Malkiel, Yakov (1941) Atristar-Entristecer: adjectival verbs in spanish, portuguese and catalan

8/6/2019 Malkiel, Yakov (1941) Atristar-Entristecer: adjectival verbs in spanish, portuguese and catalan

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STUDIESN PHILOLOGY 'Publictionoce: 1?20 Eloplins Place, Baltimore, il 'Eecutiveanil editorialoffices:Box'149, ChapelEill, N' C'Subscriptions nil other business ommunicationsloul'lbosent to Z-ZO noptins Place, Baltimore, \[cI,,or The Uni' 'versity of Nortl Carolin Press, Bor 10, Cbopel Hill,N. C. Ageut fo r Great Britain an d tb e Continent:Cam'briilge Uiivorsity Press, Fetter Lane, Lonclon, D' C' 4'

.a'uul nubsoription, 4.00. Pice of this number,$1.25.Dntoredas ccond-clasgmatter at tho Post Ofcoet Baltimoro,Md., urrder ho Ac t ol August 12 , l9 l2:

Clalm for mieeing numbergghould be maile withln a monthfollowing tlre regular month of publicotion. Tho publieherserpect t supply missing nunrbere free of charge only when Ilosgeshavg leen sustslned in transit an d wlen tbs reservetock wil l permit.Tbo editorial readers or Srudics n Phtrologynclutlo naddition to the Editorial Board membersof tho grotluate.faculty of the departments f languages nil literatures nths Universityof North Carolind.

Studies n Phi lo logyVoluureXXXVIII JULY, 1941 Number 3AT NI BTA I-A NT NISTDCE N

Ali.rl:c'r'rv,tr,tu s rN St',rNtsr, ott'tuouusli,lNDCrr'rr,lBy Y,rriov }Ilr,rrnr,

IPtrlrltlx,uttus. Spauish, vhethel consideled lonr tltc angle oflistoricnl cl of clcscriplivc ilrguistics, is clttrctct' izctly on edorrintnt cnture: o far mtr'c lcfirlitc t'cntl orv4rtl lrtlity, ocotlor)y'nnrl conccrtt' ltior f l 'csourccs hrr s plesent in urry otllcr ll


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43 0 " A lrstur- lN nlrts lecertgnds to t lrc activc t lomain, nt l , r :otryclscly,rorv rrr l ( ir irr l lcu,-er tylte assur)cs|c ctc frctiolr, '1"' lisau ]uad tc, t stltt ofparallelism Lretrveen,or jDstance,attslar trcl rlnslcer, llilc's\d eilflar.luecer. \ somcrvhat .liflcl'ent ftccl of tltis cottvclgcttc.vresrlis 'onscntcnccs ucli BS hese:

l icr le tengo po r ta n tl e p icdra quc uo lc e i l ternczco y ablandc r r i lbcl lu ta l cr ,rno a tr ryl (Cervnrr tcs)I l is mic r l rog6t ci laorpeccta ' r t is r r r i r tL ,sae (gr t lDur , (Qrr i r r t :rnn) ,Dsta divisir r , lc jos


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I

43' " ; l tr s lur-- l ! n lr stccerot 'ulbirtt, ttgrlre, rubre alcurgsirle f ulbcscerc,ngrescere,tbes-cere,-.inc.en tlcse auguagcs etisc-usagctsr:lf scrvcd u largc prrtto r l ist irrgrr is lr dcrluatel ' cttveen hc inchotivc,durntive nnrls irrr i lrr grrrn iuruti


4/17

43 " 'L lr s lur ' - I l n lr i 's letrtr t lu lzur, lr i(I,)-rr .rr t l t . abnss0rc,dtlo lzutc,tt t t t tuttsute 'I t ler l i_.-.r .rr irrrr t i ' r rf *ar l i.s/rre 'on rol iugal cross lst i lc , [ t i t lott i i t ,i rrr l ' r 'ot ' t ' tr :olott ' t n trJt ' i t t t t : trrrr l ia ly ' Nrt l lcrotsc ' l ' l l t r t io lrst i t t l

l r t , t ,r.r , irrcr lr l , : ir .rrr t tcrnlrrc,ughotrthi s va-"t t t 'ca, alt iculrr l l 'in Sr l tr is l t t t t t l1 'ortugucsc., l . lr t ,r , t l t , ,r .cr.crtualolr t io i 'a s o pr'0seI ' \ 'co al l irr tents r l r i ll )uf l l()susl rc olr lcr. i l rr :hotrt ivc ' re rrrt l o rtt : l icvoltt- ' t tcrrcssitt ' .yf, , , , , , t iu,, , ,1l i l l t ,r ' t , i l t i rr t i0ul ' t l rc (optiorr i l l t ' t : t t l t t t t t lsoLy)ddit ionlo t lrc rcrter cr lof n rcl lc-r iYe)l 'oI)ottr l ,tarDr ingt in ai lvalrcetsex, l ic i t ly trer l()1.. cst iges of lh is terrr lcncynI c t l ist:ovc|cd l'SJi,rrr ir l i r t t l . l 'orttrgucsettt t l rut)y othcr cogttatc anguagcs; to-uh.r, ' , l torret 'cL,l i t i i t hr 'e hc logue tirat it catl ie o cnjoy in(-'rlrlirr,.\ s f0r. lrc l lr i | t l i r tro i ' t ir- ,rrf l ionrttcc:lr e l 'c-th ' i t : tct lt t t tr lr t ' rr , l ' l l . t l i rcs r.u i l irL lc,lr is earr irrg loult l lrvLxr(rt)lrorcacr:c lt l t l i t t t ' r lin sruni-.h hn n in an y rclatcr l ar iguagc l t tccoutlt f i ts h ighcrt',-,rrcctltr'rtio1.lr e Iitcts cotlrcup to ou r cxpcctations: ts t I' ttlt: 'onl' u- artrl - lavc l-,ceneft, nncl herc is an unmisttlitblc tlclttlto corlnc hc us e of th foiiicr to th c -rral.ttl l.re rs eof lh e lrftcrtot lr l-ccrrt.y l t , .Srrc ltctscsSclcsnltL lar,r .cs/r ic i. , ;nr 'cqrr i tccxtlcr-t ionir l , unl,,ss /s- l l l t l rc- scrYc o colrYcy lrc nrlt l i [ io lru l r lcts f ' rrr '0rs iorr te at ion. Oort-occut's nl y i tr { : : l t ! i l l l l lq: 0Sp' cttr t-tr .s lar, Isr. conrlcrrsrrr.0thcr I lo lraDccLlnguagcshoYe I) l 'e-"orvcrl rail\' rl)ol'eval' icties C*t'. perllongal', lum' pralun'g; tr 'clarer, ac-crtttrcr;ttg. arnadu'rccer,nd so avcSpanishdialcctsLco. csclr'rtr, tosruecer;st. encortdf es fecer *et-f ioscar.c;l f urc. csrrurrr;Iu, l ,-S.t . ntudacerlt fcx,raccrsc,tc ,cottYcrsol ' ; ,r lr l i t jo l l f thc rrcf ix o tlrc nr:hoativc cl 'b ts econrcotlt l t t t lsot ' . t 'ir r S,rrrrs t,.rcr:rtor r.r,tculr. ryt'tical ct-uiclitiorlsfluqru:t'tr( I tcrtt 'o), , , , , ,grrrr, ( . Irrur I lrr iz),.bcrnteiccerT:l lccI)r i) ' lanque'crri , i , ,s,,1.., Orir l lc , ( jcr lartcs lc Stlazar) al 'c I ro longcr tolc l l t t ' ' lirtlril..r tntirtr, ulrrr1f,.t-i!ll,L,:Lfllc'rrrrar c relfcctly ntlmissilllo) lnrlc,rtrrsto this, otter-iarlcllcs f -Lati. ltavc corlti.uc to rtsc llt'rrrrc /rr lr :cre 'tr i ,grcredrcescere,gresc-era)yc, e' g' l lutnrtt t ir t tr :'u t tr, , ic r ,rr largc" a lrgi t t to blottt lct"1 a Tuntctt i rto l t l t l i t 'I r lorrn," arrr l l lcrc l l a igrr , ' fratchir, rossir, lcuit ',\ f tc r this gcnernl s;,r.r'o.,f c rtrc {nilly trtlequi.rtely.cquirrtlrl.'lsl)l)t.onclt lrr: difle.crrtnspectsof th e segrcgatiorl 0/rislrr'."-'-"' ittr.steccr lt-: :t]l fiLst tr.i to esiablisli lt c cxtcnt to tvhi' 'h

\'ukou Malkiel 435" alrslu'" as hc molc rcccnt pe hnsex1.$9i1 tlten, vcshall scett thecxlcuscf rvhrtithcr urieticst hasdevelopetl,lt dconlpal'ethc statcof nlfairs n Sranisho that in the.cognateauguages;ultirnately, vc sltrl l turr to the older " entristecer" ype uudinquire into possible onnectiosetrveents vuryitrgsvntccticfrurctionsrr Poriuguese, astil inn, nd Cotnln t be grorvthoI tl ic oppositeype.

IISr,rri.u-lr r'ru! A'rnrs'rIr TyrE. The follorvirgist is nlcantto illnstratc Lc cxtcnsior f tlc " atrtstar tyDe:?

-- l. aLlrtu,r Pedlo Espinoso. Jovollonos.' 2, Ar,vo* Juurr Iluiz. Arcipreete de Tllrvera . . Vlcr'3 . n loLur Vi l la ln. Pi rcdo. Cirue lr , Sttpcr ia io ttct,4, Arorviw Coto. Cuslil lo. Lope dr llucdu . . Gultlg'6, brvor Canoione'o de Iloena.0, Asnr . .N' r n Dicc. Acad. 1770 . . , Vlera.?. acedar Nez da Ccsredes.Ltguno , , . Vi l lor rocl .8. Acc,rt,rr C'tico de D. Juan II . . . Zorril lt.9 . Aor ,ann Srnti l l na. Cenaionerode Baeno , . . Alorcn.10 , Aco ,ruu,rn I lu t ln joz. Guevaro . . . Galds.l l . 49911 4 t. I ' (zur i l lo , Ccrvuntcs., . Vr lcrn,12 . Acr c,r I lur t r< lo do l \ Ie dozu, Lope. Ovul lo . . , \ /u leru,13, adousor Nioronrbcrg.?'Ilte nrtelir l plcsorrtetl iu tl is orticle has bcen rrtainly cxt 'octed fronLlte Dicoona'io clc Cotsttwaoi* g Rginen ard thc I)itcioua' io llistt'ico.Otlrer soulces ute: Dicaiotario Enoialopilico (Zclolo-'l'oro y Gnrez-Isazu) ;I) iccioar io f i lo lgco-cornpnrado ( lr f . Cr landre l l i ) ; g lossur ies of 1\1. idu l ,Il. IJrrchctts, C. Cor'oll I\ftrdcu, C. C. Allcn, Il, U. ll iclurdson, ,I. Ccjntlory lr rouct, 11. Alr :nrany y Selfu , I tor Por tugucso, t l te t l ict io l rnr ies of D.Vicir r u d \ . r lo r \ [o 'ocs Si lva hovc bcer co tcu l tcd, fo r Cntu lon thr t o fAgnil i lr 'ugtcr, llcfelerceg to diolects nrd bascd o ratcrir l colk:ctctly: D. Acevctlo y lluclves td trf. Ilorndez y lforttntlez, \locttbttlot'io delbublc dc occi t lexla , I frdr id , 1032; Justo Gerclo Sor iar rc, Vocobtt lo t- io


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.1361,1, u) ' \uusr tt .r lb) Ar) t0sr t.r rli . ar lu lzr rI tJ. ..\ :.r I 7. t f l r u"ur18.: l ' x t t10 , Ar ' t \rAr20. r l l tcr r21. l .o r i l2 . n for tu l tr?:1. ilr 'r.{.\( 'r :$.rrt21. A0r .{ i t) .rB2ir . Acr rv.r r 2li. '\cnI.ur27. .{ tosu 26 , &. Arr t tEL ' . \r lb) n( l )oc r21,. .J usTAr l

J0 . A- .r ( ( i .{R3l . L!:( ;u .\ l l32, At. ( ; l . in .\ t(3 i l . u l i r r rp iar3{ . l l i r r la t '3 i . Al . I$ .r l l3(1. a lo trg tr37. . \L t."rs.r l t3 [J, r \ l t . r *s. l ti l0 . urnr : j r l r r r40 . c ) utr r r t tor tr- b) Aruxotn l t41 . AN[,r . . \n42. Apl .rs,u{3. A 'oc.{ t li l . l . r \r ' ( tx.\r l{5 . u } uqrrct l trb ) qutr ; ' t ru. l l i . or ' r ' l l ( '7 - i r r,17. ar rcd0r r l r r r,18, ncrctur,f . A sDct 'RAB

50 . o ) ntesurl. lus.rn51. atibiar

" l l r is lur- l l ntr is!ecarI 'ocnro de n io Cid Luur i l lo . , Gnlt ls.Jr an l lu iz . , Ccrvt r tcs Altrctt .Aunc. de,l luarc. l l r t la joz . . . l f r . dc S. Nico l is, l iJ l( l ra t Cotr t l r r istu . Qttr :r ' r : t lu ., . , . . .Canpottuor ,I 'ur l idut. It l l t ! . Ayr t l r . Crnica de b. I 'a l ro A' i i tu .Cor tcs de Len c Austi l lc, Scrn ' l 'ob , \u lct 'n .I ' r in t, Crt. Gc t. Suber dc : lstro ton l . , . Vulcru.I ludujoz. l lurgos.L( tytez


6/17

" ;l ftnl'-Ettlrislec,artr l tr tr t trr ,uf i t t t tr , gre,uiur, ! i 'g tt t ' ,l lurgur,al lottgur,stettar ' No tlrc l '


7/17

I 0 " .| lr s lur-IJ nlr is lecert i. t t l l l tdr, ontdrct tar, agru


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.1 :J " tr stut ' --E trs lecu "l { .1 l l , l ' ( /dt Cr. ( l :orrs t iut t l l t ( u l ' [ t i l t t) ' i l l t l tu t sc of lt t t iclOrtSl i r r r r r i . . t ic osol ln. ( rs . Sontc r t r i ty be arr t iquatc t l rvol t ls r t ' t i f ic ial l 'r ' ( lv i \ ' { r ( l r f l t i t t i r r rc ; t l rc 1' t ' t ' r l t t t rt t t :yt" ubbel l i r" it ' l ' t scrtr por-r r r i l ; us to l t ,g; r t ' r lot l rc 's s l ) ( ) is i l ) lc t r r l i i n is lns ' , \ l l o l ' t l rc r rvc t 'cr l i t ' i r l t l t ' r l t lqv t lct ' i t t les it t : t ' r) ' t lrt l c lrssics.( b) I lr cot lt rrst o l l ie I 'cl ls just r: i tct l , t l tct ' t r l t 'crl ' t l feu' lvhi


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'1. l " Alrslur-Entrslecer"tnttr: lLtt t :L:r,t l , t rt l t :ct :rha s likeu' isc ntat ingcd to hokl it s ground' IDi r ry ( i l r r t , th c gat r r i tous addi t io of r - o non-ac l jcc t ival vcr l s i t- r , r , ; r . t l i t l lo t i r tc l lc rc ty i th th c glat l r ta l c l i u inat ior of at l jcc t iv t li l r . l t , i r t iy r j.ur . l rsr t ror l r r r . t ' t lrJ ' - , I r ot l rgr ' rvoLr ' ls ,l tc s i t r l tnncorssrr ' . , i r , l f t lt , '; ucot t lcc t r" ty rc ant l t lecay of thc " al tobrecet "tr 'J)c In t . \ ' r i t I t l l 'ar rcor tnt for ' th e opro- ' i te t rcnc ls i l l lu i lcd to byl ) r l l ' r . ;sol ' JI t . lrt ir l t lcz t i t la l .

I r : , ' . r r ' ot ' ' l ' l l l i " l ' lNt ' t r ls . t l i " 'l r l ' l i . '' I l t t l r is lur " \v s lt c se -r . r l r i t rtr,. lrrt , t l i l tc ' re rv l tosopos i t ion bect tnleuntcrablc , In lnostr. i lst . , it l r r rsgivctr way to on c of its nlore 8lcccssful compctitol 's.' f ' l rus, r, / / rt ' (trur, ei lcdlL'ur' en$ordro' , en"lr istu, enucidr l iacl thcir,r- l , rcs(j l ' \ 'ct l ,b t t Ic i r -ar c l tanget l lo r -eccr ; cndl l rar i rs tcad ofunLlurecttr r, i ls i use as latc as Nielenrbcrg,to A tinrcs) recourscru.rrsrirr l t0 t lrc othcr ultcrnnt ivc, by rvhich - vils }crlaccd by a- , r l l I l o crr l i lg 'o t l i t i tcd t lt r: l tnttget l enht tccar, engrut t t lur , upocar! ir\ 'c \ f ) ' f t t alt t tccar, clc.g0 :\ lso. th c {orr rvit lroul I) l 'cf ix cot l l t l l) cul , t i t r r t r : r l for .a conrros i te l r i t I )o lo lgcr f i t icd inio t l rc systetn:r t l l t tnt t r , v l r i r l is { is r :ovc let i i t l , r is t lc Lcn, hn s yiclt lct l to l lUtar .2ll , ' j rrr l lJ ' , orr)c cfbs oI thc nntiqrtrl tct l typc disaprcarct l altogether' ,ls i l i t lrc cjaso f etterl(trse, et foscorse,enfct '020,rse.22rrt i l rrslr lr lr l rctrcntul thrt cbuscer ott ]d be defirt i tcly subst itrtodft'buslt ' r. ' r, -It rr siri lar r ' i ly,npro'cccr last rrserl y Vil lnlobos,Pincdrt,rrrl )rst i l lrr I i t rhrrrl i l l l ) lrnrl o l o lrt( loedrving o tlra ft ' [ l vicinityuf uprot tchur lIrt) Lat inislus i r -ccr s calecer, arecer, ncorporntet l n t lc l i fecrthc., hirvcsltorr ' t to pt 'olrcrlcsst al l to prcf ixiott ;(0 ) Lr t i r r is r r rs n. i r . r r .o\ ' i r lc r lr roneous ly ' i t l t -cccr ,8c l s di leneccr,di lrrtrer, dytrect,r, l isrirrcccrxvt[ c,) hivcbccr bscqucutly 'cstorct ll r I h t ' i ' r r ig i r t l fo l l r, ,1 ' i r l rLr . sL t i urs cr r qr c so cr r z ! for r tr tr t t l ic io r l r l cotr cl iu te t l to l lo l r , , l , l r r l i r - r lc vi tr r l iz r r ln- lc ncrrer t lo co Ins ttr t lenci tscs rott [ t t t tcns lc lhr rb l :r r . iva . ' I , t lo cl lo e tnbt dostinnr lo r or i r co t o l 'cst tb lcci icl tr r le l la t l r r l in i r . r , lcr r :c{ a l ( } ( :r l r lncn l la la r rorn iscu idtt l er l trc Csto jcrgts( ,dr l l i r t i r i r v lts hrb las toder rrs (Anr ' icO Ctstro, GIosotioS lot i t to 't 's t t to[es l t : u tdud nrcr l ia , tr fadr i t l , 1036, pp . LX-L]i I) .te1tt,r tr t ' , tl o !t 'cto no le ensordc (Cclesl i r ra) ; cL st io lt t to i lo co qtrc' l t r ( . l ,ure,cr r l ior tr r , y tn tr u , y e:r .duta (Nicrctr tbcrg) .z' I) f uztr t lc l r r r tcctr a r t r )or : t ' L ibo de, ' l ; roJondo) .,r I ,os qtr t r 1ft ' r tr l t $ cdsr l


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{ 16 " :Llrstur-Entruslccer' l ' l t :- tL ' -r t.r \ ' '1 '' l )() l ,rsYl, , .1t l , I is .Stong crnl, lrasislrru lde ai dt,r t lrc int l ,ot ' t i r t tce 'f r l . f lrn icrl o lrd it ions. Ihc " et lr stecert,v,e r irsLt:cn troLt 'untl l lore coIrf ircdo otte part icular scherue,lrrrscrl r rr.)ros)lirl)ic stclts etn-br(t'-ecet', n-far1u-ecer. f th crliruitilc,sar c Jrol's' llabic,he tlcncl n'ill be to lelieve lie cutnber-sc'nrc tr'ruutiorrsty olle of the ttt'o Dtelns:(1) ' f lrc unri ing tnay be retnin,:t l ut l t le r lcf ix droppcd, &suttfor lr t luct:r for lu lecet ' ;36 l i is cxplaius rvhy victory iay rv ithltcrttt(ott.car,tunetlecet',obreguecer, taldecer,obustecer,etc.(2 ) ' l 'Lt: rlcfix may be letainetl, -ecer bciug replacecl y the

-clroltr,st va lirLlc e itling (viz. -or), ir oltlel to corirterbalancehcIr. l{ t lr r, f t l c stctu, TItus, l t zat ' ro cacls o cnbzarrur; bonaclt,o,(:tttltr)rrttrhtn'; trltue, ensult,ua,r; loztr,tto, rloztt.ilarot elsc, inr l' t, 'r.r cr.'r otrl.iors,o une c , Io aneur),rr,Ir trtlrcr citses, ire rchaic ypes in -are attd. icr'e rvebeerl lr ' { ,sr:r ' \ 'cduguLloi guzar; dclgao: i le lga.zor; erecho: det 'ezar;())jlr. arrrro u?ttargar;or elsc -ilure, originally rlesigned o explessr stirlc r'rther clttn4e,"8 as extcnded to thc ctive funcion:,tLci ludonertudeur, edottdo rcdottdear.Ir i rrrr ' vcnt, OSi. enbelluqueccr, nberutejcccr, ,npaulreccr,t:nlr,tatttrt'ccr,tr0rf tteccr halc bccr nrlccl out; t8 " so havc l-

tu l lrorrr:ctr, ln l lorret l k.u ' ro apll tr lnar; encabellecer,upplantedlty cttt tclur; t ntpcquenccer, trlct'scclccly nrilorar ; enferuorecer,tlirrsrrrlcrlnlo cnferuorizar. Onil' a ferv rvort1s nve lroved tnorclt ,s istrrr t : rrorgullec,ttr l e i lcruclcccr,Possibly hc posit ion of( l ' ) t :r r r r r l r r r ,[r lx i .o) ; 3. " uconrod:tr (Cttb tt , I \ fr ico) t o tr ' t t lu to e c tb t t t tet c sontLr t o ( . \ . l l t lu rct ) .2! Etfur ta l tci t ' r 'o ,L cot. nrclo so l ici l ud Ia ciu i lad de Rono (Lpez de.\ 'a l r r ) , ^- \r o thcr shor tcl r i t rg is str iking ly exenrp l i f icd by t qu e lucssaenlot ' lccido tlc ayutlo csp ir i tucl ( I todr igo, Obispo dc Ztntora, Dspeio i lc Iol ' lu I Iunu tt t \ , Dntpal idecer , though excluded fronr t l e d ict ior t tr r ics, l raslr t ,er r c- .r l ter l o by l 'u lucio \ tu l , ls, Eclrcgrr rny, ur r t l Ptrdo Bzn.11 'o r tnt;qu c te cntbzu lrcs (Lopc) i l ict ic nr r ry l iuer scbor y, si t to lottgputr , t 'nbun ' r r r l ro (L . I I r r rno l , De scr >cir t e ' l f t ' ica l ', erL sr l to sc c t l t ' 'zu t ctt st /r r rnosurc { l tcgnr ictt to de l ' r ncipcsl . 'Cf. i i . b lo tr t luycr , tougeoycr , t :crdoycr ; l t . b ioncheggiarc, g iu l leggiut 'c,n tr t 'ggturc; S i . o :u lcur , tcrdear . Ir r Spatr is) r , guch rvords occasioual lyr s' . .r r r rcr rnct ive sl tn t le : b lcr rqr rcar ,clareor .

', , I lnr t ' t ' rncjcci el sol e el cie lo de par te de qui ln (Crnico Ocncr t li l r l l lc t D. . . l lo r rso) ; u lso cotttpnre: entenebt 'ccerse e In et r entenel in icnto( l. Ayi l ) .

Yol;ou rtalliel, t Ad'a tlc lal.tcr ltns ltcc (jou.solidtrtcdy thc hirrtus rlr,trvilg thc tw.osyllablcscloscl to ca0ll other.2u \ striliing shor.tcniug s tlrrfofenam{u'llecero ennarillecer,s though thc occasionllplrallclismof " o-eccr " &ud " etu-ecer hatl lc d to th e assunr|t.ionof a(non-cxisicnt) stem *nat.ll. Al l these ncliv.irlual hifts, consiclcrerlas a lrholc, olc eyiderrcc f a thorough r.carnrrrgcrltcrlt f the systctnof ndjcctivulvcrbs u Spanish, yhichcuhninatctl t th c iolrrrizutiol" alrslar "-" eillrsecer," o

Corr,nrsoN wrl'rr FrDNcrr AND Trr,rlN. fn orclcr to sliory owhat exten hi s scgregttior s typicnl of Spanish, t nray not lleamiss o dwell orr the situation in th c cogrratc anguages.Frcnch,rvhile algely tolerant of." etlr.stt," also ras nrlulgctl n" elrislr,' 'climintcd jn Cnstilinn n(lurcr, afaiblir, am(igt.ir, altoll.ir,aplanr, etc.,31 ntl so has tulia:n: abbellirc,aggrandire,allcggerre,am,nt'l'e.8zoth languages nal(c extensivc use of er- lud. e-nlmost on o par rvith o- and ep-, once thcse plefixes ilvc l.recolrcdcstittrteof tlcir ilitirrl force cf . T'r,clairer,\tu,rer; t. sclarure,sfrancut'c,spiwrure bcsicloSp. ftclurar,afruncrtr, allunar, u1tu|ar;ssto A l l i lg ttr to cttct 'ue lca ico n lyrantio (quotcd by Catunbctt i l .!0 A fur the l i r ' lo ' tunt si*p l i f icat ior r of the systern of r rcf ixcs acl ievedin casti l ia r to the cxclusior of he neighborilg r l ir tects s thc el i r r i l r&.tiorr, in I large lnlt, of co-, Cf. Ast, esniuzttr .rdosrucnuzrlrr,, esttor.ecer"desfallccerr" .esntu-air-se., lnnguidcccrr, espcdazar, esparralnar-, espertur.,eslreuersc; Lcorr, cscal,cccr. ,. cnlenttr ', escotttccer ,. cottoccr , ; I\Itrrc,eslangur " languidccor ," ctc..rr Abrttir, a,ccorturtlit' , oflutlit, ullunr, ugaillatttir., ugruttdir, alourdir,anncir, anoincit', cLc, 'flc ruurlcr rf eucl foruutiong tr.tuls 4it irr ltffr,l \ logt of t l e l r l r rvc.r ' ig in ttcr l nu rcceutly os t l c xvl l th *ru l XvIII i l r c,Despite the >rcssure of this ecries, thc embellir, entbrunir, euchrir,atd,urcir, etgout'dir type lrts rot broken do*'n. co-existcrce of rtnrllolscts, 'wi th dcl ictto ro ,nccs ro lv n ld u! r r i r i r r tcr r 'on iug to jr rst i fy suchdorrblets sg o7ebli1'-.,rroulir, ie, iu contrlsl to spurrish, irhelcnt in ilegtrncturc of r lrcnch, As for thc it-ure vtriety, oll thrt is f.rutl ir r l l lr l.,is ctt o t 'er ' , t jo l iuar , cnsanglott lct. . Cf,.Thorn, op , ci t , , gl , J0, 31.ttCf, obbo.rc, ubbrutt i rc, a t ldoci l rc, a lJiauol i rc, e l l i t t i , .a , u lJlosci .rc,a l lcgget ' re ,u l lcsl i rc, a l l io i t l i rc, wnnatt i tc, unnnetcire , cnnnrezzi t , u tnnto l l rc,atvnosciru, annwcidire, ot,t cchite, ui.rozzire, attiepitl ire, atst,cr


11/17

.t 8 " rl t r.su - I! nl riste cr "irr l l lir ' , rulJirrer, ruJJerntir, ru[uIer, .t'cfroilr, rufrutclr1 It .t' incttrirt, t'alfrcscurebcsirle Sp. rtfinar, afirrtrur, abobur, enriet',t't(ilrccr. n Srirnislr, .i- luost licd out l srprcli-\ aclcled r torrr l jrrr . t iv ir lr :r ' l rs sur. lr rs rr crc/r, 'crr), lrorrglr rot r t lc t l ia lcr:ts;rilr.tr.'rsf it s rctl'crL-ufo'cn- arc suclr ornratiors scnsu,ilcluu',etr,s,tlzur,rlre'c le trvo clcnrt'rttshrve cf t th e impt'cssof tltcil-.t'rgglcn tlre c:oriruiuatiorrls-. .\s or re-, il ncycr' a s beent:rrr \c lt t . , lr to r colorlcss -r 'rcrc ly ntcrrs ive i lcf ix, btrt contiuucdto r,:r ' l 'o lruts olt l fuct ioof fo lc i l .r lyexrrcssirtg repctit ion:rtjurctcccr, ' llrcrr ugrrin, trcrch hrts iclt tlle nse of a urrnbelof-\ e r r l ie l t tguyt:r 'uus de 1 ' rar r r igke i t l rcr r tusbr i r rgcr r . ' Dls c- bczicl t i , ; l t r ls r u t f dcl r r r i t vt- r rgestcl l tcn Gegerrsatz."' l ' l i$ i t tc ' l r 'cta t i r r s co lr tborr tcd by Leon. esclarur " cLor l rs rn& tosrn t ' l agr ra l , i r l i r qu i tr e l jubn o lr r grastr ."Utl rer fr r l ru r t ions ir l trcr rch, qtro tct l by Tholn, op. ci t . , 28, tre : Ioig*er( - \ l t l r e . l ; borgner, cour ter , chaudct ' , longu, cssculcr (XIIth c.) ;t tyuytr , t i l tur tr , 'ssr r ' r ( \ I I I th c, l i cf farouclrer , mousscr (XIVth c.) ;r r r i r ' r ' r ' \ \ ' l l t th e.) ; croui l lcr !cr (XIXth c.) .l , ' : ' r u r lc{ ix to r t t l ject ivr t l verbs cor tr i er l I gcr l r o f ur r rb igu i l ,y r rc-r i .e ly br :ci t trsr o f l r i rvi trg th is idct o f thc o rposi tc to th c pl inr i t ivc iucx-tr i r .ub l ' i r 'u lvcr l . To obtt in ur r ader lr ru te cx r rcssion for " ler rd ing out o ft l rc r l r rk," i t nor ld havc arnply suf l iccd to co l locatc eo I obsarru ! orc;i f l , ' t r ry < 'h rcc tch r dcr iv t i lc l l d conre in to bcir rg , c -clclore tyouldl rve i cvi t i b l ' duuotcd just th e contr l r ' o f rvl rn t i l does i r r rca l i ty, viz," to LIrr : l i t t ," Norv, tvonls r t ' i t l t c - iur r l ' i r rg u t tcgr t ior r di d cxist inl . i r t i r r (r . g. , r ' t tro tr iure ), but, txl l , t , r : t to ttg l t , l ru ' t l i r l t to t p t.cvott 'a lo irerf l ,r r r cour i r rg tr to c,r istctcc. T lc cot fusio l t l ccor csuar t i fcst, rs i r I t&l i r r ' r r l terntt t : l ' rcr fornrs t l 'o o rposi tc fr rnct ions, nurnely t l n t of in tcnsi fyingt r r l t l r t t o f rctcrsing t l re sinr l lc tcrb, I tossib l ' , a t t i re outsct t l e for ur-

t i t l rg rvcre t t r so la tet l for onc of thcse trvo ( r ropcr ly spcakiug, i r recorci l -uble) nrcunings to assel t i tscl f to thc exclusi


12/17

.t50 " ..1Iri.slar-Entristcce "l irc of ( lurrtr( jrr. iorgir irr-*t ut!r s lr ," rvhit:h uighLhi'c Lecnlrr lr ir ; \ 'cr i ,s ir casti l i i rn, ut lhc cost ot ' sonc cxiclcultrr i lmcrts.'\ s it i-", etsttzurs lhnlietl lt y ensulzir,enlosctt lly irrr/osqtir,etc. l ' l r* rr()r ' ( ,. i t i t \ l ' l t l o,{o, t lc I


13/17

-15N " 'I lr ister-D nlr istecer( l irst i l i i r rr , f i r g l i ' ' tc l lar ir : t .of fornrs &td an al)[ ,rrcntac k of( ' ( ,) istono' ir l ru r lc l i l r i tat ior f their respcct. ivcerr i tor ies. I lutj f thu l lrs l g l irv it ir t* t l rrur l t l l pronouncetl rcr ' lonrinancef ther, l , l t ,r ' ,r ' i - ir i lh,r ' rr t t ,r [o lnr,sCtt, arrot lonr,anbhnr\ur, esclortr ,t t l t t trcr,etLrttunscr,sbruter), hc \\ tcst, n the contrtry, ha s nrplvrlrrlirlt ' ,1 '()r rl rrrrinrPcdct' lron'th of the nrorc recert,prinrrrilyr. l ivc r ' r l i t : t i .s. l l is s.crns o bc l h ighly signil icnntdist inct, ion,r l lr i t . l ru ' i l l l r l le to lr t : r t lcqrr l tc ly cr:ourrtcr lor ' .' l ' l r is gt,r t ,r ' ' l t r ir tu.e rutcr i ir l izcs,or i istance,n an increasedrrrur lrr ' r l ' r lc l iyativcs rr -rrr , rr r t tcr v l lct lrcr ntroducccl v -( | ) o ' b.var - (2 ) :

(l ) I ' tg . h .s i cr r r rnor r vi th Sp . "-ar" vcrbs t leye lo rcd ro r : barato,Lotn, Lu(r t)bo, ltrundo, br i lhut l t : , ccr lo , cluro, cobar t l t , t locc, fcio , frou*o,grur r ,1u.t lu , l trgo, l ig t: i ro , lindo, l iso, t tanso, p lur to , Ttouco,7turo, qu icto,tus()t t r ' t 'c i l r), lU t t lO, t : t t .u ,IL l rrs ; r i r t r i r * l r r r ' l c r . f forurt ionsl r r t nrc r rnt iquoted u sp. :ul ' , t irur, oforntostor, ul inrptrr, ulongar, arrct londorl to a ccrtain extent,t t l t . /'r i rr l r ' .N,tu\\ ' r , t ' t l rJ. I . ,r t rr t i ( ) t r ir re lcrl r cr c l t o : Sr . cntrnoso) onacior" sl f r ' iz i r r "; unntdut.ar ; ancigor ,, lcnr ici , .r " 1 antesquinhot; o tthti lar" r r r r r l t ' r r; anto l inur i unrorn( r " cr t ib iur '"1 assalvu jur ; oocrmelhar , al lr , f t l r t .r rr l i l ing r r .c.l l ; r le r : oL". l r tr : fr t i r t i r r s tu : r c to .-scr r fcct r . sur r t i r lncl , (Fr .t l t , \ le r r r l tr r a; uLru lur l a


14/17

l4 |1d t " ' ltrislur-D nlt'slecerNo t rrrt , i l l r crt ir , lr t i


15/17

.l ,) J " rl Irislar-I! tt!r st ccrEndult i r l l Lr ,b i l : rassir r u igr ra.dolqa pe r la ro la re ta i le amb o igua dotr r r tr ( fr r l lo lca )Vr ,. t l f . rn t lur iu l rs tostrcs r in irncs ( 1.180)l) r r .g ir tr r - tr rs, l tr , ' r , f , lu( : \ ' r )s a l l lrv stra forst tos cn lor tescats c'na ajudcts( l t . L l r r l l , L ibre < lc ( 'o tt l t tnp laci l( ' t , r r r r l r r lo r l r . t r lu lr l lcr d r n ls qu i . yr y lo I)ossehcixcn pc r etfronquru l .s ,r t rstcrs ( I { i : l { }fr ( ,r l r , iur lccrva l lsr lccir . t i r ( .. . ) hut lc ( . ) ro tt tur - lossovi r ten lot,st i r lu s lrous r l ) i rYgrr i r Lcscrr , . . , ) l tct ctrgu l lard ir - los {1017)l i r l l , r | l ( l 'c r r ' r , i l i r r i r r ' - rosct ivi t i r t , Dos crrgr i l t l r r l o (Potrs i I [ass&vcrr )L,. l r t tr : ' r iy l r r ' ( ' i . { ! t {'s r ros rer 'ctts ( i i93 )) \r r r r t /r 'yrc.r ,1r'ir t r r fr : tL l l l . i r lu . ( /)ocr r rn . dcl Arch ivo da rLt 'ogt)l i . fo l r ; l r lcr r 'se cr t te si r r r i l i r lor r l r ia r l jo t ' for i< l t , cr r l rnr ( :c.cr &qucl la , lo rr l t : : tu 't r r r r r t, lor r r I io ig rl c Core l la)Jo jr r r r r r is r r ' t fi u r : r r g , ns t 'a enrcquct c donades nol tes l onors (Agui l ,I l t 'cu l l dc l '. r izr l is e nr ' raclcs)S;r r i i r ts, r r r i r rL ,r ra , ue no ec rah qr re jo cr rsu l ;esco lo loch ler on isqui( , \gr r i l i r , o t . t ' i t . ll \ t l f f ) r ) r , r l i . r l ' : r r r 'e l l , o tro r rs ' r r l ' rr lcscl' l ,gur t ( ' tgr r i l , op . ci t . l

Nr t"t t in ( iossL ' l t :cr oxs oF " Dx' l ' i ls ' r 'Dcr t t ." ' I l c si tuat ion is( ,u t i r l l . \ ' r ' l i l l t r l t . r t * ' i lh th c l lcr l t( :r co l lstnct io ls o f. -escet 'c: hclc, th cthrcc llu.qurgcs layc t lcvelopcd thrcc scparate s'stcnrs.:\ ) Sn.rsrsrr'1' lrc loltral eri l )c(l ic l l t 'csol ' te o in clrssical l id rnoc. lclt tSpnnishis l l rc rr l r l i t ior of l le l ler i i l 'c pronor l as the expic i t mark ofr r ( : l r t 'r l i t ) :

Sus ci s t ;c rt t l t lunrluct: uratoqlte . (Reginiento le Prhrcpcs\l ' r i r rc i r i r l r r rc rr tcr r r r< loc entbtatecen Grrgora)8e cnlonlc tc 'cubrut rcc cl l recndor on e culp& (P . t lc Ofla)Lo..r ircs rlrnrlrsc er(, jrn.encrudccctr Sigeuza)Ii l uir ir locit , lo cnos c or' r ' rrclcclccontio (I}. de la Torrc)i l ' r i sol: t : ltr i t ur l /c arlo'ccisle Gnrcilaso lc lu \cgt)( l r to (rs i t ' t r s c cnlvrc :ca* tanto (Ovicdo)N,r vc rrtc cr lr lrrrf t ''r ilonro (Qucve


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. l i r iOr ct-i rt i ios {rt (, to J

" ; l l r i , ; lur . - ln lr is lect ' r

,5c f l rr: nrut lu(' rl scus ctvilkrs rt lho rtquccertn. {Ort I . A[ lot tso XI )ff c si, t rr t tnnttnincrcr (Currr i res)l : l rrt i , r f t l lu rc l l o t (. l l t t rlu amnudcgo (CnntOos)l l (. f i l rrf rr , rt rrt t t l l id(ct ' t r u l al l rci t r r nlgunlLs rahvrns (I lerculnno)(- ' t r j r r t l i , r nrs(r i l r o c t rcuncccrt r t r


17/17

I t ) " : l tr sIt t ' -D t lr is lecer( l r rar r ! Salutr r fo cl o Lo ro r lu t ( ' . ') , cl l ae cn lo l l l pcr r t ordc u &( l ( la f) rgara Fruttc. dc Scr tcl i tcnt, l ' l f l0 )Er , lor t i ts-vos co r t i l porcts ( 8 l i5 )I Iu dc bc nr r 's r lcu er tgclosir l )cr to rcs (Fr . I trxi r r rcn is)L sr a cl i r r r s trgrogu e t l t r r ' pcr &lgt l l l i r I) t t t t i i r l ) ic lar i dc l 'u tt t ichtutrs< I bur t:clon|I , l l l l t s I r rvi l v ist r r r i ixor , r t t j t r , t : t f i l l r -sc, fer"se, atgtta r r -sc lu tt t po r r r tr r t ( I tor rs \ l r rsslver t ), \r r r r . . t l l lo r (, ) cr tr l r trc ' r e t l r t l rssi (JoIr I(o i9 du Core l l t)( , !r r t : r r r l la Lr :st ia sc l r r l l i r cnolcir r le scl tyor i r r soLr t: so l scnyor ( -L ibrc deCott l 't rp luci)L lr r r ry ttc e ttcb!: i r -se cs br ttgentes trcl i r l t t tcio l ts . . (1803)]Ie de,- f s lu cu lor , cn lorp(s;c' r i lcdc fret (Stlv. I 'or ts, l5{ .}2)N( , r lever le ros cnlrsl i r , d ix l t l lcylr t ( ' , ( ' i rar l t o l l lanc|a l' l ' l r ,r f t , l luu ' iu co lr l ) i r i .s( ) l r suel l ls to us to bt: i l tstr t t :L ivc;

Csti l iu r : Cttt ln:cnculvccer tor r i tr 'sc culvo, ct lvcjarctr f l l t r tccer r l l l tq t i r -so,afrcvo l i r -sc, escutt 'o l i r 'scergUrdor clg l 'c i l i i l r 'sc, rcbr) ' ( lo t l i l "st i(ctt t r r t l i r l t ' t r t trg t 'ogtt t ' i t st ' , ( 'b l r l l r i t l t r - l ioctt l t r t t tct:cr l ' t : r t tsc,etr lb ,rg ir 'se,csbojr t tru t 'scetutt t lcccr r t t l l t "scc l ror ( l r oec ' ctr rogtt l lnr 'sc; ct l ro l tr t t i r 'sc (Nebt ' isst)e tsorde(cr est lcvett i rsord iso l 'dcjL tr

O ly vcr ' "v 1ctt ' t t ' t t te t ' \ ' ( 'L l )s il } -f a l 'e lcco l ' ( lc( l i t t t t tn l ir , cm?obr ir ,I s r : tr t ,L t, t :r . .) t t \( ) l . l o ' Sr - \ ' l ' . r r ^{Nl) } Io lr I ' l IoLooY. J. f ou| &rgtt-

r tr ,n ts so l ' r l l t tvc l - cctt ( '< tt 'Lcr :t , l tc t :o tt tras l r t l t r r 'catr [h e synttct i t ll r ,r t l i t i r , l rs in t l re l ' l lst an(1 t l tc \\ 'c 'st t t i t r ' f ic ld thc clnc to thc ru l t lcr -str r tr r l i r rg of thc tvl o le l) I 'o l ) l ( j l i of t l le r :on l l i t : t bctu 'cer n lr isfar ar td( ' t l is lcc(:r . ive ' s irce escere n Luti l l t i ts ssntl ic

Documents

Malkiel, Yakov (1941) Atristar-Entristecer: adjectival verbs in spanish, portuguese and catalan