8/12/2019 MALTUHS
3/7
Prof. Yves CharbitUniversite Paris DescartesUMR CEPED
(Universite Paris Descartes-INED-IRD)75006 ParisFrance
ISBN 978-1-4020-9959-5 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9960-1
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9960-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009920976
c Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009No part of this work
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
microfilming, recordingor otherwise, without written permission
from the Publisher, with the exceptionof any material supplied
specifically for the purpose of being enteredand executed on a
computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the
work.
Printed on acid-free paper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
8/12/2019 MALTUHS
5/7
Contents
1 The Population Controversy and Beyond. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Theoretical Progress and Affiliations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Demographic Theory and Economic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Demographic Doctrines and Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Interpreting Theories and Doctrines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Population, Economic Growth
and Religion: Malthus as a Populationist . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The Central Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The First Model: Regulation by Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The First Model: Scandinavian Countries . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 16
The Reform of the Poor Laws in England . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 17
The Second Model: The Demo-Economics of Fertility and Nuptiality
. . . . 20
The Agricultural Employment Market and Demographic Growth . . .
20
The Law of Diminishing Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Third Model: Effective Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Production and Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Short-Term Demographic Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 25
Effective Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
England in Malthuss Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27A Comprehensive Model for
Maximising Demo-Economic Growth . . . . . . 31
Social Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Industry and Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Malthus the Populationist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Moral Restraint, the Principle of Population and
Demo-Economic
Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Religion and Economics in the Concepts of 1798 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 42
Contradictions and Unity in Malthuss Writings . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
vii
8/12/2019 MALTUHS
6/7
viii Contents
3 From Malthusianism to Populationism: The French Liberal
Economists (18401870). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
The Economists as a Sect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
A Double Paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53The 1856 Census:
Demographic Crisis and Economic Prosperity . . . 54
The 1866 Census: The Decreasing Fertility and International
Outlook 55
Poverty of the Working Class and the Dangers of the Revolution .
. . . . . . . 57
Industrialisation and Its Demographic Implications . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 58
Responses to the Problem of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
The Second Empire: Social Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The Peasants: Small Holdings and Rural Exodus . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 64
The Urban Working Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Towards Populationism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
The New Socialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Demographic Conditions: Infant Mortality and Fertility . . . . .
. . . . . . 77
Military Problems and Pacifism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Emigration and Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
From Anti-colonialism to Colonialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 81
Emigration and Colonisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Malthusianism and the Bourgeois Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Annex: The Causes of the Rural Exodus . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4 The Malthusian Trap: The Failure of Proudhon . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 93
A Thinker Who Cannot Be Classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
The Two Progressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The Early Carnets: To Be or Not to Be a Malthusian? . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 95
Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Does Production Really Increase in Geometrical Progression? . .
. . . 100
Economics and Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
The Demand for Labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The Right to Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Emigration, Colonisation and Economic Power . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 105Industrialisation and Free Trade . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Moral Philosophy and Social Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Philosophy and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Progress and Providence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
The Proudhonian Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Against Fertility Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Fertility and Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Malthusian Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
The Limitations of Proudhons Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 115The Misuse of Metaphysics . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
