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Making Digital AV
Signals WorkRoy A. Hermanson Jr., CTS-I/D
Regional Applications Specialist
5 Steps to Success in Digital AV
STC 2011
5 Steps to Success
• Signal Integrity
• Color Space
• Resolution
• Audio Format
• DRM - HDCP
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Source
• Cables
• Connectors/Connections
• Length
• Location
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Source
• How good is the source?
• Is it to “spec”
• What is the spec?
STC 2011
The Eye Pattern - Specifications• DDWG Specification
Transmit – 800 mV p - p Receive – 150 mV p - p
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Cables
• HDMI
• Quality
• Locking
• Rating
• Size
STC 2011
HDMI Cables
• Five cable types with different capabilities and performance capabilities
have been defined
• Cable type name is to be clearly marked on each cable
Supports up to
720p/1080i/2.25 Gbps
Supports 1080p or higher
includes 3D & 4K/10.2
Gbps
Supports up to
720p/1080i/2.25 Gbps
Support for HDMI
Ethernet Channel-100
Mbps
Supports 1080p or higher
includes 3D & 4K/10.2 Gbps
Support for HDMI Ethernet
Channel-100 Mbps
STC 2011
HDMI - Distance
• HDMI specifications do not define transmission
distance
• Cable construction has improved• Consistency of mechanical construction
• Dielectric material
• Other factors that improve performance• Larger AWG (24 & 22 AWG)
• Silver & Gold plated connectors & conductors
• HDMI connector
• Result is improved performance, reliability & distance
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Connectors/Connections
• Tight connection
• Locking
• Secure
• Cable Management
• Bends
• Adapters
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired
conductive coupling from one circuit or
channel, to another.
• Can be induced in electronics
• Majority of issues are cable / connector related
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
Cable
Connection
Avoid this signal path
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Length
• How far is too far?
• Manufacturers Guidelines
• Real Life Testing
• What if signal lost-Can it be recovered?
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Twisted Pair Cable Type Considerations
• 1080p @ 175 feet
CAT 5 Cable CAT 6 Cable CAT 7 Cable
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Twisted Pair Lengths & Connectors• Twisted Pair Cable and RJ45 Connectors
• Network cables intentionally designed with inter-pair skew
compensation to eliminate crosstalk between data
channels
• Cable ends / RJ45 connector – source of crosstalk
• Use of shielded connector
• Use of Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable
• Will electronics used compensate any of this?
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Fiber Cable Lengths & Connectors
• Cost $$
• Calculate the optical budget
• Connections
• Patch panels
• Active equipment
STC 2011
Signal Integrity
• Location
• Will a single cable “reach” the destination?
• Will it fit into conduit?
• Do I have to “build” a cable with couplers and/or adapters?
• Are there environmental issues to consider?
STC 2011
0.640
0.300 0.600
0.150
0.330
0.060
R
G
B
x y
sRGBColor Space
• Color
• Gamut
NTSC
Adobe
1998
Printer
Space
0.640
0.300 0.600
0.150
0.330
0.060
R
G
B
x y
HDTV (709)
0.670
0.210 0.710
0.140
0.330
0.080
R
G
B
x y
NTSC
0.630
0.310 0.595
0.155
0.340
0.070
R
G
B
x y
SMPTE C
0.640
0.210 0.710
0.150
0.340
0.060
R
G
B
x y
Adobe 1998
0.640
0.290 0.600
0.150
0.330
0.060
R
G
B
x y
EBU (601)
HDTV
sRGB
EBU
SMPTE C
1931 CIE Color Space
STC 2011
Color Space
• What settings or controls do I have available for this?
• Source• Is it RGB or Component?
• Active Components in Signal Path?
• Can this be set via EDID or Manually?• Will the settings “store” on power off?
• Sink• Does it “prefer” RGB or Component?
• What is sink capable of?
• How does it react to change in ColorSpace?
STC 2011
Color Space
• Color Space Considerations
• What is the source’s color space?
• What active electronics are in the system?
• What is the display capable of reproducing?
• How does the Eye Pattern help determine color space?
STC 2011
Color SpaceEDID for HDCP compliant HDMI Display
EIA/CEA-861 Information
Revision number.......... 3
DTV underscan............ Not supported
Basic audio.............. Supported
YCbCr 4:4:4.............. Supported
YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported
YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported
Native formats........... 1
Detailed timing #1....... 1920x1080i at 60Hz (16:9)
Modeline............... "1920x1080" 74.250 1920
2008 2052 2200 1080 1084 1094 1124
interlace +hsync +vsync
Detailed timing #2....... 1280x720p at 60Hz (16:9)
Modeline............... "1280x720" 74.250 1280
1390 1430 1650 720 725 730 750 +hsync
+vsync
Detailed timing #3....... 720x480p at 60Hz
Modeline............... "720x480" 27.000 720 736
798 858 480 489 495 525 -hsync -vsync
Detailed timing #4....... 1440x480i at 60Hz
Modeline............... "1440x480" 27.000 1440
1478 1602 1716 480 488 494 524 interlace -
hsync -vsync
CE video data (timings supported)
1920 x 1080p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
[Native]
1920 x 1080p at 24Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
1920 x 1080i at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
1280 x 720p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (16:9, 32:27)
720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (4:3, 8:9)
720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (16:9, 32:27)
720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (4:3, 8:9)
640 x 480p at 60Hz - Default (4:3, 1:1)
NB: NTSC refresh rate = (Hz*1000)/1001
CE audio data (formats supported)
LPCM 2-channel, 16/20/24 bit depths at
32/44/48 kHz
CE speaker allocation data
Channel configuration.... 2.0
Front left/right......... Yes
Front LFE................ No
Front center............. No
Rear left/right.......... No
Rear center.............. No
Front left/right center.. No
Rear left/right center... No
Rear LFE................. No
CE vendor specific data (VSDB)
IEEE registration number. 0x000C03
CEC physical address..... 0.3.0.0
Supports AI (ACP, ISRC).. Yes
Supports 48bpp........... No
Supports 36bpp........... Yes
Supports 30bpp........... Yes
Supports YCbCr 4:4:4..... Yes
Supports dual-link DVI... No
Maximum TMDS clock....... 225MHz
STC 2011
Managing Resolution
Blu-ray
Satellite Rx
CATV
Playback Source
Laptop
Computer
Cell Phone
Display
Projector
Display
Monitor
Processor
Annotator
USP 507
Video Conference
MGP 464
STC 2011
Managing Resolution• What if I have different Displays?
4:3
16:10
16:9
5:4
STC 2011
Managing Resolution
• Display Resolutions
• Are all displays created equally?
• What are our options in commercial environments?
Source Switcher
DA
Matrix
Display
1080p
Display
1280x800
Display
1024x768
DVI / HDMI DVI / HDMI
DVI / HDMI
DVI / HDMI
STC 2011
Managing Resolution
• EDID Management
• Source unable to read EDID information?
• Which display should it use for its “native”
resolution?
• Comparison feature reduces signal to lowest
resolution
• What are the display’s scaling capabilities?
• What can we add to solve for this situation?
STC 2011
Managing Resolution
• Commercial systems have different source and
display resolutions
• Can display’s built-in scaler resolve the selected
resolutions?
• Do we need external scalers & where?
• EDID Management can reduce some issues, but
system must be designed with minimum number of
different resolutions
STC 2011
Managing Digital Audio
• How many A/V designs include all digital only
audio systems?
• Embedded or Separate Audio?
• Digital Audio Format?
• Where do you mix Digital and Analog audio?
• Audio Latency?
STC 2011
Managing Digital AudioEDID for HDCP compliant HDMI Display
EIA/CEA-861 Information
Revision number.......... 3
DTV underscan............ Not supported
Basic audio.............. Supported
YCbCr 4:4:4.............. Supported
YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported
YCbCr 4:2:2.............. Supported
Native formats........... 1
Detailed timing #1....... 1920x1080i at 60Hz (16:9)
Modeline............... "1920x1080" 74.250 1920
2008 2052 2200 1080 1084 1094 1124
interlace +hsync +vsync
Detailed timing #2....... 1280x720p at 60Hz (16:9)
Modeline............... "1280x720" 74.250 1280
1390 1430 1650 720 725 730 750 +hsync
+vsync
Detailed timing #3....... 720x480p at 60Hz
Modeline............... "720x480" 27.000 720 736
798 858 480 489 495 525 -hsync -vsync
Detailed timing #4....... 1440x480i at 60Hz
Modeline............... "1440x480" 27.000 1440
1478 1602 1716 480 488 494 524 interlace -
hsync -vsync
CE video data (timings supported)
1920 x 1080p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
[Native]
1920 x 1080p at 24Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
1920 x 1080i at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
1280 x 720p at 60Hz - HDTV (16:9, 1:1)
720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (16:9, 32:27)
720 x 480p at 60Hz - EDTV (4:3, 8:9)
720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (16:9, 32:27)
720 x 480i at 60Hz - Doublescan (4:3, 8:9)
640 x 480p at 60Hz - Default (4:3, 1:1)
NB: NTSC refresh rate = (Hz*1000)/1001
CE audio data (formats supported)
LPCM 2-channel, 16/20/24 bit depths at
32/44/48 kHz
CE speaker allocation data
Channel configuration.... 2.0
Front left/right......... Yes
Front LFE................ No
Front center............. No
Rear left/right.......... No
Rear center.............. No
Front left/right center.. No
Rear left/right center... No
Rear LFE................. No
CE vendor specific data (VSDB)
IEEE registration number. 0x000C03
CEC physical address..... 0.3.0.0
Supports AI (ACP, ISRC).. Yes
Supports 48bpp........... No
Supports 36bpp........... Yes
Supports 30bpp........... Yes
Supports YCbCr 4:4:4..... Yes
Supports dual-link DVI... No
Maximum TMDS clock....... 225MHz
STC 2011
Managing Digital Audio
• Embedded or Separate Audio
• HDMI and DisplayPort have embedded audio
• Blu-Ray, Cable/Satellite receivers and media
players are source with both embedded and analog
audio outputs
• Are they both active?
• Sinks?
• Projectors and displays may or may not support audio
STC 2011
Managing Digital Audio• Audio / Video Latency
• Lip Sync issues for IMAG
• Beyond 2 frames of delay is noticeable
• Where is the video delayed
• Scalers / seamless switchers
• Projectors / Displays
• Embedded in content
STC 2011
Audio from an HDMI Signal• HDMI Audio Extractor
• Analog or Digital Output?
• Either/Or ?
• Simultaneous?
• EDID Management
• Limitations?
• Responds to EDID Commands?
• PassThru Audio to next Sink?
STC 2011
Audio into an HDMI Signal
• Balanced/UnBalanced Audio into HDMI Signal
• Most likely in either a Scaler or a Matrix
• Analog or Digital Audio?
• EDID Management
• Limitations?
• Responds to EDID Commands?
STC 2011
Digital Rights Management
STC 2011
Digital Rights Management
• Protects Content
• Usage
• Allow Playback
• Private Environment or Listening
• Commercial Spaces• Copy
• Block or Allow
STC 2011
AACS
• AACS is a standard for encrypting high definition
optical discs
• It works in conjunction with HDCP
• Ensures only authorized players can read the content
• Disc will ensure source is not on the revocation list
• AACS provides for eventual elimination of analog
video outputs on Blu-ray Disc players
• Analog Sunset
STC 2011
AACS• AACS works with HDCP
• Image Constraint Token (ICT)
• No high resolution analog output
• 480i
• Digital Only Token (DOT)
• No analog output
• HDCP output only!!!
• Revocation List
• The “Black List of Keys”
STC 2011
AACS - Analog Sunset• Compliance Rules for Licensed Products
• Manufacturers:• As of Dec. 31, 2010 Licensed Content Product shall limit the analog outputs for
decrypted AACS content to SD interlaced
480i only
2.2.2.1 Analog Sunset – 2010. With the exception of Existing Models, any Licensed Player
manufactured after December 31, 2010 shall limit analog video outputs for Decrypted AACS
Content to SD Interlace Modes: composite video, s-video, 480i component video and 576i video
STC 2011
AACS - Analog Sunset• Compliance Rules for Licensed Products
• Manufacturers:• After Dec. 31, 2013 no licensed content player shall be manufactured or sold with
analog outputs
Digital only
2.2.2.2 Analog Sunset – 2013. No Licensed Player that passes Decrypted AACS Content to
analog video outputs may be manufactured or sold by Adopter after December 31, 2013.
STC 2011
Code of Federal Regulations47 CFR 76.1903 that explicitly prohibits the disabling of analog outputs on cable and
satellite set top boxes:
76.1903 Interfaces
A covered entity shall not attach or embed data or information with audiovisual content, or
otherwise apply to, associate with, or allow such data to persist in or remain associated
with such content, so as to prevent its output through any analog or digital output
authorized or permitted under license, law or regulation governing such covered product.
In 2008 the MPAA petitioned the FCC on VOD
On May 7th 2010 the MPAA was issued a waiver
STC 2011
HDCP
• HDCP is not a DRM• HDCP Encrypts and Protects content as it is transmitted as a Digital Data Stream
• Hardware vs Software• We see some BluRay & Mac Laptops that require HDCP connection 24/7…regardless
of software
STC 2011
HDCP
• What are the customers expectations?• Do they care about keys?
• Quick Switching?
• Seamless Switching?
• Compliant/Non-compliant?
• Can we deliver on any of these?
STC 2011
Design Strategies
• Try It and Test It First
• Mix it Up Brands or Stay with One Name
• It looks good on paper…but
Your Classroom..Today
Making Digital AV
Signals WorkRoy A. Hermanson Jr., CTS-I/D
Regional Applications Specialist
