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J. Nigel Ellis J. Nigel Ellis Ph.D., CSP, P.E., CPEPh.D., CSP, P.E., CPE
www.FallSafe.comwww.FallSafe.comwww.FallSafety.comwww.FallSafety.com
1.800.372.77751.800.372.7775
ASSE PDC 6 29 09
San Antonio TX
Making Fall Protection Making Fall Protection work at your sitework at your site
Most Fatal FallsMost Fatal Falls
Portable LaddersPortable Ladders Roofs Roofs ScaffoldsScaffolds Temporary GuardrailsTemporary Guardrails
60% +Explaining the rules and new standards better to employees – yours and your contractors might help
Portable Ladder UsagePortable Ladder Usage
16 ft
3.5 ft
Slope 4 in 12
412
4
1
812
OSHA/ANSI A14 compliant, CoGworks around ladder
Higher roof pitch makes it harder to stand unless going over the ladder
20° 42°
Slope 8 in 12
Legal set-up in stds
Common Practice Trades-6-24”
4
1
Dialogue with more detail?
Roof Hole at Construction siteRoof Hole at Construction site Washington DC Washington DC 10 story building roof10 story building roof WaterProoferWaterProofer TorchdownTorchdown
workwork “No Fire!” instruction“No Fire!” instruction Fell through roof hatch Fell through roof hatch
opening: 25 ft fall opening: 25 ft fall
SideFront
Under
Temporary Covers over holesTemporary Covers over holes
Roof or floor openings for HVAC, plumbing, chutes etc.
Round or square floor hole
Marking clarity: DANGER! Hole Cover
Covers are usually trip hazards*
d
One piece Plywood up to 4 ft dimension. If >4ft then 2x4”s and nailed plywood up to ?”
d min 2” OSHA 1926.500
d >3”, <12” Leg breaker
d >12” body fall through
Walk-in Danger: Demo a loose liftable cover
Cover thickness ¾” min. plywood
Static & Dynamic Force F (human and/or vehicle impact)
Proposed impact test:
Skylight: 267 lbs 95%ile
w/conical lead wt bag 30” fall height proposed
“Bobcat” must be crawler
F
#1
#2
Concrete
Joist
And Noise / dust barrier?
*
GuardrailGuardrail Second floor guardrail Second floor guardrail
collapsedcollapsed Kneeling worker had Kneeling worker had
used rail to stand upused rail to stand up Top Rail fell to groundTop Rail fell to ground And he also fell…….And he also fell…….
Door Wall Opening
Friction fit JobFriction fit Job--Built Guardrails Built Guardrails ––yes or no*?yes or no*?
9 ft
Double-headed nails at first2nd floor
WedgeOriginal
Toenailed
Final
Socket with 4 bolts
?*Who measures 200 lbs outward/downward?
Toe?U
U
Jack? (ISA)
Safety Boot?
Alt.
U
Inspection details?
Screws?
Fatal Scaffold Cases:Fatal Scaffold Cases:
Exit by climbing Exit by climbing overover railingrailing No fall protectionNo fall protection
descending corner ladderdescending corner ladder Meets OSHA/ANSI Meets OSHA/ANSI
requirementsrequirements South Texas South Texas -- swing gateswing gate North Texas North Texas -- no swing gateno swing gate
Ladder fell w/worker
#1 #2
Why no progress?
Stock answers may not be the Stock answers may not be the whole answer:whole answer:
Can you spot failure modes? FMEACan you spot failure modes? FMEA How will people behave w/a setHow will people behave w/a set--up?up? Effect of Cones? Caution Tape? Effect of Cones? Caution Tape? Portable ladders? Common UsagePortable ladders? Common Usage Ask: Can you Ask: Can you eliminateeliminate as first choice?as first choice? Can you dialogue (train) better?Can you dialogue (train) better? Can you make time to observe the work?Can you make time to observe the work? Will you inspect and stop the work?Will you inspect and stop the work?
Case HistoryCase History Inspector of mobile Inspector of mobile
crane at nuclear plantcrane at nuclear plant Use of front ladderUse of front ladder
Injured in fall to ground
12” high handle
Flexible Step
Case HistoryCase HistoryIronworker fatalityIronworker fatality ““Cheater” cable Cheater” cable
for steel erection for steel erection connecting to connecting to beamsbeams 10 ft Cheater
Conclusion: Cheater not attached
New lanyard
Lanyard allegedly took fall
Fall Hazard Identification and Fall Hazard Identification and Engineering the Hazards OutEngineering the Hazards Out
Substitution:useSubstitution:use aerial lifts not aerial lifts not cooningcooning Sequence change to reduce the hazardSequence change to reduce the hazard Work from Ground with hiWork from Ground with hi--reach toolsreach tools Lower the work area e.g. area lightsLower the work area e.g. area lights Tight controls at the Project Manager Tight controls at the Project Manager
levellevel
Elimination is key
ArtificialArtificialIntelligenceIntelligence
BiologicalBiological
RadiantEnergRadiantEnergyy
ChemicalChemical
ElectricalElectrical
Structural/Structural/MechanicalMechanical
NaturalNatural
AdminAdminSafety Safety SolSol’’nn
List List HazardHazard
Safety Safety SolSol’’nn
List List HazardHazard
Safety Safety SolSol’’nn
List List HazardHazardSafetSafety y
SolSol’’nnList List HazardHazard
ReliaReliabilitybility
RedundancyRedundancySafety Safety FactorFactor
GuardGuardEliminateEliminateRecognizedRecognizedHazard /Hazard /SolutionsSolutions
David MacCollum: Construction Safety Engineering Principles, 2007
A Tool to recognize all Worksite Hazards
Hazard Matrix Recognition ToolsHazard Matrix Recognition Tools Left columnLeft column: : All known spec. hazards by category All known spec. hazards by category
egeg Structural/Mechanical: Collapse; Artificial Structural/Mechanical: Collapse; Artificial Intelligence is computer software reliability and wiringIntelligence is computer software reliability and wiring
Horizontal RowHorizontal Row: : Means of control of hazardMeans of control of hazard::
•• EliminateEliminate: By work sequence or re: By work sequence or re--design out design out exposureexposure
•• GuardGuard: Prevent with barrier or travel limit: Prevent with barrier or travel limit•• Safety FactorSafety Factor: Increasing cable diameter : Increasing cable diameter •• RedundancyRedundancy: Two means of protection : Two means of protection •• ReliabilityReliability: Cycles to failure; conditions: Plan: Cycles to failure; conditions: Plan
NaturalNatural Hazard Example:Hazard Example:
GravityGravity: Specific known/observed : Specific known/observed hazard is falling from a trailer while hazard is falling from a trailer while tarpingtarping. Reduce incidence by . Reduce incidence by installing lifeline system comprising installing lifeline system comprising horizontal system per OSHA, Z359, horizontal system per OSHA, Z359, CSA and ENCSA and EN
Water: Water: Wind:Wind: Lightening:Lightening:
Case History: Case History: Fall from Trailer at Pipe ShipperFall from Trailer at Pipe Shipper
Truck Trailer Truck Trailer flatbed driver fall flatbed driver fall while while tarpingtarping
Who has control? Who has control? ShipperShipper re BOLre BOL
Shipper has Shipper has ControlControl
Note: Receivers have no duty – Fed Court LA 5/09
Shipper Shipper TarpingTarping Hazard MatrixHazard Matrix
Computer Computer SystemsSystems
BiologicalBiological
RadiantEneRadiantEnergyrgy
ChemicalChemical
ElectricalElectrical
Rules Rules videovideo
SevSev. . Sizes Sizes avail.avail.
HarnesHarness smalls small
New New slingsling
WorneWorneslingsling
Stay Stay in in cabcab
Fall of Fall of bundlebundle
JemJem--Latch Latch tooltool
Sling Sling releasereleaseStructural/Structural/
MechanicalMechanical
Plan Plan HFHF
NetNetEdgeEdgeBlock Block gapgap
TripTripBarrier Barrier railing, railing, PFASPFAS
FallFallSpreaderSpreaderto lift tarpto lift tarp
TarpingTarping
GravityGravity
SafetySafetyHazardHazardSafetySafetyHazardHazardSafetySafetyHazardHazardSafetySafetyHazardHazard
ReliReliabilabilityity
RedundancyRedundancySafety Safety FactorFactor
GuardGuardEliminateEliminateRecognizedRecognizedHazard Hazard SolutionsSolutions
Gravity Hazard MatrixGravity Hazard Matrix AccessAccess to trailer flatbed: reto trailer flatbed: re--design suitable design suitable
ladder/steps ladder/steps egeg www.andersonladder.comwww.andersonladder.com Flatbed to loadFlatbed to load: : eliminateeliminate stepping using stepping using
spreader bar system spreader bar system www.carbis.comwww.carbis.com Flatbed to loadFlatbed to load: : guardguard with horizontal rail with horizontal rail
system system (SPANCO)(SPANCO)
Safety FactorSafety Factor increased: increased: blocks 10” triangle blocks 10” triangle shapesshapes
RedundancyRedundancy: : Balance Balance andand Fall Arrest at ground Fall Arrest at ground levellevel
ReliabilityReliability: : Slipperiness of area reduced esp. wetSlipperiness of area reduced esp. wet
TarpingTarping Fall ProtectionFall Protection
Inside buildingInside building Overhead rail shownOverhead rail shown Out of WeatherOut of Weather Shipper of PipeShipper of Pipe
Driver fell from topDriver fell from top Foot caughtFoot caught No fall protectionNo fall protection
Overhead rail and harness system
Proposed Solution:
Shipper’s responsibility in Shipper’s responsibility in TarpingTarpingProcess for Driver’s SafetyProcess for Driver’s Safety
Shipper mandates tarp; holds BOL
Two Bay System
Outdoors
Case History Case History UntarpingUntarping at Receiverat Receiver
Truck Trailer flatbed Truck Trailer flatbed driver fall while driver fall while untarpinguntarping at at construction siteconstruction site
Who has control?Who has control? #1 #1 Pull each tarp offPull each tarp off #2 Receiver fork lift #2 Receiver fork lift
cage if tarp stickscage if tarp sticks OnOn--board fall board fall
protection protection –– in trialsin trials
On-board Fall Protection
Pre-tarping
Tarping/Untarpingmode
Window Cleaner Window Cleaner Foreman FatalityForeman Fatality Federal Government Federal Government
Facility Facility –– new!new! Window cleaners Window cleaners
trained for descent trained for descent device usedevice use
Always to use Always to use independent lifelineindependent lifeline
Ends up with both lines Ends up with both lines attached to sole anchorattached to sole anchor
Slider pulls out of trackSlider pulls out of track OSHA citation droppedOSHA citation dropped
Track System, one anchor
Independent inspection not just warranty
1
2
3
4
Before, During and After the FallBefore, During and After the Fall BeforeBefore the Fallthe Fall: Authorized Worker Application training; : Authorized Worker Application training;
PrePre--plan per Z359 anchors including for rescues; plan per Z359 anchors including for rescues; Independent inspection of new systems. Watch ….Independent inspection of new systems. Watch ….
DuringDuring the Fallthe Fall: proper means of fall protection; : proper means of fall protection; two two methods if feasible; methods if feasible; includeinclude contractorscontractors
AfterAfter the Fallthe Fall: Proper investigation into cause; we must : Proper investigation into cause; we must improve; we must learn; we must prevent; overcome thimprove; we must learn; we must prevent; overcome thesilence that follows incidentssilence that follows incidents
We in this audience are the Safety Professionals We in this audience are the Safety Professionals whose function is to Find Hazards & Controls, whose function is to Find Hazards & Controls, Communicate those Controls, and Follow UpCommunicate those Controls, and Follow Up
ANSI Z359.2 Managed Fall ANSI Z359.2 Managed Fall Protection ProgramProtection Program
Written Policies, Surveys and Job DutiesWritten Policies, Surveys and Job Duties Fall Protection Procedures and TrainingFall Protection Procedures and Training Recognizing, Eliminating and Controlling Recognizing, Eliminating and Controlling
Fall HazardsFall Hazards Rescue Procedures and TrainingRescue Procedures and Training Incident Investigation rigorIncident Investigation rigor Evaluating Program Effectiveness Evaluating Program Effectiveness (Pr. Adm.)(Pr. Adm.)