht has generally   moved   in   line   with   economic   fundamentals.   However,   extreme   exchange   rate movements   have   occasionally   occurred   due   to   various   causes.   As   a   result,   different combinations of techniques and tactics were used depending on the market conditions. Broadly speaking, the Bank of Thailand focuses on containing excessive and persistent exchange rate volatility   and   intervenes   when   exchange   rate   movements   appear   to   be   inconsistent   with fundamental changes.

The Chilean Caseby José De Gregorio y Andrea Tokman R.

Chile is one of the countries that reserved the right to intervene when it adopted the floating regime   in   1999.   The   monetary   authority   declared   that,   during   exceptional   episodes   of uncertainty  and volatility,  under  which   there  may be  adverse  economic  effects  of  an  over 

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reacting exchange rate,  it   is  desirable that the Central  Bank intervene in the exchange rate market.Two such episodes occurred in 2001 and 2002, where the Central Bank, motivated by excessive volatility of the international financial markets and the potentially adverse effects, announced a package of intervention measures to provide more liquidity and foreign currency coverage. The first episode coincided with financial turmoil stemming from the convertibility crisis   in  Argentina,  aggravated  by  September-11,  and   the   second  with   turbulence   in  Brazil during   the  presidential  elections  of  2002.   In  both   cases,   there  were   clear   indications   that exchange rate depreciation was excessive given the evolution of fundamentals. Chile’s trade and financial   links  with  Argentina  and with  Brazil  are   small.   For  example,   trade  with  both countries combined is less than 20% of overall Chilean trade. The sharp depreciations clearly indicated that the market had lost its anchor, and hence they could have had adverse effects on inflation that would have required tightening monetary policy in a period in which the economy was growing slowly and thus there were no inflationary pressures.Then, the intervention was seen as a first line of defense to inflation coming from excessivedepreciation.   The   chance   that   a  bubble  would  have  dominated   the  market  would   require actions to verify whether this was truly an overreaction. If the Central Bank had not intervened, the excess depreciation, more than that required for adjusting the real exchange rate, would have resulted in inflation to undo the real effects of the nominal depreciation. Indeed, it is likely that a depreciation that pushes the real exchange rate above its equilibrium level will bring inflation. This inflation, in turn, will validate an initially excessive depreciation. Before tightening monetary policy or giving up with inflation it could be advisable to intervene. This intervention does  not  pursue  a  particular   level  of   the  exchange   rate,  but   rather   to  avoid  an  excessive weakening of the currency. If intervention is not effective, it is an indication that exchange rate movements   could   be   the   result   of   a   need   for   a   real   depreciation.   Given   this   reason   for intervention, it has to last for a limited period, and must be oriented at providing liquidity and reestablish and orderly working of the forex market, rather than looking for a particular level for the exchange rate or to reduce fluctuations. The purpose of the intervention is to prevent a rapid depreciation.The success of sterilized interventions in Chile showed that indeed the market reactions wereunfounded.   Otherwise,   intervention   would   have   been   ineffective,   calling   for   monetary tightening if inflation expectations had been inconsistent with the target.The first intervention started on August 16th 2001, when the Central Bank communicated that spot market interventions could occur up to a maximum of US$2 billion, over the following fourmonths. Additional sales for US$2 billion of dollar-denominated central bank bills (BCD) were also announced.10 During the period, spot market interventions totaled US$803 million, less than   half   the   maximum   announced,   which   represented   nearly   5%   of   the   total   stock   of international reserves. The spot trades of foreign exchange were done in 15 interventions (15% of working days), and were substantially smaller than in the interventions during the crawling peg period, and less than half the amount exchanged during the unsterilized intervention to defend the peso in 1998. The sale of BCDs, summed up to US$3.04 billion, including the BCDs that were part of the regular program of rollover. These were more frequent than interventions in the spot market and even than sales of BCDs in previous intervention periods. The amount above the regular program of BCDs sales was US$2.3 billion, which led to total intervention of US$3.1  billion.  During   that  time,   the  exchange   rate  appreciated  3.9%  (partly   reversing   the 

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depreciation observed until August), although it had accumulated a depreciation of nearly 5% in September.   The   maximum   daily   devaluation   was   2.8%   (September),   and   the   maximum appreciation  in one day was 1.8%,   in October.  On October 10th of  2002,  the Central  Bank announced a period of interventions very much like that of 2001, 2 billion dollars in spot and 2 billion dollars in BCDs, to end on February 10th of 2003. This intervention occurred with the Brazilian country risk rate climbing and a complex global scenario. The peso/dollar exchange rate depreciated 7% in one month, showing an acceleratingtrend, and without similar deterioration in fundamentals, except for turmoil coming from Brazil.Thus, these developments suggested that the exchange rate depreciated more as a result ofcontagion than of fundamentals.  Contrary to the previous experience, however, the Central Bank actually did not intervene in the spot market. However, there were interventions issuing dollar denominated debt. Furthermore, in December 2002, the Governor of the Central Bank announced the possibility  of   redefining  the  intervention strategy  of   the second half  of   the intervention period.  A few days  later,   the BCD sale calendar was cut  to half.  Five hundred million US dollars in BCDs were sold in each of the first two months, October and November. Subsequently, the Central Bank considered that a milder intervention would suffice, and sold 250 million in each of the following months, December and January. Total intervention in this episode was 1.5 billion dollars,  without spot  interventions.  This episode involved much less intervention than the first one. Reserves did not change and the total stock of BCDs increased to US$5.8 billion.

During   this   second   episode,   the   exchange   rate   appreciated   by   2.1%   (partly   reversing   the previous depreciation), although by mid December it had appreciated by 8.8%, to relapse in the following  months.  The  biggest  depreciation   in  one  day  was  1.3% and  a  2.3% appreciation occurred   the   day   after   the   intervention   announcement.   During   the   second   episode,   the exchange rate gradually approached its initial level (figure 2). The intervention was prompted by unusual increases in spreads in Brazil and emerging markets, but after the announcement that intervention would soften because financial turmoil in emerging markets was diminishing, the exchange rate began depreciating again and at a slower pace than the one that triggered the   interventions   (August-October).   This   episode   shows,   first,   that   the   purpose   of   the interventions was not to target a specific level for the exchange rate, but rather to reduce the speed of depreciation. And, second, that the reaction of the Central Bank was based on turmoil in financial markets rather than, again, on the exchange rate reaching a certain level.

Q. Why do you think Central Banks might prefer a managed exchange rate system over a fixed or a floating exchange rate?

A.  Managed exchange rate systems permit  the government to place some  influence on an exchange rate   that  would otherwise  be  freely  floating.  Managed means  the exchange rate system has attributes of both systems. On one hand allowing one's currency to be dictated in its 

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entirety by a foreign nation would be undesirable since exogenous shocks from the pegged country would affect your currency.There would be little control of the Central Bank to change expectations or impact the economy through a change in the exchange rate (thus impact interest rates through supply and demand for  domestic currency)  as   the entire exchange system would  be dependent  on the  foreign nation's policies.The  central  bank  will   also  be   in  a  position   to  utilize  monetary  policy   to   its  advantage,  or essentially, the changes in monetary policy will have their desired effect on a market where the exchange is not fixed.Canada uses a managed exchange rate. they do not peg to the USD, and in fact permit the exchange rate to float so long as it remains with a certain target (which varies). If the CB doesn't like how much the dollar declines they can put in place measures to slow a depreciation or appreciation. However, the central banks power to change the exchange rate trend through the markets   is  usually   limited as  their   influence cannot match the overall  buying power of   the global market.

Conclusion

A country needs to use Managed Float Exchange Rate System when it has a huge amount of local or foreign currencies available to use more preferably when there is a coordinated effort among central  banks who simultaneously attempt to strengthen or weaken the currency  in order to maintain the exchange rate at a reasonable point or to make their Managed Exchange Rate policy more affective.