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Malaria
Jonathan KiddJennifer KoehlHeather LouchEdwin Wong
Penelope Worthington
Name means “bad air”- A life-threatening parasitic disease 40% of the world’s population is at risk 90% of the deaths due to Malaria occur in
Sub-Sahara Africa, mostly among young children.
Around 400-900 million people are affected At least 2.7 million deaths annually. It is one of the major public health concerns
Organism Malaria is caused by species of Plasmodium. The genus Plasmodium contains 172 species
only four species are known to infect humans. Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium parasites are highly specific with female Anopheles mosquitoes
Investigating the Plasmodium organism through… comparison of mitochondrial sequences
of Plasmodium spp. to each other to bacteria to Phylum Apicomplexa
Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) BLASTx
comparison of life cycles of Eimeria vs. Plasmodium spp.
comparison of pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic species using bioinformatics
Investigating the Plasmodium organism through… a look at clinical malaria (symptoms of P.
falciparum vs. other spp.) a look at geographic distribution of
Plasmodium spp. bioinformatics of genome projects
1 complete (P. falciparum) 2 draft (P. yoelii, P. chabaudi) 5 in progress (P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P.
berghei, P. gallinaceum, P. reichenowi) a look at chromosomes to determine
synteny
Investigating Rodent hosts through. . .
comparison of Plasmodium spp. that infect rodents to each other
comparison of rodent geographic distribution to Plasmodium infection
comparison of parasite isoenzymes PDB structures of parasite isoenzymes wet lab: biochemical analysis of isoenzymes
use of rodents as model organisms for vaccine development
Anopheles mosquitoes as vectors what use is the vector genome sequence? what is the ecology of Anopheles? investigate the specificity of the vector as
related to individual Plasmodium spp. using sequence data
what is the vector geographic distribution with regards to Plasmodium infection?
what are eradication strategies, and implications on Plasmodium genome evolution?
Development of Malaria vaccines why are they so difficult to develop? what is relationship to Plasmodium lifecycle? what epitopes do the vaccines target & why? what are the model organisms for vaccine
development, and why? most new vaccines are recombinant. Why? can human vaccines work in other hosts? How
does this relate to the vaccine targets?
Malaria as a global problem (ethics) how does economic and cultural development
impact the incidence and/or severity of malaria? who pays for malaria?
money time effort
why should we be concerned if it's not in the U.S.?
vaccination programs New Chemotherapy
what are difficulties in implementing vaccination programs?
who determines who gets vaccinated? who gets vaccinated?
Conclusion Malaria is a global problem that lends
itself to a multilayered investigation with bioinformatics as a major component.
The wealth of materials and the ongoing sequencing process make it possible to continually expand the investigation to encompass increasingly sophisticated students.